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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Weeds, spain"
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Saavedra, M., J. Cuevas, J. Mesa-García e L. García-Torres. "Grassy weeds in winter cereals in southern Spain". Crop Protection 8, n.º 3 (junho de 1989): 181–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(89)90024-0.
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Gandía, María Luisa, Carlos Casanova, Francisco Javier Sánchez, José Luís Tenorio e María Inés Santín-Montanyá. "Arable Weed Patterns According to Temperature and Latitude Gradient in Central and Southern Spain". Atmosphere 11, n.º 8 (13 de agosto de 2020): 853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11080853.
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(1) Background: In agro-ecosystems, the success of the crops has a strong connection to biodiversity in the landscape. In the face of climate change, it is important to understand the response to environmental variation of weed species by means of their distribution. In the last century, biodiversity has been impacted due to a variety of stresses related to climate change. Although the composition of vegetation tends to change at a slower rate than climate change, we hypothesize species present in weed communities are distributed in diverse patterns as a response to the climate. Therefore, the general aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of temperature, using latitude as an indicator, on the composition and distribution of weed communities in agro-ecosystems. (2) Methods: Weeds were monitored in georeferenced cereal fields which spanned south and central Spanish regions. The graphic representation according to latitude allowed us to identify groups of weeds and associate them to a temperature range. We classified weeds as generalist, regional, or local according to the range of distribution. (3) Results: The monitoring of species led to the classification of weeds as generalist, regional or local species according to latitude and associated temperature ranges. Three weed species that were present in all latitude/temperature regions, were classified as generalist (Linaria micrantha (Cav) Hoffmanns & Link, Sonchus oleraceous L., and Sysimbrium irium L.). The species were classified as regional or local when their presence was limited to restricted latitude/temperature ranges. One weed, Stellaria media (L.) Vill., was considered a local species and its distribution dynamics can be considered an indicator of temperature. (4) Conclusions: The novel methodology used in this study to assign weed distribution as an indicator of climatic conditions could be applied to evaluate climate gradients around the world.
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SALVA, A. PUJADAS, e J. E. HERNANDEZ BERMEJO. "Floristic composition and agricultural importance of weeds in southern Spain". Weed Research 28, n.º 3 (junho de 1988): 175–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3180.1988.tb01603.x.
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Fernández-Sanz, Ana M., M. Rosario Rodicio e Ana J. González. "Biochemical Diversity, Pathogenicity and Phylogenetic Analysis of Pseudomonas viridiflava from Bean and Weeds in Northern Spain". Microorganisms 10, n.º 8 (29 de julho de 2022): 1542. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10081542.
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Pseudomonas viridiflava was originally reported as a bean pathogen, and subsequently as a wide-host range pathogen affecting numerous plants species. In addition, several authors have reported the epiphytic presence of this bacterium in “non-host plants”, which may act as reservoir of P. viridiflava and source of inoculum for crops. A new biotype of this bacterium, showing an atypical LOPAT profile, was found in Asturias, a Northern region of Spain, causing significant damage in beans, kiwifruit, lettuce, and Hebe. In order to investigate the involvement of weeds in bean disease, samples were collected from beans and weeds growing in the same fields. A total of 48 isolates of P. viridiflava were obtained, 39 from weeds and 9 from beans. 48% and 52% of them showed typical (L− O− P+ A− T+) and atypical (L+ O− P v A− T+) LOPAT profiles, and they displayed high biochemical diversity. Regarding virulence factors, the T-PAI and S-PAI pathogenicity islands were found in 29% and 70.8% of the isolates, 81.2% displayed pectinolytic activity on potato slices, and 59% of the weed isolates produced symptoms after inoculation on bean pods. A phylogenetic tree based on concatenated rpoD, gyrB, and gltA sequences separated the strains carrying S-PAI and T-PAI into different clusters, both containing isolates from beans and weeds, and pathogenic as well as non-pathogenic strains. Closely related strains were found in the two hosts, and more than half of the weed isolates proved to be pathogenic in beans. This is consistent with the role of weeds as a reservoir and source of inoculum for bean infection. Detection of P. viridiflava in weeds throughout the year further supports these roles.
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Gómez de Barreda, Diego, Gabriel Pardo, José María Osca, Mar Catala-Forner, Silvia Consola, Irache Garnica, Nuria López-Martínez, José Antonio Palmerín e Maria Dolores Osuna. "An Overview of Rice Cultivation in Spain and the Management of Herbicide-Resistant Weeds". Agronomy 11, n.º 6 (28 de maio de 2021): 1095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11061095.
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Spain is the second highest rice-producing country in the European Union, with approximately 105,000 ha used to grow this crop. The major rice-producing regions in Spain are Andalusia, Extremadura, Catalonia, and Valencia, followed by Aragon and Navarre. The main soil texture throughout Spanish rice areas is silty clay loam, with alkaline soils (pH > 7.5)—except in the Extremadura area (pH = 5.5–6)—and a low organic matter content. Water quality in terms of salinity is acceptable, although in some coastal rice areas salinity issues occasionally appear to be a determining factor for high yield achievement. According to a survey carried out on farmers and technicians, the most problematic weeds found in rice crops today in Spain are Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., and Cyperus difformis. Most of the currently authorized herbicides can be classified according to two modes of action: ALS-inhibiting and ACCase-inhibiting. Repeated field applications of herbicides with the same mode of action have resulted in the selection of herbicide-resistant weeds. At present, resistance has been confirmed in different regions of Spain to ALS inhibitors in Echinochloa spp., Leptochloa spp., and Cyperus difformis, and to ACCase inhibitors in Echinochloa spp. and Leptochloa spp. The mechanism of resistance in these species is a mutation in the target site of these herbicides. Several mutations have been found in the ALS gene, both in Echinochloa spp. and Cyperus difformis, distributed in the different rice-growing regions considered in this work. ACCase gene mutations have been mainly found in Leptochloa spp. individuals from Extremadura and Valencia. These different mutations have resulted in different patterns of cross-resistance to ALS- and ACCase-inhibiting herbicides. It is likely that the repeated use of these two modes of action in rice will result in the evolution of more resistant weed populations. The possible availability of new herbicides with alternative modes of action in a short space of time seems very limited, suggesting the need for a more appropriate use of the available alternative strategies (crop rotation, dry sowing, manual weeding, etc.). This work presents a review of the main characteristics of rice cultivation in Spain, emphasizing the current problems in this crop and the management of herbicide-resistant weeds.
