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Xie, H. S., D. R. S. Rourke e A. P. Hargrave. "Effect of row spacing and seed/fertilizer placement on agronomic performance of wheat and canola in zero tillage systems". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1998): 389–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p97-063.
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Field experiments were carried out in Manitoba to investigate the agronomic response of zero till-grown spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and canola (Brassica napus L.) to different row spacing and seed/fertilizer placement treatments. Wheat yield was very poor at 51-cm row spacing in comparison with those at 25- and 38-cm row spacings. Wheat performance between the row spacings of 25- and 38-cm was generally similar, especially coupled with paired-row seed/fertilizer placement; and canola performance tended to be better at 38-cm row spacing relative to 25-cm row spacing. Among three types of seed/fertilizer placement examined, paired-row placement resulted in the best performance in both wheat and canola, whereas crop response to narrow-row and wide-row seed/fertilizer placement varied with year. Therefore, with intensive crop management in zero tillage (ZT) system under the Manitoba conditions, the best crop performance in wheat and canola could be achieved with paired-row seed/fertilizer placement coupled with 25- to 38-cm row spacings. Key words: Yield, yield component, row spacing, seed/fertilizer placement, zero tillage
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Zhou, X. B., Y. H. Chen e Z. Ouyang. "Spacing between rows: effects on water-use efficiency of double-cropped wheat and soybean". Journal of Agricultural Science 153, n.º 1 (16 de dezembro de 2013): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859613000890.
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SUMMARYProductivity and water resource usage efficiency are crucial issues in sustainable agriculture. The aims of the present research were to compare and evaluate the soil moisture content (SMC), evapotranspiration (ETa), yield, water-use efficiency (WUE), and net return of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] under different plant population distribution patterns and to identify the possible ways to improve water utilization. Using the same plant population for a given crop, the experiments consisted of four spacings between rows (row spacings) for winter wheat (cvar Shannong 919) under both rainfed and irrigated conditions and five row spacings for summer soybean (cvar Ludou 4) under rainfed conditions. For winter wheat, the stem number with row spacing of 49 cm was the lowest in all treatments. The SMC was enhanced by irrigation, particularly at the 10–40 cm depth. The yield and WUE were negatively correlated with row spacing and were greater with narrower row spacing than with wider rows. For soybean, SMC in uniform distribution (spacing between plants) treatments was greater at lower depths than at shallower depths for each row spacing treatment. A high yield, WUE and net return of winter wheat and soybean can be achieved with narrower row spacing. Combining winter wheat row spacing of 14 cm with soybean row spacing of 18 cm and soybean row spacing of 27 cm is a highly suitable planting system for the plains of Northern China.
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Koscelny, Jeffrey A., Thomas F. Peeper, John B. Solie e Stanley G. Solomon. "Seeding Date, Seeding Rate, and Row Spacing Affect Wheat (Triticum aestivum) and Cheat (Bromus secalinus)". Weed Technology 5, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1991): 707–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x0003373x.
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Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to determine the effects of winter wheat seeding date and cheat infestation level on cultural cheat control obtained by increasing winter wheat seeding rates and decreasing row spacing. Seeding rate and row spacing interactions influenced cheat density, biomass, or seed in harvested wheat (dockage) at two of three locations. Suppressive effects on cheat of increasing wheat seeding rates and reduced row spacings were greater in wheat seeded in September than later. At two other locations, increasing seeding rate from 67 to 101 kg ha–1or reducing row spacings from 22.5 to 15 cm increased winter wheat yield over a range of cheat infestation levels.
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Amjad, M., e W. K. Anderson. "Managing yield reductions from wide row spacing in wheat". Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46, n.º 10 (2006): 1313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04182.
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Experiments were conducted to investigate row spacing effects on wheat yield and grain quality and the interactions between row spacing and cultivars, plant population density, nitrogen application rate, time of sowing, fertiliser placement and row spread from 2000 to 2002 in the south coast region of Western Australia. In the experiments that were conducted following pasture or lupins, wider row spacings of 240 and 360 mm consistently reduced wheat yield and increased grain protein and small grain screenings compared with a narrow row spacing of 180 mm. Average plant numbers were reduced in the wider rows in all experiments. This result, possibly related to increased competition for water as the seeds were placed closer together in the wide rows, may also have been related to reductions in wheat grain yield. The yield decline in wider rows was lowest for the long season cultivar Camm with a May sowing in 1 experiment and at the higher N rate in another experiment. The response of Camm at wider row spacings can be partially explained by its higher dry matter production as measured in 2000 and may also help to explain the observed advantage of Camm in suppressing weed growth at all row spacings. In 2002, the row spread (seed width within the row) was varied from normal 25 mm widths to 50 and 75 mm widths. Yield was increased at the widest row spacing (360 mm) by using the wider row spreads of 50 or 75 mm. Fertiliser placement methods significantly affected plant establishment but not grain yield. Grain quality (protein percentage, small grain screenings and hectolitre weight) was reduced in wider rows in some cases or unaffected in others. This research has demonstrated that yield reductions due to wide row spacing can be minimised by using a long season cultivar when sown in May, by using adequate N fertiliser and by increasing the spread of seed across the row.
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Sandler, Leah, Kelly A. Nelson e Christopher Dudenhoeffer. "Winter Wheat Row Spacing and Alternative Crop Effects on Relay-Intercrop, Double-Crop, and Wheat Yields". International Journal of Agronomy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/369243.
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In Missouri as well as much of the Midwest, the most popular double-cropping system was winter wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) followed by soybean (Glycine max(L.) Merr). These two crops can also be used in an intercrop system, but optimal row spacing was important to increase crop productivity. Research was conducted to evaluate (1) winter wheat inter- and double-crop production systems, using a variety of alternative crops, and (2) the impact of different wheat row spacings on intercrop establishment and yields within the various cropping systems. Field research was conducted during droughts in 2012 and 2013. Spacing of wheat rows impacted wheat yields by 150 kg ha−1, as well as yields of the alternative crops. Narrower row spacings (150 kg ha−1) and the double-crop system (575 kg ha−1) increased yield due to the lack of interference for resources with wheat in 2013. Land equivalent ratio (LER) values determining productivity of intercrop systems of 19 and 38 cm row showed an advantage for alternative crops in 2013, but not 2012. This signified that farmers in Northeast Missouri could potentially boost yield potential for a given field and produce additional forage or green manure yields in a year with less severe drought.
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Lafond, G. P., G. W. Clayton, A. M. Johnston, W. E. May, D. A. Derksen e F. C Stevenson. "Nitrogen management systems to optimize spring wheat under no-till: Effects on plant development". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, n.º 2 (5 de maio de 2006): 443–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-062.
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Surface residues and standing stubble protect soil against erosion and mitigate against crop water deficits by conserving additional moisture. However, residues and stubble can also present a dilemma for producers practising no-till in terms of nitrogen (N) fertilizer management and row spacing. The objective of this research was to determine how row spacing, N management using urea and two rates of post-emergent herbicide (66 and 100% of recommended) affect spring wheat establishment and plant development. The study was conducted using a no-till system and a canola-springwheat cropping system at three locations over a 3-yr period. The N management and row spacing treatments were (1) 23-cm row spacing with fall banded N on 30 cm; (2) 23-cm row spacing with spring banded N on 30 cm; (3) 30-cm row spacing with the N side-banded; (4) 23-cm row spacing with the N side-banded; and (5) sweep on 23-cm spacing with seed and fertilizer scattered over a 20-cm width. Herbicide rates did not affect wheat development. Planting depth was greater for the sweep treatment, but only by 6 mm. Plant densities were at the low end of the optimal range of 200–250 plants m-2 for all treatments and were least for the 30 cm row spacing. Average frequencies for tillers T0, T1, T2 and T3 were 20, 81 61 and 10%, respectively. Fall and spring band treatments resulted in lower tiller frequencies than the sweep treatment, with intermediate levels for the side-band treatments. Tiller frequencies were identical between the 23-cm and 30-cm row spacings with N side-banded. Greater tiller frequencies for the sweep treatment likely resulted from the greater spread of seed, reducing inter-plant competition and closer proximity of the seed to fertilizer N. Spike density was not affected by N management. Expected spike density, calculated from tiller frequency and plant density data, was within 1% of the actual spikes recorded, when averaged over treatments. This means that tiller frequencies at the 5 to 5.5 leaf stage are a good predictor of expected spike density. Wider row spacings did not affect plant and tiller development but applying N fertilizer at time of seeding provided better spring wheat tiller development. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., nitrogen management, tiller development
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Lafond, G. P. "Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and nitrogen on yield of barley and wheat under zero-till management". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1994): 703–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-127.
