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Alfatlawi, Ahmed Aubais. "Accountability of ISIS For Mass Violations Against Iraqi Women: Study In The Iraqi Criminal Framework". Akkad Journal Of Law And Public Policy 1, n.º 4 (18 de março de 2022): 156–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.55202/ajlpp.v1i4.83.
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Several questions remain unanswered in light of the heinous crimes against women committed by ISIS in Iraq. This article will examine Iraq's current criminal framework to see if prosecutions for these violations were appropriate in light of international criminal law principles and the security council measures taken after ISIS took control of Mosul and other areas in Iraq in 2014. As an illustration of the kinds of topics we will cover in this paper: Is the Iraqi criminal justice system capable of investigating and holding ISIS accountable? Why did the Iraqi government make a request to the Security Council for help in 2017 if the reaction is positive? In light of what Iraqi women have been subjected to for three years now? While Iraq's criminal framework may have a legislative vacuum or contradiction, why did the Council of Representatives of Iraq not address these issues in its legislative policy, either by amending current legislation or drafting a new law to prosecute crimes like genocide or crimes? Against humanity, in the first place?.
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Ochab, Ewelina U. "Daesh’ Atrocities Against Women and Girls and The Necessary Response". Chrześcijaństwo-Świat-Polityka, n.º 24 (27 de maio de 2020): 142–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/csp.2020.24.1.24.
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Since 2014, Daesh has been perpetrating mass atrocities against the population of Syria and Iraq, and beyond, and especially, crimes targeting religious minorities in Syria and Iraq. These included atrocities specifically targeting women and girls, including, rape, sexual abuse, and sexual slavery, and many more. Nonetheless, Daesh fighters are not being prosecuted for such crimes against women and girls and their (few) prosecutions are being conducted for terror-related offences only. The paper explores the use by Daesh of rape and sexual violence against minority women and girls. It considers some of the evidence of the use of rape and sexual violence in conflict, and most specifically, in the case study regarding the genocide committed by Daesh. It further examines the necessary changes that need to happen to address the issue. This includes an analysis of what legal measures have been taken to date to bring the Daesh perpetrators to justice, and specifically, for their atrocities perpetrated against women and girls.
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Castellano San José, Paula. "The Rapes Committed against the Yazidi Women: a Genocide?" Comillas Journal of International Relations, n.º 18 (19 de julho de 2020): 50–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.14422/cir.i18.y2020.003.
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Rape has been used as a tool of war throughout the history of mankind. With the establishment of the International Criminal Court, rape was included in the Rome Statute, being internationally recognized as a war crime, a crime against humanity and a means to commit genocide. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria, in its war to establish the caliphate, has carried out a campaign of sexual violence against women of religious minorities such as the Yazidi. This article examines the evolution of the definition of rape in International Criminal Law and applies the current definition to the crimes committed by ISIS against the Yazidi. The study assesses the elements of the actus reus of genocide and considers that the actions carried out by the Islamic State towards the Yazidi could qualify as a genocide by means of rape.
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AL OBAIDI, Bushra Salman Hussain. "HONOR CRIMES AND ITS LEGAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS، MURDER IS A WASH OF SHAME AS A MODEL". International Journal of Humanities and Educational Research 03, n.º 04 (1 de agosto de 2021): 159–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2757-5403.4-3.15.
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The importance of research: The heavenly canons and all laws affirm the guarantee of everyone's right to life, but a look at daily practices reveals that a large number of women are killed daily under the background of honor killings. His race and his religion, is considered today a necessity and a priority heavily placed on the collective conscience. The exacerbation of the phenomenon of honor murders, or the liquidation of women who has rebel against family laws, and the pretext that she is an adulterer, is a dangerous indication of underestimating the right of women to life and is a sign of social discrimination practiced on the basis of gender. The phenomenon of the exacerbation of honor murders indicates a crisis of relationships within the family and society, a crisis of relations within the community of women, the continued dominance of some customs over laws in contemporary societies, and the institutionalization of violence against women and their sacrifice. Iraq society is a tribal society and accepts the idea of killing of women as a means of dishonor. However, killings under this concept have increased as a result of the tyranny of tribal values, and they increased even more after the occupation of Iraq on 9/ 4 / 2003 Research objectives: abolishing the legal articles that encourage the killing of women under any pretext, and making the crime of murder under the pretext of washing shame a premeditated murder, like all murders, and subject to its provisions without wearing the garment of a mitigating excuse and allowing the perpetrators to escape from punishment and activating the implementation of international conventions and respecting them. Part of the national legislation for ratification by Iraq. As well as respect for the constitutional texts being the highest in the application. When talking about treating this crime and setting up a solution for it, the law must be the other side, without a law that protects women, clarifies the limits and provisions of this crime, and establishes appropriate punishment for its images in a way that does not allow the perpetrators to escape from punishment, then there will be no benefit from all that was said It is said about violence against women.
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Kolotukha, I. O. "Violence against women during armed conflict - a war crime or genocide?" Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, n.º 76 (14 de junho de 2023): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2022.76.2.38.
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The issue is considered, which aims to establish the connection between violence against women and armed conflict and to determine the different degrees of severity of this crime in international law and in national criminal legislation.The analysis of modern international relations shows that humanity has not yet managed to get rid of wars and other armed conflicts, which are mostly armed conflicts of a non-international nature. This is evidenced by the events in the former Yugoslavia, Rwanda, Afghanistan, Iraq, Liberia, and the Caucasus, and since 2014 Ukraine has not been an exception, the international armed conflict on whose territory since February 24, 2022 has grown into a full-scale war waged by the Russian Federation on the scale of which Europe has not knew since the Second World War.Modern international relations are characterized by a change in the nature of the conflict, the emergence of a number of new categories and situations, an increase in the number of victims among the civilian population, and the increasing internationalization of armed conflicts of a non-international nature. In this regard, the question of the qualification of various manifestations of genocide is extremely relevant, especially in the conditions of the ongoing full-scale war unleashed by Russia.Special attention is paid by the author to the provisions of the statute of the International Criminal Court and the statute of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, which essentially form the modern doctrine of criminal responsibility for war crimes and the crime of genocide.It is worth noting that violence against a woman appears as a war crime in most cases when participants in a military conflict commit acts that constitute the crime of rape for personal purposes, but as soon as these acts appear within the policy or plan of the leadership, they are committed by order of the command and for the purpose of intimidation, in the context of ethnic cleansing, inflicting severe psychological trauma, extermination of a certain group of people united by any features that are common to such a group and identify it, we can clearly speak about the presence of a crime against humanity in the actions of criminals and genocide. We must also state that violence against women was and remains an integral element of armed conflict, and unlike the precedent of the terrible rampant violence witnessed by the world community in the former Yugoslavia, which became known mainly thanks to the work of the Tribunal, other armed conflicts do not give us such the completeness of consideration of the scale of violence against women, since these crimes are ignored, and due to the lack of an effective mechanism for bringing criminals to justice, we do not have the ability to assess the full scale of crimes committed against women during the conflict. There is hope that this situation will change, since the IСС is functioning, which should effectively resolve such situations.This article actually confirms the relevance of the application of international humanitarian law in national legislation and points to significant gaps that cannot be filled without the help of international law as a whole.With his work, the author tries to draw the attention of domestic legislators to the problems of implementing international humanitarian law into the national law of Ukraine, and to single out the most important directions in this area.
