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Attarod, P., e M. Aoki. "Measurements of the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficients of summer and winter seasons crops in Japan". Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 3 (6 de abril de 2009): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/324-pse.
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The main goal was to understand the trends of actual evapotranspiration (AET) and crop coefficient (<I>K<sub>c</sub></I>) in summer and winter seasons crops in Japan, maize, soybean, wheat and Italian rye-grass. Bowen ratio energy balance technique (BREB) was applied to measure the AET and heat flux between ground surface and atmosphere. Measurements were carried out using an automatic weather station (AWS) installed seasonally in the experimental farm of Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT). Penman-Monteith equation recommended by FAO was used to calculate reference crop evapotranspiration (ET<SUB>0</SUB>) and <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> was obtained from the ratio of AET to ET<SUB>0</SUB>. The results indicated that the average amount of daytime AET in the winter and summer seasons crops were approximately 2.5 and 3.5 mm, respectively monthly daytime. Daytime AET varied between 1.3 and 5.7 mm in winter season crops and between 1.4 and 6.5 mm in summer season crops. No significant differences between daily average values of AET for winter season as well as for summer season crops were found at 5% level of confidence (<I>t</I> = 0.9278, wheat and Italian rye-grass and <I>t</I> = 0.6781, soybean and maize). Average <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> values of summer season crops were found to be slightly higher than those of winter seasons crops. For planning the irrigation scheduling, it is quite necessary to understand the behaviors of AET and <I>K<sub>c</sub></I> during the growing season.
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KUMAR, YOGENDRA. "Nanofertilizers for enhancing nutrient use efficiency, crop productivity and economic returns in winter season crops of Rajasthan". Annals of Plant and Soil Research 22, n.º 4 (4 de novembro de 2020): 324–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2020.10001.
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The results of 600 on-farm trials with 8 crops conducted during winter season in different districts of Rajasthan have proved that the quantity of urea being applied by the farmers to supply nitrogen to the crops can be successfully reduced to half. The yields obtained with 50% less nitrogen plus 2 sprays of nano-nitrogen in standing crops gave yields higher than that applied in most of the 8 crops tested in these trials. Apart from this, effect of the Nano-Zn and Nano-Cu was also evaluated. As the deficiencies of these micronutrients were not universal like nitrogen, the significant responses to these nanofertilizers depended on the magnitude of deficiency of specific micronutrients and the nature of the crops.These results clearly establish that with application of nanofertilizers, the nutrient use efficiency can be significantly enhanced as revealed by 50 per cent saving of urea through 2 sprays of Nano N.Nanofertilizers are considered as a novel approach towards saving of nutrients, in particular nitrogen, and protecting the environment.This paper describes the results of 600 on-farm trials conducted on 8 crops grown during winter season of 2019-20.
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Maltseva, L. T., E. A. Filippova e N. Yu Bannikova. "Winter crops in Kurgan region". Vestnik of Ulyanovsk state agricultural academy, n.º 3(47) (3 de setembro de 2019): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.18286/1816-4501-2019-3-41-47.
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Siroshtan, A. A., V. P. Kavunets e L. V. Tsentylo. "Greening winter wheat seed crops". Myronivka Bulletin 4 (15 de junho de 2017): 114–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/mvis201704-10.
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Hmielowski, Tracy. "Harvesting Winter Rye Cover Crops". CSA News 63, n.º 5 (maio de 2018): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/csa2018.63.0502.
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Trolove, M. R., T. K. James, A. W. Holmes, M. D. Parker, S. J. McDougall e M. R. Pirie. "Winter cover crops to reduce herbicide inputs in maize crops". New Zealand Plant Protection 70 (24 de julho de 2017): 171–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2017.70.46.
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Winter cover crops potentially have a number of positive production and environmental benefits on subsequent maize (Zea mays) crops. A field study was undertaken in 2016/17 to evaluate the effects of winter cover crop residues on the emergence and growth of weeds, required herbicide inputs, and yields of maize in comparison to a winter fallow. Weed ground cover at maize canopy closure was 81—85% less than the winter fallow in plots with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), oats (Avena sativa) and gland clover (Trifolium glanduliferum) residues and 57% less in faba bean (Vicia faba). Ryegrass and oats residues maintained ground coverage of >70%, while clover had only 6% at canopy closure, but suppressed weeds similarly. In the absence of herbicides maize silage yields in plots with cover crop residues were similar to those in herbicide treatments, although maize establishment and growth was slower in oats and ryegrass.
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Sadykov, Esbosyn Polatovich, Biisenbai Aripovich Bekbanov, Bibinaz Muratbaevna Kosbergenova e Raikhan Mukhammedovna Aimuratova. "Winter Resistance Of Winter Wheat Under Extreme Conditions". American Journal of Agriculture and Biomedical Engineering 03, n.º 07 (30 de julho de 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajabe/volume03issue07-01.
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The article discusses the issue of frost resistance of varieties and samples of winter wheat sown at different depths, in the extreme conditions of Karakalpakstan. Both a decrease and an excessive deepening of sowing leads to a significant decrease in their resistance to low temperatures, which negatively affects their subsequent survival in the spring-summer period. On the basis of the data, 2 varieties were selected, they turned out to be frost-resistant and differed in good yield and other valuable traits in comparison with the zoned varieties. They were transferred to the State Commission for Variety Testing of Agricultural Crops, under the name "Chimbay" and "Aral".
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Mangan, Francis X., Stephen J. Herbert e Mary Jane Else. "USE OF COVER CROPS IN VEGETABLE PRODUCTION". HortScience 28, n.º 4 (abril de 1993): 260F—260. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.28.4.260f.
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Cover crops have been used in agricultural systems for thousands of years and are still an important part of vegetable production in the Northeast. Winter rye (Secale cereale) is by far the dominant cover crop species on conventional vegetable farms in the New England states. It is use is primarily for erosion control. Winter rye is popular since it is cheap, easy to establish, can overwinter in the harsh winters of northern New England, is efficient in “capturing” excess nitrogen at the end of the cash crop season, and it can produce substantial amounts of organic matter in the spring. As many positive attributes that winter rye has, it is important to be aware of many of the other potential cover crop species that are available to us. For example, many conventional growers are exploring the use of leguminous cover crops as an alternative to chemical nitrogen fertilizers which are more readily leached and are only going to get more expensive. Cover crops can also be seeded and managed in innovative ways to suppress weeds and other pests, add organic matter and conserve soil moisture.
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Francis-Pester, Dawn. "We're vegging out on winter crops". Child Care 12, n.º 11 (2 de novembro de 2015): 12–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/chca.2015.12.11.12.
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Phatak, S. C., D. R. Sumner, R. B. Chalfant, J. D. Gay, L. D. Chandler, R. L. Bugg e K. E. Brunson. "COVER CROPS AND PEST MANAGEMENT". HortScience 30, n.º 3 (junho de 1995): 429f—429. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.429f.
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Cover crops relay-cropped with vegetables with conservation tillage were compared with fallow conventional production for 10 years. Conservation till-relay received no pesticide and only one-quarter the recommended fertilizers. Winter cover provided significantly better weed control than conventional. Weed problems in relay occurred only in the rows where vegetables were planted. Legume winter covers increased soilborne organisms but did not influence root disease severity or postemergence damping-off. Thrips, aphids, and whiteflies were most frequent. These pests remained below the economic threshold with winter cover crop-relay. However, infestation of these pests and Colorado potato beetles was severe in conventional plots. Winter cover crops provided habitat for more than 14 beneficial insects.
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Sharipova, Rezeda, Robert Hakimov e Natal'ya Hakimova. "INFLUENCE OF PRECURSES AND SOWING DATE ON OVER-WINTERING AND WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY UNDER CHANGING REGIONAL CONDITIONS". Vestnik of Kazan State Agrarian University 15, n.º 2 (8 de setembro de 2020): 66–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2073-0462-2020-66-71.