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Villegas-Fernández, Ángel M., Ahmed A. Amarna, Juan Moral e Diego Rubiales. "Intercropping as a Strategy for Weed Management in Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)". Agronomy 14, n.º 6 (30 de maio de 2024): 1170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy14061170.
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Faba bean is an important legume crop worldwide, which is grown both for food and feed. As for many legume crops, postemergence weed control is difficult. The aim of this work was to assess the potential of intercropping in weed management by assessing the effect of mixing faba bean with different crops (wheat, barley, and pea) on weeds in the South of Spain. Four field trials were conducted over four consecutive seasons, and the results found that the addition of alternate intercropping of faba bean and barley achieved high levels of weed control, both for coverage and biomass (92.7% and 76.6%, respectively). Intercropping with wheat did not reduce weed coverage but did decrease weed biomass by 46.1% as compared with the faba bean monocrop. Intercropping with pea did not provide significant reductions in weed coverage or weed biomass. The diversity of the weed community was not altered by the different crop combinations tested. Additional experiments under controlled conditions were carried out to determine the possible role of barley allelopathy in weed suppression. A strong allelopathic effect entailing a reduction in the number of plants and biomass was detected for four weeds including Sinapis arvensis, Polypogon monspeliensis, Matricaria camomilla, and Medicago truncatula. It can be concluded that intercropping faba bean with barley is an excellent strategy for weed control in Southern Spain.
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de Castro, Ana-Isabel, Montserrat Jurado-Expósito, María-Teresa Gómez-Casero e Francisca López-Granados. "Applying Neural Networks to Hyperspectral and Multispectral Field Data for Discrimination of Cruciferous Weeds in Winter Crops". Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/630390.
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In the context of detection of weeds in crops for site-specific weed control, on-ground spectral reflectance measurements are the first step to determine the potential of remote spectral data to classify weeds and crops. Field studies were conducted for four years at different locations in Spain. We aimed to distinguish cruciferous weeds in wheat and broad bean crops, using hyperspectral and multispectral readings in the visible and near-infrared spectrum. To identify differences in reflectance between cruciferous weeds, we applied three classification methods: stepwise discriminant (STEPDISC) analysis and two neural networks, specifically, multilayer perceptron (MLP) and radial basis function (RBF). Hyperspectral and multispectral signatures of cruciferous weeds, and wheat and broad bean crops can be classified using STEPDISC analysis, and MLP and RBF neural networks with different success, being the MLP model the most accurate with 100%, or higher than 98.1%, of classification performance for all the years. Classification accuracy from hyperspectral signatures was similar to that from multispectral and spectral indices, suggesting that little advantage would be obtained by using more expensive airborne hyperspectral imagery. Therefore, for next investigations, we recommend using multispectral remote imagery to explore whether they can potentially discriminate these weeds and crops.
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Agustí-Brisach, C., D. Gramaje, M. León, J. García-Jiménez e J. Armengol. "Evaluation of Vineyard Weeds as Potential Hosts of Black-Foot and Petri Disease Pathogens". Plant Disease 95, n.º 7 (julho de 2011): 803–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-10-0888.
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Weeds were sampled in grapevine rootstock mother fields, open-root field nurseries, and commercial vineyards of Albacete, Alicante, Castellón, Murcia, and Valencia provinces in Spain between June 2009 and June 2010 and evaluated as potential hosts of black-foot and Petri disease pathogens. Isolations were conducted in the root system and internal xylem tissues for black-foot and Petri disease pathogens, respectively. Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum was successfully isolated from the roots of 15 of 19 weed families evaluated and 26 of 52 weed species. Regarding Petri disease pathogens, one isolate of Phaeomoniella chlamydospora was obtained from Convolvulus arvensis, and three isolates of Cadophora luteo-olivacea were obtained from Bidens subalternans, Plantago coronopus, and Sonchus oleraceus. Pathogenicity tests showed that Cylindrocarpon macrodidymum isolates obtained from weeds were able to induce typical black-foot disease symptoms. When inoculated in grapevines, isolates of Cadophora luteo-olivacea and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora were also shown to be pathogenic on grapevine cuttings. Our ability to recover grapevine pathogens from vineyard weeds and to demonstrate pathogenicity of recovered strains on grape suggests that these weeds may serve as a source of inoculum for infection of grapevine.
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Montull, José María, e Joel Torra. "Herbicide Resistance Is Increasing in Spain: Concomitant Management and Prevention". Plants 12, n.º 3 (19 de janeiro de 2023): 469. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12030469.
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Herbicide-resistant weeds currently challenge sustainable food production in almost all cropping systems in Europe. Herbicide resistance is increasing, and some European countries are among the most affected globally, such as Spain and France. This situation is worsening not only due to herbicide use restrictions but also due to climate change, rendering Mediterranean countries such as Spain particularly susceptible. Therefore, focus should be aimed at preventive measures, which include those not only based on integrated weed management strategies but also based on a very good knowledge of the biology and ecology of each weed species. The main objective of this review is to provide an overview of potential future herbicide-resistant cases that can evolve in the near future in Europe. We use Spain as the case study, as it is the most affected country in Europe and because it is at risk due to global warming. For different resistant cases detailed on a crop basis, adequate prevention and management measures will be provided in order to avoid resistance evolution relative to the sites of action that are most likely to generate resistant biotypes due to expected high selection pressures.