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Mousavi, Seyedmohammad, Yousef Jafarzadi, Shamsollah Khatami e Arash Babaei. "Sadistic Sexual Offenses in Criminal Cases of Iran and France". Asian Social Science 12, n.º 3 (23 de fevereiro de 2016): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n3p130.
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<p>Crimes, especially crimes of sexual violence is a problem in every society, in the midst of violent crimes, especially rape, beatings and even death for sex by the psychological impact on creating a sense of insecurity in society the dignity and respect most influential crime is. Sadistic crimes, including cases of sexual violence in the country's laws, particularly the law of France and Iran have been severely. Sexual harassment and sexual violence in France has a mild to severe penalties that depend on the type of crime and its dissemination. So that kind of punishment in relation to crimes of sexual violence are synthetic and financial penalties and even imprisonment is involved. The laws of the country also showed that sexual violence to it that French law has the details of the punishment, has not been raised, but sexual violence in the form of psychological violence by criminal penalties and imprisonment are required. The laws of the country, violence against women and children in two after payment of blood money or the lives of members and in case of immoral nature of the punishment of flogging and death will follow.</p>
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Stempień, Marta. "The United States Approach to Prosecution of Women Terrorists Who Joined the Islamic State". De Securitate et Defensione. O Bezpieczeństwie i Obronności 9, n.º 2 (13 de abril de 2024): 121–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.34739/dsd.2023.02.08.
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In January 2012, the Secretary of State, in accordance with Section 219 of the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), designated the Islamic State in Iraq Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO). Based on this, the United States could take administrative measures against foreign terrorist fighters (FTFs) associated with IS, including women. As of January 2023, the United States had formally repatriated 39 citizens. At least 11 more citizens returned of their own accord outside of formal processes, including two women. To date, 11 adults affiliated with the Islamic State, formally repatriated from Syria and Iraq to the United States, have faced charges for terrorism-related crimes. The aim of this research is to characterize the approach to female terrorist returnees in the United States. The following research problem is central to this article: How does the United States deal with the prosecution and conviction of women returnees involved in the activities of the Islamic State? The author focused research on case studies. Research methods include: analysis, synthe-sis, classification, generalization, and statistical data analysis. Women who are left on their own and remain in camps and prisons in Iraq and Syria can impose the ideology of the Islamic State on others, including their children. It is important not to treat the problem of repatriation, rehabilitation, and reintegration of camp residents shortsightedly and to take a long-term solution.
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Ilyas, Azeema. "PAKISTAN AND GENDER (IN) SECURITY A NEED ASSESSMENT FOR SECURITIZATION OF GENDER ISSUES". ISSRA Papers 13 (31 de dezembro de 2021): 117–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.54690/issrap.v13ixiii.92.
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The World Economic Forum in its report, The Global Gender Gap Index 2020, ranked Pakistan at 151th position out of 153 countries just above Iraq and Yemen. Women form almost 50% of Pakistan’s total population yet the laws generally lag in properly addressing crimes that violate or deprive the rights of women and girls in the country. Even the laws designed to address issues related to gender-based violence like the “The Protection Against Harassment of Women at Workplace Act, 2010” lacks in its purview by not granting protection to women who work in informal workplaces. Despite the Constitution of the country granting rights to each citizen irrespective of their gender and status, discrimination and violence against women and girls is pretty pertinent in Pakistan. This paper takes into account the harrowing situation of gender parity in Pakistan by discussing statistics from different reports and studies while illuminating the gap between rhetoric and implementation on state level. And in that context argues that the state should move to ‘securitize’ the issue of ‘Gender (In)security’, given that it concerns a large portion of its population. Gender Security is also an extremely important factor in achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The paper also puts forth recommendations for all three pillars of the state i.e., executive, parliament and judiciary for the addressal of these issues.
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Vale, Gina. "Case Note – Justice Served?: Ashwaq Haji Hamid Talo's Confrontation and Conviction of Her Islamic State Captor". Journal of Human Trafficking, Enslavement and Conflict-Related Sexual Violence 1, n.º 2 (30 de novembro de 2020): 189–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7590/266644720x16061196655043.
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Over five years after the Islamic State (IS) terrorist group launched its genocidal attack against the Yazidi ethno-religious minority community in Sinjar, Northern Iraq, calls for 'justice' remain largely unanswered. While hundreds of IS members have been tried and convicted of their group affiliation, few have faced charges for crimes committed against the Yazidis. However, in March 2020, Ashwaq Haji Hamid Talo – a 20-year-old Yazidi woman – took the stand of a Baghdad courtroom and played a driving role in the prosecution and conviction of her attacker. Through examination of her case in the context of wider political and procedural concerns for trying IS members, this article highlights both the opportunities and challenges for individual victims and the wider Yazidi community to secure meaningful 'justice'.
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Ismail ZAIDAN, Athraa. "INDICATORS OF THE REALITY OF IRAQI WOMEN DURING THE CORONA CRISIS - AN ANALYTICAL COMPARATIVE STUDY". RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 05, n.º 05 (1 de setembro de 2023): 722–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.25.38.
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that Iraqi women were disproportionately affected more than men; They faced increasing risks of violence, and their incomes and livelihood were affected by virus prevention measures to a greater extent compared to men. One of the objectives of the research is to identify the indicators of women’s reality during crises (such as Qid 19) and from the conclusions through the literature and the foregoing that violence is not determined by time, place or environment. Specific and recommendations, including providing comprehensive medical aid to women victims of violence and torture by non-governmental organizations and holding seminars, conferences and workshops dealing with confronting the phenomenon of violence against women. In March 2020, the Covid-19 pandemic began to spread rapidly throughout Iraq, and in response to the new epidemic, the government imposed a complete closure, and everyone, individuals, institutions, and government offices, began to take measures necessary to curb the spread of the Corona virus. The pandemic, as well as the closure itself, had serious repercussions that weighed heavily on all segments of society, and changed the economic and social reality of the Iraqi people. The pandemic has had an adverse effect on a variety of conditions, including individuals’ employment and financial status, psychological status, family and social relationships, domestic violence, education, and health
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Vilarinho, Murilo Chaves. "PATRIARCALISMO ENTRINCHEIRADO E CRIMES DE HONRA: HISTÓRIAS DE MULHERES QUE SUPERARAM A VIOLÊNCIA DE GÊNERO E SE TORNARAM SÍMBOLOS DOS DIREITOS HUMANOS". Revista Fragmentos de Cultura - Revista Interdisciplinar de Ciências Humanas 28, n.º 2 (25 de outubro de 2018): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.18224/frag.v28i2.6205.
