Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Women and literature – West (U.S.)"

ABSTRAK Pengelolaan pembangunan desa islami adalah konsep pembangunan desa yang memiliki karakteristik tercapainya tujuan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang berdimensi holistik, seimbang antara aspek material dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pembahasan kajian-kajian terdahulu secara sistematis tentang konsep dan praktik pengelolaan pembangunan desa dalam perspektif islam. Dalam rangka melakukan review publikasi artikel secara sistematis, riset ini menggunakan standar protokol RAMESES. Hasil penelitian ini terbagi menjadi dua tema utama, yaitu peran dan fungsi lembaga keuangan mikro syariah dalam pembangunan desa dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Tema pertama menghasilkan tiga subtema: praksis keuangan mikro syariah di Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Tema kedua menghasilkan satu subtema yaitu peranan Pesantren dalam mendukung pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Hasilnya memberikan landasan untuk mengisi ruang-ruang yang belum dimasuki untuk membangun pengelolaan pembangunan desa yang komprehensif berdasarkan prinsip atau nilai Islam yang ideal. Kata kunci: Islami, Pengelolaan Pembangunan Desa, Systematic Literature Review. ABSTRACT Islamic village development management is a village development concept that has the characteristics of achieving socio-economic development goals with a holistic dimension, balanced between material and spiritual aspects. This study aims to systematically review the discussion of previous studies on the concepts and practices of village development management from an Islamic perspective. To conduct the article review systematically, this research was carried out using the RAMESES protocol standard. The results of this study are divided into two main themes, namely the role and function of Islamic microfinance institutions in village development and non-governmental organizations in managing village development. The first theme produces three sub-themes: the practice of Islamic microfinance in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The second theme resulted in a sub-theme, namely Pesantren's role in supporting the management of village development. The results provide a foundation to fill in the gaps that have not been entered to build a comprehensive village development management based on ideal Islamic principles or values. Keywords: Islamic, Village Development Management, Systematic Literature Review. REFERENCES Abdullah, M. F., Amin, M. R., & Ab Rahman, A. (2017). Is there any difference between Islamic and conventional microfinance? Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S1), 97–112. Adejoke, A.-U. G. (2010). Sustainable microfinance institutions for poverty reduction: Malaysian experience. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(4), 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1666023 Akhter, W., Akhtar, N., & Jaffri, S. K. A. (2009). 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The financial management challenges on the village socio-economic development. International Forum, 16(2), 37–50. Khaleequzzaman, M., & Shirazi, N. S. (2012). Islamic microfinance - An inclusive approach with special reference to poverty eradication in Pakistan. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 20(1), 19–49. Kraus, S., Breier, M., & Dasí-Rodríguez, S. (2020). The art of crafting a systematic literature review in entrepreneurship research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(3), 1023–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00635-4 Laila, T. (2010). Islamic microfinance for alleviating poverty and sustaining peace. World Universities Congress, 1–9. Li, Y., Fan, P., & Liu, Y. (2019). What makes better village development in traditional agricultural areas of China? Evidence from long-term observation of typical villages. Habitat International, 83(October 2018), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.11.006 Mamun, A., Uddin, M. R., & Islam, M. T. (2017). An Integrated approach to Islamic Microfinance for poverty alleviation in Bangladesh. Üniversitepark Bülten, 6(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.22521/unibulletin.2017.61.3 Mohamed, E. F., & Fauziyyah, N. E. (2020). Islamic microfinance for poverty alleviation : A systematic literature. International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, 28(1), 141–163. Muhammad Syukri Salleh. (2011). Islamic-based development for post-tsunami Aceh: A theoritical construct. Media Syariah: Wahana Kajian Hukum Islam Dan Pranata Sosial, 13(2), 163–168. Muhammad Syukri Salleh. (2015a). An Islamic approach to poverty management: The Ban Nua Way. International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences, 2(7), 186–205. Muhammad Syukri Salleh. (2015b). Islamic economics revisited: Re-contemplating unresolved structure and assumptions. 8th International Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance, (January). Mustari, M. (2014). The roles of the institution of pesantren in the development of rural society: A study in kabupaten Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 1(2), 13–35. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v1i1.34 Mustari, M. (2018). Institution of pesantren as a contributing factor in developing rural communities. Socio Politica, 8(1), 71–89. Nasrin, N., & Sarker, S. B. (2014). Disbursement and recovery of rural credit: A study on Rajapur Branch of Rupali Bank Limited. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(11), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-161161523 Onakoya, A. B., & Onakoya, A. O. (2013). Islamic microfinance as a poverty alleviation tool: Expectations from Ogun State, Nigeria. Scholarly Journal of Business Administration, 3(2), 36–43. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). (2006). A paradigm shift in rural development. Rahim Abdul Rahman, A. (2010). Islamic Microfinance: An ethical alternative to poverty alleviation. Humanomics, 26(4), 284–295. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288661011090884 Rahim, S. A. (2017). Evaluation of the effectiveness of training programmes of Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited. Journal of Business and Retail Management Research, 11(3), 154–164. Rokhman, W. (2013). The effect of Islamic microfinance on poverty alleviation: Study in Indonesia. Economic Review – Journal of Economics and Business, XI(2), 21–30. Samsuddin, S. F., Shaffril, H. A. M., & Fauzi, A. (2020). Heigh-ho, heigh-ho, to the rural libraries we go! - a systematic literature review. Library and Information Science Research, 42(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lisr.2019.100997 Satar, N., & Kassim, S. (2020). Issues and challenges in financing the poor: lessons learned from Islamic microfinance institutions. EJIF - European Journal of Islamic Finance, 1(15), 1–8. Shaffril, H. A. M., Ahmad, N., Samsuddin, S. F., Samah, A. A., & Hamdan, M. E. (2020). Systematic literature review on adaptation towards climate change impacts among indigenous people in the Asia Pacific Regions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120595 Suzuki, Y., Pramono, S., & Rufidah, R. (2016). Islamic microfinance and poverty alleviation program: Preliminary research findings from Indonesia. Share: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Islam, 5(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.22373/share.v5i1.910 Uddin, T. A., & Mohiuddin, M. F. (2020). Islamic social finance in Bangladesh: Challenges and opportunities of the institutional and regulatory landscape. Law and Development Review, 13(1), 265–319. https://doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0072 Umar, H., Usman, S., & Purba, R. B. R. (2018). The influence of internal control and competence of human resources on village fund management and the implications on the quality of village financial reports. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(7), 1526–1531. Wajdi Dusuki, A. (2008). Banking for the poor: The role of Islamic banking in microfinance initiatives. Humanomics, 24(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288660810851469 Wong, G., Greenhalgh, T., Westhorp, G., Buckingham, J., & Pawson, R. (2013). RAMESES publication standards: Meta-narrative reviews. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(5), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12092 Xalane, M. A. E., & Binti Che Mohd Salleh, M. (2018). Poverty alleviation in Mogadishu, Somalia: The role of Islamic microfinance. Global Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance 2018, 60–80. Yudha, E. P., Juanda, B., Kolopaking, L. M., & Kinseng, R. A. (2020). Rural development policy and strategy in the rural autonomy era. Case study of pandeglang regency-indonesia. Human Geographies, 14(1), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.8

Abstract Following Women Writers of the American West, 1833–1927 (2011), this essay surveys eleven neglected western women writers from all regions except California. In Texas, Maude Mason Austin wrote a borderlands novel and poetry, Gertrude Beasley described growing up poor, and Esther Darbyshire MacCallum recounted a church's history. In the plains, Mary A. Cragin (pseud. Joy Allison) and Lorna Doone Beers (Mrs. C. R. Chambers) published novels. In the Pacific Northwest, Sidona V. Johnson and Georgiana Mitchell Blankenship brought out regional histories. Regarding the Southwest, Harriet S. Kellogg memorialized Emily J. Harwood, Julia H. Johnston focused on Indians and Mexicans without having lived in the West, and Katharine Roney Crowell published religious school texts. Finally, Katharine Coman attempted to encapsulate the progress of the entire West. This survey concludes with commentary on Willa Cather, who shared these writers' sense that (white) women had allowed the West to fulfill its destiny.

Abstract Following Women Writers of the American West, 1833–1927 (2011), this essay surveys eleven neglected western women writers from all regions except California. In Texas, Maude Mason Austin wrote a borderlands novel and poetry, Gertrude Beasley described growing up poor, and Esther Darbyshire MacCallum recounted a church's history. In the plains, Mary A. Cragin (pseud. Joy Allison) and Lorna Doone Beers (Mrs. C. R. Chambers) published novels. In the Pacific Northwest, Sidona V. Johnson and Georgiana Mitchell Blankenship brought out regional histories. Regarding the Southwest, Harriet S. Kellogg memorialized Emily J. Harwood, Julia H. Johnston focused on Indians and Mexicans without having lived in the West, and Katharine Roney Crowell published religious school texts. Finally, Katharine Coman attempted to encapsulate the progress of the entire West. This survey concludes with commentary on Willa Cather, who shared these writers' sense that (white) women had allowed the West to fulfill its destiny.

This article looks at representations of female infibulation in African literary texts, and offers analyses of three such texts: Nawal El Saadawi's The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World (1980), Alice Walker's Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992) and Sirad S. Hassan's Sette Gocce di Sangue: Due Donne Somale (Seven Drops of Blood: Two Somali Women) (1996). Writing from a location in the West to which we have migrated, this is an attempt to employ literature as a device of resistance, and it also refers to writing as a process through which women can become aware of their potentia (Foucault), thereby contributing to their own empowerment and that of their own community.

The study aims to display data related to gender social and population indicators of the province of Western Sumatra. On this research method literature review, descriptive. Source data obtained from the data of BPS Province of Western Sumatra as the primary source and in the complete of the relevant articles. The results of this study found that there are eleven gender social and population indicators according to the PBS Province of Western Sumatra, among them; women as a professional force, women's income contribution, gender empowerment index (IDG), women' s participation in parliament, the gender disparity index, average school length (RLS), school life expectancy (HLS), Gender Development Index (IPG), human development index (IPM) by gender, life expectant rate (AHH) by sex, per capita expenditure adjusted by sex.

The latest findings of scientists and literature, pay attention to the important role of fascia in the human body. The fascia is supplied with blood, innervated a n d b e c a u s e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s construction, also very plastic. During d i a g n o s i s o f d y s f u n c t i o n o f m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l s y s t e m , it is important to look at the patient in a holistic way. In practice the fascial dysfunction is far away from the place of issue and is crucial to the impaired function. This thesis is a response for patients and therapists, who have problem with the scope of the traffic and local acting method of relaxing tight muscles does not bring the desired effects. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a single therapy fascial method (TASK) to increase the range of motion of flexion during forward bend. The aim of researchers was to carry out the theraphy of the part of superficial back line - sacrolumbar fascia of erector spinae. Before and after therapy has been measured to lumbar flexion range of motion, bend the total spine and Thomayers test. A group of test subjects were 30 students of physiotherapy (18 women and 12 men) from the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk. Improving the range of motion was reported in the whole group of patients.The latest findings of scientists and literature, pay attention to the important role of fascia in the human body. The fascia is supplied with blood, innervated a n d b e c a u s e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s construction, also very plastic. During d i a g n o s i s o f d y s f u n c t i o n o f m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l s y s t e m , it is important to look at the patient in a holistic way. In practice the fascial dysfunction is far away from the place of issue and is crucial to the impaired function. This thesis is a response for patients and therapists, who have problem with the scope of the traffic and local acting method of relaxing tight muscles does not bring the desired effects. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a single therapy fascial method (TASK) to increase the range of motion of flexion during forward bend. The aim of researchers was to carry out the theraphy of the part of superficial back line - sacrolumbar fascia of erector spinae. Before and after therapy has been measured to lumbar flexion range of motion, bend the total spine and Thomayers test. A group of test subjects were 30 students of physiotherapy (18 women and 12 men) from the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk. Improving the range of motion was reported in the whole group of patients.

Robert Dean Frisbie (1896-1948) was one of the American writers who came to live in the South Pacific and wrote about his life among the natives. He published six books between 1929 and his death in 1948. Frisbie was horn in Cleveland, Ohio, on 16 April1896. He attended the Raja Yoga Academy at Point Loma in California. Later he enlisted in the U. S. army and was medically discharged from the army in 1918 with a monthly pension. After his work as a newspaper columnist and reporter for an army newspaper in Texas, and later for the Fresno Morning Republican, he left for Tahiti in 1920. In Tahiti he had ambitious writing plans but after four years of living in Tahiti, he left his plantation and sailed to the Cook Islands. He spent the rest of his life in the Cook Islands and married a local girl Ngatokorua. His new happiness gave him the inspiration to write. 29 sketches appeared in the United States in 1929, collected by The Century Company under the title of The Book of Puka-Puka. His second book My Tahiti, a book of memories, was published in 1937. After the death of Ropati 's beloved wife his goals were to bring up his children. But by this time Frisbie was seriously ill. The family left Puka-Puka and settled down on the uninhabited atoll of Suwarrow. Later on they lived on Rarotonga and Samoa where Frisbie was medically treated. Robert Dean Frisbie died of tetanus in Rarotonga on November 18, 1948. Frisbie wrote in a vivid, graceful style. His characters and particularly the atoll of Puka-Puka are memorably depicted. Gifted with a feeling for language and a sense of humor, he was able to capture on paper the charm, beauty, and serenity of life of the small islands in the South Pacific without exaggerating the stereotypical idyllic context and as such Frisbie's contribution to South Pacific literature went far deeper than that of many writers who have passed through the Pacific and wrote about their experiences. Frisbie's first book The Book of Puka-Puka was published in New York in 1929. It is the most endearing and the most original of his works. It was written during his lifetime on the atoll Puka-Puka in the Cook Islands. It is a collection of 29 short stories, episodic and expressively narrative in style. This is an account of life on Puka-Puka that criticizes European and American commercialism and aggressiveness, and presents the themes of the praise of isolation, the castigation of missionaries, and the commendation of Polynesian economic collectivism and sexual freedom. At the same time, the book presents a portrait of Frisbie himself, a journal of his day-to-day experiences and observations and avivid description of the natives on the island. Frisbie's unique knowledge of the natives and their daily lives enabled him to create in The Book of Puka-Puka an impressive gallery of vi vid, amusing, yet very real and plausible Polynesians. The second book of Robert Dean Frisbie to appear in print was My Tahiti (1937), a book of -memoirs, published in Boston. My Tahiti is a book of 30 short stories about the author and his living among Tahitians. Again, Robert Dean Frisbie is the main hero in the book and as such the book is autobiographical in a sense as well. This book is a personal record which has charm and distinction as it has sincerity, which is in the men, women and children of Tahiti, and which brings an effortless and unpretentious humor to depict a South Seas idyll and a quiet poise to withstand the insidious romance of the tropical islands, too.