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Bautista, Alberto San, Daniel Tarrazó-Serrano, Antonio Uris, Marta Blesa, Vicente Estruch-Guitart, Sergio Castiñeira-Ibáñez e Constanza Rubio. "Remote Sensing Evaluation Drone Herbicide Application Effectiveness for Controlling Echinochloa spp. in Rice Crop in Valencia (Spain)". Sensors 24, n.º 3 (25 de janeiro de 2024): 804. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24030804.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple cereal in the diet of more than half of the world’s population. Within the European Union, Spain is a leader in rice production due to its climate and tradition, accounting for 26% of total EU production in 2020. The Valencian rice area covers around 15,000 hectares and is strongly influenced by biotic and abiotic factors. An important biotic factor affecting rice production is weeds, which compete with rice for sunlight, water and nutrients. The dominant weed in Spain is Echinochloa spp., although wild rice is becoming increasingly important. Rice cultivation in Valencia takes place in the area of L’Albufera de Valencia, which is a natural park, i.e., a special protection area. In this natural area, the use of phytosanitary products is limited, so it is necessary to use the minimum amount possible. Therefore, the objective of this work is to evaluate the possibility of using remote sensing effectively to determine the effectiveness of the application of the herbicide cyhalofop-butyl by drone for the control of Echinochloa spp. in rice crops in Valencia. The results will be compared with those obtained by using sterilisation machines (electric backpack sprayers) to apply the herbicide. To evaluate the effectiveness of the application, the reflectance obtained by the satellite sensors in the red and near infrared (NIR) wavelengths, as well as the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI), were used. The remote sensing results were analysed and complemented by the number of rice plants and weeds per area, plant dry weight, leaf area, BBCH phenological state, SPAD index values, chlorophyll content and relative growth rate. Remote sensing is validated as an effective tool for determining the efficacy of an herbicide in controlling weeds applied by both the drone and the electric backpack sprayer. The weeds slowed down their development after the treatment. Depending on the phenological state of the crop and the active ingredient of the herbicide, these results are applicable to other areas with different climatic and environmental conditions.
Livros sobre o assunto "Weeds, spain"
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Burkart, Frances Lee. Three hundred years of Barclifts, 1690-1990. Cullman, AL (P.O. Box 1045, Cullman 35056-1045): Gregath Pub. Co., 1991.
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Unkrautgesellschaften der Getreide und Fruehjahrshackfruchkulturen (Stellarietea Mediae) Im Mediterranen Iberien (La Vegetacion Arvense (Stellarietea Mediae) de los Cultivos de Primavera de Iberia Mediterranea). Gebruder Borntraeger Verlagsbuchhandlung, Science Publishers, 1989.
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Dard, Frédéric. The executioner weeps. 2017.
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Dutton, George E. Invoking the Padroado. University of California Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/california/9780520293434.003.0006.
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This chapter focuses on Binh’s decade-long effort to persuade the Portuguese ruler to appoint an official bishop to the Vietnamese realm of Tonkin. It discusses the nature of the Vietnamese petitions to the throne, and the arguments Binh used to convince the ruler to act. It discusses his representation of his community as being “of the East” and the significant disjuncture this represented in Vietnamese geographical conceptualizations. It explores the numerous obstacles to a successful completion of the mission: numerous diplomatic crises with Spain, the fierce opposition of the papal nuncio in Lisbon, and the crown prince’s tendency toward inaction. It also describes the personal challenges the Vietnamese delegates faced, including major illnesses that required therapeutic treatments, and eventually led to the death of one of their number. The chapter describes the ruler’s 1801 decision to appoint Manuel Galdino as the bishop to Tonkin, only to reverse his decision three weeks later under strong pressure from the nuncio, shifting Galdino’s appointment to Macao. It then discusses Binh’s efforts over the next six years to salvage his mission, seeking other ways to persuade the ruler, including sending emissaries to the pope to receive papal authority for the appointment.
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Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029.
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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.
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Scott, David L. Outcomes. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642489.003.0029_update_001.
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Outcomes evaluate the impact of disease. In rheumatology they span measures of disease activity, end-organ damage, and quality of life. Some outcomes are categorical, such as the presence or absence of remission. Other outcomes involve extended numeric scales such as joint counts, radiographic scores, and quality of life measures. Outcomes can be measured in the short term—weeks and months—or over years and decades. Short-term outcomes, though readily related to treatment, may have less relevance for patients. Clinical trials focus on short-term outcomes whereas observational studies explore longer-term outcomes. The matrix of rheumatic disease outcomes is exemplified by rheumatoid arthritis. Its outcomes span disease activity assessments like joint counts, damage assessed by erosive scores, quality of life evaluated by disease-specific measures like the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) or generic measures like the Short Form 36 (SF-36), overall assessments like remission, and end result such as joint replacement or death. Outcome measures are used to capture the impact of treating rheumatic diseases, and are influenced by both disease severity and the effectiveness of treatment. However, they are also influenced by a range of confounding factors. Demographic factors like age, gender, and ethnicity can all have crucial impacts. Deprivation is important, as poverty invariably worsens outcomes. Finally, comorbidities affect outcomes and patients with multiple comorbid conditions usually have worse quality of life with poorer outcomes for all diseases. These multiple confounding factors mean comparing outcomes across units without adjustment will invariably show major differences.
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Remes, Jacob A. C. Introduction. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252039836.003.0001.
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This book offers a social history of the tension between the state's often bumbling attempts to help and control, on one hand, and citizens' work to receive that help and reject control during disasters, on the other. Focusing on the Salem fire of 1914 and the Halifax explosion of 1917, it examines issues of power and politics that accompanied disaster citizenship during the Progressive Era that saw survivors develop networks of solidarity and obligation to help each other. The book is divided into three sections: the first is about individuals in the first hours and days of each of the Salem and Halifax disasters; the second explores how informal communities like families and neighborhoods responded to the disasters and to the state over the span of weeks and months; and the third section looks at how Salemites and Haligonians created formal, explicit political demands and institutions from the informal and implicit politics of disaster relief and aid. The last section also considers how churches and unions responded to the disasters and to the growth of the state.
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Babel, Leo Leo. Learning Spanish for Adults Made Easy... in 2 Weeks!: The Spanish Workbook for Travel and Daily Use. Learn Spanish Having Fun and Without Effort. Perfect for Your Trip to Spain or South America. Independently Published, 2020.
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Babel, Leo. Learning Spanish for Adults Made Easy... in 2 Weeks!: Your Spanish Workbook for Travel and Daily Use. Learn Spanish Having Fun and Without Effort. Perfect for Your Trip to Spain or Latin America. Independently Published, 2021.
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Tibaldi, Stefano, e Franco Molteni. Atmospheric Blocking in Observation and Models. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.611.