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Adopting water-conserving tillage practices on the Canadian prairies will protect the soil against erosion while conserving soil water. The use of tall-standing stubble to conserve water creates a dilemma for producers because maximum yields can only be obtained with narrow rows, and tall stubble may limit the use of narrow row spacings. A 4-yr study on a thin Black clay soil investigated the effects of three row spacings (10, 20 and 30 cm), six seeding rates (34, 67, 100, 134, 168 and 202 kg ha−1 for wheat and 27, 54, 81, 108, 134 and 161 kg ha−1 for barley) and two rates of N (low and high) in hard red wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum (Triticum durum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) using a continuous cropping, zero-till production system. The yields of cereals were maintained with 30-cm row spacing over a wide range of growing conditions under zero-till management. Durum had a 5.8% yield advantage and barley a 2.4% advantage for the 30-cm row spacing over the 10-cm row spacing. The number of plants established and the number of spikes produced decreased as row spacing increased for all crops. But wider row spacing resulted in more kernels produced per spike, which, in the case of barley and durum, more than compensated for the lower number of spikes. Increasing seeding rates significantly improved grain yield in all crops and years because more spikes were produced. Grain yield was related to the reciprocal of seeding rate. The few row spacing × seeding rate interactions observed in 2 of 12 cases suggest that seeding rates need not be adjusted for changes in row spacing. The results obtained have important implications for equipment design and the ability to more easily handle high-crop-residue situations. Key words: Yield components, seeding rate, row spacing, yield compensation
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Yunusa, IAM, RK Belford, D. Tennant e RH Sedgley. "Row spacing fails to modify soil evaporation and grain yield in spring wheat in a dry Mediterranean environment". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 44, n.º 4 (1993): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9930661.
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The loss of moisture by evaporation from soil under crop canopies (Esc) has been recognized as a major cause of poor water use efficiency (WUE), and hence poor grain yield, in crops grown in environments with limited rainfall. Agronomic approaches to restrain Esc aim to reduce the transmission of solar radiation to the soil beneath the crop by improving ground cover by the crop canopy. However, the sparse canopies produced in these environments have a limited effect on evaporation during the energy dependent first stage (Es1); much of the evaporation is independent of energy at the soilsurface (Es2), and therefore less sensitive to the influence of the crop canopy. Manipulating plant arrangement, primarily by changing row spacing, may provide a simple approach for improving ground cover and restraining E,, without changing GAI, and thus improving WUE and grain yield. To explore the potential benefit of variable row spacing on Esc and grain yield in the dry (300 mm) Mediterranean environment of the eastern wheatbelt of Western Australia, spring wheat was grown in 0.09, 0.18, 0.27 and 0.36 m row spacings on coarse textured and fine textured soil types at Merredin in 1989. Esc was determined with an empirical model and measured with microlysimeters. Row spacing had no significant effect on the development of green area index (GAI), dry matter (DM) accumulation and evapotranspiration (ET) throughout the season. However, in mid-season, the proportion of ground covered by the canopy was higher and transmission of solar radiation was reduced in the 0.09 m row spacing compared with the 0.36 m row spacing. These effects did not restrain E,,, which was similar in all treatments. Esc was not restrained even when the plant density was doubled in the 0.09 m row spacing treatment. Esc during the season averaged 88 mm across all row spacings on both soils; this accounted for 56% and 48% of the mean seasonal ET on the coarse textured and fine textured soils respectively. Consequently, neither water use efficiency nor grain yield were affected by variation in row spacing; water use efficiency averaged 25 kg DM ha-1 mm-1 on both soil types. For dry Mediterranean environments of Western Australia, it was concluded on the basis of these results, and yield data from other row spacing trials in the same districts, that there are no significant yield benefits to be obtained by reducing the row spacing from the current spacing of 0.18 m.
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Sprigg, Hayden, Robert Belford, Steve Milroy, Sarita Jane Bennett e David Bowran. "Adaptations for growing wheat in the drying climate of Western Australia". Crop and Pasture Science 65, n.º 7 (2014): 627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13352.
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This study investigated the effects of predicted changes in rainfall distribution in marginal (≤325 mm annual rainfall) parts of the south-west Australian wheatbelt and options for management and adaptation of the wheat crop. Field experiments with rain-out shelters and irrigation were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to investigate the interactions of rainfall distribution, row spacing, genotype and timing of nitrogen application on growth, water use and grain yield of spring wheat. Water storage before seeding showed potential to maintain or increase yields despite lower in-season rainfall. Widening row spacing reduced biomass and slowed water use but did not increase grain yield, because of increased soil evaporation and water left in the soil at crop maturity. The Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) wheat model was used to investigate the effects of recent and projected climate change on yield in relation to row spacing, phenology and nitrogen. Two climate-change scenarios were applied to historical climatic data to create two plausible future climates (‘optimistic’ and ‘pessimistic’) for the year 2030. None of the strategies tested increased wheat yield under the predicted climate scenarios. Simulated yields at wider row spacings were consistently lower due to insufficient biomass, increased soil evaporation and the inability of the crop to use all of the available water before maturity. Simulated yields of short-season genotypes were always greater than yields of longer season genotypes. Nitrogen regimes had little effect in this study. This study points to several genotypic traits that could improve the performance of wheat grown at wider row spacings. These include early vigour to reduce soil evaporation and increase competition with weeds, greater tillering/biomass to reduce limitation by sink size, and a vigorous root system with appropriate lateral spread and growth to depth to access available soil water.
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Satyawali, Kavita, Sumit Chaturvedi, Neema Bisht e V. C. Dhyani. "Impact of planting density on wheat crop grown under different tree species in tarai agroforestry system of central himalaya, India". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2018): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i1.1573.
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A field trial based Agroforestry system was established at Pantnagar during Rabi season 2012-13 for predicting the effect of spacing on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melia azedarach. The experiment was carried out in split-plot design consisting of two tree species in main plot, viz, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and Melia azedarch and four spacing treatments in sub-plot viz, 3.0m×1.0m, 3.0m×1.5m, 3.0m×2.0m and 3.0m×2.5m with three replications. The wheat crop variety“UP-2338” was sown on December 06, 2012 and harvested on April 27, 2013. Among the tree species, the maximum (15.1 q /ha) and significantly higher grain yield with 21.8% increment was recorded under Melia as compare to Eucalyptus. Whereas, among the different spacings, the wheat growth in terms of dry biomass at 120 DAS (495.4/m2 ), yield attributes and yield in terms of grain (16.0 q/ha), straw (29.4 q/ha) and biological yield (45.4 q/ha) under Melia was significantly higher at 3 × 2.5 m spacing as compared to other planting density. The correlation coefficient (r) studies exhibited that wheat growth and yield attributing characteristics shows significantly (p<0.05) high degree (r=0.75 to 1) positive correlation with each other. The investigation was done to find out the proper planting density for intercropping of wheat with tree species without comprising the wheat growth and enhancing its sustainability.
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Shweta. "Effects of interaction of poplar-wheat intercropping system on soil quality and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)". Bangladesh Journal of Botany 49, n.º 3 (20 de setembro de 2020): 679–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjb.v49i3.50010.
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The significantly higher wheat grain yield in open condition i.e. in control was recorded (4.33 t/ha) over to poplar intercropping. Under the poplar plantation, wheat yield significantly affected and paired row plantation (18 × 2 × 2 m spacing) provides significantly higher grain yield and to 5 × 4 m and 10 × 2 m spacing.