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The research was carried out in order to determine the optimal time for sowing winter wheat according to various predecessors in the changing climate of Volga forest-steppe. The work was carried out in 2013–2019 in Ulyanovsk region on heavy loamy leached chernozem using conventional techniques. The experimental scheme provided for the study of two predecessors (peas and pure fallow) of winter soft wheat of Marafon variety, sown at 6 sowing dates with an interval of 10 days (from August 20 to October 10). The seeding rate for pure fallow is 5.0 million viable seeds per hectare, for peas - 5.5 million viable seeds per hectare. Average annual air temperature for 1961–2018 increased by 1.8°С. Its most significant increase was noted in the last twenty-five year period of time in the winter months. The increase in the frequency of extremely warm winters and temperature variability in the winter period significantly changed the conditions for overwintering winter crops. The danger of the development of wintering weeds, damping diseases, and soaking of winter crops has increased, and the conditions for overwintering pests have improved. It is possible to mitigate the danger of the natural and climatic vulnerability of crops during the wintering period by observing the optimal sowing dates, which should be postponed to a later period (7 ... 12 days), compared with the previously recommended ones. The optimal sowing period for winter wheat in Ulyanovsk region is from August 30 to September 10. Earlier crops are more intensively affected by diseases (powdery mildew and brown rust), and later crops, which have left in the winter in the germination phase, form a low density, form a small ear and provide low productivity or completely die
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Lingorski, Vladimir. "Variation of some chemical indicators in forage of annual winter pure and mixed crops cultivated in Central Balkan Mountains (Bulgaria)". Journal of Agrobiology 29, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2012): 15–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10146-012-0002-6.
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Abstract The aim of this experiment was to determine the variations in some important chemical indicators of annual winter cereal and legume pure and mixed crops for green forage production under the conditions of the fore-mountain regions of the Central Northern Bulgaria (Troyan region). In pure crops the crude protein content had fewer values compared to mixed crops. The cereals accumulated less crude fat in comparison with legumes. In mixed crops the crude fat was from 1.99 to 2.82%, with a relatively lower coefficient of variation in comparison with pure crops. More crude fibre was indicated in winter barley, triticale and winter vetch. All pure crops displayed a low coefficient of variation (from 7.21% to 10.26%). The lowest values of crude fibre were in the mixed crops with winter pea and they had a lower coefficient of variation compared to pure crops. In regard to crude ash content the legumes exceeded the cereals. In the legume pure crops a low coefficient of variation was established, while in cereals it was a medial value. On the whole all mixed crops had a low coefficient of variation. In legumes the calcium content was higher but with a low coefficient of variation than cereals. In mixed crops irrespective of whether it had a cereal or legume component the calcium content in forage varied from 0.530 to 0.870%. In mixtures the calcium variation was mostly with a medial value. The phosphorus content had lower values in forage of pure and mixed crops. The least variation (as a medial value) was observed in winter vetch and winter barley. In mixed crops with winter barley this indicator had a low coefficient of variation. The most favorable proportion between calcium and phosphorus for pure crops was found in cereals (triticale and winter barley) - respectively 2.46 and 2.23 and for mixed crops - in Winter barley+winter pea and Winter barley+winter vetch - from 1.76 to 2.57.
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Mahmud-ul-Islam, Syed, e Md Shareful Hassan. "Estimation of Winter Crops and Open Water Bodies in the Brahmaputra Floodplain of Northern Bangladesh using MODIS Imageries". Journal of Hyperspectral Remote Sensing 4, n.º 6 (27 de janeiro de 2015): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.29150/jhrs.v4.6.p129-133.
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Winter crops and open water bodies have a crucial role for agriculture as well as socio-economic development in the Brahmaputra floodplain of northern Bangladesh. In this paper, two multi-date MODIS Aqua imageries of 2003 and 2014 were analysed to classify winter crops and open water bodies during winter periods. Mainly two NDVI images of 2003 and 2014 were used to extract spectral profiles of winter crops and open water bodies that were classified by density slicing and iso-cluster methods. Finally, the classified results show increased trends of winter crops while other crops have decreased tendency. Moreover, an annual growth rate of winter crops and open water was 4% and 1.4% respectively, whereas other crops have negative decreased rate (-2.1%).
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Rathod, Vrunda, Christian Stacey e Bharat Maitrey. "NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF SELECTED WINTER CROPS IN INDIA". VIDYA - A JOURNAL OF GUJARAT UNIVERSITY 1, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2022): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47413/vidya.v1i1.28.
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The crops that are sown in the winter season are called “Rabi crops” ( also known as the “winter crop” . Winter gardening is about harvesting crops all winter that were planted in the summer and fall. This review provides the information of production of winter crops ; they are tobacco, wheat, maize, pea and gram. Tobacco [Nicotina tabacum L.] is an important commercial cash crop grown in India. It contains a chemical called nicotine which is an addictive substance. Wheat and Maize are the two important cereals for all around the world. Cereals are a good source of vitamin A, Vitamin B12, Dietary Fiber, and Calcium. Pea and gram are the two most important pulse crops. They are a good source of amino acids, fiber, vitamins, and minerals. These four crops are therefore, very nutritious and helps in the growth of human beings.
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Gurmanchuk, Oleksiy, Nataliya Plotnytska, Olga Nevmerzhytska, Iryna Pavlyuk e Alyona Moshkivska. "Effectiveness of Herbicides in Winter Wheat Crops". Scientific Horizons 24, n.º 10 (26 de janeiro de 2022): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.48077/scihor.24(10).2021.35-42.
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To obtain high yields of winter wheat, it is important to control the contamination of crops with weeds. It is known that yield losses can be 30% or more due to the presence of segetal vegetation in wheat crops. With intensive technology of growing winter wheat, the chemical method of protection against weeds is an extremely important element. The paper highlights data on the species composition and class of contamination of winter wheat agrocenosis. The effectiveness of herbicides and their tank mixtures in winter wheat crops to reduce the presence of the weed component, increase grain yield and quality in the conditions of Luginsky District of Zhytomyr region on sandy loam soils during 2019-2021 was studied. It is established that the structure of the weed component of agrophytocenosis of winter wheat in farm conditions is dominated by dicotyledonous weed species, namely: field mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.), wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum L.), wild pansy (Viola tricolor L.), shovelweed (Capsella bursa-pastoris L.), toadpipe (Equisetum arvense L.), and blue bottle flower (Centaurea cyanus L.), the share of which is 64.8%. Graminaceous species of weeds are represented by silky bent grass (Apera spica-venti L.), couch-grass (Elytrigia repens L.), rye brome grass (Bromus secalinus L.). The technical efficiency of the studied herbicides with the separate and joint application was in the range of 60.8-94.6%. The highest indicator of technical efficiency of herbicides in winter wheat crops, which is 94.6%, was obtained in an experiment using a tank mixture of Granstar Pro 75 + Apiros 75 preparations, with norms of 0.025+0.013 kg/ha, as well as an increase in wheat grain yield by 2.0 t/ha compared to the contaminated control. Spraying winter wheat crops with herbicides during the growing season allows improving the quality indicators of the grain yield structure. In particular, the content of protein and fibrin increases by 1.1 times; the moisture content of grain decreases by 1.0-1.1 times, and the content of dirt impurity decreases by 2.8-6.7 times, compared to the control version
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Porter, Wayne C. "RESPONSE OF SWEETPOTATOES TO WINTER COVER CROPS". HortScience 30, n.º 3 (junho de 1995): 441b—441. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.30.3.441b.
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Rye, wheat, hairy vetch, ryegrass, and Austrian winterpea were evaluated for effects on weed control and sweetpotato production. Sweetpotatoes were transplanted into these cover crops after the cover crops had been killed with glyphosate and mowed. One-half of each plot was treated with clomazone herbicide and one-half was not treated. Plots with rye residues contained fewer goosegrass, rice flatsedge, ground cherry, and smooth pigweed plants than other cover crop plots. Sweetpotato plant vigor was greatest in the rye plots. Goosegrass, crabgrass, groundcherry, and eclipta were controlled in cover crop plots treated with clomazone. Sweetpotato plant vigor was better in the plots treated with clomazone than in plots with a cover crop only. Highest yields of no. 1 grade and total marketable sweetpotatoes were in rye and ryegrass cover crop plots, with or without clomazone. Sweetpotatoes grown in Austrian winterpea plots without clomazone produced the lowest yields. There was an increase in yield of sweetpotatoes in all cover crop plots treated with clomazone.