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A violência contra a mulher ainda é uma consequência nefanda presente no mundo. Em áreas de patriarcalismo entrincheirado como Paquistão, Sudão, Senegal, Irã, o corpo da mulher é alvo de agressão constante, cuja argumentação se baseia no tradicionalismo social. Há um intenso debate que envolve o relativismo cultural e a postura ocidental iluminista de liberdade; todavia, mulheres biografadas oriunda dessas comunidades alegam que a violência experienciada, por mais que seja tácita por parte dessas, não era sentida como algo normal ou tradicional. O desejo pela liberdade e o pela justiça perfaziam o imaginário de muitas mulheres vítimas de crimes de honra, muitas das quais se rebelaram contra os maus tratos de seus corpos e tornaram-se ícones da resistência e da luta pela igualdade de gênero, falam-se da paquistanesa Mukhtar Mai e da senegalesa Kady Koita.
ENTRENCHED PATRIARCHALISM AND HONOUR CRIMES: THE HISTORIES OF WOMEN WHO OVERCAME GENDER VIOLENCE AND BECAME ICONS TO HUMAN RIGHTS
Violence against woman is still a terrible consequence present around the world. In several areas where entrenched patriarchalism is real, for example, in Pakistan, Sudan, Senegal, Iran, woman’s body is target to be violated in a constant way. It has been justified by means of social traditionalism. So, this text seeks to explain through women’s biographies who were victims of honor crimes (Pakistani Mukhtar Mai and Senegalese Kady Koita) the violence of gender and its overcoming. The aim is to think of abuses and oppression, which were experienced by these women from communities where the patriarchal essence is still imperative. This discussion lays on biographies, which were read in a hermeneutic In methodological terms, firstly, it is sought to present the meaning of patriarchalism. After this, some biographies will be showed and, finally, thought in the light of theories originated from areas such as gender, violence, cultural relativism and human rights.
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Siboro, Meliana. "Gender ideology and power relations in Sahebjam’s Stoning of Soraya M: A feminist critical discourse analysis". LITERA 22, n.º 2 (17 de julho de 2023): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/ltr.v22i2.60447.
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The context of the study is the ongoing protests and demonstrations by women in many places in Iran. The aim of this study is to examine gender ideology and power in Sahebjam’s Stoning of Soraya M. Qualitative descriptive method is used to investigate the relationship between gender ideology and power relations and how it creates power imbalance between men and women in Iranian society. The primary data source for this research is a novel, Stoning of Soraya M by Freidoune Sahebjam, which was first published in September 12, 1990. Data are analyzed through the lens of Critical Discourse Analysis approach, more specifically, Lazar’s Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis (2007). The findings of the study suggest that the country's laws, including the Constitution, the Civil Code, and the Criminal Code create a complicated legal environment for women. While the Constitution guarantees equal civil rights for men and women, religious law superseds other laws and is frequently abused by individuals to commit crimes against women. This study reveals how gender ideology and power relations regarding women reflected through discourse can demonstrate how women are treated in different parts of the world.Keywords: Gender Ideology, Power, Novel, Feminist Critical Discourse Analysis
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Nicolaus, Peter, e Serkan Yuce. "Sex-Slavery: One Aspect of the Yezidi Genocide". Iran and the Caucasus 21, n.º 2 (21 de junho de 2017): 196–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1573384x-20170205.
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Even though almost three years have passed since the black banners of the terror organisation, calling themselves the “Islamic State of Iraq and Syria” (ISIS) were first hoisted throughout the Yezidi heartland of Sinjar, the Yezidi community continues to be targeted by ISIS, militias. 300,000 vegetate in camps as Internally Displaced Persons (IDP) in Iraqi Kurdistan; thousands of others have been killed, are missing, or remain in captivity where they are subjected to unspeakable sexual and physical abuse. With deference for these victims of violence, and without detracting from the collective suffering and trauma of the entire Yezidi community of Sinjar (families, women, men, and children alike), the authors have chosen to focus the present article on the plight and misery of the females; who were, and still are, facing despicable sexual abuses, unfathomable atrocities, and unfettered human rights violations. In doing so, they highlight the views of the fundamentalist Islam practiced by ISIS that encourages sex-slavery, while elaborating on the complacent acceptance of ISIS terror tactics by the local Sunni population of the territories they control. The work goes on to describe how survivors escaped, as well as how they are received and treated by the Yezidi community and state authorities. This discussion includes an overview of the national and international mechanisms available for prosecuting ISIS members for their crimes of genocide against the Yezidi people. The authors further stress that the genocide has contributed to, and even accelerated the process of the Yezidi selfidentification as a unique ethno-religious entity; which, in turn, has produced changes to their religious traditions. These changes will be briefly covered by examining a new approach to the institution of the Kerāfat.
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AL-OBAIDI, Bushra Salman Hussain. "THE CRIME OF FORCED MARRIAGE A STUDY FROM A LEGAL AND SOCIAL PERSPECTIVE". RIMAK International Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 03, n.º 05 (1 de junho de 2021): 48–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/2717-8293.5-3.6.
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Forced marriage is a form of marriage that takes place without the consent of the parties, or is done under coercion by one of the parties to the contract. The difference revolves around between compulsory marriage and regular marriage, as the latter depends on the agreement and consent of the parties to the contract, and with the consent of the parents of both parties. As for forced marriage, it obligates one or both parties to the contract to accept, even if it is necessary to use psychological pressure or physical violence. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the rate of forced marriage, which has reached more than 20 percent, according to statistics from personal status courts, while the percentage of victims of these marriages is more than 40 percent of women, indicating that most divorce cases are among young people who were forced to marry before reaching the legal age. The phenomenon was very small during the nineties, but it increased significantly after the US occupation of Iraq in 2003. There are legal treatments for the phenomenon, through declarations, the agreements that Iraq joined or ratified, such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the Covenant on Civil, Political and Social Rights, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Violence and Discrimination against Women, and the Convention on the Rights of the Child, all of which contain texts stating not to be forced into marriage. Forced for whatever reason. The problem lies in the failure to criminalize the perpetrators of forced marriage by the penal laws and legislations. The Iraqi Penal Code of 1969 did not include any criminalization of it, but the Personal Status Law No. 188 of 1959 mentioned the penalty of imprisonment for the person who is forced to marry if he is the relative of the victim of the first degree, and imprisonment for a period Not more than 10 years, if otherwise. One of the most common types of forced marriage is reciprocal, or by presenting a woman as a substitute for the dowry, whether it is a sister or a daughter, and there is another type of marriage, which is a blood allowance, that is to offer a woman as compensation for the harm that befell the other clan in the event that one of her clan members kills One of the members of that clan, and there is a gift marriage, and such marriages had receded. There is kidnapping marriage, which is widespread in one of the sects and is criminalized by the Penal Code with life imprisonment for its perpetrator. In addition to the problem of marriage outside the courts with the approval of a cleric, and this matter is not related to individual cases, but in tens of thousands of cases throughout the country. About 9,800 cases of marriage outside the courts were recorded in Baghdad alone during 2017, according to Judicial Council numbers, while about 59,000 were registered. A situation throughout Iraq, with the exception of the Kurdistan region, a large part of which is the marriage of minors (under the legal age) whose families want to impose a fait accompli on the courts. From all the foregoing, it becomes clear how important the research topic is, as it affects the human rights and freedoms of girls and women and negatively affects the family and society, and thus the security and community peace. The research aims to include detailed texts in the Personal Status Law that include all forms of forced marriage and its material, moral and psychological aspects and all parties and persons in the forced marriage process or the reason for its occurrence and the various cases of its occurrence, as well as addressing legislative contradictions and mitigating or exempting excuses stipulated in the Penal Code, which allow For the perpetrators with impunity. And that the forms of the crime of forced marriage are included with its provisions in the penal code and not in the personal status law, and heavy penalties are imposed on the perpetrators, and that the degree of relationship of the perpetrator to the victim is a reason for the severity of the punishment and not to reduce it, so that the closer the degree, the more severe the punishment
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Akbari, Maryam, e Hasan Joulaei. "91: NARRATIVE REVIEW OF WOMEN'S HEALTH IN IRAN: CHALLENGES AND SUCCESSES". BMJ Open 7, Suppl 1 (fevereiro de 2017): bmjopen—2016–015415.91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015415.91.
