Bibliografias temáticas / Wood structure

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Wood structure"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 10 de fevereiro de 2022

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Wood structure"

Storodubtseva, Tamara. "Wood composite - improving its monolithic structure". Актуальные направления научных исследований XXI века: теория и практика 2, n.º 3 (15 de outubro de 2014): 253–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/3967.

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Vincent, Julian FV. "Structure of wood". Current Opinion in Solid State and Materials Science 3, n.º 3 (junho de 1998): 228–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-0286(98)80095-8.

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Obata, Yoshihiro, Kazutoshi Takeuchi, Kouichi Akaeda e Kozo Kanayama. "Control of Grading Structure and Thermal Conductivity of Wood by Compressing Process". Materials Science Forum 492-493 (agosto de 2005): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.281.

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Compressed wood has different grading structure in an annual ring from one of natural wood. This paper treats the relationship between grading structures and effective thermal conductivity of natural and compressed woods. The Lorentz function and the power function are assumed as grading patterns of thermal conductivity. The grading thermal conductivity shows smaller effective thermal conductivity than the homogeneous wood with same average density. The sharper grading pattern gives much smaller effective thermal conductivity. The grading pattern of compressed wood is assumed as a model with locally compressed region. The calculated effective thermal conductivity by the model agrees with the measured thermal conductivity.

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Nowak, Jakub, Marek Florek, Wojciech Kwiatek, Janusz Lekki, Pierre Chevallier, Emil Zięba, Narcis Mestres, E. M. Dutkiewicz e Andrzej Kuczumow. "Composite structure of wood cells in petrified wood". Materials Science and Engineering: C 25, n.º 2 (abril de 2005): 119–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.msec.2005.01.018.

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Shen, Xiaoshuang, Pan Jiang, Dengkang Guo, Gaiyun Li, Fuxiang Chu e Sheng Yang. "Effect of Furfurylation on Hierarchical Porous Structure of Poplar Wood". Polymers 13, n.º 1 (23 de dezembro de 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010032.

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Some wood properties (such as permeability and acoustic properties) are closely related to its hierarchical porous structure, which is responsible for its potential applications. In this study, the effect of wood impregnation with furfuryl alcohol on its hierarchical porous structure was investigated by microscopy, mercury intrusion porosimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry. Results indicated decreasing lumina diameters and increasing cell wall thickness of various cells after modification. These alterations became serious with enhancing weight percent gain (WPG). Some perforations and pits were also occluded. Compared with those of untreated wood, the porosity and pore volume of two furfurylated woods decreased at most of the pore diameters, which became more remarkable with raising WPG. The majority of pore sizes (diameters of 1000~100,000 nm and 10~80 nm) of macrospores and micro-mesopores of two furfurylated woods were the same as those of untreated wood. This work could offer thorough knowledge of the hierarchical porous structure of impregnatedly modified wood and pore-related properties, thereby providing guidance for subsequent wood processing and value-added applications.

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Ota, Toshitaka, Takahiro Eitsuka, Haruki Yoshida e Nobuyasu Adachi. "Porous Apatite Ceramics Derived from Woods". Advanced Materials Research 11-12 (fevereiro de 2006): 247–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.11-12.247.

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Porous calcium phosphate ceramics (apatite and TCP) with wood-like microstructures, analogous to that of silicified wood, were prepared from natural woods as templates. The production of these ceramic woods was performed by the following process: (1) infiltration with an ethanol solution containing tri-ethyl phosphate and calcium nitrate tetra-hydrate into wood specimens, (2) drying to form a calcium phosphate gel in the cell structure, (3) firing in air to form apatite and TCP. The microstructure of the obtained ceramic woods retained the same structure as that of the raw woods: with the pore sizes corresponding to those of the original wood, and the major pores being unidirectionally connected.

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Xu, Hui Lan, e Woo-Yang Chung. "Estimation of the Chestnut Mass Transfer Coefficient through its Microscopic Structure - Chestnut Mass Transfer Coefficient through its Microscopic Structure -". Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology 40, n.º 5 (25 de setembro de 2012): 352–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.5658/wood.2012.40.5.352.

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Garvey, Christopher J., Robert B. Knott, Matthew Searson e Jann P. Conroy. "USANS study of wood structure". Physica B: Condensed Matter 385-386 (novembro de 2006): 877–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physb.2006.05.132.