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Siciński, Jan T. "Stratification of weed communities inhabiting winter crops". Acta Agrobotanica 46, n.º 2 (2013): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.1993.014.
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The present study is an attempt at partial filling a gap in the research on the spatial structure of weed distribution in plantations of winter crops. On the basis of data from Polish scientific literature and own research the stratification of selected stands of weed communities, of various, mainly edaphic, requirements, in winter crops is presented. In three selected stands, representing various communities, the weed spatial structure is similar, differing only in the floristic composition of segetal plants constituting given phytocoenoses. The midlle (c<sub>2</sub>), lower (c<sub>3</sub>) and ground (c<sub>4</sub>) strata were recorder in the studied fields, while the upper (c<sub>1</sub>) and mosses (c<sub>5</sub>) ones were missing, which was propably a result of an influence exerted by the planted crop (rye), creating similar developmental conditions for weeds, and by climate (amount of precipitation).
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CHALABI, Z. S., W. DAY, V. B. A. WILLINGTON e P. V. BISCOE. "Grain Growth Dynamics in Winter Wheat Crops". Annals of Botany 61, n.º 4 (abril de 1988): 459–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a087577.
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Webster, Theodore M., Brian T. Scully, Timothy L. Grey e A. Stanley Culpepper. "Winter cover crops influence Amaranthus palmeri establishment". Crop Protection 52 (outubro de 2013): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2013.05.015.
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Faligowska, Agnieszka, Grażyna Szymańska, Katarzyna Panasiewicz, Jerzy Szukała, Wiesław Koziara e Karolina Ratajczak. "The long-term effect of legumes as forecrops on the productivity of rotation (winter rape-winter wheat-winter wheat) with nitrogen fertilization". Plant, Soil and Environment 65, No. 3 (11 de março de 2019): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/556/2018-pse.
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A field experiment was carried out in the years 2012–2018 in Poland in a split-plot design. The aim of the study was to determine the long-term effect of legumes as forecrops on the productivity of rotation with nitrogen fertilization. The rotation included: legumes + spring barley (SB), winter rape (WR), winter wheat (WW) and winter wheat. The study was conducted as a two-factorial field experiment with four replications. The present study showed that legumes as forecrops increased the yield of all after-harvest crops in rotation. Yielding of these crops also depended on nitrogen fertilization and position in the rotation. After comparison of the influence of nitrogen fertilization on yield of cereals, it was observed that the effect of this factor was greater for WW cultivated in the fourth year of rotation than for WW cultivated in the third year of rotation. In relation with control, each dose of nitrogen fertilization caused a significant increase of WR and cereals yield, but the dose of 180 kg N/ha did not increase yield significantly in comparison to the dose of 120 kg N/ha. There was also negative agronomic N-efficiency observed between doses of 120–180 kg N/ha, which means that it is not necessary to use 180 kg N/ha, especially if there are legumes in crop rotation.
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Wilson, Robert G., e John A. Smith. "Winter Wheat and Winter Rye Cover Crops For the Establishment of Sugarbeets". Journal of Sugarbeet Research 29, n.º 1&2 (1 de janeiro de 1992): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5274/jsbr.29.1.23.
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Ranwala, N. K. D., K. Brock, C. L. Ray, K. Greene e D. R. Decoteau. "Alternative Crop-growing Strategies: Use of Winter Cover Crops on Bell Pepper Production". HortScience 32, n.º 3 (junho de 1997): 465A—465. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.3.465a.
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The effects of two winter cover crops, rye and crimson clover, on bell pepper yield were studied. Cover crops were planted in fall and incorporated into the soil prior to bell pepper planting. Both cover crops increased the marketable number and weight of bell peppers, and reduced the cull number of bell peppers compared to fallow (control) treatment. Delaying the harvest increased the marketable yield in both cover crops. Since there was no difference in bell pepper yield between two cover crops, both cover crops can be used effectively for bell pepper production. Use of cover crops may reduce the production costs and harmful effects on the environment by reducing chemical dependency, and increase the crop yield.
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Barnes, Mallory Liebl, Landon Yoder e Mahsa Khodaee. "Detecting Winter Cover Crops and Crop Residues in the Midwest US Using Machine Learning Classification of Thermal and Optical Imagery". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 10 (20 de maio de 2021): 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13101998.
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Cover crops are an increasingly popular practice to improve agroecosystem resilience to climate change, pests, and other stressors. Despite their importance for climate mitigation and soil health, there remains an urgent need for methods that link winter cover crops with regional-scale climate mitigation and adaptation potential. Remote sensing is ideally suited to provide these linkages, yet, cover cropping has not been analyzed extensively in remote sensing research. Methods used for remote sensing of crops from satellites traditionally leverage the difference between visible and near-infrared reflectance to isolate the signal of photosynthetically active vegetation. However, using traditional greenness indices like the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for remotely sensing winter vegetation, such as winter cover crops, is challenging because vegetation reflectance signals are often confounded with reflectance of bare soil and crop residues. Here, we present new and established methods of detecting winter cover crops using remote sensing observations. We find that remote sensing methods that incorporate thermal data in addition to traditional reflectance metrics are best able to distinguish between winter farm management practices. We conclude by addressing the potential of existing and upcoming hyperspectral and thermal missions to further assess agroecosystem function in the context of global change.
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Tian, Haifeng, Yongjiu Wang, Ting Chen, Lijun Zhang e Yaochen Qin. "Early-Season Mapping of Winter Crops Using Sentinel-2 Optical Imagery". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 19 (24 de setembro de 2021): 3822. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13193822.
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Sentinel-2 imagery is an unprecedented data source with high spatial, spectral and temporal resolution in addition to free access. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the potential of using Sentinel-2 data to map winter crops in the early growth stage. Analysis of three winter crop types—winter garlic, winter canola and winter wheat—was carried out in two agricultural regions of China. We analysed the spectral characteristics and vegetation index profiles of these crops in the early growth stage and other land cover types based on Sentinel-2 images. A decision tree classification model was built to distinguish the crops based on these data. The results demonstrate that winter garlic and winter wheat can be distinguished four months before harvest, while winter canola can be distinguished two months before harvest. The overall classification accuracy was 96.62% with a kappa coefficient of 0.95. Therefore, Sentinel-2 images can be used to accurately identify these winter crops in the early growth stage, making them an important data source in the field of agricultural remote sensing.
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Jan, Koukolíček, Herout Marcel, Pulkrábek Josef e Pazderů Kateřina. "Influence of soil conservation practices on legume crops growth". Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 12 (30 de novembro de 2018): 587–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/549/2018-pse.
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In a three-year experiment, three types of soil conservation techniques were tested in the legumes cultivation systems. Our treatment types were no-till, standard tillage to the depth of 8 cm and deep tillage to 20 cm. The study evaluated winter pea (cv. Enduro), spring pea (cv. Eso), white lupine (cv. Amiga), narrow-leaved lupine (cv. Boregine) and soybean (cv. Merlin) in two autumn terms (winter pea only) and in spring term (all legume species). In no-till technology, the average yield of all legumes was 2.24 t/ha. For standard tillage (2.58 t/ha) and deep tillage (2.62 t/ha), yields were significantly higher than in no-till technology. From the monitored parameters, deep tillage appeared as the best soil treatment. Although the yield was similar to standard tillage, the soil was less stiffened, resulting in a higher content of nitrogen in the seed and a better use of the pre-crop value of the legumes. In the experiment, winter pea spring sowing term (2.93 t/ha) was better than both autumn sowings (2.68 t/ha and 2.65 t/ha).