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Background and aims:In each society, the health of women in different periods may be endangered by an unequal distribution of resources, facilities, and gender prejudices. The present study evaluated the time trend of Iranian women's health between 1990 and 2013.Methods:This narrative review includes an integration and descriptive summary of the existing evidence on trends and criteria of different aspects of women's health from social determinant point of view. The evidence was drawn from peer-reviewed, cross-national or large-scale studies, official sources of the Ministry of Health, reviews, and online scientific databases published between 1990 and 2013.Results:The average life expectancy of Iranian women has increased from 44.15 years in 1960 to 75.75 years in 2012; in most deprived provinces of Iran, however, this criterion is about 67.3 years, and in the capital it is 75.8 years. In 2011, 43.37% of DALYS, 36.21% of YLL, and 1.92% of YLD were dedicated to women; these figures were 3.63% lower than they were in 2003. Although a significant reduction has occurred in maternal mortality rate, which dropped from 83 to 23 per 100,000 between 1990 and 2013, there is no equal distribution in maternal mortality across the country as manifested by the unfavorable conditions of border provinces (SD=19.2). The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is an alarming health problem among Iranian females, increasing approximately 546% between 2007 and 2015. As for mental health, depression in women was ranked first among diseases in 2011 compared to a second place ranking in 2003. As regards social health, the delinquency of women has increased in recent years compared to men with women committing more crimes related to drugs and actions against virtue. The annual report of the United Nations for the gender gap index in 2013 ranked Iran as 130 among 136 countries (from 0.622 in 2000 to 0.584 in 2013).Conclusion:Generally, over the last three decades, the health indices of Iranian women have grown in aspects of physical, mental, and social health. Remarkable differences can be seen among female health indices based on geographic location and in comparison with men. To promote an improved health status for Iranian women, the root causes of the discrepancies must be identified and a comprehensive national plan must be established.
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Forslund, Morris A., William J. Bopp e James J. Vardalis. "Crimes Against Women". Contemporary Sociology 17, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1988): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069440.
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Bopp, William J., e James J. Vardalis. "Crimes against Women". Family Relations 37, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1988): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/584443.
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Brandt, Doug. "Crimes Against Women". AJN, American Journal of Nursing 107, n.º 8 (agosto de 2007): 39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.naj.0000282292.95817.14.
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Corlett, Angelo. "Reparations for U.S. war crimes against Iraq". Filozofija i drustvo 23, n.º 4 (2012): 193–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid1204193c.
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Given the basic tenets of just war theory and those of United States law regarding compensatory justice, it is argued that the U.S. invasion of Iraq from 2003-present is morally unjust and that the U.S. owes substantial reparations to Iraq.
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Lajeunesse, Gabriel. "Crimes Against Humanity in Iraq: The Case Against Iran". Open Law Journal 2, n.º 1 (19 de março de 2009): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874950x00902010008.
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Kumar, Vinod. "Crimes Against Women in India". Studies in Law and Justice 2, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2023): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.56397/slj.2023.12.13.
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Crime against women arises as a direct result of violence against them. The issue of violence against women has been the most important issue of women’s movement in India since 1974-75. First it was the ever-increasing number of ‘dowry deaths’. Then, from 1980, different rape cases for grounded rape as a major issue. This was followed by the revival of the ancient custom of Sati. The limelight next shifted to female infanticide as well as female foeticide. There was the advent of ultra modern medical forms of violence against females through bio medical practices, such as amniocentesis. Domestic violence, sexual harassment at work Crimes against women, like all other acts of violence and crimes, have to be seen in the social, economic and political contexts of power relations. It occurs within class and caste because of patriarchal social relations under which male power dominates. A narrow view of crime and violence sees it merely an act of illegal, criminal use of physical force. But a broader view includes exploitation, discrimination, upholding of unequal economic and social structures, the creation of an atmosphere of terror, threat or reprisal and all forms of religio-cultural and political violence. This research paper will concern with the crimes identified in the Indian Penal Code (IPC) and also those which come under Special Law (SL).
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Rankin, Melinda. "Investigating Crimes against Humanity in Syria and Iraq: The Commission for International Justice and Accountability". Global Responsibility to Protect 9, n.º 4 (26 de novembro de 2017): 395–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-00904004.
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The failure of the United Nations to effect a ‘responsibility to protect’ in Syria and Iraq has provoked acrimonious debates over how the international community should respond to mass atrocities in the contemporary international order. Moreover, the fact that the International Criminal Court and other United Nations (un) agencies remain unable to investigate in Syria and Iraq, has reinvigorated debate on the mechanisms available to bring those most responsible for humanities gravest crimes to account. This article examines the Commission for International Justice and Accountability (cija). As non-state actors, cija conduct their investigations outside the United Nations system, with the aim of investigating and preparing case briefs for the most senior leaders suspected of war crimes and crimes against humanity in Syria; and war crimes, crimes against humanity and allegations of genocide in Iraq. This article argues that in preparing case briefs for individual criminal liability for a future prosecution, cija have attempted to extend the system of international criminal law, and in so doing, pose a challenge to traditional notions of the state in relation to the concept of war and the law, and the relationship between power and law in the international system. The article concludes by the asking the question: does the international community have a ‘responsibility to prosecute’ those suspected of criminal misconduct?
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Anchan, Tanushri. "Crimes Against Women: A Statistical Analysis". Indian Journal of Applied Research 4, n.º 2 (1 de outubro de 2011): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/2249555x/feb2014/35.
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Graham, Nadine. "Cyber crimes against women in India". Asian Journal of Women's Studies 24, n.º 3 (3 de julho de 2018): 413–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2018.1496783.
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Shah, Baharuddin, e Chingiz Khan. "Trend Analysis of Crime against Women in Manipur, India". Feminist Research 5, n.º 1 (28 de maio de 2021): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21523/gcj2.21050102.