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Salgado, Jorge David, Laura E. Lindsey e Pierce A. Paul. "Effects of Row Spacing and Nitrogen Rate on Wheat Grain Yield and Profitability as Influenced by Diseases". Plant Disease 101, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2017): 1998–2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-17-0414-re.
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In Ohio, changes in nitrogen (N) fertilizer application rates and row spacing in combination with fungicide applications have been proposed as possible strategies for increasing wheat productivity and profitability. Field experiments were conducted in 2013, 2014, and 2015 to evaluate the benefits of increasing row spacing and N rates in soft red winter wheat as influenced by diseases. Combinations of narrow (19 cm) and wide (38 cm) row spacings, N rates ranging from 34 to 180 kg ha−1, and the fungicide prothioconazole + tebuconazole applied at flag leaf emergence, boot, or early anthesis represented different management programs. Linear mixed model analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of N, row spacing, and fungicide timing on leaf rust, Fusarium head blight (FHB), and deoxynivalenol (DON), and to quantify relationships among leaf rust, N, grain yield (YLD), and test weight (TW). YLD, TW, grain prices and price discounts, as well as input costs were used to estimate net cash income (NCI) for each management program. Wide row wheat had statistically higher mean FHB and DON, and lower mean yield and test weight than narrow row wheat in 2014 and 2015 but not in 2013. There were significant positive linear relationships between leaf rust and N as well as YLD and TW with N. Differences in FHB and DON among N rates were not statistically significant. Leaf rust severity was consistently lower in treated plots, with efficacy influenced by N rate and application timing. Programs with narrow row spacing and treated with the fungicide generally resulted in the highest mean YLD and TW across N rates. Price discounts due to high FDK and DON, and low TW were higher, and consequently, NCIs were lower in 2014 and 2015 than in 2013. The highest NCIs were obtained for programs with the highest YLD and lowest price discounts, consequently programs with wide row spacing, a fungicide treatment, and high N rates were only economically beneficial when FHB levels were low and grain prices were high.
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Das, T. K., e N. T. Yaduraju. "Effects of missing-row sowing supplemented with row spacing and nitrogen on weed competition and growth and yield of wheat". Crop and Pasture Science 62, n.º 1 (2011): 48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10203.
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Crop husbandry practices, i.e. sowing method, row spacing, and nitrogen (N) fertilisation, influence weed competition in a crop and play a role in ecological weed management. Missing-row sowing is a novel method of sowing wheat, with one row left unsown after several rows of continuous sowing. It affects density and spatial uniformity of wheat, which may influence the wheat plants’ competitiveness and weed suppression. It may have interactions with row spacing and N, which may further improve crop–weed balance, but is rarely studied in India or elsewhere. We undertook this study to optimise the method of missing-row sowing of wheat in combination with row spacing and N application. The results revealed that leaving 20% of rows unsown significantly reduced weed populations and dry weights, and increased the competitiveness of wheat plants through greater leaf area, numbers of ear-bearing tillers, and uptake of N. Leaving 20% of rows unsown increased wheat yield by 10.9%, 17.3%, and 8.2%, respectively, during the first, second, and third year compared with conventional sowing (no missing rows). An 18.5-cm row spacing resulted in a more weed suppression than 22.5-cm row spacing, but the latter gave higher yield. Application of N at 120 kg/ha resulted in higher yield than N at 60 kg/ha, due to a significant reduction in weed growth. A practice that combines 20% of rows unsown, 22.5-cm row spacing, and 120 kg N/ha will yield more through better suppression of a moderate weed infestation.
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Larney, F. J., T. Ren, S. M. McGinn, C. W. Lindwall e R. C. Izaurralde. "The influence of rotation, tillage and row spacing on near-surface soil temperature for winter wheat in southern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2003): 89–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s01-076.
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Soil and crop management practices and their effects on surface residue levels can modify soil temperature. Our study investigated the effect of rotation, tillage and row spacing on near-surface (0.025 m) soil temperature under winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in 1993-1994 and 1994-1995. The main treatment was winter wheat rotation: continuous winter wheat (WW); winter wheat-canola (Brassica campestris L.) (WC) or winter wheat-fallow (WF)] with tillage sub-treatments of conventional tillage (CT) vs. zero tillage (ZT) and row spacing treatments of uniform row (UR) vs. paired row (PR) spacing. From fall 1993 to spring 1994, ZT was cooler than CT by 1.2°C on the WC rotation, 1.1°C on WW and 0.4°C on the WF rotation. From fall 1994 to spring 1995, the magnitude of tillage differences was lower on all three rotations with ZT being cooler than CT by 0.1–0.9°C. The magnitude of the row spacing effect on soil temperature was less than that of the tillage effect. Extreme differences in soil temperature due to tillage were generally higher (1.0–4.9°C) on the WW and WC than the WF rotation (0.6–2.5°C) due to the presence of more crop residue. Results demonstrate that while ZT promotes overall cooler soils under winter wheat from fall to late spring, especially on continuously cropped (WW, WC) rotations, it also allows moderation of soil temperatures during extremely cold periods. Key words: Soil temperature, winter wheat, rotation, tillage, row spacing
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McLeod, J. G., C. A. Campbell, Y. Gan, F. B. Dyck e C. L. Vera. "Seeding depth, rate and row spacing for winter wheat grown on stubble and chemical fallow in the semiarid prairies". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1996): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-039.
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Recommendations regarding seeding depth, rate and row spacing for winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production in the semiarid Canadian prairies have been extrapolated from those for the production of spring wheat in the region, or from information on winter wheat studies conducted in more humid areas of Saskatchewan. A factorial combination of two seeding depths (25- vs. 50-mm), two row spacing (18- vs. 36-cm) and two seeding rates (30 vs. 60 kg ha−1) was used to study plant establishment, grain yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the semiarid Brown soil zone. Three years of experiments were conducted on a Swinton silt loam near Swift Current, and on a Hatton fine sandy loam near Cantuar. Winter wheat was seeded directly into stubble at both sites and into chemically prepared fallow on the silt loam. On average, there was no significant difference (P < 0.05) due to planting depth. Deep planting reduced plant establishment and grain yield in only two of 11 site-years when humid conditions prevailed. Plant establishment and grain yield were superior for the 60 kg ha−1 seeding rate compared to the 30 kg ha−1 rate in the wet year (1986). In drier years (1987 and 1988) there was rarely any difference due to seeding rate. Narrow row spacing resulted in greater plant density than wide row spacing; however, row spacing had little effect on grain yield. In the semiarid prairie, where trash clearance for seeding implements is not usually a problem, and where many producers still swath the crop, it may be advantageous to use a narrow row spacing. However, if power requirements and trash clearance are important considerations, wide row spacing will be advantageous. Grain quality parameters (test weight, kernel weight and protein concentration) were not greatly affected by the factors studied. For winter wheat production in the semiarid prairie, we recommend that planting depth be shallow (about 25 mm), seeding rate be 60 kg ha−1, and row spacing be either narrow or wide depending on mode of harvesting. Key words: Semiarid prairie, winter wheat, grain yield, grain protein
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Kandel, Hans J., Dulan P. Samarappuli, Kory L. Johnson e Marisol T. Berti. "Soybean Relative Maturity, Not Row Spacing, Affected Interseeded Cover Crops Biomass". Agriculture 11, n.º 5 (13 de maio de 2021): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture11050441.