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Concenço, G., C. J. Silva, L. A. Staut, C. S. Pontes, L. C. A. S. Laurindo e N. C. D. S. Souza. "Weeds occurrence in areas submitted to distinct winter crops". Planta Daninha 30, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2012): 747–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-83582012000400008.
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In the Western Region of Brazil, it is usual to have two agricultural harvests in the same cropping season. Usually the first crop is soybean, followed by corn. In areas where corn is not planted due to a delayed harvest of soybean, farmers generally do not use winter crops. For these areas, the planting of winter oilseed crops aiming at the production of bio-fuels is one of the best alternatives; in addition, this would help in reducing the occurrence of weed species at the following summer crop. This study aimed to assessing the weed community in distinct winter crops post soybean crop, in terms of species composition, level of infestation and severity of occurrence. The following treatments were evaluated: agriculture under a no-till system with winter fallow, winter oilseed crops (crambe, radish, rapeseed) with no-till agriculture in the summer, and agriculture under a conventional tillage system with winter fallow. Phytosociological evaluations of all treatments were carried out 75 DAE of the oilseed crops, and the diversity indexes of Margalef, Menhinick, Simpson, and Shannon-Weiner were determined. Areas were also grouped by cluster analysis based on UPGMA applied at Jaccard's similarity matrix. Among the treatments with winter coverage, radish was the most efficient crop in suppressing the occurrence of weed species. The area with conventional tillage agriculture and winter fallow allowed for a higher occurrence of troublesome weeds. On the other hand, the area under fallow showed the highest absolute level of infestation. Overall, oilseed crops in the winter contribute to lower levels of infestation by weed species in these areas.
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Peterson, Alan T., Marisol T. Berti e Dulan Samarappuli. "Intersowing Cover Crops into Standing Soybean in the US Upper Midwest". Agronomy 9, n.º 5 (25 de maio de 2019): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9050264.
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Nutrient losses and soil erosion after soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) harvest are common in the US Upper Midwest. Cover crops need to provide adequate growth and cover to prevent soil degradation throughout the winter and early spring months. The objective of this study was to determine the establishment of intersown cover crops and their impacts on a soybean-wheat rotation. Four cover crops—winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz), winter pea (Pisum sativum ssp. arvense (L.) Poir), winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and radish (Raphanus sativus L.)—were directly sown at the R4 and R6 stages of soybean at two locations, Prosper and Fargo, ND in 2016–2017. Cover crops above ground biomass in the fall ranged from 0.4 to 3.0 Mg ha−1 and N accumulation ranged from 28.7 to 73.2 kg ha−1. Winter camelina and winter rye reduced subsequent spring wheat yield compared with the no cover crop treatment. Fall soil residual NO3-N levels were lowest where cover crops were sown compared with the check. Spring NO3-N levels were lowest in winter camelina and winter rye compared with all the other cover crops and the check. Results indicated intersowing cover crops have no impact on soybean yield, and show potential to mitigate soil nitrate losses in areas that grow soybean as a cash crop.
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Dubovyi, V., e S. Parfeniuk. "Peculiarities of cold resistance and methods of ecological assessment of frost resistance of winter grain crops". Agroecological journal, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2016): 95–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.33730/2077-4893.3.2016.248872.
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The article gives analysis of existing problems of winter crops hardiness (wheat, rye, triticale) and methods of assessment the it frost hardiness. Based on the results we suggested an improved method of environmental assessment and selection by frost, winter hardiness of winter crops on the basis of temperature and light factors during the autumn growing season, data monitoring and forecasting features wintering in specially created extreme natural conditions. Research was carried out in the forest-steppe (Myronivka Institute of Wheat named. V.N. Remeslo) and continued in terms of Polissia (Zhytomyr National Agroecological University). Some of the determining factors affecting the level of preparedness of winter crops to winter are temperature and light conditions during autumn vegetation season as well as different technological factors that determine metabolic activity in plants while entering into winter. Obviously, an important role in survival of winter crops plays accordance of genetically determined ability of the sort to resist variety of unfavourable conditions and peculiarities of different agro-ecological systems in which it is grown. In some years crops were damaged dramatically. Unfortunately, despite many scientists’ long-term efforts there is no significant practical progress in solving this problem. This situation requires a search for new or improvement of existing concepts as for the frost, winter resistance of winter crops. The system of monitoring and fore- casting of wintering of plants needs to be improved. The study of methods of environmental assessment of frost and winter resistance of winter crops in the conditions of steppe and woodlands showed that organic combination of created provocative temperature with field soils contribute to the effective assessment and selections of plants whose generation can be the source of material to create new frost, winter resistant varieties. In terms of climate change and the economic crisis introduction of assessment methods will make it possible to improve the environmental performance of selection significantly.
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Zhichkina, Lyudmila N., Vladimir V. Nosov e Kirill A. Zhichkin. "Seasonal Population Dynamics and Harmfulness of Wheat Thrips in Agrocenoses of Grain Crops". Agriculture 13, n.º 1 (6 de janeiro de 2023): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13010148.
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The purpose of the study was to identify forage plants and specialized entomophages of wheat thrips in agrocenoses of winter and spring grain crops cultivated in the Samara region. The highest number of adult pests was noted in winter wheat crops (2365.0 ind./100 strokes), the lowest in winter barley crops (565.0 ind./100 strokes). Egg laying by wheat thrip females occurred on all grain crops. Larvae of wheat thrips were noted in the ears of winter and spring wheat, triticale, and winter barley, with the exception of spring barley. During the research, two specialized entomophages were identified: striped thrips and predatory thrips. During the research years, the largest numbers of predatory thrips were noted in winter wheat crops in the earing phase (90 ind./100 strokes) and in spring wheat and spring barley crops in the booting phase—75 ind./100 strokes and 40 ind./100 strokes, respectively. The damage to winter wheat grain by wheat thrips varied from 55.3% to 69.2% and was higher than the damage to spring wheat grain (38.5–64%). With a certain ratio of specialized entomophages and wheat thrips, it is possible to refuse the use of insecticides in the cultivation of grain crops.
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Ong, K. L., B. A. Fortnum, D. A. Kluepfel e M. B. Riley. "Winter Cover Crops Reduce Bacterial Wilt of Flue-cured Tobacco". Plant Health Progress 8, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2007): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2007-0522-01a-rs.
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Bacterial wilt, caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, is a serious disease for tobacco farmers in the southeastern USA. The lack of suitable land for crop rotation and increased area of production on farms has resulted in shorter rotations, and increased losses due to bacterial wilt. Cover crops are rarely grown immediately before a tobacco crop because soil fumigation for nematode control necessitates early destruction of the cover crop. The microbial activity associated with growing winter cover crops may alter populations of R. solanacearum. This field study evaluated vetch, canola, or rye winter cover crops for suppression of bacterial wilt. Averaged over two tobacco crops, vetch preceding tobacco reduced bacterial wilt disease incidence 33% and increased crop yield and value (37% and 41%, respectively) when compared to a winter fallow. A two-year rotation involving both winter cover and summer rotation crops also showed that winter cover crops increased yields and reduced disease incidence when used following a nonsusceptible summer crop. Soybean rotation followed by a vetch winter cover reduced disease incidence 73% and increased yields 132% when compared to tobacco without a summer soybean rotation and with a bare winter fallow. Data suggest that losses to bacterial wilt can be reduced significantly with use of a vetch winter cover. Accepted for publication 14 February 2007. Published 22 May 2007.
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Brunson, Kathryn E., e Sharad C. Phatak. "WINTER COVER CROPS IN LOW-INPUT VEGETABLE PRODUCTION". HortScience 25, n.º 9 (setembro de 1990): 1158a—1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.25.9.1158a.