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The atmospheric circulation in the mid-latitudes of both hemispheres is usually dominated by westerly winds and by planetary-scale and shorter-scale synoptic waves, moving mostly from west to east. A remarkable and frequent exception to this “usual” behavior is atmospheric blocking. Blocking occurs when the usual zonal flow is hindered by the establishment of a large-amplitude, quasi-stationary, high-pressure meridional circulation structure which “blocks” the flow of the westerlies and the progression of the atmospheric waves and disturbances embedded in them. Such blocking structures can have lifetimes varying from a few days to several weeks in the most extreme cases. Their presence can strongly affect the weather of large portions of the mid-latitudes, leading to the establishment of anomalous meteorological conditions. These can take the form of strong precipitation episodes or persistent anticyclonic regimes, leading in turn to floods, extreme cold spells, heat waves, or short-lived droughts. Even air quality can be strongly influenced by the establishment of atmospheric blocking, with episodes of high concentrations of low-level ozone in summer and of particulate matter and other air pollutants in winter, particularly in highly populated urban areas.Atmospheric blocking has the tendency to occur more often in winter and in certain longitudinal quadrants, notably the Euro-Atlantic and the Pacific sectors of the Northern Hemisphere. In the Southern Hemisphere, blocking episodes are generally less frequent, and the longitudinal localization is less pronounced than in the Northern Hemisphere.Blocking has aroused the interest of atmospheric scientists since the middle of the last century, with the pioneering observational works of Berggren, Bolin, Rossby, and Rex, and has become the subject of innumerable observational and theoretical studies. The purpose of such studies was originally to find a commonly accepted structural and phenomenological definition of atmospheric blocking. The investigations went on to study blocking climatology in terms of the geographical distribution of its frequency of occurrence and the associated seasonal and inter-annual variability. Well into the second half of the 20th century, a large number of theoretical dynamic works on blocking formation and maintenance started appearing in the literature. Such theoretical studies explored a wide range of possible dynamic mechanisms, including large-amplitude planetary-scale wave dynamics, including Rossby wave breaking, multiple equilibria circulation regimes, large-scale forcing of anticyclones by synoptic-scale eddies, finite-amplitude non-linear instability theory, and influence of sea surface temperature anomalies, to name but a few. However, to date no unique theoretical model of atmospheric blocking has been formulated that can account for all of its observational characteristics.When numerical, global short- and medium-range weather predictions started being produced operationally, and with the establishment, in the late 1970s and early 1980s, of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, it quickly became of relevance to assess the capability of numerical models to predict blocking with the correct space-time characteristics (e.g., location, time of onset, life span, and decay). Early studies showed that models had difficulties in correctly representing blocking as well as in connection with their large systematic (mean) errors.Despite enormous improvements in the ability of numerical models to represent atmospheric dynamics, blocking remains a challenge for global weather prediction and climate simulation models. Such modeling deficiencies have negative consequences not only for our ability to represent the observed climate but also for the possibility of producing high-quality seasonal-to-decadal predictions. For such predictions, representing the correct space-time statistics of blocking occurrence is, especially for certain geographical areas, extremely important.
Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Weeds, spain"
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Pope, Joshua. "Chapter 5. Individual differences in the adoption of dialectal features during study abroad". In Study Abroad and the Second Language Acquisition of Sociolinguistic Variation in Spanish, 147–73. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ihll.37.05pop.
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This study examines the use of local dialectal features by second-language speakers of Spanish who studied abroad in Madrid, Spain. Participants were interviewed before leaving the U.S., during their last weeks in Spain, and three months later. They completed reading and conversational tasks to elicit target features. Other data were collected through Spanish and English interviews, diaries, and written interactions. Everyone used at least one feature, two participants doing so somewhat frequently. The combination of factors governing variation were unique to each individual. However, common factors like social network characteristics, levels of acculturation, and motivations partially explain feature use. Other factors are important for some participants. Results highlight individualized experiences during study abroad.
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Walter, Christian, e Christoph Renné. "Osteomyelitis, Osteoradionecrosis, and Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of Jaws". In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery for the Clinician, 461–72. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1346-6_22.
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AbstractThe main function of the bones is the internal support and the storage of inorganic ions. Bones consist of the outer compact bone that harbors the inner cancellous bone and the bone marrow. Main cells are the bone-building osteoblasts, the bone-supporting osteocytes, and the bone-resorbing osteoclasts. All the cell lines communicate via the OPG RANK RANKL system.The term osteomyelitis describes inflammation of all bone structures. Depending on the clinical presentation and the cause triggering the osteomyelitis, it can be classified into acute osteomyelitis that is called secondary chronic osteomyelitis after a time span of more than 4 weeks. In general, an odontogenic infection is responsible whereas the trigger of the secondary chronic osteomyelitis is unknown. Symptoms of acute osteomyelitis are fever, listlessness, swelling, pain, reddishness, trismus, tooth mobility, pus, and paresthesia. In the secondary chronic stadium, the swelling is less prominent and a periosteal reaction, sequester formation, and fistulas can occur. The primary chronic osteomyelitis often has few and not very prominent symptoms with a nonsuppurative inflammation. Therapy consists of antibacterial mouth rinses and antibiotics to different surgical procedures.Osteoradionecrosis and medication-associated osteonecrosis are subentities where the radiation or a medication alters the bone biology and subsequently causes osteonecrosis of the affected bones.
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Peng, Chengming, Zhihui Peng, Jiaqi Li e Junzheng Zhang. "Key Construction and Control Technology of Long Span Self-anchored Suspension Bridge with Cable Before Beam". In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 163–78. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-2532-2_14.
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AbstractShatian Bridge is a self-anchored suspension bridge with a main span of 320 m. It is constructed by the overall construction technology of “cable before the beam”. The main cable is temporarily fixed through the temporary anchorage system, and the main beam construction is based on the main cable. After the main beam is hoisted and welded, the main cable is temporarily fixed, and the tensile force of the main cable is transferred to the main beam to complete the system conversion. The bridge adopts permanent-temporary combined with temporary anchorage, effectively saving the cost. The lifting of the stiffening beam adopts inverted lifting technology. For the area of the short sling in the middle of the span, a non-full-length joist is designed to solve the problem of main beam lifting in the area of the short sling. During the construction, the steel beam of the anchorage section and the auxiliary pier are temporarily consolidated. The temporary cable actively balances the tension of the main cable with clear stress, which is convenient for construction control. Temperature welds are set at both ends of the closure beam section, which not only makes room for the hoisting of the closure beam section but also avoids the structural safety problems caused by the temperature deformation of the steel beam. The slip control method of cable strands based on water bag weight ensures that the main cable does not slip during steel beam hoisting. The length of the sling is increased through the extension rod, and the horn-shaped guide device is added to avoid sling damage caused by the sling colliding with the conduit mouth. Generally speaking, the construction scheme of “cable before beam” adopted by the bridge is reasonable and feasible, which enriches the construction technology of self-anchored suspension bridges and can provide a reference for similar bridge construction in the future.