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The issue of women in Manipur is ascribed to two points. One point relates to the positive aspects of women such as their responsible roles in economy, polity and socio-cultural affairs in the state. The other point is focused on the crimes against women in the state. There are many crimes against women in the state such as sexual harassment, rape, molestation, domestic crimes, intimidation, kidnapping, attempt to rape, attempt to molestation, etc. All the major indigenous communities in the state namely Meitei, Muslims locally known as Pangal, tribes such as Naga and some sections of Kuki are the victims of such crimes. This paper is focusing on various forms of crimes against women. In this piece, an attempt has been made to scrutinize the different aspects of crimes against women in Manipur.
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Kochoi, S. M., e A. H. Hunar. "On the Activities of the UN Special Investigation team In Iraq". Courier of Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSAL)), n.º 4 (15 de junho de 2024): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/2311-5998.2024.116.4.221-227.
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The subject of this study is the activities of the UN Investigative Group established to investigate and uncover the crimes of the international terrorist organization “Islamic State”2.The paper shows the history of the creation of the Investigative Group, the main achievements of its activities are considered. In particular, the Investigation Team has collected indisputable evidence of the commission of numerous crimes by IS members, including the most serious of them: genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. At the same time, these activities have not led to the actual indictment of anyone in the national courts of Iraq for the commission of these crimes. This circumstance makes it almost hopeless for the UN Security Council to extend the mandate of the Investigative Group, which makes the prospect of ensuring the inevitability of criminal responsibility and punishment of IS members guilty of the gravest crimes even more uncertain.
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Hussaini, Sumaya. "Genocide in Disguise". Cornell International Affairs Review 15, n.º 1 (11 de maio de 2022): 109–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.37513/ciar.v15i1.652.
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The international community remains unwilling to protect vulnerable populations against genocide, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity, as evidenced by international oversight of the Bosnian and Rwandan genocides.1 This paper will examine this issue through a case study of the Islamic State’s (IS) persecution, ethnic cleansing, and unrecognized genocide of Shi’a Muslims in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria. While the United Nations Security Council has labeled IS’ attempts to exterminate Iraq’s Christian and Yazidi populations as genocide, little efort has been made to recognize, investigate, or prosecute IS’ crimes against the Shi’a. As I argue, the Islamic State’s systematic killing and cultural destruction of Shi’a Muslims in Afghanistan, Iraq, and Syria constitutes genocidal conduct under the Genocide Convention. As such, the International Criminal Court (ICC) has an obligation to recognize and investigate such activities through the creation of an international criminal tribunal dedicated to prosecuting members of IS for atrocities committed against the Shi’a. I further argue that use of veto power by permanent members of the Security Council should be restricted in the face of genocide, crimes against humanity, and war crimes to ensure that the UN fulflls its guiding principles to prevent and punish atrocity crimes. I will also explain the legal signifcance of prosecuting a non-state actor for genocide at the ICC and the impact that this recognition would have on humanitarian policy, the integrity of early warning models for genocide, and justice for the Shi’a victims of the Islamic State’s brutality.
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Chauhan, Sukriti. "Armed Conflict and Women". Jindal Journal of Public Policy 2, n.º 1 (1 de setembro de 2014): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjpp.v2i1.136.
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Violence against women in conflict ridden zones has a multidimensional impact, not only on the woman but on her family and community as a whole. Violence against women in conflict zones is merely dismissed as a natural consequence of war, leading to impunity against the crimes, in many cases leading to gender based violations in the post conflict communities. Further, the legal characterization of crimes against woman in conflict zones as crimes of sexual violence alone and not as an attack on her ‘honour’ exclusively. Defining rape as a crime against honour and understanding it from a male perspective shows a failure to recognize the violent and discriminatory nature of the offence. There is a need to redefine women’s rights as human rights and not as ‘private’ or ‘cultural’ rights.
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Abad Castelos, Montserrat. "Foreign Terrorist Fighters and the UN Investigative Team to Support Domestic Efforts to Hold ISIS Accountable for War Crimes, Crimes Against Humanity and Genocide Committed in Iraq: Building a Bridge that Should Be Used". Age of Human Rights Journal, n.º 16 (14 de junho de 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17561/tahrj.v16.6302.
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After examining the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) resolutions referred to the foreign fighters who joined the ranks of ISIS in Iraq and Syria andthe UN Investigative Team to support domestic efforts to hold ISIS accountable for war crimes, crimes against humanity and genocide committed in Iraq (UNITAD or the Investigative Team) this article brings both contents together in order to ascertain whether there may be gaps or problems which should be addressed, since both developments were prompted by the UNSC. It is explored whether there may be certain inconsistencies, such as the one relating to the emphasis placed on different crimes, depending on the resolutions in question. Thus, those related to FTFs focus on terrorism crimes, while those related to UNITAD refer to atrocity crimes. Hereinafter the action and evolution of UNITAD is examined, in order to determine whether it might be helpful to overcome some existing barriers and avoid impunity for atrocity crimes. It will be concluded that UNITAD may provide substantial support, not only in relation to trials in Iraq, but also in third States, by providing useful tools or evidence to prosecute FTFs. Seizing this opportunity will require further action, which will be crucial to promote accountability and justice.
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Sarkar, Sukanta. "AN EXPLORATORY STUDY ON CRIME AGAINST WOMEN IN STATES OF WESTERN AND NORTHERN REGIONS OF INDIA". International Journal of Management, Economics and Commerce 1, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 2024): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.62737/h94m1q50.
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The paper discussed the crimes against women in states of western and northern regions of India. It has found that Uttar Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra has higher incidences of crimes against women then other states in the regions. Goa, Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand has comparatively lower incidences of crimes against women. Uttar Pradesh has the highest incidences and victims of SLL crimes against women, followed by Maharashtra and Rajasthan On the other hand, least incidences and victims of such crimes is reported in Goa preceded by Himachal Pradesh and Punjab. Uttar Pradesh also has the highest incidences and victims of total crime against women (IPC+SLL) followed by Maharashtra and Rajasthan. On the other hand, least incidences and victims of total crime against women (IPC+SLL) reported in Goa preceded by Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Therefore, Governments of the concern states should implement proper policies and regulations for minimizing the incidences of crime against women.
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Boukemidja, Nadjiba Badi. "Cyber Crimes against Women: Qualification and Means". European Journal of Social Sciences 1, n.º 3 (29 de novembro de 2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejss.v1i3.p34-44.
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Crimes against women are constantly changing, especially with the emergence of electronic means to express them. Thus, violence against women using electronic means, has become a phenomenon with multifaceted manifestations and causes also multiple, it must be measured in all its aspects to combat it effectively. Of course, violence also takes place in the context of a relationship of power and domination, which explains why electronic violence predominates over female violence, which remains largely contained. This violence can be psychological, it consists in denigrating, humiliating, degrading the woman in her human value. It is manifested by verbal attacks, insults, threats, pressure, blackmail, control of activities, isolation of relatives, friends and the outside world. Also, verbal abuse in electronic form, which is the constant repetition of insulting words or insults to a woman. In mistreating the woman, the person behind the screen hurts her as much as if she hit her, because the woman in this case loses self-esteem. Verbal abuse can lead to a range of behavioral, emotional and physical problems. Violence in this context results in the use of hurtful or humiliating words, such as naming a person who is ridiculous, insulting the woman, making racist comments or incessant teasing. In addition to general harassment and sexual harassment more specifically, who may be subject to violence against women, by electronic means. The problem concerns the legal qualification of this kind of violence, what the old texts are enough, then they apply automatically; or the new texts are needed.