ABSTRACT Introduction Body balance is one of the most important factors related to falls, quality of life, and independence, and its evaluation is therefore important. Objective To establish reference values for balance tests in physically active older women from different age groups. Methods The sample consisted of 192 physically active women aged 60 to 79 years who were submitted to the following tests: timed up and go (TUG), one-leg stand (OLS), five-repetition chair stand (CS-5), functional reach (FR), and tandem stand test (TST). Descriptive statistics (percentile analysis) and the Mann-Whitney U test were used. Results In older women aged 60 to 69 years, the values indicating “good” balance were a score less than 5.7 s in the TUG, achieving 30 s of OLS, performing the CS-5 test in less than 8.5 s, and a result greater than 35.5 cm in the FR test. In older women aged 70 to 79 years, the values indicating “good” balance were a score less than 5.9 s in the TUG, achieving 30 s of OLS, performing the CS-5 in less than 8.5 s, and a result greater than 33 cm in the FR test. In the TST, most of the physically active subjects achieved the ceiling performance. Conclusion The reference values obtained are similar to or better than those reported in the literature. The use of the TST is not recommended for physically active older women because of its low discriminatory power in this group. Level of evidence III; Study of non consecutive patients; without consistently applied reference ‘‘gold’’ standard.

The story of American literature begins in the early 1600’s, long before there were any “Americans”. American literature blossomed with the skillful and brilliant writer during 1900s. Pearl S Buck was born to the family of Presbyterian missionary in 1892 in West Virginia. Being a successful writer in nineteenth century, she published various novels and she was the first female laureate in America and fourth woman writer to receive Nobel Prize in Literature. Oppression is an element that is common in patriarchal society where the women are always subjugated by the men in the family. This paper is to depict the men’s oppression in the novel through the character Wang Lang and how the female character O-Lan is surviving from all the struggles that she faces from her own family members. Literature always anticipates life. It does not copy it, but moulds it to its purpose. Literature is the reflection of mind. It is the great creative and universal means of communicating to the humankind. This creativity shows the difference between the writers and the people who simply write their views, ideas and thoughts. American literature began with the discovery of America. American literature begins with the orally transmitted myths, legends, tales and lyrics of Indian cultures. Native American oral literature is quite diverse. The story of American literature begins in the early 1600’s, long before there were any “Americans”. The earliest writers were Englishmen describing the English exploration and colonization of the New World.

Topicality. There are numerous interrelationships between functional disorders of the musculoskeletal system and indicators of physical condition that are presented in the special scientific and methodical literature. The negative impact of the musculoskeletal system disoders on the health state is also indicated. The Purpose of the Research is to determine the dynamics of indicators of the mature women`s biogeometric profile of the posture under the influence of means and methods of preventive and health-improving author`s program. 14 women in the second middle age took part in the research. The following Research Methods have been used in the study, sucj as theoretical analysis, photography and posture analysis, as well as pedagogical and mathematical methods. The Research Results. The actual confirmation of the author`s program effectiveness alowed to evaluate the changes that would prove certain transformations in the biogeometric profile of the posture. Findings. After the completion of the sequentially transforming experiment, only 7,1 % of studied people of the experiment have showed signs of a low level of the biogeometric posture profile, while the rest of the people demonstrated results that corresponded to the average (78,6 %), and in some cases to 14,3 % showing a high level of this profile. The expressiveness of the generalized indicators according to the map of the biogeometric posture profile visual screening is indicated that according to the medians, their growth was recorded on average by 5 points in the sagittal plane (U = 18,5; p<0,01), by 3 points in the frontal plane (U=49; p<0,05) and by an average of 6 points by the integral index (U=9; p<0,01). And such data are adequate evidence that during the period of direct participation of women aged 39–40 in the practical testing within the author program`s, there was a significant increase in the level of the biogeometric profile of their posture.

The work of François Cheng – a writer, poet, calligrapher, essayist, academician of Chinese origin and laureate of the French Francophone Academy is undoubtedly part of the cross-cultural literature of the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, when writers and poets from different, in this case Eastern background, like Yoko Tawada, Anna Moi, Amy Tan, Salman Rushdie, Haruki Murakami and others, have adopted the cross-cultural perspective of the migrant, the person who finds oneself in a context in which one begins to make sense of the living world by reading the foreign signs, comparing cultures and traditions, and translating the foreign culture in a particular way. The term “cross-cultural” literature will be used here in its sense that the writer and researcher G. Chkhartishvili associates with the new cultural phenomenon he calls “androgynous”, “East-Western literature” (Chkhartishvili, 1996). What, I would argue, is common to these artists is the rejection of the dual East - West model of culture, or, in Sánchez’ words, “the challenging of the bipolar models” (Sánchez, 2014, p. 55), the rejection of barriers and boundaries, because the cultures placed on both sides of such barriers are perceived either in terms of their own essential characteristics, or in ways that go beyond the proposed divisions.

U uvodu se daju temeljni podatci o genezi, rasprostiranju i podjeli kajkavskog narječja. Najbliže se činje- ničnom stanju o genezi kajkavskog narječja smatra mišljenje Z. Junkovića koji je smatrao da je kajkavski dijalekt pripadao panonskoj skupini zapadnoga južnoslavenskoga prajezika koju bi po njemu još spadali prleški, prekmurski i neki zapadnoštajerski govori. Osmanlijska osvajanja uzrokovala su velike migracije stanovništva prema sjeveru i zapadu, a stanovništvo koje ga je kasnije supstituiralo bilo je uglavnom s pod- ručja štokavskog narječja. Od mnogih podjela kajkavskog narječja apostrofira se ona Mije Lončarića koji ga je podijelio na 15 dijalekata.U daljem dijelu rada prikazuju se neke najtipičnije jezične osobine kajkavskih govora na fonološkoj, mor- fološkoj i sintaktičkoj razini. Daju se primjeri minimalnih fonoloških parova između različitih istovrsnih samoglasnika o- ili e- kategorije u pojedinim kajkavskim govorima. U nekim govorima izgubljena je opreka po kvantiteti jer je u tim govorima, kako bi se nadoknadila razlikovna obilježja koja postoje u govorima gdje postoje te opreke, došlo do prefonologizacije prozodijskih suprasegmentalnih obilježja u segmentne. Eliminacija kvantitete važna je poveznica kajkavskog govora s istokom slavenskoga sjevera te poljskim i lužičkim jezicima.Od morfoloških osobina posebno se ističe izricanje morfoloških kategorija s alternacijama samoglasni- ka u nekim dijalektima. Još se apostrofira čuvanje supina, gubitak vokativa, nepostojanje duge množine u A-deklinaciji i nestanak dvojine.U zaključku se kaže da će većina opisa kajkavskih govora koji se u dijalektološkoj literaturi još uvijek navode kao sinkronijska činjenica vrlo brzo postati jezična dijakronija jer su kod većine ispitanika prisutni su znakovi procesa erozije govora koje navodi C. Hagège. Tih promjena ispitanici uglavnom nisu svjesni i oni su većinom još uvijek uvjereni da govore izvornom kajkavštinom, a ne interdijalektom u kojem je veći- na specifičnih osobina njihovih mjesnih govora reducirana. Zaključuje se da kajkavsko narječje ipak neće doživjeti svoj nestanak, već će nestati specifičnosti pojedinih skupina i mjesnih govora s trajno očuvanim „čvrstim dijelovima“.The introduction provides basic data on the genesis, distribution, and division of the Kajkavian dialect. It is thought that the closest to the factual situation on the genesis of the Kajkavian dialect is the opinion of Z. Junković, who believed that the Kajkavian dialect belonged to the Pannonian group of the Western South Slavic proto-language, which according to him would still include the dialects of Prlekija, the dialect of Prekmurje as well as some West Styrian dialects. The Ottoman conquests caused large migrations of the population to the north and west, and the population that later replaced it was mainly from the area of the Štokavian dialect. Of the many divisions of the Kajkavian dialect, the one by Mijo Lončarić is usually em- phasized; it divides the Kajkavian dialect into 15 dialects.The following part of the paper continues to present some of the most typical linguistic features of the Kajkavian vernaculars at the phonological, morphological, and syntactic level. Examples of minimal phono- logical pairs between different identical vowels of the o- or e-category in individual Kajkavian vernaculars are given. In some vernaculars, the opposition in quantity was lost because in these vernaculars, in order to compensate for the distinctive features that exist in vernaculars where these contradictions exist, the prosodic suprasegmental features were transformed into segmental ones. The elimination of quantity is an important link between the Kajkavian dialect and the east of the Slavic North as well as the Polish and the Lusatian language.Among the morphological features, the pronunciation of morphological categories with vowel alterna- tions in some dialects stands out. The emphasis is on the preservation of the supine, the loss of the vocative, the absence of the long plural in the A-declension, and the disappearance of the dual.In conclusion, it is said that most descriptions of Kajkavian vernaculars that are still cited in the dialec- tological literature as a synchronic fact will soon become linguistic diachrony because most respondents have signs of the vernacular erosion process cited by C. Hagège. Respondents are largely unaware of these changes and are mostly still convinced that they speak the original Kajkavian rather than an interdialect in which most of the specific characteristic features of their local dialects have been reduced. It is concluded that the Kajkavian dialect will not disappear but the specific features of individual groups and local dialects with permanently preserved “solid parts” will not be preserved.

Coleman D., S. Basten, F. C. Billari. Population — The long viewBillari F. C. Integrating macro- and micro-level approaches in the explanation of population changeLivi-Bacci M. What we can and cannot learn from the history of World populationKreager P. Population theory — A long viewSear R. Evolutionary contributions to the study of human fertilityReher D. S. Baby booms, busts, and population ageing in the developed worldVan Bavel J., D. S. Reher. The baby boom and its causes: what we know and what we need to knowLutz W., E. Striessnig. Demographic aspects of climate change mitigation and adaptationDemeny P. Sub-replacement fertility in national populations: Can it be raised?Teitelbaum M. S. Political Demography: Powerful trends under-attended by demographic scienceBasten S., Q. Jiang. Fertility in China: an uncertain futureColeman D., S. Basten. The death of the West: An alternative viewBongaarts J., C.Z. Guilmoto. How many more missing women? Excess female mortality and prenatal sex selection, 1970-2050Shon J.-L. P. K., G. Verdugo. Forty years of immigrant segregation in France, 1968-2007. How different is the new immigration?Sobotka T., É. Beaujouan. Two is best? The persistence of a two-child family ideal in EuropeEsping-Andersen G., F. C. Billari. ∙ Re-theorizing family demographicsAnderson T., H.-P. Kohler. Low fertility, socioeconomic development, and genderDoocy S., E. Lyles, T. D. Delbiso, C. W. Robinson, The IOCC/GOPA Study Team. Internal displacement and the Syrian crisis: An analysis of trends from 2011–2014Fakih A., M. Ibrahim. The impact of Syrian refugees on the labor market in neighboring countries: Empirical evidence from JordanBircan T., U. Sunata. Educational assessment of Syrian refugees in TurkeyYaylacı F. G., M. Karakuş. Perceptions and newspaper coverage of Syrian refugees in Turkey

The paper attempts to explore the violence meted out to gendered subaltern and also scrutinizes the destructive role of patriarchy in the lives of women protagonists in the writings of Mahasweta Devi and Indira Goswami. Violence against women is as old as the world. The kind and the intensity of violence vary from time to time and place to place, but it is there everywhere. Mahasweta Devi and Indira Goswami are some of the rare women writer-activists who have taken a daring attempt to expose the kind of violence faced by the women in their everyday life. Their writings expose the cruel deeds of patriarchy. The cruelty happening in the lives of gendered subalterns in terms of caste and class is heart breaking. Through their writings, they advocate them that protest is the only choice to stop such atrocities against women instead of being a mute observer. Only by resisting, women can minimise the violence committed on them. Women protagonists of Devi and Goswami are trying to protest and they challenge patriarchy. The gender based violence like rape and sexual assault threatens the well-being and the dignity of women. The paper analyses Devi’s short story The Hunt (2001) and Goswami’s The Beasts (2002) in bringing about the stark reality and cruelty occurred in the lives of “gendered subaltern” of the contemporary West Bengal and Assam in the 90’s through their writings.

The problem of infertility in the 21st century has become extremely important for public health in various countries, affecting the birth rate of the population and the number of humanity. Infertility, affecting approximately 8–12% of the world’s population, is associated with factors such as unwillingness to conceive, the age of the female partner, the number of diseases that affect fertility, etc. Questions of the influence of psychological problems, often regarded as the causes of idiopathic infertility, such as stress, depression, sleep disturbances, are of particular interest to researchers. A review of works on the potential impact of stress and depression on reproductive function showed not only a definite relationship, but also the difficulty of determining causal relationships due to the lack of a single assessment tool. P u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y : to review foreign scientific literature containing information on the role of psychological factors in the formation of reproductive health disorders of the population, including infertility. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s : bibliographic, information and analytical methods and the method of comparative analysis were used. R e s u l t s . Mental health issues are often viewed as the causes of female and male infertility. To improve the quality of life of patients with infertility, it is necessary to address the issues of a causal relationship between psychological health and infertility, psychological health when using IVF and ways to solve the problem of psychologically induced infertility. The risk of developing depression and the relationship of a higher degree of anxiety with clinical pregnancy after IVF are shown. Due to the inaccurate data on the relationship between psychological stress and a decrease in male reproductive function, psychological stress is considered in studies as a risk factor for erectile function and ejaculation in men against the background of a high level of stressful life events, compared with women. Findings. Research has proven the effectiveness of psychological support and cognitive-behavioral group therapy in fertility treatment programs, including interventions accompanying IVF. Studies of psychological ways of correcting depression and positive IVF results have shown the importance of programs for influencing the mental state of couples undergoing treatment for infertility reasons.

The gendered language system is often used in literary works to present distinct character perspectives however, the issue of representation is accentuated when a writer presents a perspective of a different gender. Kawabata Yasunari and Gabriel Garcia Marquez who depicted female perspectives in their stories, have to face the issue of reliability of representation: theirs is argued asa patriarchal perception of a female’s perspective. Employing Spivak’s argument in Can the Subaltern Speak?, this paper positioned her statement as “through the perspective of the West (men), subaltern (women) become/s dependent on them (men) to speak for their condition rather than allowing them to speak for themselves.” This paper discussed the gendered language by examining the characters’ uncertain finitude utilizing Asher-Greve’s established gender markers to identify gender associations. Withthe stories of the two Nobel Laureates, this paper has established that through exploring the narrators’ usage of gendered language, both writers have inadvertently revealed their own male biases. The narrators of both writers turned out to be the voice of the other not because they have truthfully and successfully spoken for the marginalized; instead, they have become estranged voices of the subjects they are supposed to represent.Hence, the voices that cry for connection and understanding.

Context Work-life balance continues to be a focal point of athletic training research, particularly due to the job challenges and demands of health care providers. Despite a large body of literature, much is still unexplored, especially in the area of family role performance (FRP). Objective To examine the relationships between work-family conflict (WFC), FRP, and various demographic variables among athletic trainers employed in the collegiate setting. Design Cross-sectional online survey. Setting Collegiate setting. Patients or Other Participants A total of 586 collegiate athletic trainers (females = 374, males = 210, sex variant or nonconforming = 1, preferred not to answer = 1). Main Outcome Measure(s) Data were collected through an online survey (Qualtrics) in which participants responded to demographic questions and previously validated WFC and FRP scales. Demographic data were reported and analyzed for descriptive information and frequencies. Mann-Whitney U tests were performed to identify differences among groups. Results Participants’ mean scores were 28.19 ± 6.01 and 45.86 ± 11.55 for the FRP and WFC scales, respectively. Mann-Whitney U tests revealed differences between men and women for WFC scores (U = 344 667, P = .021). The FRP score was moderately negatively correlated with the WFC total score (rs[584] = −0.497, P &lt; .001) and predicted the WFC score (b = 72.02, t582 = −13.30, P = .001). The Mann-Whitney U test demonstrated that married athletic trainers (47.20 ± 11.92) had higher WFC scores than those who were not married (43.48 ± 11.78; U = 19847.00, P = .003). Mann-Whitney U analysis (U = 32 096.00, P = .001) also revealed a difference between collegiate athletic trainers with children (48.16 ± 12.44) and those without children (44.68 ± 10.90). Conclusions Collegiate athletic trainers experienced more WFC with marriage and having children. We propose that the time required to raise a family and build relationships may cause WFC due to time incongruencies. Athletic trainers want to be able to spend time with their families; however, when such time is highly limited, then WFC increases.