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Cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L., cv. Hiline) were planted following over-wintering cover crops. In replicated field trials, stand development for 7 different cover crops and their effects on incidence of weeds, insects, diseases, and nematodes was assessed. Effects of cover crops on yield and quality of cantaloupe were evaluated. Cover crops evaluated were rye, crimson clover, lentils, subterranean clover, `Vantage' vetch, mustard, a polyculture of all cover crops and control-fallow. No insecticides were applied and only two applications of fungicides were made. Fertilizer applications were significantly reduced. No differences among cover crops for any of pest nematodes were observed. Significant differences in populations of beneficial and pest insects were observed. Polyculture had the highest plant vigor rating. The highest marketable yield occurred following crimson clover.
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Marral, Muhammad Waseem Riaz, Fiaz Ahmad, Sami Ul-Allah, Atique-ur-Rehman, Shahid Farooq e Mubshar Hussain. "Influence of Transgenic (Bt) Cotton on the Productivity of Various Cotton-Based Cropping Systems in Pakistan". Agriculture 13, n.º 2 (23 de janeiro de 2023): 276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture13020276.
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Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is an important fiber crop in Pakistan with significant economic importance. Transgenic, insect-resistant cotton (carrying a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt)) was inducted in the cotton-based cropping systems of Pakistan during 2002, and is now sown in >90% of cotton fields in the country. However, concerns are rising that Bt cotton would decrease the productivity of winter crops (sown after cotton), leading to decreased system productivity. This two-year field study determined the impacts of transgenic (Bt) and non-transgenic (non-Bt) cotton genotypes on the productivities of winter crops (i.e., wheat, Egyptian clover, and canola), and the overall productivities of the cropping systems including these crops. Four cotton genotypes (two Bt and two non-Bt) and three winter crops (i.e., wheat, Egyptian clover, and canola) were included in the study. Nutrient availability was assessed after the harvest of cotton and winter crops. Similarly, the yield-related traits of cotton and winter crops were recorded at their harvest. The productivities of the winter crops were converted to net economic returns, and the overall economic returns of the cropping systems with winter crops were computed. The results revealed that Bt and non-Bt cotton genotypes significantly (p < 0.05) altered nutrient availability (N, P, K, B, Zn, and Fe). However, the yield-related attributes of winter crops were not affected by cotton genotypes, whereas the overall profitability of the cropping systems varied among the cotton genotypes. Economic analyses indicated that the Bt cotton–wheat cropping system was the most profitable, with a benefit–cost ratio of 1.55 in the semi-arid region of Pakistan. It is concluded that Bt cotton could be successfully inducted into the existing cropping systems of Pakistan without any decrease to the overall productivity of the cropping system.
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GORYANINA, Tatiana A. "POTENTIAL PRODUCTIVITY OF WINTER CROPS IN THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION". Periódico Tchê Química 17, n.º 36 (20 de dezembro de 2020): 1004–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52571/ptq.v17.n36.2020.1019_periodico36_pgs_1004_1015.pdf.
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The study of winter crop cultivars was carried out in the breeding fields of the Samara Agricultural Research Institute, located in the steppe zone of the Middle Volga region, in the nursery of competitive testing in 2002-2019. For calculations, 5 varieties of winter rye, 6 varieties of winter triticale, and 2 varieties of winter wheat were taken. For scientific justification, the authors calculated the potential productivity (Yp), the actual possible potential yield (Ypp a), the maximum possible potential yield (Ypp m), the bioclimatic potential (BCP), and correlation analysis. The study aims to calculate the possible yield of winter crops to substantiate the data obtained scientifically. In the dry conditions of Bezenchuk, the maximum yield of triticale was obtained in 2017 – 7.48 t/ha, rye – 5.88 t/ha, and in 2016 for wheat – 4.65 t/ha. Potential productivity, taking into account ΣT>10 °C for the vegetation period of the crop, for triticale in 2017, 3.02 t/ha, for winter rye in 2005, 6.83 t/ha, for winter wheat in 2005-2.79 t/ha. The variation of the indicator (BCP) over the years reached significantly higher values from 0.62 to 1.16 points for winter rye, from 0.30 to 0.60 for winter triticale and winter wheat. The trend of the interrelations between yield is observed with the length of the vegetation period, with a set of climatic conditions for the springsummer period. The triticale vegetation duration depends on the precipitation in May and on the set of conditions in June. The winter rye vegetation duration depends on the temperatures during the sowing-germination period and on the sum of active temperatures during vegetation.
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Yeo, I. Y., S. Lee, A. M. Sadeghi, P. C. Beeson, W. D. Hively, G. W. McCarty e M. W. Lang. "Assessing winter cover crop nutrient uptake efficiency using a water quality simulation model". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 10, n.º 11 (21 de novembro de 2013): 14229–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-10-14229-2013.
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Abstract. Winter cover crops are an effective conservation management practice with potential to improve water quality. Throughout the Chesapeake Bay Watershed (CBW), which is located in the Mid-Atlantic US, winter cover crop use has been emphasized and federal and state cost-share programs are available to farmers to subsidize the cost of winter cover crop establishment. The objective of this study was to assess the long-term effect of planting winter cover crops at the watershed scale and to identify critical source areas of high nitrate export. A physically-based watershed simulation model, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), was calibrated and validated using water quality monitoring data and satellite-based estimates of winter cover crop species performance to simulate hydrological processes and nutrient cycling over the period of 1991–2000. Multiple scenarios were developed to obtain baseline information on nitrate loading without winter cover crops planted and to investigate how nitrate loading could change with different winter cover crop planting scenarios, including different species, planting times, and implementation areas. The results indicate that winter cover crops had a negligible impact on water budget, but significantly reduced nitrate leaching to groundwater and delivery to the waterways. Without winter cover crops, annual nitrate loading was approximately 14 kg ha−1, but it decreased to 4.6–10.1 kg ha−1 with winter cover crops resulting in a reduction rate of 27–67% at the watershed scale. Rye was most effective, with a potential to reduce nitrate leaching by up to 93% with early planting at the field scale. Early planting of winter cover crops (~30 days of additional growing days) was crucial, as it lowered nitrate export by an additional ~2 kg ha−1 when compared to late planting scenarios. The effectiveness of cover cropping increased with increasing extent of winter cover crop implementation. Agricultural fields with well-drained soils and those that were more frequently used to grow corn had a higher potential for nitrate leaching and export to the waterways. This study supports the effective implement of winter cover crop programs, in part by helping to target critical pollution source areas for winter cover crop implementation.
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Pszczółkowska, Agnieszka, Adam Okorski, Jacek Olszewski, Gabriel Fordoński, Sławomir Krzebietke e Alina Chareńska. "Effects of pre-preceding leguminous crops on yield and chemical composition of winter wheat grain". Plant, Soil and Environment 64, No. 12 (30 de novembro de 2018): 592–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/340/2018-pse.
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The after-effects of pre-preceding crops (second year), i.e. legumes and spring wheat, and nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha) on the yield and chemical composition of winter wheat grain were analysed in a field experiment conducted in 2013–2015. Winter wheat was characterized by higher yield when sown after blue lupine (increase of 0.23 t/ha) and faba beans with a determinate growth habit (increase of 0.37 t/ha) than after spring wheat. Grain yield increased significantly with a rise in nitrogen fertilization rate (by 2.03, 3.47 and 4.02 t/ha, respectively). The species of pre-preceding crops had no significant effect on the phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium content of winter wheat grain. Winter wheat grown after faba beans with an indeterminate growth habit was most abundant in nitrogen. The applied nitrogen fertilizer rates did not modify the concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium and calcium in winter wheat grain. The nitrogen content of grain increased significantly with a rise in nitrogen fertilization rates. A significant increase in manganese and zinc levels was observed when spring wheat was the pre-preceding crop and the iron content of grain increased significantly when winter wheat was grown after peas and blue lupine.
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Tsybulka, Mikalai M., Inna I. Zhukova e Aksana V. Yukhnovets. "LOSS OF ORGANIC MATTER AND NUTRIENTS AT SOIL WATER EROSION ON SLOPE LANDS". Journal of the Belarusian State University. Ecology., n.º 1 (25 de março de 2022): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/2521-683x/2022-1-84-93.