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Pedraza, Verónica, José Luis González-Andújar, Victoire Huet, Paul Tuteirihia e Julien Lecourt. "Integrated weed management in perennial woody crops". In Advances in integrated weed management, 361–94. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19103/as.2021.0098.16.
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Perennial woody crops span over a broad variety of species in Europe with olive and vine being the most cultivated tree crops. Nowadays, the increasing problem of herbicide resistance, the possible withdrawal of herbicides from the EU market and their effects on farmland biodiversity are driving a need to change weed control practices. Therefore, a combination of different weed management techniques is commonly used with the main goal being to maintain productivity, maximise water and nutrients availability for the trees and reduce chemical weed control. Case studies from Spain and United Kingdom are presented where practices such as tillage, mulch application, no-till systems with herbicide use and spontaneous/sown cover crops are applied. However, the most suitable integrated weed management (IWM) strategy will be influenced by location, soil type, crop features, topography, farmer preferences and climatic conditions.
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Carthy, Úna. "Blended mobility project: Ireland, Germany, and Spain". In Intelligent CALL, granular systems and learner data: short papers from EUROCALL 2022, 41–46. Research-publishing.net, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2022.61.1432.
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Within the parameters of the new Erasmus programme, this Blended Intensive Programme (BIP) combines virtual exchange with physical mobility. There were three institutions involved in this project: Letterkenny Institute of Technology, Ireland, Hochschule Bremerhaven, Germany, and Malaga Healthcare College, Spain. The virtual exchange ran for five weeks from November to December 2021 and the physical mobility took place in Bremerhaven in the first week of April 2022. Twenty-seven participating students from diverse academic backgrounds engaged in shared tasks during the virtual exchange on a Blackboard platform, hosted by Letterkenny Institute of Technology and were awarded two ECTS credits, which was embedded into their local curricula. Content was delivered using both synchronous and asynchronous tools. The topic was global citizenship and students collaborated in multicultural teams to create presentations on their chosen topics. In addition to this team work, they also shared their individual insights into the course content by posting to a discussion forum in Weeks 1, 3, and 4.
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Majzner, Robert. "Błoto przyczyną klęski? Studium włoskiej operacji pod Guadalajarą 8–23 marca 1937 r." In Oblicza wojny. Tom 1. Armia kontra natura. Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Łódzkiego, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/8220-055-3.15.
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In March 1937, the Italian voluntary corps CTV began an offensive operation towards Guadalajara. Its aim was to cut the Madrid connection with Valencia and thus to close the ring of encirclement around the capital of the republican Spain. The guarantee of success was to be surprise, the use of motorized infantry and the support of armored weapons and aviation. The errors of the Italian command, heavy rain and snowfall did not make it possible to achieve the assumed success and after 2 weeks the offensive was stopped.
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Einboden, Jeffrey. "“Mr Jefferson is in Reality a Musselman”". In Jefferson's Muslim Fugitives, 100–110. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190844479.003.0010.
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This chapter describes events surrounding the Louisiana Purchase. On November 30, 1803, New Orleans passed from Spain to France, along with the entire Louisiana Territory. Spain’s surrender of New Orleans was an expected prelude, anticipating yet another “transfer of sovereignty” from France to America just three weeks later on December 20. However, the legitimacy and logistics of this land deal were questioned, especially by Jefferson’s Federalist foes in Congress. The same day that New Orleans passed to France, New England minister and congressional representative Manasseh Cutler wrote a letter to friend expressing his anxieties. Cutler was bothered by the President’s new powers, which seemed to grant him unlimited sway over all of Louisiana. For Cutler, this vast territory’s transfer transformed Jefferson into a “Grand Turk”—an Oriental despot reigning over Western domains.
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Mendes, H. Pereira. "The Plague of Inconsistency". In Jewish Preaching in Times of War, 1800 - 2001, 261–65. Liverpool University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764401.003.0013.
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This chapter takes a look at H. Pereira Mendes's opposition to armed conflict in a sermon called ‘The Plague of Inconsistency’. This sermon was a call for arbitration. He previously urged that the United States submit its claims against Spain, following the sinking of the USS Maine in the harbour of Havana on 15 February, to a court of arbitration to be composed of professors of international law in distinguished universities of various countries. Six weeks later, on the sabbath, when the war officially began, as patriotic fervour began to sweep along even strong opponents of American intervention Mendes reiterated his call for arbitration through his ‘Plague’ sermon. Despite certain rebuttals against his sermon, Mendes would remain staunchly committed to the principle of arbitration rather than war as a way of solving conflicts between nations.
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Chivian, Eric, Aaron Bernstein, e Joshua P. Rosenthal. "Biodiver sity and Biomedical Research". In Sustaining Life, 163–202. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195175097.003.0005.
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Abstract Biomedical research has always relied on other species—animals, plants, and microbes—to help us understand human physiology and treat human disease. From the bacterium Escherichia coli, one hundredth the thickness of a human hair, to an eleven-foot-tall, 1,300-pound (591-kilogram) male Polar Bear; from the Fruit Fly (Drosophila melanogaster), which has a life span of only several weeks, to chimpanzees, which, like us, can live for decades, these and numerous other species have brought medicine into the modern era of antibiotics, vaccines, cancer therapy, organ transplantation, and open heart surgery.
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Gandia, M. L., C. Casanova, F. J. Sánchez, J. L. Tenorio e M. I. Santín-Montanyá. "Determination of Arable Weed Patterns according to Temperature and Latitude Gradient in Central and Southern Spain". In Modern Advances in Geography, Environment and Earth Sciences Vol. 7, 56–68. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/magees/v7/14324d.
Texto completo da fonteTrabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Weeds, spain"
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Sugimoto, Yuma. "Improvement of Stiffener Configuration to Strengthen Tensile Type Joints with Long Bolts Applied to Bridge Main Tower". In IABSE Symposium, Istanbul 2023: Long Span Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/istanbul.2023.0464.