Abstract Breast cancer is a leading cause of death among women. Among race/ethnicities, black women have similar incidence rates but higher mortality than other races/ethnicities. Black women are diagnosed at a younger age with higher stages, grades and higher rates of lethal triple negative breast cancer. Genetic ancestry, especially West African sub-Saharan ancestry, is known to contribute to aggressive breast cancer types. In South Carolina (SC), there is a disproportionate increase in female breast cancer death rates in black women compared to white women (30.1 and 21.2/100,000 respectively for years 2000-2019). Historical accounts of the slave trade into SC report that the majority of the enslaved African originated from the West African Coast with major distributions from the sub-Saharan regions. These Africans then remained in relative isolation within communities along the south eastern coastal islands, called Sea Islands (SIs) for nearly three centuries. The geographic isolation to the SIs along the SC coast resulted in a community with a unique language, folk telling, religious beliefs and a genetically distinctive subpopulation derived largely from West African populations with low European admixture. Reasons for higher breast cancer mortality in SC black women are not understood. Contemporary literature reports that stromal collagen differences are predictive of breast cancer survival. Cell signaling changes are influenced by post translational modifications to stromal collagen, specifically hydroxylation of proline (HYP).Here, we hypothesized that collagen stroma variations between black women and white women residing in a SI zip code could part be involved in the disproportionate increase in SC black female mortality. Newly diagnosed patients were considered SI origin if both parents were from a documented SI geographic region (BW n=10; WW n=21). The study specifically evaluated collagen stromal variations in breast cancer tumor, normal adjacent tissue, normal adjacent lymph, and metastatic lymph tissue. Breast tissue microarrays (TMAs) were analyzed by tissue imaging proteomics. The collagen peptide peak intensities were analyzed using Area Under the Receiving Operating Curve and Brown/Wilson T-test p-value &lt;0.01. Six tumor peptides were determined to be significant between the Black and White populations. These peptides were not significantly altered in normal breast tissue. Intriguingly, the largest variation when comparing by race occurred in the lymph nodes. Normal lymph tissue showed 83 significantly different collagen peptides while the metastatic lymph tissue showed significant changes in 74 collagen peptides. In both normal and metastatic lymph tissue, two out of the three most significant peptides had a higher peak intensity in the white population compared to the black population, p-value ≤0.0005. Cluster Affinity Search Technique (CAST) heat maps were used to further evaluate all peak intensities in lymph tissue. For normal lymph, a cluster of 153 peptides was found, representing 84% of total peptides. Similarly, in metastatic lymph, a cluster of 36 peptides representing 40% of total genes was reported. Certain peptides were significant in both metastatic and normal lymph tissue, whereas others were only significant in either metastatic or normal lymph. This study suggests that there may be an ancestry-dependent immune involvement to metastatic breast cancer that may contribute to the higher breast cancer mortality rates in black women from SC SI regions. More studies are warranted to investigate the contribution of collagen stroma regulation within the immune system by metastatic breast cancer. Citation Format: Ashlyn Ivey, Sean Brown, Anand S. Mehta, Richard R. Drake, Elizabeth S. Yeh, Marvella E. Ford, Peggi M. Angel. Potential differences in stromal patterns from breast cancer metastatic lymph between South Carolina sea islander black women and white women [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-07-02.

Nikolay Aretov, Zhelani i plasheshti: Chuzhdite zheni i muzhe v bulgarskata literature na gulgia devetnadeseti vek (Desired and frightening: Foreign women and men in Bulgarian literature of the long nineteenth century), Sofia: Queen Mab, 2023, 280pp., BGN 20 (paperback), ISBN: 978-954-533-208-1. Eloisa Betti, Leda Papastefanaki, Marica Tolomelli, and Susan Zimmermann, eds., Women, Work and Activism: Chapters of an Inclusive History of Labor in the Long Twentieth Century, Work and Labor: Transdisciplinary Studies for the 21st Century, vol. III, Budapest: CEU Press, 2022, xiv +354 pp., $95.00/€80.00/£68.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-963-386-441-8. Francisca de Haan, ed., The Palgrave Handbook of Communist Women Activists around the World, London: Palgrave, 2023, 701 pp., €213.99 (hardback), ISBN: 978-3-031-13126-4. Milena Kirova, Bulgarskata literature prez XXI vek (2000–2020) (Bulgarian literature in the twenty-first century (2000–2020)), Part I, Sofia: Colibri, 2023, 287 pp., BGN 24 (paperback), ISBN: 978-619-02-1200-3. Ina Merdjanova, ed., Women and Religiosity in Orthodox Christianity, New York: Fordham University Press, 2021, 336 pp., $35 (paperback), ISBN: 9780823298617. Katja Mihurko Poniž, Biljana Dojčinović, and Maša Grdešić, Defiant Trajectories: Mapping Out Slavic Women Writers Routes, Ljubljana: Forum of Slavic Cultures, 2021, 96 pp., free online publication, https://www.fsk.si/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/WWR_DefiantTrajectories.pdf (accessed 3 July 2023), ISBN: 978-961-94672-7-5. Jasmina V. Milanović, Žensko društvo 1875–1942 (The women's society, 1875–1945), Belgrade: Institute for Contemporary History, The Official Gazette, 2020, 638 pp., RSD 2.970, ISBN: 978-86-519-2579-8. Valentina Mitkova, Pol, periodichen pechat i modernizatsia v Bulgaria (ot kraya na XIX do 40-te godini na XX vek) (Gender, periodicals, and modernization in Bulgaria (from the end of the 19th century to the 1940s)), Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2022, 261 pp., BGN 20, ISBN: 978-954-07-5588-5. Agnieszka Mrozik, Architektki PRL-u: Komunistki, literatura i emancypacja kobiet w powojennej Polsce (The architects of the PRL: Communist women, literature, and women's emancipation in postwar Poland), Warsaw: Wydawnictwo IBL PAN, Lupa Obscura, 2022, 532 pp., PLN 59 (paperback), ISBN: 978-83-66898-84-4. Miglena S. Todorova, Unequal under Socialism: Race, Women, and Transnationalism in Bulgaria, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2021, 218 pp., $31.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-4875-2841-6. Zhivka Valiavicharska, Restless History: Political Imaginaries and their Discontents in Post-Stalinist Bulgaria, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2021, 275 pp., $36.46 (paperback), ISBN: 978-0-2280-0583-4. Susan Zimmermann, Frauenpolitik und Männergewerkschaft: Internationale Geschlechterpolitik, IGB-Gewerkschafterinnen und die Arbeiter- und Frauenbewegungen der Zwischenkriegszeit (Policies for women and men's trade unions: International gender politics, female IFTU unionists, and the labor and women's movements of the interwar period), Vienna: Löcker, 2021, 717 pp., €39.80 (paperback), ISBN: 978-3-99098-026-2.

Arunachal Pradesh, the 13th geographically largest frontier State of India covering an area of 83,743 sq. km. in hilly terrain of Eastern Himalayas having population of 13,82,611 persons has 3,863 villages, living 77.33% in rural areas and 43% BPL (2011 Census). The territory was called “Terra Incognita” or  No Man’s Land till the beginning of the 20th century. Here, the process of development initiated around thirty years back. Due to absence of private sector unemployment has been rising rapidly.        Monpa is one of the 25 major tribes. They are inhabitant of West Kameng and Tawang districts, Buddhists by religion. Traditional industries occupy a place of fundamental importance in the lives of this tribe although this feature stands equally true for the other tribes of the State too. The present researcher has intimately lived with them for couple of years in fulfilling the mandate of an Industrial Extension Officer. The wonderful carpets, wood carving, mask making, bamboo baskets slung over the forehead of Monpa Women, their stone built houses, the unique atta chakkis (flour mills) operated by water power for grinding wheat, barley and millet into fine flour, bokpoi (millet halwa) made out of it, the hand-made paper manufactured from the bark of sugu tree (dapne botanica), the compost made out of leaves of oak forests (parmong) used as fertilizer makes their agro-produce organic, the medicinal herbs, thankhas (holy scroll painting), red coat made out of best wool, the traditional headgear ( a cap made of black yak’s hair with five long fingers protruding all around), traditional Monpa shoes, intricately carved and beautifully painted vessels are all best testimonies witnessing the relevance of traditional industries in their deeper socio-economic ethos. The Monpas are shrewd, cultured and thrifty by nature which is considered as essential traits of entrepreneurs. Without appropriate interventions these traditional industries may become extinct a day as the contemporary generation are less attracted towards these activities for its commercial gains are not well established and the profession has not acquired a respectful status in the modern system.   The empirical study, therefore, aims to access the present scenario of these brilliant traditional industries, its financial aspects, its relevance in the development process, to seek the problems faced, it’s probable solutions and needed interventions as there is no in depth study on these issues till date under the sub-theme Rural livelihood markets and economies. Review of literature, collection of data from primary and secondary sources, documentations and researcher’s field experience etc. are the key references of the study.___________Â

The article deals with the phenomenon of border in changing historical reality of two distant territories, that is important today due to the increasing interest in “border studies” as a new interdisciplinary scientific field that combines history, geography, political science and philological research at the turn of 21st century. The study involves folklore and literary works, the plots of which are localized on the borders between Russia and China: the South-East of Siberia and the Far East (Transbaikalia), the USA and Mexico: the U. S. South-West (New Mexico, Texas, California). The purpose of the article is to identify typological convergence and differences in the artistic depiction of these boundary loci in the context of their historical development. The methodological basis of the research is made up of works devoted to the geocultural and geopoetic aspects of literary studies. The article uses cultural and historical, comparative and typological, structural and semiotic methods and axiological text analysis. It is confirmed that essential geopoetic principle of the Russian-Chinese and Mexican-American borderland texts is antithesis built on the opposition of “friend/foe”. It was revealed that folklore and literary texts demonstrate convergences in the geopoetic image of the border: boundless space considered basic element of imagery and a certain type of strong and active “border hero”. Differences in the depiction of the images result from the peculiarities of the historical process and, accordingly, the different value priorities. Prospects for the research can be associated with the expansion of the “border studies” field by means of history and philology integration.

Abstract For centuries, generations of African and South Asian women have continued the cultural practice of hair oiling. Pure coconut, castor, amla and argan oils have been used, typically as a prewash ritual. While there is limited clinical evidence on the role of hair oils in trichology, they remain both accessible and inexpensive with a relatively minimal risk profile. The continual rise of globalization and social media, and increased self-care awareness, are factors that have driven their popularity in recent years. The demonstrable shift in mainstream appeal for hair oiling in the West is evidenced by a surge in Google searches for hair oil routines, the emergence of trending social media hashtags such as #HairSlugging, and frequent features by popular media outlets such as Vogue and Grazia magazines. Deeply negative perceptions of the practice, previously held in the West, have undergone an unanticipated U-turn. As the cosmeceutical industry exploits this opportunity, the long-standing ritual has been repackaged to target the Western consumer. Advancements in manufacturing technology have resulted in the modernization of these ancient remedies, from pure oils and homemade blends of the past to more complex formulations that are lightweight, fragranced and more user-friendly. The now expansive hair oil market and widespread global uptake of the practice warrant clinician awareness and the ability to relay accurate evidence on the hair care practice. Benefits of regular hair oiling that are commonly claimed include treating hair loss, thinning and breakage. Studies have considered factors such as emollient effect, saponification, antimicrobial activity, ultraviolet protection and tensile strength. We reviewed the literature to examine the leading hair oils in current use, their biochemical profiles and potential therapeutic benefits. The results demonstrated that despite a plethora of carrier and essential oils in mainstream use, there is only evidence from a limited number of oils, for specific aspects of hair health. Greater evidence was observed for coconut-based hair oils, which demonstrate a protective role in prewash use, preventing increased hair porosity, providing colour protection and improving tensile strength, but not for hair growth. Randomized controlled trial evidence exists for rosemary oil, showing hair growth in androgenetic alopecia. We propose further comparative research of hair oils to delineate the evidence base for their use. This would help consumers differentiate between commercially labelled pseudoscientific benefits and any actual robust evidence base.

The mosquito-borne arbovirus Zika virus (positive-stranded RNA virus, ZIKV, Flavivirus, Flaviviridae), has caused an outbreak imposing by its extent and quick spread. This became the focus of a current pandemic and public health crisis all around the world because of the incessant geographic growth of both the virus and its mosquito vectors; it is often misdiagnosed with other disease like yellow fever, west nile, dengue and chikungunya because of same clinical manifestation. After unprecedented huge scale outbreak of ZIKV in Pacific, Micronesian island of Yap in 2007, though ZIKV infections are in general sporadic cases or causing mild self-limiting illness, harsh symptoms have been explained including neurological disorders, autoimmune disorder, fetal anomalies, impaired central nervous system of the fetus, microcephaly in newborns, meningoencephalitis, myelitis and Guillain Barre´Syndrome supposed to be linked with ZIKV. The virus is transmitted mainly by a mosquito Aedes aegypti, whereas, other routes of viral broadcast includes monkey bite, coitus and body fluids such as semen, blood and saliva which needs further corroboration. The relationship between these conditions with ZIKV infection is still not established and is under assessment. Till now there is no vaccine or specific antiviral against ZIKV, therefore the public health authority focuses on preventing infection, mainly in pregnant women and virus transmitted area. WHO and other health officials are working on the expansion of new projects and mosquito control techniques to manage up with infection as there is very fewer literature present on the pathogenesis of the ZIKV to help understand the clinical disease spectrum and target treatments to decrease or stop infection. The future status of ZIKV dispersal to other parts of the world is still unknown. The present review emphasizes various features of ZIKV and its history, epidemiology, transmission, clinical manifestations, progress and advances in developing effective diagnostics, vaccines and drugs/therapeutics along with accepting suitable avoidance and control strategies to undertake this deadly emerging disease. Keywords: Zika virus, Flavivirus, Aedes aegypti, Pregnancy, Transmission, Microcephaly, Africa