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Nilsson, Thomas, e Roger Rowell. "Historical wood – structure and properties". Journal of Cultural Heritage 13, n.º 3 (setembro de 2012): S5—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2012.03.016.

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Wodzicki, T. J. "Natural factors affecting wood structure". Wood Science and Technology 35, n.º 1-2 (19 de abril de 2001): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002260100085.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Wood structure"

Kultikova, Elena V. "Structure and Properties Relationships of Densified Wood". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/35810.

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The objective of this research was to investigate the effect of applied compressive strain in various environments, on the strength and stiffness of compressed wood samples. It is believed that transverse compression of wood at specific conditions of temperature and moisture will result in improved mechanical properties, which can be attributed to increased density and perhaps other physical or chemical changes.

Specimens of both mature and juvenile southern pine (Pinus taeda) and yellow-poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera) were compressed radially at three different temperature, and moisture content conditions relevant to the glass transition of wood.

Ultimate tensile stress and longitudinal modulus of elasticity were obtained by testing compressed, uncompressed and control samples in tension parallel-to-grain. Strain measurements were performed using laboratory-built clip-on strain gauge transducers. Results of the tensile tests have shown an increase in the ultimate tensile stress and modulus of elasticity after all densification treatments.

Scanning electron microscopy was employed for observing changes in cellular structure of densified wood. Existence of the cell wall fractures was evaluated using image processing and analysis software. Changes in cellular structure were correlated with the results of the tensile test.

Chemical composition of wood samples before and after desorption experiments was determined by acid hydrolysis followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The results of the chemical analysis of the wood specimens did not reveal significant changes in chemical composition of wood when subjected to 160 Â°C, pure steam for up to 8 hours.

The results of this research will provide information about modifications that occur during wood compression and will result in better understanding of material behavior during the manufacture of wood-based composites. In the long run, modification of wood with inadequate mechanical properties can have a significant effect on the wood products industry. Low density and juvenile wood can be used in new high-performance wood-based composite materials instead of old-growth timber.
Master of Science

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Donkor, Ben N. "Stem wood structure of four Ghanaian Khaya species". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0004/MQ33365.pdf.

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Doroudiani, Saeed. "Microcellular wood-fibre thermoplastic composites, processing-structure-properties". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq41016.pdf.

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Hsu, Ching Yi. "Radiata pine wood anatomy structure and biophysical properties". Thesis, University of Canterbury. Forestry, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/7202.

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Several important characteristics such as density, acoustic velocity, modulus of elasticity and tracheid dimensions are examined in stemwood, branchwood and rootwood in young (age 3 and 7) Pinus radiata. Stemwood air-dry density decreases little from ground level to the top of the tree falling gradually from 415 kg/m³ to 405 kg/m³. Branchwood air-dry density is higher than stemwood density. The branchwood density is approximately 480 kg/m³ close to the stem and then decreases sharply to ca. 410 kg/m³ near the branch tips. Rootwood density at 12% moisture content is similar to stemwood density ranging between 420 and 405 kg/m³. Density varies from stemroot junction to root tip in lateral roots (420 to 405 kg/m³) but changes little along tap roots (405 kg/m³) In stemwood, the air-dry modulus of elasticity increases from ground level (ca. 2.5-3.5 GPa) to approximately 4 metres (ca. 5.5-6.5 GPa) and then decreases thereafter to 7 metres (ca. 2.5-3.5 GPa). The air-dry MOE of branchwood decreases linearly with tree height up the stem from approximately 4.5 GPa at 1 metre to 3 GPa at 6 metres. Roots are the least stiff part of the tree. The air-dry MOE value decreases along roots from the stem-root junction (ca. 1.9 GPa) to the root tip area (0.5 GPa) in lateral roots, and from 1.4 GPa to 0.4 GPa in tap roots. In stemwood and rootwood the tracheid dimensions change with distance from ground level in both directions with significant different patterns. For stemwood, the tracheid length decreases with height up the stem. The mean tracheid length is approximately 1.70 mm at breast height whereas it is 1.55 mm and 1.40 mm at 2.4 metres and 4.6 metres respectively. Rootwood tracheids are much longer (nearly double) than stemwood tracheids. The tracheid length increases with increasing distances from the stem-root junction. The mean tracheid length adjacent to the stemroot junction area is approximately 2.2 mm whereas for the middle and root tip areas it is 2.6 mm and 3.3 mm respectively. Compression wood is a common feature of stem and branchwood. However, this atypical tissue is absent in roots except in some restricted instances where compression wood extends a short distance from the stem down into the root. Branchwood in green condition can be used to predict volume-weighted stemwood qualities at 12% moisture content when specific conditions are applied (select a straight portion of first branch segment from the largest diameter branch at breast height, R2 = 0.64). However, this approach has little practical appeal as equally good or better correlations can be obtained using Fakopp on standing trees (R2 = 0.75). Therefore future work should focus solely on the use of time of flight instruments such as Fakopp on stemwood.