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<p>Long-tightening joints, despite their ability to be assembled quickly, have been found to have complexities in structure and difficulties in welding during fabrication of joint components in suspension bridge main towers and wind power generation towers. In this study, a method was investigated to simplify the fabrication of long-tightening joints by reducing the welding length of joint members and improving the joint geometry through FE analysis. Additionally, a composite joint structure with concrete was studied to reduce stress concentration near the welds, which are potential weak points for fatigue cracks. The results showed that the welding length could be reduced while maintaining the strength and deformation performance of the joint by changing the stiffener geometry. The stress concentration near the welds was also improved by incorporating concrete into the joint.</p>
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Mohr, William, Robin Gordon e Robert Smith. "Local Strain Accumulation in Pipeline Girth Welds". In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0474.
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The majority of existing pipeline design codes are stress based and provide limited guidance on the design and assessment of pipelines that may experience high local strains in service. High strains can occur in service due to ground movement, bending over an unsupported span and seismic loading. In such cases pipelines should be designed based on strain capacity. The rigors of strain-based analyses pose a number of challenges, particularly related to pipeline girth welds and general material behavior. This paper presents a summary of an ongoing multi-year project co-funded by the US Minerals Management Service (MMS) and US Dept of Transportation (DOT) to develop design and assessment guidelines for pipelines that may experience high strains in service. Specific topics to be addressed by the project include: • Parent Pipe specifications (Y/T limits, stress-strain behavior, material toughness, etc.); • Welding specifications (joint design, joint geometry, weld strength mismatch, etc.); • Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) Methods for strain based loading; • Validation test methods to verify pipeline performance (criteria for full-scale testing).
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Tronskar, Jens P., Gudfinnur Sigurdsson, Olav Fyrileiv, Olav Forli, Joseph H. Kiefer e Colin Lewis. "Probabilistic Inspection Optimization of Free-Span Surveys for Subsea Gas Pipelines". In ASME 2002 21st International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2002-28093.
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Probabilistic methods have been used to develop the basis for free-span inspection of a gas pipeline system in the South China Sea. The objective of the probabilistic analysis was to study the probability of fatigue failure associated with postulated planar flaws in the HAZ of repair welds performed on some of the girth welds. The impact of flaws on the fatigue life under different free-span conditions were studied. Conventional free-span analysis involves computation of allowable free-span lengths based on onset of in-line vibrations and does not normally consider fatigue crack growth. To consider the effect of the weld flaws on the failure probability a combined probabilistic fatigue and fracture model is required. For the particular pipelines analysed automatic ultrasonic testing (AUT) was used replacing the conventional radiography of the girth welds. Conservatism in the free-span assessment can then be significantly reduced by taking into account detailed flaw sizing information from the AUT. The inspection records provide distribution of flaw height, length and position. Combined with information on current distribution, material strength and fracture toughness distribution, a detailed probabilistic fatigue crack growth and unstable fracture assessment can be conducted as per the Det Norske Veritas (DNV) 2000 Rules for Submarine Pipeline Systems [1] using the response models of the DNV Guideline 14 for free-span analyses [2]. The objective of this analysis is to estimate the critical free-span lengths and the time for fatigue cracks to penetrate the pipe wall.
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Haagensen, P. J., S. J. Maddox e K. A. Macdonald. "Guidance for Fatigue Design and Assessment of Pipeline Girth Welds". In ASME 2003 22nd International Conference on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2003-37496.
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Risers and sections of pipeline in free-span can be subjected to cyclic loading from flow-induced vibrations and other fluctuating forces leading to fatigue loading of the structure. Single-sided welds are of particular interest, however current design codes take a pessimistic view of their fatigue performance. Improvements in the quality of the finished weld produced by modern pipeline welding technology, and indeed advances made in knowledge about fatigue of such welds, mean that revision of the design guidance is now warranted. This paper reviews the fundamental basis of the existing S-N curves used for North Sea applications and considers their applicability in the light of research on fatigue of girth welds. Based on the review, proposals are made for revised fatigue design rules for girth welds in pipelines.
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Roibert, Adrien, Michel Virlogeux, Clément Fasquel e Jean-Philippe Maherault. "Normandie Bridge – Fatigue Analysis and Innovative Instrumentation of the Orthotropic Steel Deck". In IABSE Symposium, Istanbul 2023: Long Span Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/istanbul.2023.0854.
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<p>The main span of the Normandie Bridge includes a 624-meter-long central steel section with an orthotropic steel deck. This deck is subject to the effects of the road traffic, which governs the fatigue resistance of welded joints. The Chambre de Commerce et d’Industrie Seine Estuaire (CCISE), concessionnaire of the bridge, led a study combining classic analyses based on existing codes and on an innovative instrumentation.</p><p>The analysis performed on the orthotropic deck of the Normandie Bridge combines an approach by computation, conducted on a finite element model, with an innovative physical instrumentation using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors (DFOS).</p><p>The so-called "distributed" optic fibre allows to use the fibre not only as a conductor, but also as a sensitive element to measure deformations. It makes possible to measure deformations, and thus stresses, at very small intervals, every 2.6 millimetres in this case. The fibre can thus be considered as a “linear” sensor, installed on ten troughs per fibre, being bonded directly to the welds. From the recorded stresses it can give a direct evaluation of the fatigue damage and of the residual life of the deck.</p><p>This study evidences the interest of an experimental evaluation of the fatigue damage in existing structures, and provided an interesting and sometimes unexpected feedback on design practices of orthotropic steel decks.</p><p>It also highlights the predominant influence of the very local traffic conditions on the fatigue damage, such as the precise relative position of the axle wheels and of the welds, that the actual codes (Eurocode or other) take into account very imperfectly, and that cannot be compensated for by the quality of calculation models.</p>
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Lauerova, Dana, e John Sharples. "STYLE: Comparison of Engineering Assessment Methods". In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78438.