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Adoption of cover crop interseeding in the northwestern Corn Belt in the USA is limited due to inadequate fall moisture for establishment, short growing season, additional costs, and need for adapted winter-hardy species. This study evaluated three cover crop treatments—no cover crop, winter rye (Secale cereale L.), and winter camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz)—which were interseeded at the R6 soybean growth stage, using two different soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) maturity groups (0.5 vs. 0.9) and two row spacings (30.5 vs. 61 cm). The objective was to evaluate these treatments on cover crop biomass, soil cover, plant density, and soybean yield. Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yield was also measured the following year. The early-maturing soybean cultivar (0.5 maturity) resulted in increased cover crop biomass and soil cover, with winter rye outperforming winter camelina. However, the early-maturing soybean yielded 2308 kg·ha−1, significantly less compared with the later maturing cultivar (2445 kg·ha−1). Narrow row spacing had higher soybean yield, but row spacing did not affect cover crop growth. Spring wheat should not follow winter rye if rye is terminated right before seeding the wheat. However, wheat planted after winter camelina was no different than when no cover crop was interseeded in soybean. Interseeding cover crops into established soybean is possible, however, cover crop biomass accumulation and soil cover are limited.
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Teich, A. H., T. Welacky, A. Hamill e A. Smid. "Row-spacing and seed-rate effects on winter wheat in Ontario". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1993): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-005.
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This study was carried out to determine if winter wheat in southwestern Ontario should be grown in rows narrower than the conventional 18 cm and if the current recommended seed rate of 3.2 million seeds ha−1 (msh) is adequate. We compared the effect of 10- and 20-cm row spacings and 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 msh seed rates on grain yield, weed growth and yield of underseeded clover. Row spacing at a constant seed rate did not affect yield. With increasing seed rate there was an increase in yield, mainly through more heads per unit area, which more than compensated for a decrease in seeds per head. Narrow rows reduced the number of lamb’s-quarters and the overall weed count. The optimum seed rate for grain yield was 6.4 msh for ratios of seed cost:crop value less than 1.34. Key words: Narrow rows, weeds, yield, economic optimum
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Porter, Paul M., e Ahmad Khalilian. "Wheat Response to Row Spacing in Relay Intercropping Systems". Agronomy Journal 87, n.º 5 (setembro de 1995): 999–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1995.00021962008700050038x.
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Blodgett, Sue L., P. M. Denke, Deb Waters, Matt Carroll e Gregg Carlson. "Wheat Curl Mite Control on Winter Wheat, 1996". Arthropod Management Tests 22, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1997): 332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.332.
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Abstract Wheat was seeded 14 Jun, at Northern Agriculture Research Center, Havre, MT. Plots measured 16 ft long and 2 rows wide (1-ft row spacing) and were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticide applications were made using a backpack, CO2-powered sprayer equipped with TeeJet XR8002VS nozzles, calibrated to deliver 8.2 gpa at 30 psi. Six of the most recently, fully expanded leaves per plot were selected for sampling. Number WCM per leaf and percent infested plants were determined by visual inspection with the aid of a dissecting microscope. Data were analyzed using GLM and means were separated using LSMEANS.
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Lemerle, Deirdre, Peter Lockley, Eric Koetz e Simon Diffey. "Herbicide efficacy for control of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum Gaud.) is influenced more by wheat seeding rate than row spacing". Crop and Pasture Science 64, n.º 7 (2013): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13211.
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Conservation cropping systems with no-till and stubble retention improve soil condition and water conservation. However, tillage is replaced by herbicides for weed control in these systems, increasing the threat of herbicide resistance. In the medium to high rainfall zones of the southern wheatbelt of Australia and under irrigation, wider row spacing is used to enable seeding into heavy stubble loads and to avoid stubble burning. Some evidence suggests that wider rows lead to reduced crop competitive ability and crop yields, greater herbicide dependence, and increased spread of resistance. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that increasing seeding rate compensated for reduced competitive ability at wider row spacings, especially when herbicide performance was suboptimal. We examined the impact of two wheat row spacings (18 and 36 cm) and five seeding rates (resulting in a range of densities of ~80–700 plants/m2) on control of Lolium rigidum with five rates of post-emergence application of diclofop-methyl (Hoegrass®), ranging from label rate to lower rates, over two growing seasons. In the presence of L. rigidum, wheat grain yield was unaffected by row spacing but was significantly reduced at low seeding rates, especially at lower herbicide rates. Lolium rigidum was suppressed at higher crop densities but was also unaffected by row spacing. Grain yield was maximised when post-emergence herbicide was applied at 60–100% of the recommended dose at wheat densities >~300 plants/m2. Significant levels of the weed remained in the crop at anthesis in all treatments. Weed dry matter ranged from 525 g/m2 at low crop densities and with no herbicide to 150 g/m2 with the recommended rate of herbicide and high wheat densities. The implications of manipulating crop competitive ability to improve weed control are discussed, especially in conditions where herbicide performance is unreliable due to weeds developing herbicide resistance or adverse environmental conditions.
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Bailey, K. L., Guy P. Lafond e Daryl Domitruk. "Effects of row spacing, seeding rate and seed-placed phosphorus on root diseases of spring wheat and barley under zero tillage". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 78, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1998): 145–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p96-163.
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Changes in tillage and other agronomic practices have shown benefits of increased grain yield for many crops, but these changes may alter the micro-environment resulting in changes to populations of disease-causing agents and other micro-organisms. This study examined the effects of row spacing (10, 20, 30 cm), seeding rate (54, 108, 161 kg ha−1 for barley; 67, 134, 202 kg ha−1 for spring wheat) and seed-placed phosphorus (0, 8, 16 kg ha−1) on root diseases in spring wheat and barley using a zero-tillage production system in four environments. Root rot severity was assessed by visual ratings and the causal agents were identified. Analyses of variance indicated significant differences in root rot severity and the incidence of some causal agents for the main treatment effects (i.e. row spacing, seeding rate, seed-placed phosphorus) and no significant interactions between locations, years, and cultural practices. Contrasts of treatment means showed that higher rates of seeding decreased root rot severity and the incidence of Fusarium in wheat but these effects were small (less than 6%). The higher rates of monoammonium phosphate fertilizer reduced root rot severity in barley by 7% and the incidence of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici in wheat by greater than 40%. Wider row spacings showed a small reduction of 6% in root rot severity in wheat but mostly had no effect on root diseases. Wheat yields were negatively associated with root rot severity in three of four environments. Fertility, root rot severity, and seeding rate had the greatest impact on wheat yield. Root diseases did not affect barley yields. Therefore, the use of wider row spacings and higher seeding rates with zero tillage practices will not lead to adverse effects on root diseases in wheat and barley. Phosphorus fertilizer should be used to reduce losses resulting from take-all disease in wheat. Key words: Zero tillage, cultural practices, common root rot, take-all, cereals
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Larney, F. J., e C. W. Lindwall. "Winter wheat performance in various cropping systems in southern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1994): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-014.
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A study was conducted in southern Alberta from 1984 to 1992 to determine the feasibility of growing dryland winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in various systems with different crop rotations, tillage treatments and row configurations. Winter wheat was grown continuously and in 2-yr rotations with fallow, canola (Brassica campestris L.) and lentils (Lens culinaris Medic), under conventional, minimum and zero tillage. Each phase of each rotation was grown every year. Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) replaced lentils after 4 yr of the study. After the first year, winter wheat after fallow out-yielded that in the other three rotations in all years. Zero tillage produced significantly higher yields than either conventional or minimum tillage in 3 of 8 yr. Paired-row spacing resulted in similar winter wheat yields in 4 yr and significantly lower yields than uniform-row spacing in 3 of the 7 yr in which this was compared. Extreme drought during much of the study period, which caused some crop failures, probably provided a worst-case scenario. We suggest, however, that winter wheat production in continuously cropped management systems in rotations with canola or flax is feasible. Zero tillage enhanced production, but paired-row spacing snowed no benefits under the soil and climatic conditions of this study. Key words: Winter wheat, crop rotation, conservation tillage, row spacing, drought, soil erosion
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Justice, Greg G., Thomas F. Peeper, John B. Solie e Francis M. Epplin. "Net Returns from Cheat (Bromus secalinus) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)". Weed Technology 7, n.º 2 (junho de 1993): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027883.