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Joffre, Thomas. "Structure and Mechanical Behaviour of Wood-Fibre Composites". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Tillämpad mekanik, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-229290.

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Wood fibres have several advantages compared to man-made synthetic fibres: they have high specific stiffness, are renewable, relatively inexpensive, available in industrial quantities and biodegradable. However, to increase and diversify their utilisation, it is necessary to increase the understanding on what controls their mechanical properties. In this work, the hygroelastic behaviour of isolated wood fibres has been investigated using an analytical model and a finite element model based on three dimensional images obtained using synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography. It was thus possible to show how the cell wall responds to a mechanical load or a change in ambient relative humidity. The wood fibres were then mixed with a biopolymer aiming to produce a cost-efficient, 100% renewable composite material. The microstructure of the produced composites has been characterised using X-ray microtomography and digital image processing. It was for instance possible to measure the moisture-induced swelling of fibres embedded in a polymeric matrix. The experimental results have then been successfully compared with prediction obtained with a finite element model. The length of the fibres inside the composite has also been measured from three dimensional images, aiming to understand how each step of the processing chain is affecting the degradation of the aspect ratio of the reinforcing fibres. The presence of defects inside the composite has also been quantified using X-ray microtomography. The effects of the defects on the tensile strength have been predicted using an analytical model. The results have been compared with the measured tensile strength on each sample, showing that the size and orientation of the critical defect controls the tensile strength of the material. Finally, wood-fibre mats without any matrix material were compressed in the chamber of a microtomographic scanner. Sequential images were taken during the test. Using digital volume correlation, it was possible to calculate the local strain field inside the material. The effects of heterogeneities on the strain field have then been investigated. The applied compressive load resulted in transport of material from high to low density regions.

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Owens, Elis M. "Fungal community structure and functioning in decomposing wood". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.375959.

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Feeney, F. "Ultrasonic characterisation of the structure and properties of wood". Thesis, University of Surrey, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.300305.

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Shi, Jingbo. "Water sorption hysteresis and wood cell wall nanopore structure". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/61782.

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The origin of sorption hysteresis in the wood-water system is still under debate. In this study, cell walls are considered as micro-mesoporous materials and capillary condensation in the entire hygroscopic region is proposed as an alternative sorption mechanism. Initially, the pore connectivity was investigated by observing five experimentally generated hysteresis patterns at 25 and 40oC. Consistent patterns were found for the species-temperature combinations. Further, the satisfactory congruency and wiping-out properties indicate the dominance of independent cell wall pores. After this experimental phase, the geometric interpretations derived from the Preisach model, the mathematical form of the independent domain model, was used tο explain the observed hysteresis patterns. Additionally, a modification to the aforementioned model was suggested that involves a numerical implementation, which avoids the use of unknown parameters. The low prediction errors and well-maintained wiping-out property support the suitability of our approach. In the next phase, grand canonical Monte Carlo (GCMC) technique was applied in a simplified wood-water system to simulate sorption isotherms and hysteresis at 25 and 40°C. In the simulation system, wood is represented by a cell wall model that is composed of solid substances and evenly distributed independent cylindrical nanopores with sizes in the range of 0.6 – 2.2nm. Two types of pore-wall compositions regarding polysaccharides and lignin have been considered. The hydroxyl groups are modeled as negative energy pits attached to walls whereas water is represented by the SPC/E model. Results demonstrated that hysteresis can be well explained by the existence of metastable states associated with capillary condensation and evaporation of water in cell wall pores. The alternative sorption mechanism driven by capillary condensation is also strongly supported by the simulation. In the last phase, the cell wall pore size distributions in the hygroscopic range were explored for the three species from a “trial and error” calculation approach. This approach was indirectly examined by comparing derived volumetric strain of cell walls and the density of adsorbed water in the hygroscopic range with literature data. The qualitative agreement indicates the soundness of assumptions made on the cell wall swelling process and proposed calculation procedures.
Forestry, Faculty of
Wood Science, Department of
Graduate