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The paper presents results of a sub-task of the STYLE project currently running within the 7th Framework EU programme by way of an overview of deterministic engineering assessment methods (EAM) used for evaluation of flawed nuclear plant components, as used in various European countries (Germany, France, UK, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Spain, Finland and Sweden). Within STYLE, several mock-up experiments are being performed on specimens containing structural features. Structural features being considered include (1) dissimilar metal welds, (2) repair welds, and (3) austenitic cladding on a ferritic pipe. The overview thus focuses on the evaluation of flaws contained within each of these three types of features. Information on the procedures and codes applied in the various countries are given: KTA standard, ASME Code in Germany; ZG Appendix of RCC-M, A16 Appendix of RCC-MRx, and App. 5.4–5.6 of RSE-M in France; R6 in the UK; BS7910, R6 in the Netherlands; VERLIFE, ASME Code in the Czech Republic; ASME Code in Spain; SSM Handbook, ASME Code in Finland; and SSM Handbook, ASME Code, ProSACC in Sweden. An overview and brief description of the different methods is included in the paper, highlighting the commonalities and differences among the various approaches.
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Prochazka, Jaroslav, Marcin Kokott, Martin Chmelar e Jan Krchnak. "Keeping the Spin -- From Idea to Cash in 6 Weeks: Success Story of Agile/Lean Transformation". In 2011 6th IEEE International Conference on Global Software Engineering (ICGSE). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icgse.2011.19.
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Xiao, Guangwen, Xinbiao Xiao, Zefeng Wen e Xuesong Jin. "Analysis on Impact Loading at Rail Welds at High Speed". In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59383.
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When a railway vehicle passes through a track with different weld irregularities at high speed, the impact loading of the vehicle coupled with the track is investigated in detail using a coupled vehicle/track model. In this model, a half vehicle is considered and modeled as a multi-body system. In the track model, a Timoshenko beam resting on discrete sleepers is applied to model each rail. Each sleeper is modeled as a rigid body accounting for its vertical, lateral, roll motions. A moving sleeper support model is used to simulate the interaction of the vehicle and the track. The ballast bed is replaced with equivalent masses. The equivalent dampers and springs are used to replace the connections between the parts of the vehicle and track. In calculating the coupled vehicle and track dynamics, Hertzian contact theory and the creep force theory by Shen et al. are, respectively, used to calculate the normal forces and the creep forces between the wheels and the rails. The motion equations of the vehicle-track are solved by means of an explicit integration method. The weld rail irregularity is modeled by setting a local track vertical deviation at a rail weld joint, which is described with a simplified cosine function. In the numerical analysis the effect of the different wavelength, depth, the position of the welded joint in a sleeper span, and vehicle speed is taken into account. The numerical results obtained are greatly useful in the tolerance design of welded rail profile irregularity caused by damage and hand-grinding after rail welding.
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Collins, John, Peter Campbell, James Barnes e Mark Bulmer. "Humber Bridge side span rocker bearings replacement". In IABSE Symposium, Manchester 2024: Construction’s Role for a World in Emergency. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/manchester.2024.0964.
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<p>Opened in 1981, the Humber Bridge (UK) is a suspension bridge carrying a dual carriageway and footpaths. It has a main span of 1410 m, and side spans of 280 m and 530 m. Ensuring that strategic bridge crossings remain safe for operation following unforeseen events is essential. Works to the side span bearings supporting the steel deck box at the concrete towers and anchorages provide a case study of such works. In February 2020, new cracks were identified around rocker bearing welds. Lane closures were implemented and repairs of welded steel plates around the cracks were installed. Subsequent investigations included structural health monitoring, inspections and non- destructive testing. While rocking of the A-frames was observed, stick-slip rotation of the pinned connections was present with flexure in the A-frames induced. These findings justified and helped inform parameters for the temporary replacement of the tower rockers in 2021 and 2022.</p>
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Betts, Dillon, Jorge Pérez Armiño, Aaron Ferguson e Will Crocker. "A Case Study on the Analysis and Rehabilitation of an Existing Through Arch Truss Bridge". In IABSE Symposium, Istanbul 2023: Long Span Bridges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/istanbul.2023.0744.
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<p>The Seal Island Bridge is a steel through-arch truss bridge in Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada with a main span of 152 m. At over 60 years in service, the bridge is near the end of its design life and showing structural and operational difficulties such as a previously failed truss diagonal, cracked floorbeams, steel material property complexities, wind-induced vibrations, and restricted access due to narrow deck geometry. A series of bridge inspections were performed which included visual inspections, non-destructive testing, and material testing. The inspections revealed the presence of tack welds and associated cracking, steel corrosion, concrete deterioration, seized bearings, and vibrating bracing elements. Additionally, a structural health monitoring (SHM) program was implemented to determine the current bridge behaviour. To assess the structure, a finite element (FE) model was created and calibrated using the SHM data and the inspection findings. The FE modelling is the focus of this paper. During preliminary analysis, it was determined that the structure was sensitive to wind loading. Therefore, a detailed wind buffeting analysis was performed to refine the wind loading used in the analysis. Based on the results of the analysis and investigations, a rehabilitation plan is currently being developed to ensure that the bridge can remain in service for an additional 15 years. Additionally, a benefit-cost analysis is being performed to assess potential rehabilitation and replacement options for the Owner, the Province of Nova Scotia.</p>
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Weeds, spain"
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Gortazar, Lúcas, Claudia Hupkau e Antonio Roldan. Spain: A Succesful Experience of Remote Tutoring. Inter-American Development Bank, agosto de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005077.
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In 2021, EsadeEcPol, in collaboration with the "Empieza Por Educar" Foundation (ExE), launched "Menttores", an online educational reinforcement program aimed at students from vulnerable backgrounds in response to the challenges posed by COVID-19. Over 8 weeks, 356 students aged 12-15 from 18 educational centers in Madrid and Catalonia benefited from three weekly tutoring sessions, each 50 minutes long, taught by paid-for, qualified math teachers who passed a rigorous selection and training process. Through a "Randomized Controlled Trial" (RCT), it was shown that the program achieved a significant increase in math grades, reduced the likelihood of repeating the school year, and additionally, fostered the aspirations and commitment of the students.
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Davis, Robert E., Edna Tanne, James P. Prince e Meir Klein. Yellow Disease of Grapevines: Impact, Pathogen Molecular Detection and Identification, Epidemiology, and Potential for Control. United States Department of Agriculture, setembro de 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568792.bard.
