Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Women and literature – West (U.S.)"

ABSTRAK Pengelolaan pembangunan desa islami adalah konsep pembangunan desa yang memiliki karakteristik tercapainya tujuan pembangunan sosial ekonomi yang berdimensi holistik, seimbang antara aspek material dan spiritual. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pembahasan kajian-kajian terdahulu secara sistematis tentang konsep dan praktik pengelolaan pembangunan desa dalam perspektif islam. Dalam rangka melakukan review publikasi artikel secara sistematis, riset ini menggunakan standar protokol RAMESES. Hasil penelitian ini terbagi menjadi dua tema utama, yaitu peran dan fungsi lembaga keuangan mikro syariah dalam pembangunan desa dan Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dalam pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Tema pertama menghasilkan tiga subtema: praksis keuangan mikro syariah di Bangladesh, Malaysia, dan Indonesia. Tema kedua menghasilkan satu subtema yaitu peranan Pesantren dalam mendukung pengelolaan pembangunan desa. Hasilnya memberikan landasan untuk mengisi ruang-ruang yang belum dimasuki untuk membangun pengelolaan pembangunan desa yang komprehensif berdasarkan prinsip atau nilai Islam yang ideal. Kata kunci: Islami, Pengelolaan Pembangunan Desa, Systematic Literature Review. ABSTRACT Islamic village development management is a village development concept that has the characteristics of achieving socio-economic development goals with a holistic dimension, balanced between material and spiritual aspects. This study aims to systematically review the discussion of previous studies on the concepts and practices of village development management from an Islamic perspective. To conduct the article review systematically, this research was carried out using the RAMESES protocol standard. The results of this study are divided into two main themes, namely the role and function of Islamic microfinance institutions in village development and non-governmental organizations in managing village development. The first theme produces three sub-themes: the practice of Islamic microfinance in Bangladesh, Malaysia, and Indonesia. The second theme resulted in a sub-theme, namely Pesantren's role in supporting the management of village development. The results provide a foundation to fill in the gaps that have not been entered to build a comprehensive village development management based on ideal Islamic principles or values. Keywords: Islamic, Village Development Management, Systematic Literature Review. REFERENCES Abdullah, M. F., Amin, M. R., & Ab Rahman, A. (2017). Is there any difference between Islamic and conventional microfinance? Evidence from Bangladesh. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S1), 97–112. Adejoke, A.-U. G. (2010). Sustainable microfinance institutions for poverty reduction: Malaysian experience. OIDA International Journal of Sustainable Development, 2(4), 47–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1666023 Akhter, W., Akhtar, N., & Jaffri, S. K. A. (2009). 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The financial management challenges on the village socio-economic development. International Forum, 16(2), 37–50. Khaleequzzaman, M., & Shirazi, N. S. (2012). Islamic microfinance - An inclusive approach with special reference to poverty eradication in Pakistan. IIUM Journal of Economics and Management, 20(1), 19–49. Kraus, S., Breier, M., & Dasí-Rodríguez, S. (2020). The art of crafting a systematic literature review in entrepreneurship research. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 16(3), 1023–1042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-020-00635-4 Laila, T. (2010). Islamic microfinance for alleviating poverty and sustaining peace. World Universities Congress, 1–9. Li, Y., Fan, P., & Liu, Y. (2019). What makes better village development in traditional agricultural areas of China? Evidence from long-term observation of typical villages. Habitat International, 83(October 2018), 111–124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2018.11.006 Mamun, A., Uddin, M. R., & Islam, M. T. 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The roles of the institution of pesantren in the development of rural society: A study in kabupaten Tasikmalaya, West Java, Indonesia. International Journal of Nusantara Islam, 1(2), 13–35. https://doi.org/10.15575/ijni.v1i1.34 Mustari, M. (2018). Institution of pesantren as a contributing factor in developing rural communities. Socio Politica, 8(1), 71–89. Nasrin, N., & Sarker, S. B. (2014). Disbursement and recovery of rural credit: A study on Rajapur Branch of Rupali Bank Limited. IOSR Journal of Business and Management, 16(11), 15–23. https://doi.org/10.9790/487x-161161523 Onakoya, A. B., & Onakoya, A. O. (2013). Islamic microfinance as a poverty alleviation tool: Expectations from Ogun State, Nigeria. Scholarly Journal of Business Administration, 3(2), 36–43. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). (2006). A paradigm shift in rural development. Rahim Abdul Rahman, A. (2010). Islamic Microfinance: An ethical alternative to poverty alleviation. 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Systematic literature review on adaptation towards climate change impacts among indigenous people in the Asia Pacific Regions. Journal of Cleaner Production, 258, 120595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.120595 Suzuki, Y., Pramono, S., & Rufidah, R. (2016). Islamic microfinance and poverty alleviation program: Preliminary research findings from Indonesia. Share: Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Keuangan Islam, 5(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.22373/share.v5i1.910 Uddin, T. A., & Mohiuddin, M. F. (2020). Islamic social finance in Bangladesh: Challenges and opportunities of the institutional and regulatory landscape. Law and Development Review, 13(1), 265–319. https://doi.org/10.1515/ldr-2019-0072 Umar, H., Usman, S., & Purba, R. B. R. (2018). The influence of internal control and competence of human resources on village fund management and the implications on the quality of village financial reports. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(7), 1526–1531. Wajdi Dusuki, A. (2008). Banking for the poor: The role of Islamic banking in microfinance initiatives. Humanomics, 24(1), 49–66. https://doi.org/10.1108/08288660810851469 Wong, G., Greenhalgh, T., Westhorp, G., Buckingham, J., & Pawson, R. (2013). RAMESES publication standards: Meta-narrative reviews. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69(5), 987–1004. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.12092 Xalane, M. A. E., & Binti Che Mohd Salleh, M. (2018). Poverty alleviation in Mogadishu, Somalia: The role of Islamic microfinance. Global Conference on Islamic Economics and Finance 2018, 60–80. Yudha, E. P., Juanda, B., Kolopaking, L. M., & Kinseng, R. A. (2020). Rural development policy and strategy in the rural autonomy era. Case study of pandeglang regency-indonesia. Human Geographies, 14(1), 125–147. https://doi.org/10.5719/hgeo.2020.141.8