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Uhlin, Karen Ingegerd. "The influence of hemicelluloses on the structure of bacterial cellulose". Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990:, 1990. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/ipstetd-11/uhlin%5Fki.pdf.

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Rotsaert, Frederik A. J. "Structure-function studies on the flavocytochrome cellobiose dehydrogenase from phanerochaete chrysosporium /". Full text open access at:, 2003. http://content.ohsu.edu/u?/etd,18.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Wood structure"

Kettunen, P. O. Wood structure and properties. Uetikon-Zuerich: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006.

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Menon, P. K. Balan. Structure and identification of Malayan woods. Kepong, Kuala Lumpur: Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 2004.

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Science and technology of wood: Structure, properties, utilization. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.

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Tsoumis, George. Science and technology of wood: Structure, properties, utilization. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1991.

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Tsoumis, George T. Science and Technology of Wood: Structure, properties, utilization. London: Chapman & Hall, 1991.

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Baas, P. Wood structure in plant biology and ecology. Leiden: Brill, 2013.

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Desch, H. E. Timber: Structure, properties, conversion, and use. 7^a ed. New York: Food Products Press, 1996.

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Desch, H. E. Timber: Structure, properties, conversion, and use. 7^a ed. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Macmillan Press, 1996.

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Timell, T. E. Bibliography, historical background, determination, structure, chemistry, topochemistry, physical properties, origin, and formation of compression wood. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

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Mu cai hong guan gou zao mei xue: Wood esthetics in gross structure. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she, 2011.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Wood structure"

Unger, Achim, Arno P. Schniewind e Wibke Unger. "Wood Structure". In Conservation of Wood Artifacts, 9–22. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-06398-9_3.

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Bedi, Ashwani, e Ramsey Dabby. "Understanding Wood". In Structure for Architects, 83–95. New York : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315122014-7.

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Jackson, Neil, e Ravindra K. Dhir. "Structure of Wood". In Civil Engineering Materials, 105–11. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13729-9_7.

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Ilvessalo-Pfäffli, Marja-Sisko. "Structure of Wood". In Fiber Atlas, 6–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-07212-7_3.

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Richter, Christoph. "The Anatomical Structure of Wood". In Wood Characteristics, 3–5. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-07422-1_1.

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Desch, H. E., e J. M. Dinwoodie. "Wood Finishes". In Timber Structure, Properties, Conversion and Use, 284–88. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-13427-4_23.

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Stalnaker, Judith J., e Ernest C. Harris. "Miscellaneous Structure Types". In Structural Design in Wood, 302–43. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9996-4_15.

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Stalnaker, Judith J., e Ernest C. Harris. "Miscellaneous Structure Types". In Structural Design in Wood, 316–57. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4082-3_15.

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Hoffmann, Per, e Mark A. Jones. "Structure and Degradation Process for Waterlogged Archaeological Wood". In Archaeological Wood, 35–65. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ba-1990-0225.ch002.

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Stalnaker, Judith J., e Ernest C. Harris. "Wood Structure and Properties". In Structural Design in Wood, 11–32. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-9996-4_2.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Wood structure"

Lu, M. L. "Nonlinear behavior of wood pole structure". In ESMO 2011 - 2011 IEEE 12th International Conference on Transmission and Distribution Construction, Operation and Live- Line Maintenance. IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tdcllm.2011.6042239.

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Weinand, Y. "Towards Sustainable Timber Construction Through the Application of Wood-Wood Connections". In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0177.