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Lau, Martin. "Honour. Crimes, paradigms and violence against women". Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law Online 11, n.º 1 (2004): 471–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22112987-91000118.
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Aksamitowska, Karolina. "Digital Evidence in Domestic Core International Crimes Prosecutions". Journal of International Criminal Justice 19, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2021): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jicj/mqab035.
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Abstract The conflicts in Syria and Iraq, being some of the most documented in history, have also led to one of the largest influxes of refugees to Europe in recent years. Many of the asylum seekers arriving in European cities identified themselves, or have been identified, as victims, witnesses or perpetrators of atrocities. Consequently, criminal investigations have been initiated by the local police with the aim of prosecuting those responsible for genocide, war crimes and crimes against humanity committed in Syria and Iraq. With an increasing number of war crimes prosecutions in European domestic courts relating to the atrocities committed, documented and shared by returning fighters, domestic authorities are compelled to find ways to effectively collect, process, analyse and share the user-generated data. This article discusses the ways in which digital evidence related to the conflicts in Syria and Iraq, particularly online open source materials, are being litigated and judicially evaluated in the domestic jurisdictions of Germany, Finland, Sweden and the Netherlands. Finding parallels between these approaches, with the aim of distilling best practices in evidence collection, processing and analysis, should inform future prosecutions of international crimes in domestic jurisdictions worldwide.
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Susilowati, Ida, Nur Rohim Yunus e Muhammad Sholeh. "United States Intervention Against Terrorism in Iraq". SALAM: Jurnal Sosial dan Budaya Syar-i 5, n.º 1 (16 de abril de 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjsbs.v5i1.10372.
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Abstract: Terrorism is a crime committed by a group of people to frighten, terrorize, intimidate a country's government. In the case of the September 11, 2001 terror that occurred at the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, the United States accused the al-Qaeda group of being behind the attack. Furthermore, the United States attacked Afghanistan and Iraq. America considers the attacks carried out are legitimate because they are carried out to reduce world terrorism crimes. Whereas behind that there is another motive for controlling the oil in the country that it attacked.Keywords: Terrorism, Intervention, United States. Abstrak:Terorisme merupakan kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh sekelompok orang guna menakuti, meneror, mengintimidasi pemerintahan suatu negara. Dalam kasus teror 11 September 2001 yang terjadi pada World Trade Center dan Pentagon, Amerika Serikat menuduh kelompok al-qaidah di balik serangan tersebut. Selanjutnya Amerika Serikat melakukan penyerangan terhadap Afghanistan dan Iraq. Amerika menganggap serangan yang dilakukan adalah sah karena dilakukan untuk meredam kejahatan terorisme dunia. Padahal di balik itu ada motif lain untuk menguasai minyak yang ada di negara yang diserangnya.Kata Kunci: Terrorisme, Intervensi, Amerika Serikat
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Suyunova, Dilbar. "FEATURES OF CRIMINAL RESPONSIBILITY FOR CRIMES AGAINST WOMEN". Criminology and Criminal Justice 2, n.º 2-3 (11 de maio de 2022): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.ccj.2.2-3./mpua3668.
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The article analyzes the responsibility for crimes against women under the criminal legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan. For the first time, the norms of the Criminal Code are evaluated from the point of view of finding the features of legal regulation due to the gender and family differences of subjects in it. The analysis of criminal legislation concerning crimes against women helped not only to see the real content of criminal law norms, but also to analyze gaps in the law, and where legal regulation is insufficiently socially conditioned. The study of the genesis of criminal law norms on responsibility for crimes against women also made it possible to trace changes in the law concerning such objects of criminal law protection as life, health, gender freedom and gender integrity, honor, and dignity of a woman, the interests of the family and its members. The paper makes some comparisons with the legislation of foreign countries of criminal liability for crimes against women and presents practical recommendations for improving the criminal legislation of Uzbekistan.
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Abir, Saloua, e Hassan Zrizi. "Violence Against Women (VAW) as Gendered Hate Crimes". International Journal of Arts and Humanities Studies 3, n.º 2 (18 de abril de 2023): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/ijahs.2023.3.2.4.
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Violence against women (VAW) is a deeply rooted form of misogyny that has always been universally predominant. It targets women and girls from all socio-cultural backgrounds and impacts their self-fulfillment at the personal and professional levels. The utmost manifestation of gendered hatred and sexism, VAW has evolved into a pandemic phenomenon. This paper is based on two main premises. Gender is a risk factor in crimes that women are exposed to, such as rape, femicide or even domestic violence. For this reason, violence against women in all its forms should be legally dealt with under the scope of hate crimes. This article aims at defining the various types of VAW and studying their in-depth impact on the victims. It analyses some statistics based on the United Nations and the World Health Organization reports. It historicizes the concept of hate crimes scrutinizing its relationship with VAW. It argues for the legal relabeling of violence against women (more particularly, femicide and rape) as subcategories of hate crimes, hence the urgency to a legal reform that would protect women worldwide from such a social plight.
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Moix, Bridget. "Moving Upstream and Going Local: The Responsibility to Protect Ten Years Later". Politics and Governance 3, n.º 3 (27 de outubro de 2015): 98–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v3i3.311.
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Ten years ago the international community pledged to protect civilians from genocide, ethnic cleansing, war crimes, and crimes against humanity by endorsing the responsibility to protect (R2P) doctrine. Yet today, horrific violence against civilians continues in places like Syria, Iraq, and South Sudan. This article examines some of the progress and gaps in the international community’s efforts to better protect civilians against mass violence over the past decade. It proposes two emerging directions for advancing the R2P agenda in the coming years: 1) greater focus on upstream prevention, and 2) increased support for locally-led peacebuilding and prevention actors and capacities.
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Hayder, Lana Majid, Asma Hakimah Ab Halim, Noor Aziah Mohd Awal e Fatimah Yusro Hashim. "Incest in Iraq and the Legal View of the Act". Journal of Law and Sustainable Development 11, n.º 7 (25 de setembro de 2023): e1036. http://dx.doi.org/10.55908/sdgs.v11i7.1036.
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Objective: Shedding light on the dimensions of the crime of incest to contribute to developing solutions to combat this type of crime before it becomes a widespread phenomenon in society. Incest causes great harm to the individual and leads to an insult to the family entity with the consequent imbalance in the social structure. Methodology: A descriptive and analytical study of a phenomenon that remained silent in a society. This article reviews the problem of incest, its impact on an important aspect of people's lives, and the most important factor in the disintegration of the family and the insult to its dignity. Highlighting the definition of the problem, explaining the reasons for falling into it, explaining the preventive means and its treatment, the legislative philosophy of a group of Arab countries, with some cases existing in society, all of which would contribute to reaching success. Result and discussion: The law criminalized the perpetrator of this crime by setting punitive laws against the perpetrators and placing it in the category of crimes against public morals. However, most of the perpetrators of these crimes do not receive the necessary and deterrent punishment because they hide for fear of scandal, shame and stigmatization of society. Society may unconsciously contribute to these crimes, by stigmatizing the victim socially and blaming her for what happened to her, making the matter of complaining or revealing the truth about these deviations very difficult. Conclusions: These issues must be addressed socially, by imposing the law and passing deterrent laws, to get rid of these phenomena that destroy society. The need to enact new legislation or amend existing legislation is represented in the Penal Code No. 111 of 1969. In Articles 393/2b, Article 369 Paragraph 2, and Article 397, the law stipulates that incest crimes are considered criminal offenses like all other crimes. Without allocating a specific chapter for them, and that the law added only two years or more to the punishment, and this is considered a defective treatment of a sensitive and serious.