-James Sidbury, Peter Linebaugh ,The many-headed Hydra: Sailors, slaves, commoners, and the hidden history of the revolutionary Atlantic. Boston: Beacon Press, 2000. 433 pp., Marcus Rediker (eds)-Ray A. Kea, Herbert S. Klein, The Atlantic slave trade. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 1999. xxi + 234 pp.-Johannes Postma, P.C. Emmer, De Nederlandse slavenhandel 1500-1850. Amsterdam: De Arbeiderspers, 2000. 259 pp.-Karen Racine, Mimi Sheller, Democracy after slavery: Black publics and peasant radicalism in Haiti and Jamaica. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2001. xv + 224 pp.-Clarence V.H. Maxwell, Michael Craton ,Islanders in the stream: A history of the Bahamian people. Volume two: From the ending of slavery to the twenty-first century. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1998. xv + 562 pp., Gail Saunders (eds)-César J. Ayala, Guillermo A. Baralt, Buena Vista: Life and work on a Puerto Rican hacienda, 1833-1904. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999. xix + 183 pp.-Elizabeth Deloughrey, Thomas W. Krise, Caribbeana: An anthology of English literature of the West Indies 1657-1777. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999. xii + 358 pp.-Vera M. Kutzinski, John Gilmore, The poetics of empire: A study of James Grainger's The Sugar Cane (1764). London: Athlone Press, 2000. x + 342 pp.-Sue N. Greene, Adele S. Newson ,Winds of change: The transforming voices of Caribbean women writers and scholars. New York: Peter Lang, 1998. viii + 237 pp., Linda Strong-Leek (eds)-Sue N. Greene, Mary Condé ,Caribbean women writers: Fiction in English. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1999. x + 233 pp., Thorunn Lonsdale (eds)-Cynthia James, Simone A. James Alexander, Mother imagery in the novels of Afro-Caribbean women. Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2001. x + 214 pp.-Efraín Barradas, John Dimitri Perivolaris, Puerto Rican cultural identity and the work of Luis Rafael Sánchez. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. 203 pp.-Peter Redfield, Daniel Miller ,The internet: An ethnographic approach. Oxford: Berg Publishers, 2000. ix + 217 pp., Don Slater (eds)-Deborah S. Rubin, Carla Freeman, High tech and high heels in the global economy: Women, work, and pink-collar identities in the Caribbean. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2000. xiii + 334 pp.-John D. Galuska, Norman C. Stolzoff, Wake the town and tell the people: Dancehall culture in Jamaica. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 2000. xxviii + 298 pp.-Lise Waxer, Helen Myers, Music of Hindu Trinidad: Songs from the Indian Diaspora. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. xxxii + 510 pp.-Lise Waxer, Peter Manuel, East Indian music in the West Indies: Tan-singing, chutney, and the making of Indo-Caribbean culture. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000. xxv + 252 pp.-Reinaldo L. Román, María Teresa Vélez, Drumming for the Gods: The life and times of Felipe García Villamil, Santero, Palero, and Abakuá. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2000. xx + 210 pp.-James Houk, Kenneth Anthony Lum, Praising his name in the dance: Spirit possession in the spiritual Baptist faith and Orisha work in Trinidad, West Indies. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers. xvi + 317 pp.-Raquel Romberg, Jean Muteba Rahier, Representations of Blackness and the performance of identities. Westport CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1999. xxvi + 264 pp.-Allison Blakely, Lulu Helder ,Sinterklaasje, kom maar binnen zonder knecht. Berchem, Belgium: EPO, 1998. 215 pp., Scotty Gravenberch (eds)-Karla Slocum, Nicholas Mirzoeff, Diaspora and visual culture: Representing Africans and Jews. London: Routledge, 2000. xiii + 263 pp.-Corey D.B. Walker, Paget Henry, Caliban's reason: Introducing Afro-Caribbean philosophy. New York: Routledge, 2000. xiii + 304 pp.-Corey D.B. Walker, Lewis R. Gordon, Existentia Africana: Understanding Africana existential thought. New York; Routledge, 2000. xiii +228 pp.-Alex Dupuy, Bob Shacochis, The immaculate invasion. New York: Viking, 1999. xix + 408 pp.-Alex Dupuy, John R. Ballard, Upholding democracy: The United States military campaign in Haiti, 1994-1997. Westport CT: Praeger, 1998. xviii + 263 pp.-Anthony Payne, Jerry Haar ,Canadian-Caribbean relations in transition: Trade, sustainable development and security. London: Macmillan, 1999. xxii + 255 pp., Anthony T. Bryan (eds)-Bonham C. Richardson, Sergio Díaz-Briquets ,Conquering nature: The environmental legacy of socialism in Cuba. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2000. xiii + 328 pp., Jorge Pérez-López (eds)-Neil L. Whitehead, Gérard Collomb ,Na'na Kali'na: Une histoire des Kali'na en Guyane. Petit Bourg, Guadeloupe: Ibis Rouge Editions, 2000. 145 pp., Félix Tiouka (eds)-Neil L. Whitehead, Upper Mazaruni Amerinidan District Council, Amerinidan Peoples Association of Guyana, Forest Peoples Programme, Indigenous peoples, land rights and mining in the Upper Mazaruni. Nijmegan, Netherlands: Global Law Association, 2000. 132 pp.-Salikoko S. Mufwene, Ronald F. Kephart, 'Broken English': The Creole language of Carriacou. New York: Peter Lang, 2000. xvi + 203 pp.-Salikoko S. Mufwene, Velma Pollard, Dread talk: The language of Rastafari. Kingston: Canoe Press: Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. Revised edition, 2000. xv + 117 pp.

Abstract Background Sarcomatoid carcinomas are extremely rare tumors made of epithelial and mesenchymal elements. They have been found in various organs, but presence in the common bile duct (CBD) has only been reported a handful of times. Insight regarding the clinical history, histopathology, treatment, and prognosis is limited. The majority of CBD sarcomatoid carcinomas have occurred in elderly women, including this case. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment and the roles for chemotherapy and radiation therapy are undetermined. Prognosis is variable, but generally poor. Purpose Additional information regarding sarcomatoid carcinomas of the CBD will aid in establishing a timely diagnosis and may alter treatment options and prognosis. We aim to add to the limited literature surrounding this rare CBD neoplasm. Method A 71-year-old female presented with painless jaundice, decreased appetite, and weight loss. Initial investigations showed an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of 3075 U/L, aspartate transaminase (AST) of 507 U/L, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) of 298 U/L, total bilirubin of 325.5 µmol/L, and direct bilirubin of 254.1 µmol/L. Initial computed tomography (CT) scan done showed marked intra- and extrahepatic biliary ductal dilation with appropriate tapering and the presence of a distal CBD hyperdensity. Tissue biopsy obtained by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was suspicious for a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor. The differential also included synovial sarcoma and sarcomatoid mesothelioma. Result(s) After multidisciplinary discussion involving hepatobiliary surgery, medical oncology, and radiation oncology, pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed; there was no role for neoadjuvant/adjuvant chemotherapy/radiation therapy. Final pathology revealed a well circumscribed mass with a narrow attachment to the posterior CBD, measuring 5.6 x 3.2 x 2.8 cm. Immunohistochemistry showed mixed differentiation with sarcomatoid, squamous, and glandular components, consistent with a sarcomatoid carcinoma. H3K27me3 expression was lost in neoplastic cells. Immunostaining showed strong expression of vimentin and weak expression of CD34, calretinin, CK5 and EMA. Post-operative course was complicated by pancreaticojejunal leak, surgical wound infection, myocardial injury, and esophageal stricturing. 14-weeks post-pancreaticoduodenectomy the patient was found to have C.difficile infection and a perforated viscus, exact location of which was not visible on imaging. Emergent laparotomy revealed a gastroduodenal leak and diffuse small bowel ischemia. The patient passed away shortly after emergent surgery. Conclusion(s) This case illustrates a rare presentation of sarcomatoid carcinoma within the CBD and highlights some of the diagnostic challenges, limited management strategies, complications, and potential poor prognosis of the disease. Further research is required to guide diagnosis and management, and ultimately improve patient outcomes. Please acknowledge all funding agencies by checking the applicable boxes below None Disclosure of Interest None Declared

The problem of the identity of the woman hiding her gender under a male pseudonym makes us recollect U. Eco’s arguments about the truth and the purpose of literature as well as A. F. Losev’s ideas about the name and the meaning, the theories of the feminist literary critics K. Millett, M. Ellman, T. Moi, E. Showalter, etc. who have presented "women`s writing" and "writing about women" in the feminist field. As one of the central principles of feminist criticism is that no scientific view can ever be neutral, the problem of pseudonyms occupies an important place in the contemporary gender studies, explicitly or implicitly highlighting the artificially constructed debate, which divides "serious male literature" and "superficial and secondary female writing". On the one hand, this is the problem of feminism itself, on the other, it is a question of the role and place of the woman in the world` culture and history. In this kind of the analysis we cannot ignore such an epiphenomenon of postmodernism as "label change" with the postmodern emphasis on the sociocultural role of the context, which is especially relevant in aspects of the gender "name problem". The last one, undoubtedly, is included in the problematization of postmodern culture on the whole, since all cultural narratives have always been gender "stories". Today an individual construct his or her gender-reflecting reality, still the modelling of the new gender system is far from being complete. The created sign systems are ambivalent, the meanings are very unstable and can easily be hermeneutically interpreted. However, the role of hermeneutics in analyzing the relationship between the author and the sociocultural context is in the core of the gender aspects of literature, in general, and in the problems of the pseudonym as a change of "name", in particular. The latter is by all means relevant and important. Undoubtedly, one of the main incentives for feminist scholars in their turn to women's literature is connected with the patriarchal demand for women's "silence", their "dumbness" in culture and, accordingly, in literature. Obviously, there are two main interpretations of the concept of "female literature" in feminist criticism. The first one is the representation of female subjectivity in its difference from the male one. The second approach is the representation of "non-essentialist" female subjectivity, which is understood as the logical structure of the difference. In general, in the patriarchal dichotomy of the femininity and masculinity "women who write" are always dangerous. "Three strange sisters" – Anne, Charlotte and Emily Bronte wrote their novels under disguise of male pen names, exactly specifying two conceptual motives: the "Other" concept and the image of "Veil". In this context the motive of androgyny is also important from the point of view of both analysis and literary criticism. In ХIXth century George Sand (Aurora Dupin), having most vividly represented this concept, became an example for many subsequent generations of feminists – writers, actresses and media representatives. However, in our era of gender plurality, the question of the pseudonym as a problem of "genders" is not so relevant; more likely it is still a question of the priorities in the feminist theory. In the contemporary discourse of literary criticism many of the author’s socially significant features are perceived as gender neutral. In the postmodern paradigm the question of the androgynous identity of the man/woman writer requires its further actualization as the androgynous is often replaced by the bisexuality (J. Irving` "In One Person"). In general, it should be recognized that postmodern approaches to gender identity, which paint a "picture of the world" today, transform the female experience of being as the "Other", secondary and insignificant with a conceptual orientation to a fundamental variety of postmodern cognitive perspectives.

The protean career concept is dominating recent career research. Demographic groups are postulated to differ on protean career behavior with implications for career development, social equity and management of an increasingly diversified workforce. The purpose of this paper is to explore the unique contributions of employees&rsquo; gender, nationality, sector and age in the deployment of career advancement strategies in the high demographic inequality labor market of Kuwait. This is one of the few studies with an exclusive focus on demographic differences in protean behavior. Most protean career research treats demographic difference as an ancillary focus, even though demographic differences are part of the foundation of psychological sciences. The study utilized a set of questionnaires on a sample of 908 highly educated young employees working in Kuwait. Primary findings are that there are greater demographic differences in protean career in Kuwait than in the West. Men, Kuwaitis, private sector and younger employees deploy significantly more career advancement strategies and have stronger strategy orientations than women, self-initiated expatriates (SIEs), civil servants and older employees. The results are attributed to contextual inequalities in opportunities because they echo the Kuwaiti segmented labor market by gender, nationality and sector. They also reveal that women&rsquo;s and SIEs&rsquo; proactive career histories have not been sustained in the Kuwaiti workplace. These demographic differences in protean behavior suggest that the potential benefits of this behavior are limited to members of particular groups, and any intervention strategies to support career development may, therefore, benefit a large portion of the workforce that is impacted by the inequalities. The originality and value of this study stems from addressing four literature gaps. Specifically, it examines the understudied protean behavior as most studies have focused on attitudes. It centers on demographic differences in protean career behavior, utilizes native and SIE samples working in high inequality non-Western context.