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The results of long-term studies of the flushing of humus and plant nutrition elements with water erosion on sod-podzolic soils are presented. Quantitative indicators of their losses with liquid and solid runoff during spring snowmelt and precipitation of runoff-forming rains under different agricultural crops have been established. During the spring snowmelt, the maximum runoff was observed on winter grain crops, the maximum soil washout was observed on winter plowing. Humus, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are lost mainly with solid runoff. During the spring snowmelt, the total losses of humus, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are 80.4, 5.4, 2.3 and 2.1 kg/ha per year, respectively, on winter crops - 28.6, 1.7, 0.7 and 0.6 kg/ha per year, under perennial grasses - 5.3, 0.2, 0.2 and 0.9 kg/ha per year. The maximum runoff and flushing of the soil during the fallout of runoff-forming rains was observed under row crops, the minimum - under perennial grasses. The main losses of humus, nitrogen and phosphorus under row and spring grain crops are noted with solid runoff. Under perennial grasses, humus is washed off more with liquid, and nitrogen and phosphorus -in equal amounts with liquid and solid runoff. Potassium is mainly carried out with the soil on row crops, and on winter cereals - with liquid runoff. On spring grain crops and perennial grasses, its losses with liquid and solid runoff are the same. In general, when cultivating row crops, humus losses with water erosion reach 240 kg/ ha per year, under spring grain and leguminous crops - 8-170, under winter grain - 25-45 kg / ha per year, and under perennial grasses no more than 10 kg/ha. Total nitrogen losses range from 12.5-46.0 kg/ha under row crops to 1.5-5.0 kg/ha under winter grain crops. Phosphorus and potassium losses amount to 4.5-20.0 kg/ha per year on row crops, 3.5-15.0 - on spring cereals and leguminous crops, 1.5-7.0 - on winter cereals and less than 2 kg/ha per year on perennial grasses.
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Laloi, G., J. Montarry, M. Guibert, D. Andrivon, D. Michot e C. Le May. "Aggressiveness Changes in Populations of Didymella pinodes over Winter and Spring Pea Cropping Seasons". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, n.º 14 (13 de maio de 2016): 4330–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00480-16.
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ABSTRACTAscochyta blight, caused by the necrotrophic ascomyceteDidymella pinodes, is responsible for severe losses in winter and spring pea crops. Despite different climatic conditions, epidemics on winter and spring crops are due to a single population ofD. pinodes, suggesting gene flow either between the two crops or from reservoir sources during the cropping season. This should lead to similar pathogenicity characteristics in isolates sampled from the two crops. However, these hypotheses have never been formally tested. We therefore sampled a total of 520D. pinodesstrains throughout a growing season from winter and spring pea plots (WP and SP, respectively) and from winter and spring trap plants (TWP and TSP). Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers revealed high genetic diversity within subpopulations, whereas pathogenicity tests showed that mean aggressiveness increases over the course of an epidemic. These results support the idea that alloinoculum contributes to the carryover of epidemics between winter and spring crops and that the most aggressive isolates are selected as an epidemic progresses.IMPORTANCEAscochyta blight, caused byDidymella pinodes, is responsible for severe losses in pea crops. While previous studies have shown that ascochyta blight epidemics on winter and spring crops are due to a single population ofD. pinodes, suggesting that isolates from the two crops present similar pathogenicity characteristics, that hypothesis have never been tested. Genetic analysis of subpopulations sampled throughout a growing season from winter and spring pea plots revealed high genetic diversity within subpopulations, whereas pathogenicity tests showed that mean aggressiveness increases over the course of an epidemic.
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Melnik, V. I., Yu A. Bondarenko, Yu A. Brovka e M. A. Khitrykau. "Determination of optimal sowing periods for winter crops on the territory of Belarus in the context of modern climate change". Hydrometeorological research and forecasting 1 (30 de março de 2022): 108–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.37162/2618-9631-2022-1-108-127.
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Criteria of cumulative temperatures for the calculation of optimal sowing periods for winter grain crops (wheat, triticale, rye) were specified on the basis of monitoring data from the hydrometeorological observation network, results of tilling capacity studies, and literary sources. The optimal sowing periods and average air temperature for these periods were determined, which provide the highest correlation between the beginning and end of the sowing periods for winter crops. The equations of the relationship between the dates of the beginning and end of winter grain crop sowing at the observation stations are derived depending on average air temperature. Optimal periods for sowing winter grain crops were determined for the period from 2000 to 2020. A distribution of cumulative active temperatures (zoning) on the territory of Belarus for the autumn period was obtained. Аn algorithm for specifying optimal sowing periods for winter grain crops in a particular year оn the basis of forecasted temperature for September was developed. Keywords: climate change, cumulative temperatures, nongrowing season dates, optimal sowing periods for winter grain crops
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Burket, John Z., Delbert D. Hemphill e Richard P. Dick. "Winter Cover Crops and Nitrogen Management in Sweet Corn and Broccoli Rotations". HortScience 32, n.º 4 (julho de 1997): 664–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.32.4.664.
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Cover crops hold potential to improve soil quality, to recover residual fertilizer N in the soil after a summer crop that otherwise might leach to the groundwater, and to be a source of N for subsequently planted vegetable crops. The objective of this 5-year study was to determine the N uptake by winter cover crops and its effect on summer vegetable productivity. Winter cover crops [red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), cereal rye (Secale cereale L. var. Wheeler), a cereal rye/Austrian winter pea (Pisum sativum L.) mix, or a winter fallow control] were in a rotation with alternate years of sweet corn (Zea mays L. cv. Jubilee) and broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. Botrytis Group cv. Gem). The subplots were N rate (zero, intermediate, and as recommended for vegetable crop). Summer relay plantings of red clover or cereal rye were also used to gain early establishment of the cover crop. Cereal rye cover crops recovered residual fertilizer N at an average of 40 kg·ha-1 following the recommended N rates, but after 5 years of cropping, there was no evidence that the N conserved by the cereal rye cover crop would permit a reduction in inorganic N inputs to maintain yields. Intermediate rates of N applied to summer crops in combination with winter cover crops containing legumes produced vegetable yields similar to those with recommended rates of N in combination with winter fallow or cereal rye cover crops. There was a consistent trend (P < 0.12) for cereal rye cover crops to cause a small decrease in broccoli yields as compared to winter fallow.
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PELTONEN-SAINIO, P., L. JAUHIAINEN e K. HAKALA. "Climate change and prolongation of growing season: changes in regional potential for field crop production in Finland". Agricultural and Food Science 18, n.º 3-4 (4 de dezembro de 2008): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960609790059479.
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Climate change offers new opportunities for Finnish field crop production, which is currently limited by the short growing season. A warmer climate will extend the thermal growing season and the physiologically effective part of it. Winters will also become milder, enabling introduction of winter-sown crops to a greater extent than is possible today. With this study we aim to characterise the likely regional differences in capacity to grow different seed producing crops. Prolongation of the Finnish growing season was estimated using a 0.5º latitude × 0.5º longitude gridded dataset from the Finnish Meteorological Institute. The dataset comprised an average estimate from 19 global climate models of the response of Finnish climate to low (B1) and high (A2) scenarios of greenhouse gas and aerosol emissions for 30-year periods centred on 2025, 2055 and 2085 (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). Growing season temperature sums that suit crop growth and are agronomically feasible in Finland are anticipated to increase by some 140 °Cd by 2025, 300 °Cd by 2055 and 470 °Cd by 2085 in scenario A2, when averaged over regions, and earlier sowing is expected to take place, but not later harvests. Accordingly, the extent of cultivable areas for the commonly grown major and minor crops will increase considerably. Due to the higher base temperature requirement for maize (Zea mays L.) growth than for temperate crops, we estimate that silage maize could become a Finnish field crop for the most favourable growing regions only at the end of this century. Winters are getting milder, but it will take almost the whole century until winters such as those that are typical for southern Sweden and Denmark are experienced on a wide scale in Finland. It is possible that introduction of winter-sown crops (cereals and rapeseed) will represent major risks due to fluctuating winter conditions, and this could delay their adaptation for many decades. Such risks need to be studied in more detail to estimate timing of introduction. Prolonged physiologically effective growing seasons would increase yielding capacities of major field crops. Of the current minor crops, oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) are particularly strong candidates to become major crops. Moreover, they have good potential for industrial processing and are currently being bred. Realisation of increased yield potential requires adaptation to 1) elevated daily mean temperatures that interfere with development rate of seed crops under long days, 2) relative reductions in water availability at critical phases of yield determination, 3) greater pest and disease pressure, 4) other uncertainties caused by weather extremes and 5) generally greater need for inputs such as nitrogen fertilisers for non-nitrogen fixing crops.;
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Tsvei, Ya, R. Ivanina e Yu Dubovyi. "Ecological controlling weed abundance in winter wheat crops". Karantin i zahist roslin, n.º 1 (19 de março de 2020): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36495/2312-0614.2020.01.16-19.