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In field experiments, wheat row spacing, seeding rate, and herbicide treatment affected cheat seed content of harvested wheat, wheat yield, and net returns. No individual practice or combination of practices consistently increased net returns from cheat-infested wheat. Net returns frequently were increased and never decreased by applying metribuzin at 420 g ha−1 or chlorsulfuron + metsulfuron at 21.9 + 4.4 g ha−1 or by increasing the seeding rate compared to baseline inputs. The data indicate that herbicide rates should not be reduced when row spacing is decreased and/or seeding rates increased.
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Lafond, G. P., e D. A. Derksen. "Row spacing and seeding rate effects in wheat and barley under a conventional fallow management system". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 76, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1996): 791–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps96-132.
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Varying seed row spacing had no effect on the yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) or barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) when grown under a conventional-tillage fallow-management system. Grain yields were improved with increased seeding rates by 14% in wheat and 32% in barley. The absence of a row-spacing-by-seeding-rate interaction suggests that adjustments in seeding rates are not required with changes in row spacing. The presence of surface residues and standing stubble cannot explain the lack of a row-spacing effect when using a zero-tillage stubble-cropping system, since similar results were obtained with a conventional-tillage fallow management system in this study. Key words: Yield, yield components, plant density
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Koscelny, Jeffrey A., Thomas F. Peeper, John B. Solie e Stanley G. Solomon. "Effect of Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Row Spacing, Seeding Rate, and Cultivar on Yield Loss from Cheat (Bromus secalinus)". Weed Technology 4, n.º 3 (setembro de 1990): 487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025823.
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Field experiments were conducted in Oklahoma to determine the effects of row spacing, cultivar, seeding rate, and water or ammonium polyphosphate fertilizer injection in the row at seeding, on the competitiveness of hard red winter wheat with cheat. Decreasing row spacing from 23 to 8 cm increased yield of weed-free wheat at two of three locations and cheat-infested wheat in six of ten experiments. Increasing seeding rate from 265 to 530 seeds m-2increased wheat yield. Injecting water at 20 ml m-1of row at seeding did not increase wheat emergence or yield. Cheat seed production was not consistently suppressed by any one cultivar. Juvenile growth habit was unrelated to wheat competitiveness.
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Aula, Lawrence, Amanda C. Easterly e Cody F. Creech. "Winter Wheat Seeding Decisions for Improved Grain Yield and Yield Components". Agronomy 12, n.º 12 (3 de dezembro de 2022): 3061. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12123061.
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The continual re-evaluation of agronomic practices is necessary to improve crop performance and sustainability of the production of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), particularly as genetics and climate conditions change. Recommendations made about winter wheat planting dates, spacing, variety, and seed rates under normal climatic conditions may not be suitable in current times with more climate variability. Our experiment investigated the effect of planting date (early, historic-optimum, and late), row spacing (19 and 25 cm), variety (Goodstreak, Robidoux, and Wesley), and seed rate (1.8, 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.6, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.4 M seeds ha−1) on winter wheat grain yield and yield components. The seeding rate was nested within row spacing in nested-factorial design. A nested-factorial treatment design was used with testing at several locations in Nebraska across two years. Variety had a substantial effect on winter wheat grain yield (p < 0.05). Variety also had a substantial interaction effect with planting date and row spacing 50% of the time (p ≤ 0.01). At Hemingford, for example, Wesley planted at 19 cm had 5.9% more yield when compared to Robidoux planted at 19 cm (5.5 Mg ha−1). Similarly, biomass was influenced by variety across sites (p < 0.01), but a substantial interaction effect also occurred between planting date and variety at two of the three sites. Narrow row spacing (19 cm) led to significantly more tillers (6.9 M ha−1) when planted with Goodstreak at two of the sites. While planting date by itself did not affect any of the responses evaluated, this research highlights the importance of comprehensive and holistic approaches to wheat production in the High Plains.
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Sandhu, Sarabjot Kaur, e L. K. Dhaliwal. "Role of agronomic manipulations in modification of wheat microclimate under central Punjab". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2016): 1905–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i4.1060.
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Wheat crop is influenced by different microclimatic parameters like solar radiation, canopy temperature etc. Agronomic manipulation like change in row spacing and row direction can be used as a strategy to modify the microclimate of crop. Keeping these facts in view, field trials were conducted during rabi 2012-13 and 2013-14 under two experiments in first experiment wheat varieties HD 2967, PBW 550 and PBW 343 were sown under three row spacing viz. 15 cm, 22.5 cm and 30 cm. In second experiment, wheat varieties HD 2967, PBW 550 and PBW 343 were sown under two row direction viz. North-South (N-S) and East-West (E-W). Short wave radiation interception and canopy temperature was recorded under different treatments at 15 days interval. Among different row spacing, short wave radiation interception and canopy temperature was maximum at 30 cm row spacing (77.7% and 25.1oC) followed by 22.5 cm (75.7% and 24.2oC) and 15 cm row spacing (73.9% and 23.2oC), whereas under row directions short wave radiation interception and canopy temperature was more (76.5% and 23.9oC) in E-W row direction as compared to N-S row direction (75% and 23.2oC). Relationships were developed between dry matter accumulation and canopy temperature. Polynomial relationships gave significant R2 value (0.66 & 0.69) under different treatments. This two year study indicated that agronomic manipulations play an important role in microclimate modification and canopy temperature significantly influence dry matter accumulation under different crop geometry.
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Kleemann, S. G. L., e G. S. Gill. "Influence of row spacing on water use and yield of rain-fed wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a no-till system with stubble retention". Crop and Pasture Science 61, n.º 11 (2010): 892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10124.
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A 3-year field study was undertaken to investigate the effect of row spacing on vegetative growth, grain yield and water-use efficiency of wheat. All 3 years of the study experienced 21–51% below-average rainfall for the growing season. Widening row spacing led to reduced biomass and tillers on per plant basis which could be related to the reduction in light interception by the wheat canopy in the wide rows which in turn could have reduced assimilate production. Reduction in vegetative growth in 54-cm rows translated into a significant reduction in grain yield which was strongly associated (r2 = 0.71) with the loss of spike density. The pattern of crop water use (evapotranspiration, ET) during the growing season was very similar for the three row-spacing treatments. However, there was some evidence for slightly lower ET (~5%) in 54-cm rows in two growing seasons. More importantly, there was no evidence for increased ET during the post-anthesis phase in wide rows as has been speculated by some researchers. Over the 3 years of the study, grain yield declined by 5–8% as row spacing increased from 18 to 36 cm and by a further 12–20% as row spacing increased from 36 to 54 cm. There was a consistent decline in water-use efficiency for grain (WUEG) with increasing row spacing over the 3 years. WUEG declined by 6–11% as crop spacing increased from 18 to 36 cm and declined further by 12–15% as row spacing increased to 54 cm. Lower light interception at wider row spacing could have reduced assimilate production by wheat as well as increased soil evaporation due to lower shading of the soil surface in more open canopies. Growers adopting wider row spacing on these relatively heavy textured soils are likely to experience some reduction in grain yield and WUEG. However, some growers may be prepared to accept a small yield penalty from intermediate row spacing as a trade-off for increased stubble retention and soil health.
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Schillinger, William F., e Stewart B. Wuest. "Wide row spacing for deep-furrow planting of winter wheat". Field Crops Research 168 (novembro de 2014): 57–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fcr.2014.08.006.
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Tompkins, D. K., G. E. Hultgreen, A. T. Wright e D. B. Fowler. "Seed Rate and Row Spacing of No‐Till Winter Wheat". Agronomy Journal 83, n.º 4 (julho de 1991): 684–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1991.00021962008300040007x.
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Justice, Greg G., Thomas F. Peeper, John B. Solie e Francis M. Epplin. "Net Returns from Italian Ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) Control in Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum)". Weed Technology 8, n.º 2 (junho de 1994): 317–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00038847.
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In field experiments at three locations, wheat row spacing, seeding rate, and herbicide treatment affected Italian ryegrass control, wheat yield, dockage in the grain, and net returns. Diclofop at 560 or 840 g ai/ha controlled Italian ryegrass better than chlorsulfuron at 18 or 26 g ai/ha. Net returns were increased at all locations by diclofop POST at either rate and at two locations by chlorsulfuron PRE at either rate. Although increasing the wheat seeding rate reduced dockage at two of three locations, net returns were maximized by herbicide application alone without increased seeding rates or reduced row spacing.