A different name than English literature, ‘Anglo-Indian Literature’, was given to the body of literature in English that emerged on account of the British interaction with India unlike the case with their interaction with America or Australia or New Zealand. Even the Indians’ contributions (translations as well as creative pieces in English) were classed under the caption ‘Anglo-Indian’ initially but later a different name, ‘Indo-Anglian’, was conceived for the growing variety and volume of writings in English by the Indians. However, unlike the former the latter has not found a favour with the compilers of English dictionaries. With the passage of time the fine line of demarcation drawn on the basis of subject matter and author’s point of view has disappeared and currently even Anglo-Indians’ writings are classed as ‘Indo-Anglian’. Besides contemplating on various connotations of the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ the article discusses the related issues such as: the etymology of the term, fixing the name of its coiner and the date of its first use. In contrast to the opinions of the historians and critics like K R S Iyengar, G P Sarma, M K Naik, Daniela Rogobete, Sachidananda Mohanty, Dilip Chatterjee and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak it has been brought to light that the term ‘Indo-Anglian’ was first used in 1880 by James Payn to refer to the Indians’ writings in English rather pejoratively. However, Iyengar used it in a positive sense though he himself gave it up soon. The reasons for the wide acceptance of the term, sometimes also for the authors of the sub-continent, by the members of academia all over the world, despite its rejection by Sahitya Akademi (the national body of letters in India), have also been contemplated on. References Alphonso-Karkala, John B. (1970). 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The achievement of family well - being is an aspiration of all families including families of migrant workers, to achieve the well - being of one of the ways that the families of migrant workers with the departure of the wife work as domestic servants in various countries. The purpose of this study was to analyze social capital, economic coping, sress symptom’s husband and family subjektive well - being of women migrant workers. This research use cross sectional studies. The location was chosen purposively in Tanggeung Village, Pagermaneuh Village, Margaluyu Village, Karangtengah Village, Tanggeung District and Pasirdalam Village Kadupandak District, Cianjur, West Java, Indonesia. Seventy five families were selected purposively among the families of women migrant workers. The finding indicates that social capital is in the moderate category, the coping economy is in the moderate category, the sress symptom’s husband is in the low category and the family well-being is in the low category. Finding in this study family subjective well-being is influenced by income per capita, sress symptom’s husband and economic coping. Keywords: economic coping, family subjective well-being, social capital, stress symptom Abstrak Kesejahteraan keluarga merupakan sesuatu yang ingin dicapai seluruh keluarga, termasuk keluarga Tenaga Kerja Wanita (TKW), untuk mencapai kesejahteraan tersebut salah satu cara yang dilakukan oleh keluarga TKW adalah mengirim istri sebagai pembantu rumah tangga di berbagai negara. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis modal sosial, coping ekonomi, gejala stres suami, dan kesejahteraan subjektif keluarga TKW. Penelitian ini menggunakan cross sectional studies. Lokasi dipilih dengan metode purposive di Provinsi Jawa Barat, Kabupaten Cianjur, Kecamatan Tanggeung, Desa Pagermaneuh, Desa Marguluyu, Desa Karangtengah, Desa Tanggeung, Kecamatan Kadupandak, Desa Pasirdalam. Jumlah sampel sebanyak 75 keluarga TKW dengan metode purposive sampling. Penelitian ini menemukan modal sosial berada pada kategori sedang, coping ekonomi berada pada kategori sedang, gelaja stres suami berada pada kategori rendah, dan kesejahteraan subjektif berada pada kategori rendah. Penelitian ini juga menemukan kesejahteraan keluarga berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan perkapita, gelaja stres suami, dan coping ekonomi. Kata kunci : coping ekonomi, gejala stres, kesejahteraan subjektif, modal sosial. References [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik. 2016. Data provinsi termiskin 2016. Berita Resmi Statistik [internet]. 4 Januari 2016. [diunduh 2016 September 7]; Tersedia pada: http://www.bps.go.id. [BPS] Badan Pusat Statistik Jawa Barat. 2016. 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Celia M, Lenore M. 2004. Somali Women and Well-Being: Social Networks and Social Capital among Immigrant Women in Australia. Human Organization. Vol. 63 :88 Djohan R. 2008. Leader & Social Capital : Lead to Togetherness. Jakarta: Fund Asia Education Debebe Z, Mebratie A, Sparrow R, Abebaw D, Dekker M, Alemu G, Bedi A. 2013. Coping with shocks in rural Ethiopia. Working Paper. African Studies Centre. Dercon S. 2000. Income risk, coping strategies and safety nets. Background paper World Development Report 2000/01: Centre for the Study of African Economies, Oxford University, Department of Economics Diener E, Tay L. 2013. Rising Income and the Subjective Well-Being of Nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology: Vol. 104, No. 2, 267–276 DOI: 10.1037/a0030487 Dwyer A, Cummings A. 2001. Stress, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Coping Strategies in University Students. Canadian Journal of Counselling. Vol. 35:3 Ersado L, Alderman H, Alwang J. 2014. 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Household Coping Strategies and Welfare: Does Governance Matter? NCAER Working Papers on Decentralisation and Rural Governance in India. Krantz. 2001. The Sustainable Livelihood Approach to Poverty Reduction. Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency Kawachi I. 2006 Commentary: social capital and health: making the connections one step at a time. Int J Epidemiol. Vol. 35:989 –93. Lazarus, R S, Folkman, S, 1984. Stress, Appraisal, and Coping. New York: Springer. Mohnen S, Beate V B, Flap H, Subramanian S, Groenewegen P. 2015. The Influence of Social Capital on Individual Health: Is it the Neighbourhood or the Network?. Soc Indic Res. Vol. 121:195–214 DOI 10.1007/s11205-014-0632-8 Markovic, M, Manderson, L. (2002). Crossing national boundaries: Social identity formation among recent immigrant women in Australia from former Yugoslavia. Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 2, 303-316. Puspitawati H. 2012. Gender dan Keluarga. 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Background:Joint Hypermobility Syndrome (JHS) and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type (EDS-HT) are heritable disorders of connective tissue that can cause joint instability and pain and are associated with increased anxiety and depression. There is currently little UK guidance for supporting patients with JHS/EDS-HT1. The analysis presented here used the Behaviour Change Wheel (made up of the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) and Capability, Opportunity, Motivation and Behaviour (COM-B) model2) to identify possible intervention options to improve self-management in people with JHS/EDS-HT.Objectives:To determine recommendations for the components of a behaviour change intervention for people with JHS or EDS-HT.Methods:Data from: 1) A systematic review and thematic synthesis of the literature examining adults’ lived experiences of JHS/EDS3and 2) A thematic analysis of interview data where UK adults with JHS/EDS-HT (n=17, 14 women, 3 men) discussed the psychosocial impact of the condition on their lives4, were mapped onto the TDF and COM-B in a behavioural analysis. A modified Nominal Group Technique focus group (n=9, all women) explored which interventions identified by the TDF/COM-B mapping exercise were most important to them.Results:Participants prioritised a range of potential self-management interventions, including:Education: Participants wanted greater support to improve their knowledge of JHS/EDS-HT, including self-help strategies for coping with injury, fatigue and overexertion, and how to evaluate information about their condition.Training: In activity pacing, assertiveness and communication skills, and what to expect during pregnancy, when symptoms of JHS/EDS-HT can worsen.Environmental restructuring and enablement:Support from occupational therapists to maintain independence at home. Enablement of access to CBT, mindfulness and emotional support.Modelled behaviour:Positive first-person narratives that address how other patients with JHS/EDS-HT have coped with anxiety, depression, distress, fear, frustration and feelings of loss.Conclusion:This study is the first to apply theoretically-informed approaches to the management of JHS/EDS-HT. Through a modified nominal group technique, potential behaviour change interventions for addressing barriers to self-management have been prioritised. Discussion with participants indicated poor access to psychological support, occupational therapy and a lack of knowledge of JHS/EDS-HT. Future research with healthcare professional and patient stakeholder groups will further evaluate which intervention options would be most acceptable and feasible for the management of JHS/EDS-HT.References:[1]Palmer, S., Terry, R. Rimes, K.A., Clark, C., Simmonds, J. & Horwood, J. (2016). Physiotherapy management of joint hypermobility syndrome – a focus group study of patient and health professional perspectives. Physiotherapy,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.physio.2015.05.001.[2]Michie, S., van Stralen, M.M. & West, R. (2011). The behaviour change wheel: A new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implementation Science, 6(42).[3]Bennett, S.E., Walsh, N., Moss, T. and Palmer, S. (2019a) “The lived experience of joint hypermobility and Ehlers-Danlos Syndromes: A systematic review and thematic synthesis.”Physical Therapy Reviews, 24 (1-2). pp. 12-28. ISSN 1083-3196[4]Bennett, S.E., Walsh, N., Moss, T. and Palmer, S. (2019b) “Understanding the psychosocial impact of Joint Hypermobility Syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome Hypermobility Type: A qualitative interview study.”Disability and Rehabilitation. ISSN 0963-8288Disclosure of Interests:None declared

Context The work-life interface has been a much discussed and researched area within athletic training. The National Athletic Trainers' Association position statement on work-life balance highlighted the profession's interest in this topic. However, gaps in the literature remain and include the roles of time-based conflict and social support. Objective To compare work-family conflict (WFC) and social support among athletic trainers (ATs) employed in the 2 most common practice settings. Design Cross-sectional observational survey. Setting Collegiate and secondary school settings. Patients or Other Participants A total of 474 (females = 231, males = 243) ATs who were employed in the collegiate (205, 43.2%) or secondary school (269, 56.8%) setting. Main Outcome Measure(s) Data were collected through a Web-based survey designed to measure conflict and social support. Likert responses were summed. Demographic information was analyzed for frequency and distribution. Independent t tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were calculated to determine group differences. Linear regression was used to determine if social support predicted WFC. Results Social provisions and WFC were negatively correlated, and the social provisions score predicted WFC. No WFC differences (P = .778) were found between collegiate and high school ATs even though collegiate ATs worked more hours (63 ± 11) during their busiest seasons compared with those in the high school setting (54 ± 13, P &lt; .001). Similarly, no difference (P = .969) was present between men and women, although men worked more hours. Our participants scored highest on time-based WFC items. Conclusions Work-family conflict was experienced globally in 2 of the most common athletic training settings and between sexes. This indicates WFC is universally experienced and therefore needs to be addressed, specifically with a focus on time-based conflict. In addition to time-management strategies, ATs need support from coworkers, peers, and family members.

Introduction The prevalence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) is increasing with altitude (i.e., 10-25% at 2,500 m and 50-85% at ~ 5,000 m; Bärtsch & Swenson, 2013). While there is no error-free test to predict its occurrence, several risk factors and tests have been proposed. For example, the hypoxic ventilatory response (HVR) measures the ratio between the increase in ventilation (VE) and the decrease in pulse saturation (SpO2) during hypoxic exposure. Some studies reported an increased (Lhuissier et al., 2012), no difference (Pokorski and Marczak, 2003), or a decreased HVR (Kronenberg and Drage, 1973) with age. The effect of sex remains also debated since women have been reported to have a higher (Richalet et al., 2012) or lower (Schneider et al. 2002; Vardy et al., 2006) AMS prevalence. Therefore, we aimed to compare measurements of HVR, VE and SpO2 between pre- (PreM) and post-menopausal (postM) women and to investigate if they are related to AMS. We hypothesized differences in hypoxic tolerance between age groups. Methods We screened pre-menopausal women (PreM; n = 13; age = 31.7 ± 7.8yr; weight = 63.5 ±9.6 kg; height = 167 ±10 cm) during three phases (early follicular, Fol1; late follicular, Fol2; luteal, Lut3) of their menstrual cycle and post-menopausal women (PostM; n = 15; age = 62.8 ±2.3 yr; weight = 56.1 ±8.3 kg; height 163 ±5 cm) on one occasion. They were evaluated with a pure nitrogen breathing test (N2T; Solaiman et al., 2014) for HVR and with a cycling exercise (5 min of rest followed by 5 min of cycling at 1.5 W/kg) in hypoxia (FiO2 = 14%; simulated altitude of 3,500 m) with measurement of SpO2 and VE. They were then exposed to one night in real altitude (3,375 m) with AMS assessment (Lake Louise Score; Roach et al., 2018). Results PreM had a higher resting VE in normoxia (9.95-10.07 vs 8.50 L/min; P < 0.05) and increased VE (7.49-8.78 vs 5.41 L/min; P < 0.05) during the N2T at the three measurements points than PostM. Moreover, only at Fol2, HVR (-0.43 vs -0.27 L/min/%; P = 0.023), VEpeak (18.9 vs 15.0 L/min; P = 0.025) during N2T and resting SpO2 in normoxia (95.9 vs 94.9, P = 0.093) were higher in PreM. The prevalence of AMS was similar between PreM and PostM (30.8 vs 40.0%). When AMS positive and AMS negative subgroups were compared, no difference in HVR was found while there were differences in SpO2 and VE. Discussion/Conclusion The main finding of the present study is that HVR was higher in PreM than in PostM only during the late follicular phase of the former. Since estrogen is known to have a stimulatory effect on both pulmonary ventilation and blood vessel vasodilation and peaks during this phase, this suggests that it is the main trigger of the observed differences in HVR. The prevalence of AMS was in line with the literature for a similar altitude (34% at 3,650m; Maggiorini et al., 1990). Contrary to Richalet et al. (2012), HVR did not diagnose AMS in any group nor was lower in the older age group. No other parameter showed to be a solid predictive metric for AMS. Given conflicting results in this study (i.e., HVR and AMS) and in the literature, there is no clear evidence of an effect of age on hypoxic tolerance and on AMS prediction. References Bärtsch, P., & Swenson, E. R. (2013). Acute high-altitude illnesses. New England Journal of Medicine, 368(24), 2294-2302. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1214870 Kronenberg, R. S., & Drage, C. W. (1973). Attenuation of the ventilatory and heart rate responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia with aging in normal men. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 52(8), 1812-1819. https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI107363 Lhuissier, F. J., Canouï‐Poitrine, F., & Richalet, J. P. (2012). Ageing and cardiorespiratory response to hypoxia. The Journal of Physiology, 590(21), 5461-5474. https://doi.org/10.1113/jphysiol.2012.238527 Maggiorini, M., Bühler, B., Walter, M., & Oelz, O. (1990). Prevalence of acute mountain sickness in the Swiss Alps. British Medical Journal, 301(6756), 853-855. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.301.6756.853 Pokorski, M., & Marczak, M. (2003). Ventilatory response to hypoxia in elderly women. Annals of Human Biology, 30(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460210162000 Richalet, J. P., Larmignat, P., Poitrine, E., Letournel, M., & Canouï-Poitrine, F. (2012). Physiological risk factors for severe high-altitude illness: A prospective cohort study. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 185(2), 192-198. https://doi.org/10.1164/rccm.201108-1396OC Roach, R. C., Hackett, P. H., Oelz, O., Bärtsch, P., Luks, A. M., MacInnis, M. J., ... & Lake Louise AMS Score Consensus Committee. (2018). The 2018 Lake Louise acute mountain sickness score. High Altitude Medicine & Biology, 19(1), 4-6. https://doi.org/10.1089/ham.2017.0164 Schneider, M., Bernasch, D., Weymann, J., Holle, R., & Bärtsch, P. (2002). Acute mountain sickness: influence of susceptibility, preexposure, and ascent rate. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 34(12), 1886-1891. Solaiman, A. Z., Feehan, R. P., Chabitnoy, A. M., Leuenberger, U. A., & Monahan, K. D. (2014). Ventilatory responses to chemoreflex stimulation are not enhanced by angiotensin II in healthy humans. Autonomic Neuroscience, 183, 72-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autneu.2014.01.010 Vardy, J., Vardy, J., & Judge, K. (2006). Acute mountain sickness and ascent rates in trekkers above 2500 m in the Nepali Himalaya. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, 77(7), 742-744.

Introduction. The main tool of the osteopathic physician, which carries out most of the diagnostic and therapeutic actions, is the hands. To conduct scientifi c research in osteopathy, it is necessary to understand the nature of the impact and its quantitative characteristics, in particular, the pressure force of the physician′s hands on the patient′s body. In the available literature, it was possible to fi nd single instrumental studies of the pressure force of the osteopath′s hands during performing cranial techniques. Similar studies about the performance of other techniques could not be found in the available literature.Aims: to measure by an instrumental method the pressure force of the osteopath hands during various osteopathic techniques (cranial, visceral, structural).Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of the Mokhov Institute of Osteopathy Clinic in January 2023. The study involved 6 lecturers of the Institute of Osteopathy (St. Petersburg), their experience as an osteopath is at least 5 years; the age is from 33 to 53 years. As patients, the residents of the Osteopathy Department of Mechnikov North-West Medical State University were involved. There were 2 men and 4 women, aged from 24 to 26 years, with a normosthenic constitution and a body mass index from 19,5 to 24. The following devices were used to measure the pressure strength of the osteopathic physician′s hands: Fsr402 resistive pressure sensors (Arduino Italy) and A402 (Tekscan USA), FlexiForce Prototyping Kit with FlexiForce MicroView software (Tekscan USA), and a device for determining skin elasticity and human skin scars (strain gauge attached to a caliper, Patent RU 2763 843 C1). Each physician demonstrated several osteopathic techniques on one patient. During the execution of each technique, three measurements were made, and the arithmetic mean was calculated. Structural, visceral and cranial techniques of osteopathic correction were performed.Results. The Friedman test showed a statistically signifi cant difference in pressure strength for different techniques (p<0,01). The greatest pressure force was measured during the mobilization of the descending colon (3,6±0,3 Newton); the minimum force was measured during the mobilization of the thoracic spine in the extension (1,5±0,3 Newton). When performing each technique, there was a range (the difference between the minimum and maximum values) between physicians from 0,95 Newton for performing a frontal bone lift to 1,8 Newton for mobilizing the sigmoid colon. Conclusion. The pilot study showed that during performing different techniques, the pressure strength of the osteopathic physician′s hands differed signifi cantly. It is advisable to continue the study on a more representative sample.> <0,01). The greatest pressure force was measured during the mobilization of the descending colon (3,6±0,3 Newton); the minimum force was measured during the mobilization of the thoracic spine in the extension (1,5±0,3 Newton). When performing each technique, there was a range (the difference between the minimum and maximum values) between physicians from 0,95 Newton for performing a frontal bone lift to 1,8 Newton for mobilizing the sigmoid colon.Conclusion. The pilot study showed that during performing different techniques, the pressure strength of the osteopathic physician′s hands differed signifi cantly. It is advisable to continue the study on a more representative sample.