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Goal. To study the effectiveness of fertilizers and crop rotation factor in controlling weed abundance in winter wheat crops.
Methods. Long-term field and analytical.
Results. Research data on the effectiveness of fertilizers and legumes predecessors in controlling weed abundance in winter wheat crops are presented. It has been established that the basis of weeding of winter wheat crops in the spring tillage phase was one- and dicotyledonous species, at the time of harvest — mostly by mass dicotyledonous. In the composition of the weeds, the largest competition for winter wheat crops for light and nutrients was created by Chenopodium album — 3.4—4.3 g/m2, Capsella bursa-pastoris L. — 0.6—4.0, Spergula vulgaris — 0.3—2.9, Fallopia convolvulus — 1.0—1.1 g/ m2. The use of mineral fertilizers significantly reduced the number of weeds in winter wheat crops at the beginning of the growing season and their mass at the time of harvest. Legume predecessors had not significant effect on the dynamics of weed development in winter wheat agrocenosis.
Conclusions. The application of mineral fertilizers has been identified as an effective measure todecreaseweeds abundance and their mass in winter wheat crops. At the fertilizer doses N60Р60К60 the number of weeds in the spring tillage phase decreased by 6.3—6.5 times as compared to the control without fertilizers, and the mass of weeds at the time of harvest — by 2.6—3.0 times. Under the clover predecessor, the mass of dicotyledonous weeds at the time of harvest compared to the spring vetch was slightly higher with the predominance of Capsella bursa-pastoris L. — 2.5 g/m2 and Chenopodium album — 2.3 g/m2. Increasing the nitrogen dose for winter wheat from 60 to 90 kg/ha only in the clover rotation chain slightly increased the weed mass at the time of harvest. The total weeds mass in comparison with the nitrogen dose of 60 kg/ha increased by 2.7 g/m2.
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Mitchell, J. P., T. S. Prather, K. J. Hembree, P. B. Goodell, D. M. May e R. L. Coviello. "Cover Crops for San Joaquin Valley Row Crop Production Systems". HortScience 33, n.º 3 (junho de 1998): 494e—494. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.33.3.494e.
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There is currently considerable interest in the use of cover crops to improve the productivity and sustainability of agroecosystems in California. Adoption of cover crops into San Joaquin Valley row cropping systems has been slow, however, largely because growth characteristics of potentially suitable cover crop species and mixtures have not been identified for the tight windows of opportunity that exist within the region's intensive rotations, and because of uncertainy about the amount of water required to grow a cover crop. In 1995–96 and 1997–98, we screened 15 potential late-summer and winter cover crop species and mixtures planted monthly from 1 Aug. through 1 Nov. and harvested at 30-day intervals through March. In 1995–96, Sorghum-sudan produced 36,543 lb dry matter/acre and was the highest-producing late-summer species in a December-harvested August planting. Triticale and Merced rye were highest-producing winter species, yielding 19,277 and 10,155 lb dry weight/acre, respectively, during the 5-month period from October to March.
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Orłowski, Grzegorz, Joanna Czarnecka e Marek Panek. "Autumn–winter diet of Grey PartridgesPerdix perdixin winter crops, stubble fields and fallows". Bird Study 58, n.º 4 (12 de agosto de 2011): 473–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00063657.2011.606498.
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Pan, Li, Haoming Xia, Xiaoyang Zhao, Yan Guo e Yaochen Qin. "Mapping Winter Crops Using a Phenology Algorithm, Time-Series Sentinel-2 and Landsat-7/8 Images, and Google Earth Engine". Remote Sensing 13, n.º 13 (26 de junho de 2021): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13132510.
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With the increasing population and continuation of climate change, an adequate food supply is vital to economic development and social stability. Winter crops are important crop types in China. Changes in winter crops planting areas not only have a direct impact on China’s production and economy, but also potentially affects China’s food security. Therefore, it is necessary to obtain information on the planting of winter crops. In this study, we use the time series data of individual pixels, calculate the temporal statistics of spectral bands and the vegetation indices of optical data based on the phenological characteristics of specific vegetation or crops and record them in the time series data, and apply decision trees and rule-based algorithms to generate annual maps of winter crops. First, we constructed a dataset combining all the available images from Landsat 7/8 and Sentinel-2A/B. Second, we generated an annual map of land cover types to obtain the cropland mask in 2019. Third, we generated a time series of a single cropland pixel, and calculated the phenological indicators for classification by extracting the differences in phenological characteristics of different crops: these phenological indicators include SOS (start of season), SDP (start date of peak), EOS (end of season), GUS (green-up speed) and GSL (growing-season length). Finally, we identified winter crops in 2019 based on their phenological characteristics. The main advantages of the phenology-based algorithm proposed in this study include: (1) Combining multiple sensor data to construct a high spatiotemporal resolution image collection. (2) By analyzing the whole growth season of winter crops, the planting area of winter crops can be extracted more accurately, and (3) the phenological indicators of different periods are extracted, which is conducive to monitoring winter crop planting information and seasonal dynamics. The results show that the algorithm constructed in this study can accurately extract the planting area of winter crops, with user, producer, overall accuracies and Kappa coefficients of 96.61%, 94.13%, 94.56% and 0.89, respectively, indicating that the phenology-based algorithm is reliable for large area crop classification. This research will provide a point of reference for crop area extraction and monitoring.
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Balbinot Junior, Alvadi Antonio, Milton da Veiga, Anibal de Moraes, Adelino Pelissari, Álvaro Luiz Mafra e Cristiano Dela Piccolla. "Winter pasture and cover crops and their effects on soil and summer grain crops". Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 46, n.º 10 (outubro de 2011): 1357–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2011001000032.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of winter land use on the amount of residual straw, the physical soil properties and grain yields of maize, common bean and soybean summer crops cultivated in succession. The experiment was carried out in the North Plateau of Santa Catarina state, Brazil, from May 2006 to April 2010. Five strategies of land use in winter were evaluated: intercropping with black oat + ryegrass + vetch, without grazing and nitrogen (N) fertilization (intercropping cover); the same intercropping, with grazing and 100 kg ha-1 of N per year topdressing (pasture with N); the same intercropping, with grazing and without nitrogen fertilization (pasture without N); oilseed radish, without grazing and nitrogen fertilization (oilseed radish); and natural vegetation, without grazing and nitrogen fertilization (fallow). Intercropping cover produces a greater amount of biomass in the system and, consequently, a greater accumulation of total and particulate organic carbon on the surface soil layer. However, land use in winter does not significantly affect soil physical properties related to soil compaction, nor the grain yield of maize, soybean and common bean cultivated in succession.
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Baxter, Lisa L., Charles P. West, C. Philip Brown e Paul E. Green. "Cover Crop Management on the Southern High Plains: Impacts on Crop Productivity and Soil Water Depletion". Animals 11, n.º 1 (16 de janeiro de 2021): 212. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11010212.