Abstract Following Women Writers of the American West, 1833–1927 (2011), this essay surveys eleven neglected western women writers from all regions except California. In Texas, Maude Mason Austin wrote a borderlands novel and poetry, Gertrude Beasley described growing up poor, and Esther Darbyshire MacCallum recounted a church's history. In the plains, Mary A. Cragin (pseud. Joy Allison) and Lorna Doone Beers (Mrs. C. R. Chambers) published novels. In the Pacific Northwest, Sidona V. Johnson and Georgiana Mitchell Blankenship brought out regional histories. Regarding the Southwest, Harriet S. Kellogg memorialized Emily J. Harwood, Julia H. Johnston focused on Indians and Mexicans without having lived in the West, and Katharine Roney Crowell published religious school texts. Finally, Katharine Coman attempted to encapsulate the progress of the entire West. This survey concludes with commentary on Willa Cather, who shared these writers' sense that (white) women had allowed the West to fulfill its destiny.

Abstract Following Women Writers of the American West, 1833–1927 (2011), this essay surveys eleven neglected western women writers from all regions except California. In Texas, Maude Mason Austin wrote a borderlands novel and poetry, Gertrude Beasley described growing up poor, and Esther Darbyshire MacCallum recounted a church's history. In the plains, Mary A. Cragin (pseud. Joy Allison) and Lorna Doone Beers (Mrs. C. R. Chambers) published novels. In the Pacific Northwest, Sidona V. Johnson and Georgiana Mitchell Blankenship brought out regional histories. Regarding the Southwest, Harriet S. Kellogg memorialized Emily J. Harwood, Julia H. Johnston focused on Indians and Mexicans without having lived in the West, and Katharine Roney Crowell published religious school texts. Finally, Katharine Coman attempted to encapsulate the progress of the entire West. This survey concludes with commentary on Willa Cather, who shared these writers' sense that (white) women had allowed the West to fulfill its destiny.

This article looks at representations of female infibulation in African literary texts, and offers analyses of three such texts: Nawal El Saadawi's The Hidden Face of Eve: Women in the Arab World (1980), Alice Walker's Possessing the Secret of Joy (1992) and Sirad S. Hassan's Sette Gocce di Sangue: Due Donne Somale (Seven Drops of Blood: Two Somali Women) (1996). Writing from a location in the West to which we have migrated, this is an attempt to employ literature as a device of resistance, and it also refers to writing as a process through which women can become aware of their potentia (Foucault), thereby contributing to their own empowerment and that of their own community.