Abstract Background: One or more risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), either hereditary or acquired, can be identified in up to 80% of patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). Some patients have more than one form of inherited thrombophilia and appear to be at greater risk for thrombosis. We noted a higher than expected incidence of MTHFR gene mutations C677T or A1298C in Appalachian patients referred to our benign hematology clinic. Studies have suggested an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with hyperhomocysteinemia, and the C677T mutation in the MTHFR gene has been thought responsible for hyperhomocysteinemia. However, the association of MTHFR gene mutations C677T and A1298C and VTE remains controversial. Methods: We reviewed the records of 72 patients for risk factors for acquired or inherited thrombophilia. These patients were referred to our benign hematology clinic for thrombophilia evaluation between 2006 and 2008. All available medical history for risk factors and laboratory test results, obtained from first VTE through time of consultation, including genetic testing, were reviewed. Anti-cardiolipin antibody (ACA), MTHFR genotyping and Protein C and Protein S assays were performed at Warde Medical Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI. Results: 72 patients were seen from 2006–2008. Of these, 45 patients (63%) had established VTE per ATS clinical practice guidelines and are the subject of this report. Excluded patients had stroke only (CVA) without other VTE, or were screened for thrombophilia based of family history or prior fetal loss. Of the 45 patients with established VTE, median age at first clot was 34 years (range 14–65) and median age at consultation was 41 years (range 19–72). There were 21 men and 24 women (47% and: 53%). Recorded sites of VTE were legs (54 events), arms (8 events), pulmonary embolism (22 events) and stroke with VTE (3 events). Review of risk factors showed that 90 % of the patients had good performance status (NCI 0,1); 47% were obese with BMI &gt; 30 (median BMI was 29.6); 47% were smokers; 49 % had a positive family history of VTE; 42 % had dyslipidemia; 9% had cancer (3 prior, 1 active germ cell testis tumor); and 16% used oral contraceptives or hormones. 33 of the 45 VTE patients had homocysteine levels available, and the median homocysteine level was 10 micromol/L (range 5.8 –63); 7 (21%) had an elevated homocysteine level, greater than 14. 32 of the 45 VTE patients had MTHFR gene mutation testing done, and 28 of the 32 (88 %) had one or more positive mutations, with alleles C677TT (10%-high risk), C677T (68%), A1298CC (14%), A1298C (39%). Further, 9 of the 32 patients (32%) and the “high risk” C677T-A1298C mutation. Thus, 42% of all patients tested had a “high risk” MTHFR gene mutation for VTE. Coagulation Profile of 45 Thrombophilia Clinic Patients with established VTE # tests (+) # tests done % Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody 5 36 13 Anti-Thrombin III 2 36 6 Factor II 20210 Gene Mutation 2 40 6 Factor V Leiden Gene Mutation 10 40 25 Lupus Anti-coagulant 2 31 6.4 xMTHFR Gene Mutation 28 32 88 Protein C 2 30 7 Protein S 3 29 10 Conclusion: Patients with established VTE in our clinic population inherited risk factors as tabulated above. The Factor II and Factor V mutation incidences of 6% and 25%, as well as the number of abnormalities in Protein C, Protein S, and Anti-Cardiolipin Antibody, appear similar to data reported in the literature for Caucasian populations. However, Rodrigues et al reported a C677TT and C677T prevalence of 14–19% and 36–47% respectively in 1,277 normal persons and a A1298 CC and A1298C prevalence of 7–11 % and 28–35 % respectively (Am J Clin Nutr2006;83:701).,. In our Appalachian population, the overall incidence of MTHFR genetic mutations (88 %) and the number of “high risk” MTHFR mutations (42%) appears excessive and deserves further investigation.

Cristina A. Bejan, Intellectuals and Fascism in Interwar Romania: The Criterion Association, Cham, Switzer land: Palgrave, 2019, 323 pp., €74.89 (hardback), ISBN 978-3-030-20164-7.Chiara Bonfiglioli, Women and Industry in the Balkans: The Rise and Fall of the Yugoslav Textile Sector, London: I. B. Tauris, 2020, 232 pp., £85 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-78533-598-3.Aslı Davaz, Eşitsiz kız kardeşlik, uluslararası ve Ortadoğu kadın hareketleri, 1935 Kongresi ve Türk Kadın Birliği (Unequal sisterhood, international and Middle Eastern women’s movements, 1935 Congress and the Turkish Women’s Union), İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası, 2014, 892 pp., with an introduction by Yıldız Ecevit, pp. xxi–xxviii; preface by the author, pp. xxix–xlix, TL 42 (hardcover), ISBN: 978-605-332-296-2.Biljana Dojčinović and Ana Kolarić, eds., Feministički časopisi u Srbiji: Teorija, aktivizam i umetničke prakse u 1990-im i 2000-im (Feminist periodicals in Serbia: Theory, activism, and artistic practice in the 1990s and 2000s), Belgrade: Faculty of Philology, University of Belgrade, 2018, 370 pp., price not listed (paperback), ISBN: 978-86-6153-515-4.Melanie Ilic, ed., The Palgrave Handbook of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Russia and the Soviet Union, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018, 572 pp., $239 (e-book) ISBN: 978-1-137-54904-4; ISBN: 978-1-137-54905-1.Luciana M. Jinga, ed., The Other Half of Communism: Women’s Outlook, in History of Communism in Europe, vol. 8, Bucharest: Zeta Books, 2018, 348 pp., USD 40 (paperback), ISBN: 978-606-697-070-9.Teresa Kulawik and Zhanna Kravchenko, eds., Borderlands in European Gender Studies: Beyond the East-West Frontier, New York: Routledge, 2020, 264 pp., $140.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-367-25896-2.Jill Massino, Ambiguous Transitions: Gender, the State, and Everyday Life in Socialist and Postsocialist Romania, New York: Berghahn Books, 2019, 466 pp., USD 122 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-785-33598-3.Gergana Mircheva, (A)normalnost i dostap do publichnostta: Socialnoinstitucionalni prostranstva na biomedicinskite discursi v Bulgaria (1878–1939) ([Ab]normality and access to publicity: Social-institutional spaces of biomedicine discourses in Bulgaria [1878–1939]), Sofia: St. Kliment Ohridski University Press, 2018, 487 pp., BGN 16 (paperback), ISBN: 978-954-07-4474-2.Milutin A. Popović, Zatvorenice, album ženskog odeljenja Požarevačkog kaznenog zavoda sa statistikom (1898) (Prisoners, the album of the women’s section of Požarevac penitentiary with statistics, 1898), edited by Svetlana Tomić, Belgrade: Laguna , 2017, 333 pp., RSD 894 (paperback), ISBN: 978-86-521-2798-6.Irena Protassewicz, A Polish Woman’s Experience in World War II: Conflict, Deportation and Exile, edited by Hubert Zawadzki, with Meg Knott, translated by Hubert Zawadzki, London: Bloomsbury Academic, 2019, xxv pp. + 257 pp., £73.38 (hardback), ISBN: 978-1-3500-7992-2.Zilka Spahić Šiljak, ed., Bosanski labirint: Kultura, rod i liderstvo (Bosnian labyrinth: Culture, gender, and leadership), Sarajevo and Zagreb: TPO Fondacija and Buybook, 2019, xii + 213 pp., no price listed (paperback), ISBN: 978-9926-422-16-5.Gonda Van Steen, Adoption, Memory and Cold War Greece: Kid pro quo?, University of Michigan Press, 2019, 350 pp., $85.00 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-472-13158-7.D imitra Vassiliadou, Ston tropiko tis grafi s: Oikogeneiakoi desmoi kai synaisthimata stin astiki Ellada (1850–1930) (The tropic of writing: Family ties and emotions in modern Greece [1850–1930]), Athens: Gutenberg, 2018, 291 pp., 16.00 € (paperback), ISBN: 978-960-01-1940-4.Radina Vučetić, Coca-Cola Socialism: Americanization of Yugoslav Culture in the Sixties, English translation by John K. Cox, Budapest: Central European University Press, 2018, 334 pp., €58.00 (paperback), ISBN: 978-963-386-200-1.Nancy M. Wingfield, The World of Prostitution in Late Imperial Austria, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2017, xvi + 272 pp., $80 (hardback), ISBN: 978-0-19880-165-8.Anastasia Lakhtikova, Angela Brintlinger, and Irina Glushchenko, eds., Seasoned Socialism: Gender and Food in Late Soviet Everyday Life, Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2019, xix + 373 pp., $68.41(hardback), ISBN: 978-0-253-04095-4.

-Michael D. Olien, Edmund T. Gordon, Disparate Diasporas: Identity and politics in an African-Nicaraguan community.Austin: University of Texas Press, 1998. xiv + 330 pp.-Donald Cosentino, Margarite Fernández Olmos ,Sacred possessions: Vodou, Santería, Obeah, and the Caribbean. New Brunswick NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1997. viii + 312 pp., Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert (eds)-John P. Homiak, Lorna McDaniel, The big drum ritual of Carriacou: Praisesongs in rememory of flight. Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 1998. xiv + 198 pp.-Julian Gerstin, Gerdès Fleurant, Dancing spirits: Rhythms and rituals of Haitian Vodun, the Rada Rite. Westport CT: Greenwood, 1996. xvi + 240 pp.-Rose-Marie Chierici, Alex Stepick, Pride against Prejudice: Haitians in the United States. Boston: Allyn & Bacon, 1998. x + 134 pp.-Rose-Marie Chierici, Flore Zéphir, Haitian immigrants in Black America: A sociological and sociolinguistic portrait. Westport CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1996. xvi + 180 pp.-Luis Martínez-Fernández, Rosalie Schwartz, Pleasure Island: Tourism and temptation in Cuba. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1997. xxiv + 239 pp.-Jorge L. Giovannetti, My footsteps in Baraguá. Script and direction by Gloria Rolando. VHS, 53 minutes. Havana: Mundo Latino, 1996.-Gert Oostindie, Mona Rosendahl, Inside the revolution: Everyday life in socialist Cuba. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1997. x + 194 pp.-Frank Argote-Freyre, Lisa Brock ,Between race and empire: African-Americans and Cubans before the Cuban revolution. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1998. xii + 298 pp., Digna Castañeda Fuertes (eds)-José E. Cruz, Frances Negrón-Muntaner ,Puerto Rican Jam: Rethinking colonialism and nationalism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1997. x + 303 pp., Ramón Grosfoguel (eds)-Helen I. Safa, Félix V. Matos Rodríguez ,Puerto Rican Women's history: New perspectives. Armonk NY: M.E. Sharpe, 1998. x + 262 pp., Linda C. Delgado (eds)-Arlene Torres, Jean P. Peterman, Telling their stories: Puerto Rican Women and abortion. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1996. ix + 112 pp.-Trevor W. Purcell, Philip Sherlock ,The story of the Jamaican People. Kingston: Ian Randle; Princeton: Markus Wiener, 1998. xii + 434 pp., Hazel Bennett (eds)-Howard Fergus, Donald Harman Akenson, If the Irish ran the world: Montserrat, 1630-1730. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1997. xii + 273 pp.-John S. Brierley, Lawrence S. Grossman, The political ecology of bananas: Contract farming, peasants, and agrarian change in the Eastern Caribbean. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998. xx + 268 pp.-Mindie Lazarus-Black, Jeannine M. Purdy, Common law and colonised peoples: Studies in Trinidad and Western Australia. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate Dartmouth, 1997. xii + 309.-Stephen Slemon, Barbara Lalla, Defining Jamaican fiction: Marronage and the discourse of survival. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1996. xi + 224 pp.-Stephen Slemon, Renu Juneja, Caribbean transactions: West Indian culture in literature.-Sue N. Greene, Richard F. Patteson, Caribbean Passages: A critical perspective on new fiction from the West Indies. Boulder CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. ix + 187 pp.-Harold Munneke, Ivelaw L. Griffith ,Democracy and human rights in the Caribbean. Boulder CO: Westview Press, 1997. vii + 278 pp., Betty N. Sedoc-Dahlberg (eds)-Francisco E. Thoumi, Ivelaw Lloyd Griffith, Drugs and security in the Caribbean: Sovereignty under seige. University Park: Penn State University Press, 1997. xx + 295 pp.-Michiel Baud, Eric Paul Roorda, The dictator next door: The good neighbor policy and the Trujillo regime in the Dominican republic, 1930-1945. Durham NC: Duke University Press, 1998. xii + 337 pp.-Peter Mason, Wim Klooster, The Dutch in the Americas 1600-1800. Providence RI: The John Carter Brown Library, 1997. xviii + 101 pp.-David R. Watters, Aad H. Versteeg ,The archaeology of Aruba: The Tanki Flip site. Oranjestad; Archaeological Museum Aruba, 1997. 518 pp., Stéphen Rostain (eds)

Abstract Various hereditary thrombophilias such as activated protein C resistance, the factor V leiden mutation, the prothrombin G20210A mutation, protein S deficiency, hyperhomocysteinemia, or combinations of the above disorders have been linked to pregnancy loss at varying stages of gestation (Robertson L, et al. Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review. Br J Haematol2006;132(2):171–96; Seligsohn U, et al. Genetic susceptibility to venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med2001;344(16):1222–31). The literature regarding methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) mutations is confusing. Much of the evidence supporting a causal relationship between MTHFR mutations and early fetal loss comes from individual case reports with little outcome data. Three recent meta-analyses of thrombophilia in pregnancy concluded that although there may be a trend toward higher risk, the relationship between MTHFR mutations and spontaneous abortions is not truly significant (Robertson L, et al. Thrombophilia in pregnancy: a systematic review. Br J Haematol2006;132(2):171–96; Nelen WL, et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia and recurrent early pregnancy loss: a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril2000;74(6):1196–9; Rey E, et al. Thrombophilic disorders and fetal loss: a meta-analysis. Lancet2003;361(9361):901–8). In contrast, a study supporting the role of MTHFR mutations in recurrent unexplained abortions found a 2–3 fold increased risk of early fetal loss among Caucasian females homozygous for the C677T mutation versus normal controls (Nelen WL, et al. Genetic risk factor for unexplained recurrent early pregnancy loss. Lancet1997;350(9081):861). We present 5 patients with this genetic defect who presented consecutively to our clinic for decision making for future pregnancies. Each had strong histories of miscarriages after the 8th week of gestation. The clinical features of these patients are reported in the table below. Each woman is Caucasian, and is homozygous for the MTHFR C677T mutation with no other acquired or hereditary thrombophilias. Homocysteine levels were also in normal range for each patient. Our case series of 5 Caucasian women gives support to the theory of a causal relationship between MTHFR mutations and fetal loss. We recommended anticoagulation with low-molecular weight or unfractionated heparin for each patient as a therapeutic intervention to reduce the risk of recurrent abortion in future pregnancies.