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<p>This paper introduces a series of sustainable timber construction using wood-wood connections, which are driven from environmental requirements. These constructions are based on geometries like origami and free-form instead of standard structural elements. In addition, to predict the structural behaviour, the simplified numerical methods for accurately modelling are used. The aim of these case studies is to better explore the value of wood-wood connections as inheritance of ancient culture and extend research on their integration into design processes. Through the design, manufacturing and assembly stage, the connections are investigated as a driver for architectural forms. The utilisation of these innovative connections with minimised metal connectors ensures the rapid, precise and simple assembly process. With in-depth study and innovation of the ancient wood-wood connections, experience in prefabricated timber structure not only offers new geometrical opportunities, but also expands the understanding of integration of ancient and modern cultures.</p>

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Antikainen, Jukka. "Wood cellular structure evaluation using image analysis methods". In 2017 Fifteenth IAPR International Conference on Machine Vision Applications (MVA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23919/mva.2017.7986918.

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Cochior Plescanu, C., M. Klein, C. Ibarra-Castanedo, A. Bendada e X. Maldague. "Localization of wood floor structure by infrared thermography". In SPIE Defense and Security Symposium, editado por Vladimir P. Vavilov e Douglas D. Burleigh. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.792400.

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Lee, Byoung-Jun, Marc C. Knapp e Gerald A. Dalrymple. "Evaluation and Strengthening of Existing Wood Framed Structure". In Eighth Congress on Forensic Engineering. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784482018.086.

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Sassine, Emilio, Bernard Ammoun e Charbel Koussaify. "Structural analysis of a new building technology in Lebanon made of wood structure". In 2014 International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries (REDEC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/redec.2014.7038548.

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Sheng-Han Li e Hasim Altan. "Life cycle balance of building structures in Taiwan and substitution effect of wood structure". In 2011 International Conference on Multimedia Technology (ICMT). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icmt.2011.6003129.

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Zykova, A. K., P. V. Pantyukhov, N. N. Kolesnikova, A. A. Popov e A. A. Olkhov. "Influence of particle size on water absorption capacity and mechanical properties of polyethylene-wood flour composites". In ADVANCED MATERIALS WITH HIERARCHICAL STRUCTURE FOR NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND RELIABLE STRUCTURES. AIP Publishing LLC, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4932932.

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Jin Zhang, Ya-chao Wang, Xiao-jing Yang, Shu-wei Ma, Qing-feng Xu e Xiang-min Li. "Research progress of non-destructive evaluation used in wood structure". In 2011 International Conference on Electric Technology and Civil Engineering (ICETCE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icetce.2011.5774309.

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Li, Yongfeng, Yixing Liu, Fenghu Wang e Xiangming Wang. "Structure and property of nano-SiO 2 -PMMA/Wood composite". In Second International Conference on Smart Materials and Nanotechnology in Engineering, editado por Jinsong Leng, Anand K. Asundi e Wolfgang Ecke. SPIE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.839492.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Wood structure"

Huyler, Neil K., e Neil K. Huyler. Fuel supply structure of wood-fired power plants in the Northeast: Loggers' perspectives. Broomall, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experimental Station, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/ne-rp-624.

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Weinschenk, Craig G., Kristopher J. Overholt e Daniel Madrzykowski. Simulation of an Attic Fire in a Wood Frame Residential Structure - Chicago, IL. National Institute of Standards and Technology, agosto de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.tn.1838.

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Atalla, R. H. Molecular Organization in the Native State of Wood Cell Walls: Studies of Nanoscale Structure and its Development. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), fevereiro de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/833828.

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Lickorish, W. H., e P. S. Simony. Structure and Stratigraphy of the northern Porcupine Creek Anticlinorium, western Main Ranges Between the Sullivan and Wood Rivers,british Columbia. Natural Resources Canada/ESS/Scientific and Technical Publishing Services, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/132510.

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Issa, Mohsen A. Structural Evaluation Procedures for Heavy Wood Truss Structures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julho de 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada362404.

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Al-Chaar, Ghassan, Mohsen A. Issa, John R. Hayes e Jr. Inspection Procedures for Military Wood Structures. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, março de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada401484.

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Ritter, Michael A., Sheila Rimal Duwadi e Paula D. Hilbrich Lee. National Conference on Wood Transportation Structures. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-94.

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Lebow, Stan, e Ronald W. Anthony. Guide for Use of Wood Preservatives in Historic Structures. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-217.

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Ross, R. J., e R. F. Pellerin. Nondestructive testing for assessing wood members in structures : a review. Madison, WI: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2737/fpl-gtr-70.

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