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Maslova, Galina Andreevna, Alexander Nikolaevich Astashov, Valeriy Ivanovich Zhuzhukin, Aliia Zagitovna Bagdalova e Alexander Alexandrovich Safronov. "Influence of the sowing method and the predecessor on the yield of new chickpea varieties". Agrarian Scientific Journal, n.º 11 (29 de novembro de 2021): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i11pp31-35.
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The article presents the data of field experience on the study of the influence of the method of sowing and the predecessor on the yield of new chickpea varieties selected of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution RosNIISK “Rossorgo”. As a result of the conducted analysis of variance, the share of the total variability of factor A – 12.95%, factor B – 65.59%, factor C – 3.92%, interaction of A*B – 9.14%, A*C – 0.83%, B*C – 4.35%, A*B*C – 2.17%, the remainder (unaccounted factors) – 1.05% was revealed. The ranking of varieties by seed yield was presented in the following order: Benefit > Bonus > Sphere > Galileo > Ball > Falcon; different row spacing options: 45 cm > 60 cm > 70 cm > 30 cm > 15 cm; different predecessor options: spring wheat > spring barley > corn > grain sorghum. According to experience, a high seed yield was obtained when cultivating the Benefit variety, placed with a row spacing of 45 cm according to the predecessor spring wheat. The yield of gross energy in the crop per a. s. v. was in the range from 15.75 to 70.58 GJ/ha; the yield of grain per 1 GJ of energy consumption was from 0.06 to 0.26 tons. The highest values in the experiment were noted in the large-seeded variety Benefit, low values - in the small-seeded variety Sokol. Under the conditions under consideration, the best indicators of bioenergetic efficiency of seed production were characterized by the following varieties: large-seeded Benefit (with row spacing of 45 cm and 60 cm for the predecessors spring wheat, grain sorghum and corn) and Bonus (with row spacing of 45 cm for the predecessor spring wheat); medium-seeded Sphere (with row spacing of 45 cm for the predecessor spring wheat), due to the combination of high yield and grain quality.
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Zain, Muhammad, Zhuanyun Si, Jinsai Chen, Faisal Mehmood, Shafeeq Ur Rahman, Adnan Noor Shah, Sen Li, Yang Gao e Aiwang Duan. "Suitable nitrogen application mode and lateral spacing for drip-irrigated winter wheat in North China Plain". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 11 (12 de novembro de 2021): e0260008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0260008.
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To propose an appropriate nitrogen application mode and suitable drip irrigation lateral spacing, a field experiment was conducted during 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons to quantify the different drip irrigation lateral spacings and nitrogen fertigation strategies effects on winter wheat growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) in the North China Plain (NCP). The experiment consisted of three drip irrigation lateral spacing (LS) (40, 60, and 80 cm, referred to as D40, D60, and D80 respectively) and three percentage splits of nitrogen application modes (NAM) (basal and top dressing application ratio as 50:50 (N50:50), 25:75 (N25:75), and 0:100 (N0-100) respectively). The experimental findings depicted that yield and its components, and WUE were markedly affected by LS and NAM. Fertigation of winter wheat at N25:75 NAM notably (P<0.05) increased the grain yield by 4.88%, 1.83% and 8.03%, 4.61%, and WUE by 3.10%, 3.18% and 5.37%, 7.82%, compared with those at NAM N50:50 and N0:100 in 2017–2018 and 2018–2019 growing seasons, respectively. LS D40 appeared very fruitful in terms of soil moisture and nitrogen distribution, WUE, grain yield, and yield components than that of other LS levels. The maximum grain yield (8.73 and 9.40 t ha-1) and WUE (1.70 and 1.95 kg m-3) were obtained under D40N25:75 during both growing seasons, which mainly due to that all main yield components in D40N25:75 treatment, such as spikes per unit area, 1000-grain weight, and grains per spike were significantly higher as compared to other treatments. The outcomes of this research may provide a scientific basis of lateral spacing and nitrogen fertigation management for the production of drip-irrigated winter wheat in NCP.
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Borger, Catherine P. D., Glen P. Riethmuller, Michael Ashworth, David Minkey e Abul Hashem. "Carrier Volume is More Likely to Impact Trifluralin Efficiency than Crop Residue". Weed Technology 29, n.º 1 (março de 2015): 63–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-14-00066.1.
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PRE herbicides are generally less effective in conservation farming systems because of high levels of crop residue. However, performance can be improved if the herbicides are applied with a high carrier volume. This research investigated the interaction of carrier volume and row spacing or height of crop residue on the control of rigid ryegrass with trifluralin, at Cunderdin and Wongan Hills Western Australia. To create plots with varying residue row spacing in 2011, wheat was seeded in 2010 using a narrow row spacing (25 or 22 cm at Cunderdin and Wongan Hills), wide spacing (50 or 44 cm), or not planted to wheat. Narrow or wide row spacing or no crop plots had an average residue biomass of 4480, 3560, and 2430 kg ha−1at Cunderdin and 1690, 1910, and 1030 kg ha−1at Wongan Hills. To vary residue height, the wheat was harvested to produce tall, medium, or short crop residue (22, 13, and 5 cm at Cunderdin and 27, 22, and 17 cm at Wongan Hills). Rigid ryegrass seeds were broadcast onto each site in 2011 and trifluralin was sprayed using 50, 75, or 100 L ha−1carrier volume (directly prior to seeding). Increased carrier volume increased spray coverage at both sites (average cover of 9, 15, and 26% at 50, 75, and 100 L ha−1), leading to improved control of rigid ryegrass (68, 75, and 82% control at Cunderdin and 23, 41, and 68% control at Wongan Hills). Reduced crop residue height or increased row spacing led to reduced rigid ryegrass density at Cunderdin but had no impact at Wongan Hills. Therefore, carrier volume has a more consistent impact on the performance of trifluralin than crop residue row spacing or height.
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Devi, Sudesh, V. S. Hooda, Jagdev Singh e Anil Kumar. "Effect of planting techniques and weed control treatments on growth and yield of wheat". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 9, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2017): 1534–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v9i3.1397.
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A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different planting techniques (conventional drill sowing at 16, 18 and 20 cm row spacing and bed planting with two and three rows in main plots) and weed control treatments (pinoxaden 50 g/ha, ready-mix (RM) of carfentrazone and metsulfuron 25 g/ha and pinoxaden 50 g/ha + RM of carfentrazone and metsulfuron 25 g/ha in subplots) on growth and productivity of wheat. The grain yield under row spacing 18 cm (53.30 q/ha), and 20 cm (52.02 q/ha), and three rows bed planting (51.96 q/ha) were recorded statistically at par with each other and significantly higher than 16 cm (49.37 q/ha) row spacing and two row bed planting (48.53 q/ha). Gross returns (Rs. 95637/ha) and net returns (Rs. 43929/ha) and B:C ratio (1.85) were record-ed higher under 18 cm row spacing compared to other planting techniques. Tank mixed application of pinoxaden 50 g/ha + RM of carfentrazone and metsulfuron 25 g/ha applied at 35 days after sowing (DAS) controlled both grassy and broad leaved weeds effectively with lower values of weed dry matter accumulation (7.67 g/ha) and produced growth parameters, yield attributes and yield (53.16 q/ha) at par with weed free treatment. In light of the results to maximise productivity, 18 cm row spacing may be practiced and tank mix application of pinoxaden (50 g/ha) + RM of carfentrazone and metsulfuron (25 g/ha) is recommended to reduce losses due to complex weed flora in wheat.
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Singh, A. K., Ranjeet Singh, S. R. Yadav, A. S. Godara, S. P. Singh, M. J. Kaledhonkar e B. L. Meena. "Saline Water Irrigation Through Drip for Groundnut-Wheat Cropping Sequence in Hyper Arid-Region of Rajasthan". Journal of Agricultural Engineering 58, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2021): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.52151/jae2021581.1734.