The study aims to display data related to gender social and population indicators of the province of Western Sumatra. On this research method literature review, descriptive. Source data obtained from the data of BPS Province of Western Sumatra as the primary source and in the complete of the relevant articles. The results of this study found that there are eleven gender social and population indicators according to the PBS Province of Western Sumatra, among them; women as a professional force, women's income contribution, gender empowerment index (IDG), women' s participation in parliament, the gender disparity index, average school length (RLS), school life expectancy (HLS), Gender Development Index (IPG), human development index (IPM) by gender, life expectant rate (AHH) by sex, per capita expenditure adjusted by sex.

The latest findings of scientists and literature, pay attention to the important role of fascia in the human body. The fascia is supplied with blood, innervated a n d b e c a u s e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s construction, also very plastic. During d i a g n o s i s o f d y s f u n c t i o n o f m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l s y s t e m , it is important to look at the patient in a holistic way. In practice the fascial dysfunction is far away from the place of issue and is crucial to the impaired function. This thesis is a response for patients and therapists, who have problem with the scope of the traffic and local acting method of relaxing tight muscles does not bring the desired effects. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a single therapy fascial method (TASK) to increase the range of motion of flexion during forward bend. The aim of researchers was to carry out the theraphy of the part of superficial back line - sacrolumbar fascia of erector spinae. Before and after therapy has been measured to lumbar flexion range of motion, bend the total spine and Thomayers test. A group of test subjects were 30 students of physiotherapy (18 women and 12 men) from the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk. Improving the range of motion was reported in the whole group of patients.The latest findings of scientists and literature, pay attention to the important role of fascia in the human body. The fascia is supplied with blood, innervated a n d b e c a u s e o f c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s construction, also very plastic. During d i a g n o s i s o f d y s f u n c t i o n o f m u s c u l o s k e l e t a l s y s t e m , it is important to look at the patient in a holistic way. In practice the fascial dysfunction is far away from the place of issue and is crucial to the impaired function. This thesis is a response for patients and therapists, who have problem with the scope of the traffic and local acting method of relaxing tight muscles does not bring the desired effects. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficacy of a single therapy fascial method (TASK) to increase the range of motion of flexion during forward bend. The aim of researchers was to carry out the theraphy of the part of superficial back line - sacrolumbar fascia of erector spinae. Before and after therapy has been measured to lumbar flexion range of motion, bend the total spine and Thomayers test. A group of test subjects were 30 students of physiotherapy (18 women and 12 men) from the Academy of Physical Education and Sport in Gdansk. Improving the range of motion was reported in the whole group of patients.

Robert Dean Frisbie (1896-1948) was one of the American writers who came to live in the South Pacific and wrote about his life among the natives. He published six books between 1929 and his death in 1948. Frisbie was horn in Cleveland, Ohio, on 16 April1896. He attended the Raja Yoga Academy at Point Loma in California. Later he enlisted in the U. S. army and was medically discharged from the army in 1918 with a monthly pension. After his work as a newspaper columnist and reporter for an army newspaper in Texas, and later for the Fresno Morning Republican, he left for Tahiti in 1920. In Tahiti he had ambitious writing plans but after four years of living in Tahiti, he left his plantation and sailed to the Cook Islands. He spent the rest of his life in the Cook Islands and married a local girl Ngatokorua. His new happiness gave him the inspiration to write. 29 sketches appeared in the United States in 1929, collected by The Century Company under the title of The Book of Puka-Puka. His second book My Tahiti, a book of memories, was published in 1937. After the death of Ropati 's beloved wife his goals were to bring up his children. But by this time Frisbie was seriously ill. The family left Puka-Puka and settled down on the uninhabited atoll of Suwarrow. Later on they lived on Rarotonga and Samoa where Frisbie was medically treated. Robert Dean Frisbie died of tetanus in Rarotonga on November 18, 1948. Frisbie wrote in a vivid, graceful style. His characters and particularly the atoll of Puka-Puka are memorably depicted. Gifted with a feeling for language and a sense of humor, he was able to capture on paper the charm, beauty, and serenity of life of the small islands in the South Pacific without exaggerating the stereotypical idyllic context and as such Frisbie's contribution to South Pacific literature went far deeper than that of many writers who have passed through the Pacific and wrote about their experiences. Frisbie's first book The Book of Puka-Puka was published in New York in 1929. It is the most endearing and the most original of his works. It was written during his lifetime on the atoll Puka-Puka in the Cook Islands. It is a collection of 29 short stories, episodic and expressively narrative in style. This is an account of life on Puka-Puka that criticizes European and American commercialism and aggressiveness, and presents the themes of the praise of isolation, the castigation of missionaries, and the commendation of Polynesian economic collectivism and sexual freedom. At the same time, the book presents a portrait of Frisbie himself, a journal of his day-to-day experiences and observations and avivid description of the natives on the island. Frisbie's unique knowledge of the natives and their daily lives enabled him to create in The Book of Puka-Puka an impressive gallery of vi vid, amusing, yet very real and plausible Polynesians. The second book of Robert Dean Frisbie to appear in print was My Tahiti (1937), a book of -memoirs, published in Boston. My Tahiti is a book of 30 short stories about the author and his living among Tahitians. Again, Robert Dean Frisbie is the main hero in the book and as such the book is autobiographical in a sense as well. This book is a personal record which has charm and distinction as it has sincerity, which is in the men, women and children of Tahiti, and which brings an effortless and unpretentious humor to depict a South Seas idyll and a quiet poise to withstand the insidious romance of the tropical islands, too.