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Ghorishi, Seyed Rasoul, Sabber Niavarani e Seyed Ghasem Zamani. "Non-applicability of Prescription to War Crimes during Iraq’s War against Iran". Journal of Politics and Law 9, n.º 5 (29 de junho de 2016): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v9n5p65.
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<p>International responsibility of Iraq regarding imposed war against Iran and compensating all harms has been an issue attracted public attention in Iran; in a way that sometimes it has been discussed. Nevertheless, it should not be ignored that this war happened long time ago, thus it involves the issue of Prescription or Statutory Limitations. Since the Statutory Limitation often is the main obstacle facing the culture of non-punishment, the main question is that whether Iraqi’s war crimes is supposed to prescription?</p>It should be noted that prominent values of humanity entail the condemning of severe international crimes and non-applicability of principle of prescription. Therefore, International Criminal Law through codification of regional and international documents including the Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal has predicted a period of 35 years for investigation of Iraqi high-ranking officials’ crimes: Accordingly, it seems that the theory of non-applicability of prescription over Iraqi’s war crimes during war against Iran has been substantiated.
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Lee-Koo, Katrina. "Gender-Based Violence Against Civilian Women in Postinvasion Iraq". Violence Against Women 17, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2011): 1619–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077801211436094.
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This article explores the increase in gender-based violence against civilian women in Iraq since 2003 and connects it to the U.S.-led invasion of that country. It outlines the complex nature of the gender-based violence and the impact that it has had on civilian women in Iraq. It then analyzes the links between this violence and the politics of the postinvasion period. This article also explores how this violence has been politicized. Ultimately, the article (re)politicizes gender-based violence through a feminist lens and argues that the security of Iraq’s women is fundamental to the stability of Iraq as a whole.
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Nisha, Shwet, Umesh Kumar, Anurag Ambasth, Preetish Ranjan, Arundhati Sharma, Rajesh Mahadeva, Vinay Gupta, Shivani Kampani e Saurav Dixit. "Assessing The Issues of Honour and Violence Against Women: A Human Rights Discourse Framework for The Detection of Violence Against Women". BIO Web of Conferences 86 (2024): 01114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20248601114.
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The term 'Honour Killing' is conventionally used to denote a specific category of extralegal killings where the act of murder is seen to have been motivated by pre-modern affiliations/sentiments of some sort. Acts of violence committed against people for marrying outside of caste/religion/ethnicity or other similar infringements where they are seen by their actions to have besmirched the honour of the family and the larger community come under the broad rubric of honour crime. Implicit in using the term are assumptions that mark it as different from other crimes. Honour is defined in terms of women assigned sexual and familial roles as dictated by traditional family ideology. Thus, adultery, premarital relationships (which may or may not include sexual relations), rape, and falling in love with an "inappropriate" person may constitute violations of family honour. 'Crimes of honour' as a form of violence against women does not imply that men also are not subjected to such crimes. In cases of forced marriage or interference with the right of choice and whom to marry, pressure from older family members over younger members will apply to men as well as to women. However, women remain the victims and survivors of 'crimes of honour' and have fewer available remedies.
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Cusack, Simone, e Rebecca J. Cook. ""Honour": Crimes, Paradigms, and Violence against Women (review)". Human Rights Quarterly 29, n.º 2 (2007): 524–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2007.0015.
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MAHMUD, N. "Crimes Against Honour: Women in International Refugee Law". Journal of Refugee Studies 9, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 1996): 367–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrs/9.4.367.
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Hagan, John, Joshua Kaiser, Daniel Rothenberg, Anna Hanson e Patricia Parker. "Atrocity victimization and the costs of economic conflict crimes in the battle for Baghdad and Iraq". European Journal of Criminology 9, n.º 5 (setembro de 2012): 481–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477370812452087.
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Economic conflict crimes are defined in this paper as violations of international human rights and humanitarian law, as well as domestic law, associated with military and political conflict and producing significant monetary as well as other forms of suffering for civilians. Criminologists are well positioned by disciplinary emphasis to document and explain military and political violence resulting in economic conflict crimes. Criminal victimization associated with the US-led invasion of Iraq imposed an enormous toll on civilians. Yet there is little attention by criminologists or others to the profound economic costs to Iraqis, whether through lost property, life, or opportunities. We cautiously estimate that the economic losses for households in the city of Baghdad alone were almost US$100 billion, and more than three times this amount for the entire country, with Sunni groups experiencing significantly greater losses than others. So far as we know, our article presents the first estimates of civilian losses from economic conflict crimes that followed the US-led invasion of Iraq. These losses were widespread and systematic, the hallmarks of crimes against humanity.
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Al-Musawy, Jasim, Saad Badai Nashtar, Hassan Sayid Hussein, Rahaf Akel Rajjoub, Hadi Faiz Jazan e Abdul Amir H. Kadhum. "Violence against Women by Addicted Husbands in Iraq". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 10, B (22 de julho de 2022): 1960–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2022.9120.
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Objective: Despite that women are becoming active participants and protagonists of the development social, economic, and political process, they still suffer from the distress of violence, and this problem still spread worldwide. Domestic violence against women is studied in the general population, but the violence against women with addicted spouses was little highlighted especially in Iraq, and this study aimed to reveal the rate of violence and to clarify the different types of violence against wives of addicted husbands.
Methods: This comparative study was carried in Ibn Rushud psychiatric training hospital in Baghdad, Iraq This study has been done during the time extended from10th April to 20thof December 2020, and conducted on 400 married women,200 of them were women with addicted husbands, and200were women with no addicted husband. The inclusion criteria were married women living with her husband, and those women who voluntarily gave consent were included. Divorced widows and pregnant women are excluded. The questionnaire used was valid and reliable and appropriate to our society's culture furthermore it was used in a similar study done in the neighboring country. Data analysis was performed using SPSS. Descriptive statistics and chi-square, Mann-Whitney U, and Kruskal–Wallis tests, odds ratio (OR), and Kendall's correlation coefficient were used to analyze the data. The overall mean score of violence was 70.47 ± 14.32 for the women with addicted husbands and 42.01 ± 7.50 for women with non-addicted spouses (P < 0.001). The mean score of psychological violence was 40.03 ± 5.03 in women with addicted spouses and 23.40 ± 4.26 in those with non-addicted husbands (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the mean score of physical violence was 23.71 ± 6.24 in women with addicted spouses and 15.50 ±3.76 in those with non-addicted husbands (P < 0.001). Moreover, the mean scores of sexual violence were 3.21 ± 2.11 and 2.92 ± 0.25 in women with and without addicted spouses, respectively (P < 0.001). Finally, the mean scores of financial violence were 2.10±0.94and 1.10 ± 0.23 for women with and without an addicted husband, respectively (P<0.001).