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The imminent depletion of the Ogallala Aquifer demands innovative cropping alternatives. Even though the benefits of cover crops are well recognized, adoption has been slow in the Southern High Plains (SHP) of the United States because of concerns that cover crops withdraw soil water to the detriment of the summer crops. This small plot experiment tested the interacting effects—production, soil water depletion of the cover crops, and subsequent teff [Eragrostis tef (Zucc.) Trotter] summer hay crops—of irrigation and tillage management with five cover crop types to identify low-risk cover crop practices in the drought-prone SHP. Dryland rye (Secale cereale L.) produced modest forage biomass (>1000 kg ha−1), even in a dry year, but it was found that light irrigation should be used to ensure adequate forage supply (>1200 kg ha−1) if winter grazing is desired. No-till management and timely termination of the winter cover crops were crucial to reducing the negative impact of winter crops on summer teff production. The results indicated no detriment to soil water content that was attributable to planting no-till cover crops compared with the conventional practice of winter fallow. Therefore, producers could take advantage of the soil-conserving attributes of high-quality winter forage cover crops without experiencing significant soil water depletion.
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Hamouz, P., K. Hamouzová, J. Holec e L. Tyšer. "Impact of site-specific weed management in winter crops on weed populations". Plant, Soil and Environment 60, No. 11 (4 de novembro de 2014): 518–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/636/2014-pse.
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This work is focused on evaluating the effects of site-specific weed management (SSWM) on weed populations over a 4-year period. SSWM was used on a 3.07 ha experimental field during 2011–2014 in a rotation of winter wheat and winter oilseed rape. The area was split into application cells of 6 × 10 m and weed abundance was evaluated manually in each cell. Four different herbicide treatments were tested. Standard whole-field herbicide application (blanket spraying) was treatment 1. Treatments 2, 3 and 4 comprised SSWM using different thresholds for post-emergent herbicide applications. SSWM resulted in herbicide savings of 6.3–100% for Galium aparine, 0–84.4% for other dicotyledonous weeds, and 31.3–90.6% for annual monocotyledonous weeds. SSWM led to significantly increased density of G. aparine and Tripleurospermum inodorum in the final experimental year when compared to the blanket treatment. Negative correlation coefficients between 2011 and 2014 plant densities found in SSWM treatments (−0.237 to −0.401) indicate that Apera spica-venti does not establish a long-term soil seed bank.
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Tanchyk, S. P., N. I. Babilia e A. I. Babenko. "Productivity of winter barley depending on preceding crops in Transcarpathia of Ukraine". PLANT AND SOIL SCIENCE 12, n.º 2 (2021): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31548/agr2021.02.023.
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Winter barley is a valuable food, fodder, and technical crop. Our research is aimed at obtaining economically and energy-efficient, adequate to the bioresource potential of winter barley grain yield, depending on the preceding crops in Transcarpathia of Ukraine. Research and balance calculations available soil moisture showed that the conditions of Transcarpathia it is negative and ranges from 250 to 1210 tons / ha or 25-121 mm. Accumulation and efficient use of available moisture in the soil depends on the amount of precipitation and their frequency of precipitation, crop rotation (preceding crops), tillage system, fertilization, and weediness of fields. The largest reserves of available moisture in the soil during the sowing of winter barley were after winter rape and buckwheat, the smallest – after sunflower and, especially, corn for grain. During the autumn-winter period, the reserves of available moisture in a meter layer of soil were replenished by 21-35%, but the influence of preceding crops remained. The critical period of winter barley in terms of moisture occurs during earing - grain filling. Preceding crops of early harvesting (winter oilseed rape and buckwheat) have a positive effect on the accumulation and retention of moisture in the soil. Late harvest preceding crops (maize for grain and sunflower) reduce the available moisture content and reserves by up to 18% compared to early harvest crops. On average over three years, the highest yield of winter barley was after buckwheat and amounted to 5.9 t / ha, the lowest - after corn for grain and was at 4.9 t / ha, which is 0.8 t / ha lower than the control variant.
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BOME, N. A., S. SALEKH, K. P. KORELEV, N. N. KOLOKOLOVA, L. I. WEISFELD e N. V. TETYANNIKOV. "BIOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF WINTER CEREALS IN THE NORTHERN TRANS-URALS, RUSSIA". SABRAO Journal of Breeding and Genetics 54, n.º 4 (31 de outubro de 2022): 789–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.54910/sabrao2022.54.4.10.
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Winter cereals (wheat, triticale, and rye) are the most cultivated crops in Russia, and their yield and quality results from the combination of environment and farm management. Generally, winter cereals have a much higher yield than spring cereals due to the ability to use winter moisture for growth. The latest study aimed to conduct a comparative assessment of the winter wheat, triticale, and rye according to the variability of quantitative traits under the environmental conditions of Northern Trans-Urals, Russia, during 2019–2020 and 2020–2021. Results revealed that the genotypes of winter triticale (× Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter rye (Secale cereale L.) showed improved harvests compared with winter wheat even under unfavorable environmental conditions of the Northern Trans-Urals, Russia. The chlorophyll content in the plant leaves was used as a tool for screening the genotypes of different winter cereals. Plant screening with the SPAD 502 Plus optical chlorophyll counter made it possible to determine the responses of genotypes to the heat and water stress conditions. For chlorophyll content in the flag leaf cells, intra- and inter-specific differences were observed. The fields of winter crops harvested in summer (late July to early August) can serve for growing multifunctional crops like ground cover, fodder, and green manure crops.
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McEwen, J., R. J. Darby, M. V. Hewitt e D. P. Yeoman. "Effects of field beans, fallow, lupins, oats, oilseed rape, peas, ryegrass, sunflowers and wheat on nitrogen residues in the soil and on the growth of a subsequent wheat crop". Journal of Agricultural Science 115, n.º 2 (outubro de 1990): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600075146.
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SUMMARYThe effects on a winter wheat test crop of a preliminary year of winter or spring field beans (Vicia faba), winter oats, winter oilseed rape, winter or spring peas (Pisum sativum), winter wheat, spring lupins (Lupinus albus), spring sunflowers (Helianthus annuus) or a cultivated fallow were compared in three 2-year experiments on clay-with-flints soil at Rothamsted from 1986 to 1989. In one experiment, autumn-sown ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and an uncultivated fallow, given weedkiller, were also included in the first year. Plots of test-crop wheat were divided to compare no N fertilizer with an optimal amount estimated from a predictive model.Amounts of take-all (Gaeumannomyces graminis) in the test crop of wheat following wheat were very slight in the first experiment, but large in the second and third. All the break crops reduced takeall to none or very slight amounts.Amounts of NO3-N in the soil in autumn after the first-year crops ranged from 7 to 95 kg N/ha. On average, they were least after oats, and most after cultivated fallow. In autumn 1988they were least after autumn-sown ryegrass. In early spring, amounts of NO3-N were generally less, ranging from 7 to 55 kg N/ha, depending on preceding crops, sowing date of the wheat and the weather. Amounts of NH4-N in soil were little affected by preceding crops or weather and were generally smaller in spring.The estimated average N fertilizer requirement of test-crop wheat following winter wheat was 230kg N/ha. This was increased by 10 kg N/ha following winter oats, decreased by 40 kg N/ha after spring peas and by 30 kg N/ha after winter rape, winter peas, spring beans and cultivated fallow. Other preliminary crops not represented every year had effects within this range.Grain yields of test-crop wheat given optimal N averaged 7·2 t/ha after winter wheat, c.1·5 t/ha less than the average after most of the break crops. The yield after oats was limited by self-sown ‘volunteers’ and that after ryegrass by limited soil N after ploughing.Of the break crops tested, winter and spring beans, winter oats, winter rape and spring peas all gave satisfactory yields. A farmer should choose between these on the basis of local farm circumstances and current economics of the break crops. Differences between effects on take-all and savings on fertilizer N were too small to influence this decision.