ABSTRACT Introduction Body balance is one of the most important factors related to falls, quality of life, and independence, and its evaluation is therefore important. Objective To establish reference values for balance tests in physically active older women from different age groups. Methods The sample consisted of 192 physically active women aged 60 to 79 years who were submitted to the following tests: timed up and go (TUG), one-leg stand (OLS), five-repetition chair stand (CS-5), functional reach (FR), and tandem stand test (TST). Descriptive statistics (percentile analysis) and the Mann-Whitney U test were used. Results In older women aged 60 to 69 years, the values indicating “good” balance were a score less than 5.7 s in the TUG, achieving 30 s of OLS, performing the CS-5 test in less than 8.5 s, and a result greater than 35.5 cm in the FR test. In older women aged 70 to 79 years, the values indicating “good” balance were a score less than 5.9 s in the TUG, achieving 30 s of OLS, performing the CS-5 in less than 8.5 s, and a result greater than 33 cm in the FR test. In the TST, most of the physically active subjects achieved the ceiling performance. Conclusion The reference values obtained are similar to or better than those reported in the literature. The use of the TST is not recommended for physically active older women because of its low discriminatory power in this group. Level of evidence III; Study of non consecutive patients; without consistently applied reference ‘‘gold’’ standard.

The story of American literature begins in the early 1600’s, long before there were any “Americans”. American literature blossomed with the skillful and brilliant writer during 1900s. Pearl S Buck was born to the family of Presbyterian missionary in 1892 in West Virginia. Being a successful writer in nineteenth century, she published various novels and she was the first female laureate in America and fourth woman writer to receive Nobel Prize in Literature. Oppression is an element that is common in patriarchal society where the women are always subjugated by the men in the family. This paper is to depict the men’s oppression in the novel through the character Wang Lang and how the female character O-Lan is surviving from all the struggles that she faces from her own family members. Literature always anticipates life. It does not copy it, but moulds it to its purpose. Literature is the reflection of mind. It is the great creative and universal means of communicating to the humankind. This creativity shows the difference between the writers and the people who simply write their views, ideas and thoughts. American literature began with the discovery of America. American literature begins with the orally transmitted myths, legends, tales and lyrics of Indian cultures. Native American oral literature is quite diverse. The story of American literature begins in the early 1600’s, long before there were any “Americans”. The earliest writers were Englishmen describing the English exploration and colonization of the New World.

This study is an analysis of images of Chinese women in five of Pearl S. Buck's novels: East Wind: West Wind, The Good Earth, The Mother, Pavilion of Women, and Peony. Buck's female characters, with their different degrees of individuality and typicality, form a realistic picture of Chinese women.In terms of thematic content, the study shows that all Buck's female characters use their limited power within the constraints of their society to achieve what they deserve, often employing different, covert ways, some manipulation, and even a little deception.The significance of this is that it reveals, in an artistic way, the social conditions under which Chinese women at Buck's times lived. Chinese women had been very much oppressed. In order to survive, they had to act in ways acceptable by their society. However, they had, just as their male counterparts, the desire to love, to be happy, to maintain dignity, and to be free. What is more important, they were intelligent, courageous, and capable of fighting to achieve their goals for themselves.Buck portrays her female characters both as typical of Chinese women in general and as strong individual figures, each facing different conflicts, in a variety of social, familial situations, with unique characteristics. In order for the Western readers to understand the cultural content in which the individuals function, Buck gives her Chinese characters enough typicality as a solid foundation for the Westerners to interpret their behaviors.It is not difficult for the reader to see how the Confucian doctrines and the social conditions concerning Chinese women are truthfully reflected in the novels herein analyzed. Therefore, different degrees of individualization of these characters result from differing themes of the novels in which they appear.
Department of English