Artistic patterns of old age expression in the works by Slovak authors Milo Urban, Július Barč-Ivan,Karol HorákThe cultural and social phenomenon of old age as an object of artistic literature from middle ages till contemporary period has been interpreted mostly ambivalently as asource of the wisdom as well as the weakness, experience and psychic degradation, the loss of authority and suffering. Within the various poetic methods realizing in the world and European literary production including Slovak literature, the rich reflections and different artistic patterns of an old age expression can be found. To manifest various forms of this cultural and social phenomenon in the literature three works from different social and historical periods representing various development stages of the Slovak literature will be analysed — the novella Staroba “Old Age” from the collection Výkriky bez ozveny “Yells without Echoing”, 1928 written by the prosaic writer and journalist Milo Urban, the tragedy Matka “Mother” written by prosaic and drama writer Július Barč-Ivan, and the play Cesta “Journey” written by prosaic and drama writer, literary and theatre scientist, university professor Karol Horák. The given texts prosaic one and two dramatic ones are integrated by common milieu with identical archetypal value — the world of Slovak village which is often described in the works by Slovak authors.Whereas the protagonist of the first work is an old village man tossing up between passionate desire to live and the awareness of the death inevitability, in the second and third work the key role is played by older women fulfilling their role of mothers. In Barč´s drama the mistaken fatalistic faith in predetermination of human fates leads towards the religious negativism and becomes the source of evil criminal act. As opposed to Barč´s play Matka the protagonist of Horák´s play Cesta, Kata Pohlodková, believes in the better future on the basis of Christian philosophy. The author stratifies his narration to produce the inward portrayal of aman in the extreme life situation on the background of historical events. Taking into consideration the miscellaneous aspects of this phenomenon, the research of this topic in the literary works is still open provoking the questions like — In which way is life represented in the literature through this phenomenon? Is this phenomenon presented stereotypically or are the generally valid stereotypes overcome? What is the influence of this phenomenon on aman and his/her attitude towards life transience? It can be generally accepted that the phenomenon of old age intervenes into human life and modifies it in abig way.Artystyczne ujęcie zjawiska starości w twórczości wybranych autorów słowackich Milo Urban, Július Barč-Ivan, Karol HorákSpołeczno-kulturowy fenomen starości w literaturze artystycznej od średniowiecza aż po współczesność interpretowany jest ambiwaletnie: z jednej strony jako źródło mądrości i doświadczenia, z drugiej zaś jako czas słabości, degradacji psychicznej, utraty autorytetu oraz cierpienia. W literaturze światowej, europejskiej, więc również, co oczywiste, w kontekście słowackim, stosunkowo często spotykamy się z refleksją na temat ostatniej fazy życia człowieka i z jej różnorodnym artystycznym opracowaniem. Za ilustrację możliwych literackich ujęć owego zjawiska posłużyły nam trzy dzieła autorów piszących po słowacku: nowela Staroba Starość ze zbioru Výkriky bez ozveny 1928; Okrzyki bez echa prozaika, tłumacza i dziennikarza Mila Urbana, tragedia Matka 1943 prozaika i dramatopisarza Júliusa Barča-Ivana oraz sztuka Cesta 1988; Droga dramatopisarza, prozaika, teatrologa i literaturoznawcy — profesora Karola Horáka. Wybrane utwory jeden prozatorski, dwa dramatyczne łączy pewien element archetypiczny — topos wsi słowackiej, skądinąd silnie obecny w rodzimej literaturze.Głównym bohaterem tekstu prozatorskiego jest uwięziony między pragnieniem życia a świadomością nieuniknionej śmierci mężczyzna, natomiast w przypadku dramatów kluczową rolę odgrywają starsze kobiety — matki. W dramacie Júliusa Barča-Ivana ślepe przekonanie o nieodwracalności ludzkiego losu prowadzi do zaprzeczenia religii i— w ostateczności — do zbrodni. Inaczej jest u Karola Horáka. Protagonistka sztuki Cesta Kata Pohlodková zgodnie z duchem filozofii chrześcijańskiej wierzy w lepszą przyszłość. Swoją opowieść autor wzbogaca, na tle wydarzeń historycznych pokazując introspektywę bohatera, który znalazł się w tragicznej sytuacji życiowej.Należy pamiętać o tym, że szeroki horyzont omawianego zjawiska, również dzięki jego wieloaspektowości, nie ogranicza pola badawczego, lecz wręcz przeciwnie — prowokuje do dalszych odkryć oraz prób odpowiedzi na liczne pytania. Bardzo interesująca wydaje się na przykład kwestia rzutowania starości na wizerunek życia w literaturze pięknej. Czy przedstawianie starości podlega powszechnie przyjętemu stereotypowi, czy mu się opiera, przełamuje go? Jaki wpływ ma starość na człowieka i świadomość przemijania? I tak dalej. Z pewnością jednak można stwierdzić, że omawiane przez nas zjawisko determinuje człowieka, określając i formując jego los.

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This research aims to identify the role of institutional hierarchies, social norms, and power imbalances in facilitating sexual violence in higher education and provide a solid foundation for the development of effective prevention and response strategies. The research involved analyzing institutional policies and practices with the aim of reducing unequal power relations and preventing sexual violence in academic settings. The research method involved an in-depth literature review using various reference sources such as books, scholarly journals, experts’ legal views, and relevant legislation. The main focus of this research is to understand the causal factors of sexual violence in higher education and formulate effective prevention strategies. Sexual violence in higher education has a profound impact physically, psychologically, emotionally, and socially. This research highlights unequal power relationships, the need for identification of causal factors, strict policy implementation, collaboration, and awareness through education to create a safer and fairer environment. Students’ lack of understanding of sexual harassment can hinder critical action, and the “iceberg” phenomenon emphasizes the importance of raising awareness of the issue. With a deep understanding of power dynamics, prevention strategies can shape a safer and more equitable academic environment. Unequal power relations play a major role in amplifying sexual violence. ___ Referensi Buku dengan penulis: Syam, N. (2010). Agama Pelacur; Dramaturgi Transendental. Yogyakarta: LKIS Pelangi Aksara. Artikel jurnal: Alpian, R. (2022). Perlindungan Hukum Pidana terhadap Tindak Kekerasan Seksual di Dalam Institusi Perguruan Tinggi. Lex Renaissance, 7(1), 69-83. Elindawati, R. (2021). Perspektif Feminis Dalam Kasus Perempuan sebagai Korban Kekerasan Seksual di Perguruan Tinggi. 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Child Abuse & Neglect, 146, 106497. Miraviori, A. D. S. (2018). Ruang yang Dibenturkan: Membaca Absurditas Tiga Naskah Drama Afrizal Malna. Jurnal Seni Nasional Cikini, 3(3), 23-34. Purwanda, S. (2020). The Existence of the Right to Books for Frontier, Outermost and Disadvantaged Regions as Part of the Right to Enjoy Education. JL Pol'y & Globalization, 95, 42. Purwanda, S., Bakhtiar, H. S., Miqat, N., Nur, R., & Patila, M. (2022). Formal Procedure Versus Victim's Interest: Antinomy of Handling Sexual Violence Cases in East Luwu. Jurnal Hukum Volkgeist, 6(2), 116-122. Purwanda, S., & Dewi, M. N. K. (2020). The Effects of Monism and Pluralism on Legal Development of a Nation. Amsir Law Journal, 2(1), 21-26. Puspytasari, H. H. (2022). Pemahaman Mahasiswa Terhadap Kekerasan Seksual di Perguruan Tinggi. Paradigma: Jurnal Filsafat, Sains, Teknologi, dan Sosial Budaya, 28(1), 123-132. Rakhmawati, D., Maulida, D., & Yuliejantiningsih, Y. (2022). 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BackgroundSjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands, which alters their function producing dryness of the mouth, eyes and other mucous membranes. The method used to quantify glandular hypofunction is by whole saliva flow stimulated and unstimulated (UWSF) [1], which takes between 5 and 15 minutes (min). The Saxon test [2], is another tool with the same objective but requires less time: 2 minutes. In the literature, we only have found one study that compares the Saxon test with other diagnostic methods although it is developed in patients without SS [3].ObjectivesTo compare the Saxon test and UWSF in a cohort of patients with suspected SS.MethodsIn a consecutive cohort of patients who attended the rheumatology department for suspected SS, UWSF was measured (mL/5 min) and the Saxon test (gr/2 min) was performed. The Index Reported by Patients with Sjögren’s Syndrome of the EULAR (ESSPRI) was collected too. This is a patient-reported index designed to assess the severity of patients’ symptoms (dryness, pain, somatic and mental fatigue) in SS through an average of single 0–10 numerical scale for each domain. To measure the UWSF, patients were asked to swallow their saliva before the start of the test and then to spit into a container for 5 min. The Saxon test was performed by calculating the difference in the weight of two pieces of sterile gauze that the patient chews for two minutes. An UWSF >0.25 mL/min, a Saxon test >2.75 g/2min and an ESSPRI<5 were considered normal. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) was used to determine the correlation between both quantitative variables. The Chi-square test and the Gamma test were used in the comparisons between the groups (altered and normal) and the Mann-Whitney U in the comparisons of the quantitative variables based on the groups (altered and normal) previously defined. P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsWe enrolled 70 patients (63 women/7 men), with a mean age ± standard deviation of 54±13 years. The medians (Me) and interquartile ranges (IQR) obtained were 1.500 (0.6750 – 2.5000) mL/5min for the UWSF, 2.405 (1.6775-3.4925) g/2min for the Saxon test, 6.67 (3.67-7.67) for ESSPRI and 7.00 (4.00-8.00) for ESSPRI-dryness score.A direct and significant correlation between the Saxon test and the UWSF (rs=0.325; P=0.006) was observed. Twenty-four patients (34.3%) presented an altered UWSF and forty-two patients (60%) had an altered Saxon test. When we analysed the intensity of the association between the different groups (altered/normal) of both variables, we observed a direct and significant association (Gamma value=0.583, P=0.010) between both tools.We also detected differences in the Saxon test between patients with altered UWSF (Me: 1.89 gr/2min.; IQR: 1.47-2.68) and those with normal UWSF (Me: 2.78 gr/2 min.; IQR: 1.77-3, 75) (P=0.029). Similarly, we observed significant differences in UWSF values between patients with altered Saxon test (Me: 1.30 mL/5min IQR: 0.50-2.13) and those with a normal Saxon test (Me: 2.00 mL/5min IQR: 1.5-2.88) (P=0.008).Regarding the ESSPRI, 42 (62,7%) patients presented an altered ESSPRI and 49 (73,1%) had an altered ESSPRI-dryness score. The group patients with ESSPRI-dryness score≥5 obtained significantly worse scores on the Saxon test (Me: 2.10 g/2min IQR: 1.58-3.07) and on the ESSPRI (Me:7.33 IQR:5.83-8.00) than the normal ESSPRI-dryness score group: Me:3.02 g/2min, IQR:2.20-3.84, on Saxon test (P=0.026); Me: 2.66 IQR:1, 00-4.08, on the ESSPRI (P=0.000).ConclusionIn patients with suspected SS, there is a direct and significant correlation between the Saxon test and the UWSF. Therefore, the Saxon test could be useful in the initial assessment of oral gland dysfunction, to save time and/or to select patients who require performing the UWSF.References[1]Martínez Ceballos MA et al. Rev. Colomb Reumatol.2020; 27 (S2):90-101.[2]Kohler PF & Winter ME. Arthr & Rheum. 1985;28(10):1128-32.[3]Minagi HO et al. J Oral Rehabil.2020;47:1550-6.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

BackgroundSjögren syndrome (SS) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by lymphocytic infiltration of the exocrine glands, which alters their function producing dryness of the mouth, eyes and other mucous membranes. The method used to quantify glandular hypofunction is by whole saliva flow stimulated and unstimulated (UWSF) [1], which takes between 5 and 15 minutes (min).The Saxon test (St) [2], is another tool with the same objective but requires less time: 2 minutes. In the literature, we only have found one study that compared the Saxon test with other diagnostic methods although it is developed in patients without SS [3].ObjectivesTo compare the Saxon test and UWSF in a cohort of patients with suspected SS.MethodsIn a consecutive cohort of patients who attended the rheumatology department for suspected SS, UWSF was measured (mL/5 min) and the Saxon test (gr/2 min) was performed. The Index Reported by Patients with SS of the EULAR (ESSPRI) was collected too. This is a patient-reported index designed to assess the severity of patients’ symptoms (dryness, pain, somatic and mental fatigue) in SS through an average of single 0–10 numerical scale for each domain. To measure the UWSF, patients were asked to swallow their saliva before the start of the test and then to spit into a container for 5 min. The St was performed by calculating the difference in the weight of two pieces of sterile gauze that the patient chews for two minutes. A UWSF >0.25 mL/min and a St >2.75 g/2min were considered normal, as well as and ESSPRI<5. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (rs) was used to determine the correlation between both quantitative variables. The Chisquare test and the Gamma test were used in the comparisons between the groups (altered and normal) and the Mann-Whitney U in the comparisons of the quantitative variables based on the groups (altered and normal) previously defined.Pvalues <0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsWe enrolled 199 patients (166 women), with a mean age ± standard deviation of 55,1±13,7 years. The medians (Me) and interquartile ranges (IQR) obtained were 1,50 (0.70 – 2.50) mL/5min for the UWSF, 2,31 (1,60-3,10) g/2min for the St, 6,33 (3.67- 7.67) for ESSPRI and 7,00 (5,00-8,00) for ESSPRI-dryness score.A direct and significant correlation between the St and the UWSF (rs=0,391; P=2,236x10-7) was observed; 76 patients (38,2 %) presented an altered UWSF and 107 patients (65,2 %) had an altered St. When we analysed the intensity of the association between the different groups (altered/normal) of both variables, we observed a direct and significant association (Gamma value=0,4,P=0,019) between both tools.We also detected differences in the St between patients with altered UWSF (Me: 1,72gr/2min; IQR: 1,04-2,50) and those with normal UWSF (Me: 2,62 gr/2 min.; IQR: 1,95-3, 54) (P=3,9x10-6).Similarly, we observed significant differences in UWSF values between patients with altered St (Me: 1,50 mL/5min IQR: 0,60-2,50) and those with a normal St (Me: 2,00 mL/5min IQR: 1,00-3,00) (P=0,014).Regarding the ESSPRI, 129 (65,8 %) patients presented an altered ESSPRI and 153 (78,1%) had an altered ESSPRI-dryness score. The group patients with ESSPRI-dryness score≥5 obtained significantly lower scores on the St (Me: 2,10 g/2min IQR: 1,39-3.01), on the UWSF (Me: 1,5 ml/5min IQR: 0,6-2,0), and on the ESSPRI (Me:7,00 IQR:5,33-8,00) than the normal ESSPRI-dryness score group: Me:2,98 g/2min, IQR:2,22-3,75, on St (P=0,001); Me:2,45 ml/5min, IQR:1,50-3,50, on UWSF (P=6,547x10-5); Me: 3,17 IQR:1, 00-4.08, on the ESSPRI (P=1,17x10-15).ConclusionIn patients with suspected SS, there is a direct and significant correlation between the St and the UWSF. Therefore, the St could be useful in the initial assessment of oral gland dysfunction, to save time and/or to select patients who require performing the UWSF.References[1]Martínez Ceballos MA et al. Rev. Colomb Reumatol.2020; 27 (S2):90-101.[2]Kohler PF & Winter ME. Arthr & Rheum. 1985;28(10):1128-32.[3]Minagi HO et al. J Oral Rehabil.2020;47:1550-6.AcknowledgementsWe would like to acknowledge all the patients who have participated in the study.Disclosure of InterestsNone Declared.