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A field experiment was conducted to assess the suitability of saline water for irrigation, and to know the irrigation water requirement of groundnut-wheat cropping sequence in hyper-arid region of Rajasthan. In this split-plot experiment, the main plots had four levels of irrigation water salinity (ECiw0.25 (Best available water, BAW), 4, 8 and 12dS.m-1); and the sub-plots had combinations of two treatments on drip lateral spacing of 0.60 m and 0.90 m with 0.30 m emitter spacing, and three levels of irrigation water application (0.6, 0.8 and 1.0 times of pan evaporation (PE)). The highest biological yield (grain + straw) of groundnut and wheat recorded in BAW was statistically at par with irrigation water salinity level of 4 dS.m-1. Higher irrigation water salinity levels (8 and 12 dS.m-1) and placement of laterals at 0.90 m led to significant reduction in biological yield. In monetary terms, use of BAW resulted in highest B:C ratio of 1.73 for groundnut-wheat cropping sequence, while ECiw 4 dS.m-1 showed B:C ratio of 1.70. Highest crop yields, gross return and B:C ratio were observed under 0.60 m lateral spacing and irrigation application at 1.0 PE. Interaction effect of salinity of irrigation water and lateral spacing on yield and yield attributes was significant for both crops. Study demonstrated that the salinity limit of 4 dS.m-1 can be considered as threshold irrigation water salinity for drip irrigated groundnut and wheat crops in hyper-arid region of Rajasthan
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Young, Frank L., Steven S. Seefeldt e Gwen F. Barnes. "Planting Geometry of Winter Wheat (Triticum aestivum) Can Reduce Jointed Goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica) Spikelet Production". Weed Technology 13, n.º 1 (março de 1999): 183–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045127.
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A 1984–1985 and 1988–1989 field study near Pullman, WA, evaluated the effect of two winter wheat planting geometries on the growth of wheat and competition against jointed goatgrass. Treatments included paired and constant row planting geometries of wheat and locations of jointed goatgrass within each geometry. No planting geometry by weed location interactions occurred at any harvest date for plant height, shoot number, leaf area, plant dry weight, or N uptake for either wheat or jointed goatgrass. During the 1984–1985 growing season, N uptake data indicated that by heading, jointed goatgrass had taken up N that had been deep-banded between wheat rows located 25 cm from the weed. Winter wheat yields were not different in the paired-row and the constant row spacing geometry in a weed-free environment. Within years, for both planting geometries, winter wheat yield reduction from weed competition was similar for the jointed goatgrass locations. In contrast, based on jointed goatgrass spikelets produced, wheat grown in paired-rows was more competitive against jointed goatgrass compared to constant row spacing.
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Igamberdiev, A. K. "JUSTIFICATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL AND DESIGN PARAMETERS OF THE COLTER FOR WINTER WHEAT SEEDING IN COTTON ROW-SPACING". Traktory i sel hozmashiny 84, n.º 2 (15 de fevereiro de 2017): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/0321-4443-66257.
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In Uzbekistan, over 800 thousand hectares of irrigated area are used to grow winter wheat in row-spacing of growing cotton. They are mainly sown by spreading, then seeded with cotton cultivators. Disadvantages of the spreading method are high seed rates by 30...40 % and excessive energy costs due to multiple (3...4 times) passes of the unit. However, the issues related to the establishment of the dependence of the quality of cereal crops in cotton row-spacing on the main parameters of the colter and the row profiles in Uzbekistan have not been adequately studied. In this regard, the materials of a theoretical study on the justification of technological and constructive parameters of the colter for sowing winter wheat seeds in the row-spacing of cotton are presented. As a result of the carried out research, it has been established that for the quality sowing and shaping of the seed beds the colter must be submerged in the soil to a depth of 2.0...4.0 cm. In order to form a slightly compacted furrow shape, the colter must be pressed to row-spacing surface. To ensure the non-heap of soil piles through the wings of the colter, their height should be 14...18 cm. In this case, the angle of installation of the wings in the continuous direction of colter movement should be equal to a = 47°, and the angle of the colter wing spread у = 69°. The given constructive parameters of the colter are optimal for sowing winter wheat seeds in the cotton row-spacing. The proposed new technology and colter design implements multi-row seeding from 5 (for 60 cm spacing to 9 rows (for rows between rows 90 cm). Due to formation of a new loose shape of the row spacing, the useful seed sowing area is increased by 9...22 % compared to the spreading method and conditions are provided for uniform seeding and obtain good and even sprouts.
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Mukherjee, Dhiman. "Evaluation of Performance of New Wheat Cultivar under Different Row Spacing". International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, n.º 6 (10 de junho de 2017): 3186–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.606.375.
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., Khair Mohamamd Kakar, Muhammad Arif . e Shaukat Ali . "Effects of NP Levels, Seed Rates and Row Spacing on Wheat". Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 4, n.º 11 (15 de outubro de 2001): 1319–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/pjbs.2001.1319.1322.
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Moreno-Ramos, Oscar H., Julio Rodríguez-Casas, Donald Johnson e Thomas L. Thompson. "Wheat Response to Population Density and Bed Spacing in Northwest Mexico". Cereal Research Communications 32, n.º 2 (junho de 2004): 273–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf03543310.
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Johnson, J. W., W. L. Hargrove e R. B. Moss. "Optimizing Row Spacing and Seeding Rate for Soft Red Winter Wheat". Agronomy Journal 80, n.º 2 (março de 1988): 164–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/agronj1988.00021962008000020005x.
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Xun Bo; SUN, ZHOU. "Farmland microclimate and yield of winter wheat under different row spacing". Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 18, n.º 1 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/tarimbil_0000001187.
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Farooq, Muhammad, Mubshar Hussain, Muhammad Mazhar Habib, Muhammad Shoaib Khan, Imran Ahmad, Shahid Farooq e Kadambot H. M. Siddique. "Influence of seed priming techniques on grain yield and economic returns of bread wheat planted at different spacings". Crop and Pasture Science 71, n.º 8 (2020): 725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20065.
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A 3-year study evaluated the effect of different seed-priming techniques on the performance of two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars, Seher-2006 and Shafaq-2006, planted in rows spaced at 22.5 or 30 cm. Three seed priming techniques—on-farm priming, hydropriming, and osmopriming (using CaCl2)—and an untreated control (dry seeds) were included in the study. Seed priming resulted in earlier and more uniform crop emergence and improved allometric and yield-related traits compared with untreated seeds. Hydropriming and osmopriming significantly improved the allometric traits of Seher-2006 planted at 22.5-cm row spacing and Shafaq-2006 planted at 30-cm row spacing each year. The combination of osmopriming and 30-cm row spacing produced the highest number of productive tillers, number of grains per spike and 1000-grain weight across all experimental years. The highest grain yield and harvest index were recorded for osmopriming and 22.5-cm row spacing each year. Shafaq-2006 produced higher biological yield, whereas Seher-2006 produced the higher grain yield and harvest index. Osmoprimed seeds planted at 22.5-cm row spacing recorded the highest economic returns and benefit:cost ratios in both cultivars. In conclusion, planting osmoprimed seeds of wheat in 22.5-cm spaced rows could be effectively used to increase productivity and economic returns.
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Derebe, Bitwoded, Alemayehu Assefa, Alemu Abate e Tilaye Anbes. "Maximizing Seed Quality and Seed Yield of Bread Wheat (Tritium aestivum L.) Through Agronomic Management in Amhara Region, Northwestern Ethiopia". Journal of Tropical Crop Science 9, n.º 02 (27 de junho de 2022): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/jtcs.9.02.114-123.