Abstract When on a spring day in 1935 Elsie Parrish walked into the office of an obscure lawyer in Wenatchee, Washington, to ask him to sue the town’s leading hotel for back pay, she little realized that she was linking her fate to that of exploited women in a Brooklyn laundry a continent away. Still less did she think that she was setting off a series of events that would deeply affect President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s plans for his second term. Least of all did she perceive that she was triggering a constitutional revolution that, even today, remains the most significant chapter in the two centuries of existence of the U. S. Supreme Court. All Elsie knew was that she had been bilked. Late in the summer of 1933, Elsie Lee, a woman of about forty who would soon be Elsie Parrish, had taken a job as a chambermaid at the Cascadian Hotel in Wenatchee, entrepot for a beautiful recreation area reaching from the Columbia valley in Oregon to the Cascades and the country’s foremost apple market. “Apples made Wenatchee and apples maintain it,” noted the WPA Guide to Washington. “It is surrounded by a sea of orchards, covered in spring with a pink foam of blossoms, mile upon mile, filling the valleys and covering the slopes, the air of the town is sweet with the fragrance.” Here, in the land of Winesaps and Jonathans, where “in summer and fall the spicy odor of apples is everywhere, “ Parrish worked irregularly over the next year and a half cleaning toilets and sweeping rugs for an hourly wage of twenty-two cents, later raised to a quarter. When she was discharged in May 1935, she asked for back pay of $216.19, the difference between what she had received and what she would have gotten had she been paid each week the $14.50 minimum mandated for her occupation under state law. The Cascadian, which was owned by the West Coast Hotel Company, offered to settle for $17, but she would not hear of it. Instead, she and her husband Ernest brought suit for what she insisted was due her.

ABSTRACT The results of new detrital zircon analyses of 15 (n = 1334) Sevier belt synorogenic (Jurassic–Eocene) conglomerates combined with U-Pb zircon ages from the literature (n = 2638) support the structurally dynamic role of the western Paris thrust sheet as the dominant high-standing, out-of-sequence portion of the Sevier belt. This result requires modification of the traditional structural view of the thin-skinned Sevier fold-and-thrust belt having formed by west-to-east shortening over an ~100-m.y. period (ca. 150–50 Ma) with episodic thrust motions that become younger toward the craton (east), as constrained by numerous synorogenic deposits shed to the east from each thrust hanging wall. Sevier thrusting was preceded by deposition of the Jurassic Stump Formation, which has a maximum depositional age of 149 Ma and a unique detrital zircon and heavy mineral (garnet, magnetite) provenance. The oldest thrust, the Paris (Willard) thrust, eroded and deposited the Jurassic–Cretaceous Ephraim Conglomerate as a synorogenic fan devoid of quartzite clasts and with a detrital zircon provenance consistent with reworked sediment from the fold belt, but not from the hinterland or the Sierra Nevada arc of the orogenic system. All subsequent synorogenic deposits from the mid-Cretaceous Echo Conglomerate (Meade-Crawford thrust) to a variety of more easterly Eocene deposits (Sevier belt, Green River, Absaroka, and Bighorn basins) are rich in quartzite clasts. All the quartzite clasts were eroded from the Paris thrust hanging wall, which reached its peak orogenic height at ca. 95 Ma, 50 m.y. after first motion, and the Proterozoic Brigham Group remained a quartzite clast source for ~40 m.y. The detrital zircon signatures of these samples require additional sources of sediment, reworked from the hinterland and the Sierra Nevada and Idaho Batholith arcs, thus implying that long-distance sediment fairway(s) were active during the Mesozoic–early Cenozoic. Based on the same detrital zircon data, variable sources of sediment are inferred between each of the thrust sheets; however, within each thrust system, the source of sediment remained the same. The Teton Range was thrust up at ca. 50 Ma, long after the Sevier belt formed, and it was not a buttress to thin-skinned Sevier deformation. Rather, Teton–Gros Ventre–Wind River Laramide uplifts deformed the older Sevier belt with numerous back and out-of-sequence thrusts and synorogenic deposits, including the Darby thrust, which records the youngest displacement.