Result: The finding confirms the conclusion of other studies and reveals that the overall rate of violence was significantly higher among women with addicted spouses and especially if the spouse abused more than one type of substance.
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Kochoi, Samvel, e Ameen Hasan. "Countering Terrorism in Iraq: Law and Practice". Всероссийский криминологический журнал 13, n.º 1 (26 de fevereiro de 2019): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(1).94-102.
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After several years of fighting the international terrorist organization «Islamic State», the anti-terrorist coalitions headed by the Russian Federation and the USA managed to tip the scale in their favor in 2017. There is extensive research on how different countries counteract this most well-known of all modern international terrorist organizations. However, as Western criminologists note (Alex Braithwaite, Shane D. Johnson), there are very few empirical works that study the causes of decline and growth of terrorist activities as well as the emergence and disappearance of hot spots in Iraq itself during the American military campaign. On the whole, the overview of publications has revealed (Gary LaFree, Joshua D. Freilich) that out of over than 20 thousand articles on terrorism published between 1971 and 2004, only seven were devoted to empirical (criminological) research, while others dealt with the psychology of terrorism. The situation started to change in recent years and a large number of empirical (criminological and criminal law) studies of terrorism has been published, which is connected with the growing financial support of such research by national research foundations and state departments (for example, the Department of Homeland Security and the Department of Defense in the USA). Thus, about 100 books devoted to such studies have been annually published in the USA in the last decade. As for Russian criminal law policy, this article is one of the few devoted to countering terrorism in the motherland of «Islamic State» – in Iraq. The authors analyze Iraqi anti-terrorism legislation, in particular, Law № 13 of 2005, draw attention to an excessively wide definition of terrorism that it contains, conclude that its clause of analogy is incompatible with the principle of legality and argue that this normative act is one of the most drastic anti-terrorism laws in the world. The authors believe that an important direction in fighting terrorism is the decision of Iraqi authorities to establish a special tribunal for terrorist crimes, such as genocide against the Yazidis, and criminal prosecution of perpetrators who are outside Iraq, including those in Russian territory. They prove that the terrorist crimes against «infidels», qualified by many specialists and international organizations as crimes against peace and humanity, should mainly be the subject of proceedings in an independent court body of the international community.
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Mota, Jurema Corrêa da, Ana Gloria Godoi Vasconcelos e Simone Gonçalves de Assis. "Correspondence analysis: a method for classifying similar patterns of violence against women". Cadernos de Saúde Pública 24, n.º 6 (junho de 2008): 1397–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-311x2008000600020.
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Violence against woman has received relatively little debate in society. It includes physical, psychological, and sexual abuse that jeopardizes the victim's health. Multivariate correspondence analysis and cluster analysis were applied to crimes reported to the Integrated Women's Aid Center in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, to investigate associations between injury and define criteria for classifying the aggressions. Three groups of abuse were identified, differing according to the nature (physical, psychological, or sexual) and severity of the crimes. Less serious crimes consisted of threats and moderate physical injuries. The intermediate severity group included serious physical assault and threats. More serious crimes included death threats, rape, and sexual assault. The method thus allowed classification of the crimes in three groups according to severity.
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Kadhim, Nuha Saeed, e Noor Salah Shreef. "EFFECT OF DOMESTIC VIOLENCE ON CHILDREN: A REVIEW". International Journal of Education and Social Science Research 07, n.º 02 (2024): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37500/ijessr.2024.7216.
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Domestic Violence is like a giant and eats the childhood of the children. Children are precious for the development of the nation. But domestic violence leaves the adverse impact on the children. Children are the center point for the parents, but they are forgetting them in own fight. If children are growing up in the environment of domestic violence and then they are live in tension and anxiety and in fear of anger. Thus, the children are victims of child abuse due to emotionally and psychologically broken. Domestic violence affects the lives of many children in Iraq. 23 children were killed in separate cities of Iraq during year 2020, at the hands of their families, as a result of domestic violence that has been prevalence in the country, while about 50 others were admitted to hospitals because of severe beatings that lead to fractures or burns. Baghdad, Diyala and Basra topped the crimes of violence against children. UNICEF condemns all acts of violence against children and call for society to protect them from such behaviors. Also, calls on government authorities in Iraq to strengthen mechanisms to bring perpetrators of such crimes to justice and safeguard the life of the child. Children in Iraq need a safe environment, free of violence and conducive to allow them to develop their full potential, in order to ensure children´s right to privacy and dignity.
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Sarkar, Sukanta. "CRIME AGAINST WOMEN IN STATES OF SOUTHERN REGION OF INDIA: REALITY VS. GOVERNMENT POLICIES". International Journal of Management, Public Policy and Research 3, n.º 2 (2 de junho de 2024): 36–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.55829/ijmpr.v3i2.219.
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The paper discussed crime against women in states of southern region of India. It has found that comparatively more crimes are registered in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana than the other states in the region. Least number of crime are reported in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. Highest cases of murder with rape/gang rape are reported in Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Kerala and Telangana has the highest incidences and victims of rape. The highest incidences of IPC crimes against women is reported in Andhra Pradesh followed by Telangana and Karnataka. On the other hand, least incidences of such crime is reported in Tamil Nadu preceded by Kerala. The highest incidences of total SLL crimes against women is reported in Karnataka followed by Tamil Nadu and Kerala. On the other hand, least incidences and victims of such crime is reported in Andhra Pradesh preceded by Telangana. Andhra Pradesh has the highest incidences of total crime against women (IPC+SLL) followed by Telangana and Karnataka. On the other hand, least incidences and victims of such crimes is reported in Tamil Nadu preceded by Kerala. Although Government has passed and implemented various regulations and laws, but violence against women is still exist. Therefore, there should be proper implementation and amendment of laws for reducing crimes against women in the society.
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Kapuria, Monica, e Edward R. Maguire. "Performance Management and the Police Response to Women in India". Social Sciences 11, n.º 2 (7 de fevereiro de 2022): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci11020058.
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Crimes against women have critical implications, not only for victims but also for overall community health and safety. Communities entrust law enforcement agencies with the responsibility to safeguard vulnerable people through effective and efficient policing approaches that provide a safe environment. Enhancing and improving the efficiency and performance of the police is an important part of preventing and reducing crimes against women. One approach to addressing specific performance targets is to adopt a performance management strategy. This paper examines survey data from 310 police officials in northern India about one such strategy: the balanced scorecard (BSC). Our analysis illuminates police perspectives about the perceived benefits of a generalized performance management strategy such as the BSC for improving police performance in addressing crimes against women and the needs of female citizens. Our findings reveal that respondents’ assessments of all four dimensions of the balanced scorecard are associated with their degree of optimism that performance measurement can improve the police response to crimes against women.