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A study was conducted to determine the optimum seed rate and row spacing on Kekeba bread wheat seed yield and quality performance at Adet and Wonberema, Ethiopia. The study consists of field experiments that were conducted at Adet Research Center and Wonberema farmer’s field during the 2018 and 2019 cropping seasons, and laboratory experiments at the Seed Science Laboratory at Adet Research Centre. A factorial combination of eight seed rates (75, 100,125, 150, 175, 200, 225, and 250 kg.ha-1) and two-row spacing (20 cm and 30 cm) was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications, and laboratory experiment in a complete randomized design with four replications. The results showed that the interaction effect of seed rate and row spacing was significantly (P<0.05) affected seed yield but had non-significant (P>0.05) on physical quality, physiological, and seedling vigor. Seed rate and row spacing had a significant (P<0.05) effect on standard germination, speed of germination, vigor index-I, and vigor index-II, but a pure seed was not significantly affected by the main effects and interaction. Based on the economic analysis at Adet, the maximum seed yield (4.4 t.ha-1) was obtained from a seed rate of 125 kg.ha-1 with 20 cm row spacing, and at Wonberema the maximum seed yield (3.26 or 3.17 t.ha-1) were obtained from a seed rate of 150 or 125 kg.ha-1 with 30 cm row spacing. Therefore, a seed rate of 125 kg.ha-1 with 20 cm row spacing was recommended at Adet, and at Wonberema seed rates of 150 and 125 kg.ha-1 with 30 cm row spacing was recommended for high seed yield and quality seed production as the 1st and the 2nd options, respectively.
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Zhou, X. B., Y. H. Chen e Z. Ouyang. "Effects of row spacing on soil water and water consumption of winter wheat under irrigated and rainfed conditions". Plant, Soil and Environment 57, No. 3 (4 de março de 2011): 115–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/130/2010-pse.
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The results of two seasons' work on soil water content (SWC), evapotranspiration (ET), total dry matter (TDM), and harvest index (HI) of crops under different row spacing (RS), as well as possible ways to improve water utilization, have been reported. Field experiments were carried out at the Experimental Farm of Shandong Agricultural University (36°09'N, 117°09'E) in 2006–2007 and 2007–2008. Four types of RS were treated under two different water conditions (rainfed and irrigated) and set up in a randomized plot design. RS did not exhibit any obvious effects on SWC during the study period. SWC was enhanced evidently by irrigation, especially in the 10–60 cm soil layer. Irrigation increased the ET of crop. At the seeding-jointing stage, the ET of RS14 was significantly higher than those during other treatments (P < 0.05). Irrigation increased yields, ET, and TDM, while it decreased water use efficiency and HI. There were significantly negative correlations between TDM and RS (P < 0.05). The HI of the rainfed crop was higher than that of the irrigated crop. Results showed that high yields of wheat could be achieved in northern China by reducing RS under uniform planting density conditions.
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Bhardwaj, Harbans L., e Anwar A. Hamama. "Cultivar, Planting Date, and Row Spacing Effects on Mungbean Performance in Virginia". HortScience 50, n.º 9 (setembro de 2015): 1309–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.50.9.1309.
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Mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) R. Wilczek, Fabaceae] is one of the most important food legume crops in Asia. It is also gaining importance in other parts of the world such as Australia and Canada. The United States imported mungbean worth ≈22 million dollars during 2014. To establish domestic production and to determine if mungbean can be produced in rotation with winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), replicated experiments were conducted during 2012 and 2013 using two cultivars (Berken and TexSprout), two planting dates (early and late July), and two row spacings (37.5 and 75 cm). Cultivar and planting date effects on seed yield were not significant, however, narrow row spacing resulted in significant higher seed yield and concentration of protein over the wider row spacing (1.76 vs. 0.86 Mg⋅ha−1 yield and 24.9% vs. 23.7% protein). Early planting resulted in lower sugar and oil concentrations over late planting (4.4% vs. 5.5% sugar and 1.24% vs. 1.99% oil). Average mungbean values for seed yield, seed size, and concentrations of protein, sugars, and oil were 1.31 Mg⋅ha−1, 7.08 g/seed100, 24.3%, 4.91%, and 1.59%, respectively. Low harvest index values (17% to 25%) indicated that potential exists for improvement in mungbean seed yield. The results indicated that mungbean can be easily produced in rotation with winter wheat in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States.
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Johnson, Donald R., e Glenn Studebaker. "Control of Armyworm in Wheat, 1990:". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1993): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.301.
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Abstract Treatments were applied on 14 May on ‘Florida 302’ variety winter wheat in Lonoke County, AR. Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer with a 10-ft boom equipped with TX-4 hollow cone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were 10-ft wide by 40-ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were evaluated at 3 DAT by counting the number of armyworms in a 4-ft section of row in each plot.
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Johnson, Donald R., e Glenn Studebaker. "Control of Greenbug in Wheat, 1990:". Insecticide and Acaricide Tests 18, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1993): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/iat/18.1.301a.
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Abstract Treatments were applied on 11 Apr on ‘Magnum’ variety winter wheat in Lonoke County, AR. Treatments were applied with a CO2 powered backpack sprayer with a 10-ft boom equipped with TX-4 hollow cone nozzles on a 19-inch spacing. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 40 psi. Plots were 10-ft wide by 20-ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were evaluated at 2 and 7 DAT by counting the number of greenbugs in a 2-ft section of row in each plot.
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Elmiati, Reni, Zulfadly Syarif e Auzar Syarif. "PRODUKTIVITAS GANDUM (Triticum aestivum L.) DAN CAISIM (Brassica rapa L.) PADA SISTEM TUMPANGSARI". Jurnal BiBieT 3, n.º 1 (21 de novembro de 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22216/jbbt.v3i1.2215.
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<p>Penelitian tumpangsari gandum/caisim bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jarak tanam gandum (<em>Triticum aestivum L</em>.) dan waktu penanaman caisim (<em>Brassica rapa L</em>.) terhadap produktivitas gandum dan caisim. Caisim ditanam satu baris diantara dua baris gandum. Sebagai pembanding terhadap hasil, ditanam gandum dan caisim secara tunggal. Percobaan menggunakan rancangan acak kelompok (RAK) faktorial dengan 3 ulangan. Perlakuan meliputi jarak tanam gandum 20cm x 25cm, 25cm x 25cm dan 30cm x 25cm dan waktu tanam caisim 9 minggu setelah tanam gandum (MSTg), 10 MSTg dan 11 MSTg. Penelitian ini dilakukan di lahan penelitian BPTP Sumatera Barat, Arosuka dan Laboratorium Fisiologi Tanaman, Universitas Andalas, Padang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan jarak tanam gandum dan waktu tanam caisim belum memberikan pengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman gandum dan caisim. Untuk Land Equivalent Rasio (LER) dan Area Time Equivalent Ratio (ATER) menunjukkan sistem tumpangsari gandum/caisim lebih menguntungkan dibandingkan penanaman secara monokultur dengan diperolehnya nilai LER dan ATER >1, sedangkan dari perhitungan Nisbah Kompetisi (NK) tanaman gandum dan caisim diperoleh gandum merupakan komponen dominan dalam sistem tumpangari gandum/caisim.</p><p> </p><p>The research of intercropping wheat/caisim aims to determine the effect of plant spacing of wheat (<em>Triticum aestivum L.</em>) and time planting of caisim (<em>Brassica rapa L.</em>) on the productivity of wheat and caisim. Caisim planted a row between two rows of what. As a comparison of the results and wheat or caisim planted single. Experiment using a randomized block design (RAK) factorial with 3 replications. Treatment includes seed spacing 20cm x 25cm, 25cm x 25cm and 30cm x 25cm and planting time of caisim 9 weeks after planting wheat (MSTg), 10 MSTg and 11 MSTg. The research was conducted in BPTP trials field West Sumatera, Arosuka and Plant Physiology Laboratory, Andalas University in Padang. The result showed seed spacing and time of planting caisim not have any impact on the growth and yield of wheat and caisim. For the Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) and Area Time Equivalent Ratio (ATER) showed wheat cropping system/caisim more profitable than planting in monoculture with LER values obtained and ater > 1, while the Ratio of Competition (NK) wheat crop and wheat gained caisim is the dominant component in the intercropping system wheat/caisim.</p>