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Grapevine yellows diseases characterized by similar symptoms have been reported in several countries including Israel, the United States, France, Italy, Spain, Germany and Australia. These diseases are among the most serious known in grapevine, but precise knowledge of the pathogens' identities and modes of their spread is needed to devise effective control stratgegies. The overall goals of this project were to develop improved molecular diagnostic procedures for detection and identification of the presumed mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) pathogens, now termed phytoplasmas, and to apply these procedures to investigate impact and spread and potential for controlling grapevine yellows diseases. In the course of this research project, increased incidence of grapevine yellows was found in Israel and the United States; the major grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel was identified and tis 16S rRNA gene characterized; leafhopper vectors of this grapevine yellows phytoplasma in Israel were identified; a second phytoplasma was discovered in diseased grapevines in Israel; the grapevine yellows disease in the U.S. was found to be distinct from that in Israel; grapevine yellows in Virginia, USA, was found to be caused by two different phytoplasmas; both phytoplasmas in Virginia grapevines were molecularly characterized and classified; commercial grapevines in Europe were discovered to host a phytoplasma associated with aster yellow disease in the USA, but this phytoplasma has not been found in grapevine in the USA; the Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma was found to be distinct from the grapevine phytoplasmas in Israel, the United States and Europe and was described and named "Candidatus phytoplasma australiense", and weed host plants acting as potential reservoirs of the grapevine phytoplasmas were discovered. These and other findings from the project should aid in the design and development of strategies for managing the grapevine yellows disease problem.
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Rine, Kristin, Roger Christopherson e Jason Ransom. Harlequin duck (Histrionicus histrionicus) occurrence and habitat selection in North Cascades National Park Service Complex, Washington. National Park Service, abril de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2293127.
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Harlequin ducks (Histrionicus histrionicus) are sea ducks that migrate inland each spring to nest along fast-flowing mountain streams. They are considered one of the most imperiled duck species in North America and occur in two distinct populations on the Atlantic and Pacific coasts. The Pacific coast population includes Washington State, where harlequin ducks breed in the Olympic, Cascade, and Selkirk Mountains. This species is designated as a Management Priority Species by the National Park Service within North Cascades National Park Service Complex (NOCA). This report summarizes harlequin duck surveys conducted during 15 years across a 27-year period (1990 and 2017) on major streams within NOCA, and incidental observations collected from 1968–2021. The primary objectives of these surveys were to 1) document the distribution and abundance of harlequin duck observations within NOCA boundaries, 2) describe productivity (number of broods and brood size), 3) describe breeding chronology of harlequin ducks, and 4) describe habitat characteristics of breeding streams. Sixty-eight stream surveys over 15 years resulted in observations of 623 individual harlequin ducks comprising various demographics, including single adults, pairs, and broods. In addition, we collected 184 incidental observations of harlequin ducks from visitors and staff between 1968–2021. Harlequin ducks were observed on 22 separate second- to sixth-order streams throughout NOCA across the entire 53-year span of data, both incidentally and during harlequin duck surveys by Park staff. Harlequin ducks were detected on 8 of the 13 streams that were actively surveyed. Excluding recounts, 88.7% (n = 330) of individual harlequin duck observations during surveys occurred in the Stehekin River drainage. Between all surveys and incidental observations, 135 unpaired females without broods were sighted across all NOCA waterways. Thirty-nine broods were recorded between NOCA surveys and incidental observations, with a mean brood size of 3.61 (± 1.44 SD; range = 2–10). Breeding pairs were recorded as early as April 5 and were seen on streams until June 15, a period of less than seven weeks (median: May 2), but most pairs were observed within a 3-week span, between April 26 and May 17. Single females (unpaired with a male, with (an)other female(s), or with a brood) were observed on streams between April 26 and August 25 (median: July 3), though most observations were made within a 5-week period between June 12 and July 19. Habitat data collected at adult harlequin duck observation sites indicate that the birds often used stream reaches with features that are characteristic of high-energy running water. While adults occupied all instream habitat types identified, non-braided rapids and riffles were used most frequently, followed by pools and backwaters. Larger instream substrate sizes (cobbles and boulders) were present at most observation sites. Adult harlequin ducks were more often found at locations that lacked visible drifting or lodged woody debris, but drift debris was a slightly more abundant debris type. The presence of gravel bars and at least one loafing site was common. Adult harlequin ducks were more often observed in association with vegetation that offered some cover over the channel, but not where banks were undercut. The average channel width at adult observation sites was 34.0 m (range: 6-80 m; n = 114) and 27.6 m (± 15.7 m; range: 10-60 m; n = 12) at brood observation sites. Compared to adult harlequin duck sites, broods were observed more frequently in low velocity habitat (pools, backwaters), but rarely in rapids. Cobble and boulder substrates were still the most dominant substrate type. Contrary to adult ducks, broods were observed most often observed in meandering stream channels, a morphology indicative of low gradient, low velocity stream reaches. Most broods were observed in stream reaches with gravel bars, loafing sites, and...
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DISTRIBUTION OF RESIDUAL STRESS IN THE SPHERE-PIPE CONNECTION WELDS OF WELDED HOLLOW SPHERICAL JOINTS. The Hong Kong Institute of Steel Construction, setembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18057/ijasc.2023.19.3.7.
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Welded hollow spherical joint is widely used in large-span spatial structures due to its simple structure, clear mechanical behavior and convenient connection. However, a large number of sphere-pipe connection welds at the joints will inevitably produce complex welding residual stress, which will have adverse effects on the stiffness of the joints and the overall safety of the structure. Focusing on the sphere-pipe connection welds on the hollow spherical joints, this paper keeps track of the whole process of sphere-pipe welding, analyzes and summarizes the distribution law and specific distribution mode of welding residual stress on the joints and parametrically analyzes the influence trend of the configuration dimension of joints on the distribution of welding residual stress. Studies have found that the circumferential welding residual tensile stress is mainly concentrated in and near the weld, while the compressive stress is concentrated in the outer area of the weld. The longitudinal residual stress shows the obvious bending features of external compression and internal tension along the wall thickness direction near the weld; The configuration dimension of the hollow spherical joint mainly affects the influence range of welding residual stress, that is, with the change of dimension, the welding heat-affected zone on steel pipes will vary within the area with a distance to the weld 0.6~1.35 times the diameter, and the heat-affected zone on spherical joints will vary within the area with a distance to the weld no more than 0.5 times the diameter. The above-mentioned refined research on the residual stress of the hollow spherical joint can lay a foundation for the accurate evaluation of the stiffness and overall safety of the welded hollow spherical joints.