Frederick H. Smith; Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History (Franklin W. Knight)Stephan Palmié; Wizards and Scientists: Explorations in Afro-Cuban Modernity and Tradition (Julie Skurski)Miguel A. De la Torre; The Quest for the Cuban Christ: A Historical Search (Fernando Picó)L. Antonio Curet, Shannon Lee Dawdy & Gabino La Rosa Corzo (eds.); Dialogues in Cuban Archaeology (David M. Pendergast)Jill Lane; Blackface Cuba, 1840-1895 (Arthur Knight)Hal Klepak; Cuba’s Military 1990-2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times (Antoni Kapcia)Lydia Chávez (ed.); Capitalism, God, and a Good Cigar: Cuba Enters the Twenty-First Century (Ann Marie Stock)Diane Accaria-Zavala & Rodolfo Popelnik (eds.); Prospero’s Isles: The Presence of the Caribbean in the American Imaginary (Sean X. Goudie)Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond (ed.); The Masters and the Slaves: Plantation Relations and Mestizaje in American Imaginaries (Danielle D. Smith) David J. Weber; Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (Neil L. Whitehead)Larry Gragg; Englishmen Transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627-1660 (Richard S. Dunn)Jon F. Sensbach; Rebecca’s Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Jennifer L. Morgan; Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Verene A. Shepherd)Jorge Luis Chinea; Race and Labor in the Hispanic Caribbean: The West Indian Immigrant Worker Experience in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico, 1800-1850 (Juan José Baldrich)Constance R. Sutton (ed.); Revisiting Caribbean Labour: Essays in Honour of O. Nigel Bolland (Mary Chamberlain)Gert Oostindie; Paradise Overseas: The Dutch Caribbean: Colonialism and its Transatlantic Legacies (Bridget Brereton)Allan Pred; The Past Is Not Dead: Facts, Fictions, and Enduring Racial Stereotypes (Karen Fog Olwig)James C. Riley; Poverty and Life Expectancy: The Jamaica Paradox (Cruz María Nazario)Lucia M. Suárez; The Tears of Hispaniola: Haitian and Dominican Diaspora Memory (J. Michael Dash)Mary Chamberlain; Family Love in the Diaspora: Migration and the Anglo-Caribbean Experience (Kevin Birth)Joseph Palacio (ed.); The Garifuna: A Nation Across Borders (Grant Jewell Rich)Elizabeth M. DeLoughery, Renée K. Goss on & George B. Handley (eds.); Caribbean Literature and the Environment: Between Nature and Culture (Bonham C. Richardson)Mary Gallagher (ed.); Ici-Là: Place and Displacement in Caribbean Writing in French (Christina Kullberg)David V. Moskowitz; Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall (Kenneth Bilby)John H. McWhorter; Defining Creole (Bettina M. Migge)Ellen M. Schnepel; In Search of a National Identity: Creole and Politics in Guadeloupe (Paul B. Garrett)

Frederick H. Smith; Caribbean Rum: A Social and Economic History (Franklin W. Knight)Stephan Palmié; Wizards and Scientists: Explorations in Afro-Cuban Modernity and Tradition (Julie Skurski)Miguel A. De la Torre; The Quest for the Cuban Christ: A Historical Search (Fernando Picó)L. Antonio Curet, Shannon Lee Dawdy & Gabino La Rosa Corzo (eds.); Dialogues in Cuban Archaeology (David M. Pendergast)Jill Lane; Blackface Cuba, 1840-1895 (Arthur Knight)Hal Klepak; Cuba’s Military 1990-2005: Revolutionary Soldiers during Counter-Revolutionary Times (Antoni Kapcia)Lydia Chávez (ed.); Capitalism, God, and a Good Cigar: Cuba Enters the Twenty-First Century (Ann Marie Stock)Diane Accaria-Zavala & Rodolfo Popelnik (eds.); Prospero’s Isles: The Presence of the Caribbean in the American Imaginary (Sean X. Goudie)Alexandra Isfahani-Hammond (ed.); The Masters and the Slaves: Plantation Relations and Mestizaje in American Imaginaries (Danielle D. Smith) David J. Weber; Bárbaros: Spaniards and Their Savages in the Age of Enlightenment (Neil L. Whitehead)Larry Gragg; Englishmen Transplanted: The English Colonization of Barbados, 1627-1660 (Richard S. Dunn)Jon F. Sensbach; Rebecca’s Revival: Creating Black Christianity in the Atlantic World (Aaron Spencer Fogleman)Jennifer L. Morgan; Laboring Women: Reproduction and Gender in New World Slavery (Verene A. Shepherd)Jorge Luis Chinea; Race and Labor in the Hispanic Caribbean: The West Indian Immigrant Worker Experience in Nineteenth-Century Puerto Rico, 1800-1850 (Juan José Baldrich)Constance R. Sutton (ed.); Revisiting Caribbean Labour: Essays in Honour of O. Nigel Bolland (Mary Chamberlain)Gert Oostindie; Paradise Overseas: The Dutch Caribbean: Colonialism and its Transatlantic Legacies (Bridget Brereton)Allan Pred; The Past Is Not Dead: Facts, Fictions, and Enduring Racial Stereotypes (Karen Fog Olwig)James C. Riley; Poverty and Life Expectancy: The Jamaica Paradox (Cruz María Nazario)Lucia M. Suárez; The Tears of Hispaniola: Haitian and Dominican Diaspora Memory (J. Michael Dash)Mary Chamberlain; Family Love in the Diaspora: Migration and the Anglo-Caribbean Experience (Kevin Birth)Joseph Palacio (ed.); The Garifuna: A Nation Across Borders (Grant Jewell Rich)Elizabeth M. DeLoughery, Renée K. Goss on & George B. Handley (eds.); Caribbean Literature and the Environment: Between Nature and Culture (Bonham C. Richardson)Mary Gallagher (ed.); Ici-Là: Place and Displacement in Caribbean Writing in French (Christina Kullberg)David V. Moskowitz; Caribbean Popular Music: An Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall (Kenneth Bilby)John H. McWhorter; Defining Creole (Bettina M. Migge)Ellen M. Schnepel; In Search of a National Identity: Creole and Politics in Guadeloupe (Paul B. Garrett)

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BackgroundFew cases of digital ischemia and gangrene associated with primary solid tumors have been described in literature[3]. The exact mechanism of severe occurrence has not been completely understood and the available treatment options have an extremely limited utility [1,2].In the most cases the patients were elderly women with adenocarcinomas of digestive or gynaecologic apparatuses [4].ObjectivesWe describe a new case of digital gangrene as unusual presentation of ovarian cancer in a 36 years old woman.Methods36 years old female was admitted to our Reheumatology deparment with blackish Blackish discoloration of the toes of one week duration. She had history of COVID -19 infection 8 months prior to the presentation then developed hemoptysis, picture suggestive of ILD, generalized anasarca and skin rash; accordingly an initial diagnosis of post COVID-19 vasculitis was made by dermatologist. The blood tests were ESR:21 mm/hr, CRP:25.7, D.Dimer:8.8, Ferritin:575 ng/ml, lymphopenia:0.9, S.Creatinine:2, 24 h urinary protein: 325 mg/24h and all autoimmune markers were negative except anti nuclear antibody (ANA) with titer:1/160. Further assessment revealed that she had multiple site coagulopathy; internal jugular vein thrombosis, bilateral lower limbs Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT). Neck ultrasound surprisingly showed bilateral enlarged suspicious looking supraclavicular lymph node with lost hilum which was Biopsied for histopathological correlation which revealed focally necrotizing adenocarcinoma with significant signet ring differentiation. Searching for the primary malignancy, tumor markers were sent CA125: 584 u/ml (up to 35), Pelvi-abdominal Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed Left ovarian mass measuring 3.6 x 3.4 x 4.4 cm highly suspicious of malignant neoplastic growth for histopathological correlation, Suspicious looking pelviabdominal lymph nodes mostly representing malignant lymphadenopathy, Scattered peritoneal nodules suspicious of metastatic deposits.ResultsDuring admision the patient received full dose anticoagulation (Low Molecular Weight Heparin: 60 iu /12 h). Upon diagnosis we arrange the transferal to the oncology department to continue her management plan. Unfortunately; the case was terminal for palliative therapy and she died after 2 weeks.ConclusionBluish discoloration of digits and toes may be a clue for diagnosis of many diseases not only vasculitis. Malignancy can disturb the immune system in a way that mimic any systemic connective tissue disease. Acute insult aggressive multiple site deep venous thrombosis (DVT) necessitate thinking outside the box and consider other causes of coagulopathy like visceral malignancy.References[1]Carsons S. The association of malignancy with rheumatic and connective tissue diseases. Semin Oncol. 1997; 24: 360-372.[2]Maurice PD. Ovarian carcinoma and digital ischaemia. Clin Exp Dermatol. 1996;21: 381-382[3]Taylor LM Jr, Hauty MG, Edwards JM, Porter JM. Digital ischemia as a manifestation of malignancy. Ann Surg. 1987; 206: 62-68.[4]Tolosa-Vilella C, Ordi-Ros J, Vilardell-Tarres M, Selva-O’Callaghan A, Jordana-Comajuncosa R.Raynaud’s phenomenon and positive antinuclear antibodies in a malignancy. Ann Rheum Dis.1990; 49: 935-936.Figure 1.Disclosure of InterestsNone declared

ABSTRACTBackground: Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov2). The COVID-19 pandemic severely limits the community environment, one of which is the limitation of dental and oral health services. The wide spread of the COVID-19 virus has caused many people to feel afraid to have their teeth checked in the midst of a pandemic, thus affecting the motivation and interest of the public to visit the dentist's practice. Objective: This study aims to determine the relationship between motivation and public interest in visiting the dentist during the COVID-19 pandemic in Sungai Miai Village. Methods: This study used an analytic observational research with a cross sectional design. The subject of this research is the Sungai Miai Village Community aged 20-55 years using a sampling technique by means of cluster random sampling totaling 113 people. Results: The results of the analysis using the Gamma test to determine the relationship between motivation and interest in visiting the dentist during the COVID-19 pandemic obtained a significant value of 0.009 (<0.05) with a correlation value of -0.52 Conclusion: There is a relationship between motivation to visit the practice dentists and interest in visiting a dentist practice with a moderate correlation strength. Keywords : Covid-19 Pandemic, Dentist Practice, Interest, Motivation, Relationship between Motivation and Interest1.Handayani D, Hadi D, Isbaniah F, Burhan A, Heidy A. Corona Virus Disease 2019. Indonesian Journal of Respirology. 2020;40(2):119–129.2.Zanke A, Thenge R, VS A. A Pandemic Declared by World Health Organization. IP International Journal of Comprehensive and Advance Pharmacology. 2020;5(2):49–57.3.Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia. 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The Impact of The Covid 19 Epidemic on TheUtilization of Emergency Dental Services. Journal of Dental Science. 2020;15:564–567.9.Alharbi A, Alharbi S, Alqaidi S. Guidelines for Dental Care Provision during the Covid-19 Pandemic. The Saudi Dental Journal. 2020;32(4):181–186.10.Sophisticated C, Fikriyah K, Indraini R, Suryaningsih S, Hanifah N. Public Health Improvement in the Pandemic Period for Residents of Orphanages in Surabaya. Journal of Community Service. 2021;5(4):964–973.11.Putra V. Dental Practice Action Policy During the Covid-19 Outbreak: A Global Prevention Overview. Journal of Government Insights. 2020;1(1):1–11.12.Fadillah L, Azizah S, Yunengsih Y. Analysis of Outpatient Service Quality During the Covid-19 Pandemic, Melati Bunda Main Clinic. Smart Indonesian Scientific Journal. 2021;1(10):1316–1322.13.Siswanto B. Manpower Management. Bandung: New Rays, New Prints; 2012: 243-270.14.Dermawan K. 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Evaluation of the effect of various factors on patient compliance among patients visiting Govt. Dental College and Hospital, Srinagar. International Journal of Oral Care and Research, 2016;4(1):16-20.20.Iksan, NP, Wowor, VN, & Pangemanan, DH Effect of Extrinsic Motivation on Compliance Level of Removable Denture Wearers in Kelurahan Batu Kota. e-GiGi; 2018. 6(2).72-82.21.Anggraina D and Musyrifah. The motivating factor for parents to take care of their children at UNAIR medical faculty clinics. Dentistry Magazine.2015; 38(1). 12–15.22.Setijanto D, Putri NN, Bramantoro T,Berniyanti T, Sosiawan A, Palupi R,. Attention, Interest, Desire and Action Distribution of Universitas Airlangga Student Visiting the Dental and Oral Health Services.JSDMID4. 2017; 2(1).51-57.23.Hikmat, R., & Fazriah, M. The Relationship Between Patient Satisfaction and Interest in Repeat Visits. Journal of Health, 2015; 6(1), 645-653.24.Nishikawa, K., Ohta, R., & Sano, C. Factors Associated with Motivation for General Medicine among Rural Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2020; 19(9), 5102-5120.25.Muthuri, RNDK, Senkubuge, F., & Hongoro, C. Determinants of motivation among healthcare workers in the East African community between 2009–2019: a systematic review. In Healthcare. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute;2020:8(2).164-170.26.Susi, S., Bachtiar, H., & Azmi, U. The relationship between parents' socioeconomic status and caries in the primary teeth of children aged 4 and 5 years. Andalas Medical Magazine, 2012; 36(1), 96-105.27.Sulistiyoningrum, A., Sriatmi, A., & Arso, S. P. Determinants Of The Quality Of Pharmacy Services In Hospital During Pandemic Covid-19. Dentino: Jurnal Kedokteran Gigi,2022; 7(1), 107-112.28.Sumendap, J., Rompas, S., & Listen, V. Relationship between Family Support and Motivation with Elderly Interests in Posbindu. Journal of Nursing, 2020; 8(1), 99-105.29.Dewi, TK, Apriyanti, T., & Ambarwati, T. The Relationship between Knowledge Levels About Covid-19 and Interest in Dental Examinations in Health Facilities for Class I and V Students Sdn Matenggeng 02 Cilacap Regency. Indonesian Journal of Health and Medical; 2020. 2(1), 99-108.30.Yosa, A., & Wahyuni, S. Factors Relating to Dental Service Visits at Way Laga Health Center Bandar Lampung City. Journal of Health Analysts, 2017; 4(2), 420-426.31.Rahmadani, Relationship between Knowledge Level and Patient Interest in Performing Root Canal Treatment During a Pandemic. J Dent. 2021; 1(1). 55-65.

The paper analyses Syed Amanuddin’s “Don’t Call Me Indo-Anglian” from the perspective of a cultural materialist. In an effort to understand Amanuddin’s contempt for the term, the matrix of identity, language and cultural ideology has been explored. The politics of the representation of the self and the other that creates a chasm among human beings has also been discussed. The impact of the British colonialism on the language and psyche of people has been taken into account. This is best visible in the seemingly innocent introduction of English in India as medium of instruction which has subsequently brought in a new kind of sensibility and culture unknown hitherto in India. Indians experienced them in the form of snobbery, racism, highbrow and religious bigotry. P C Ray and M K Gandhi resisted the introduction of English as the medium of instruction. 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