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Sun, Gwo-Shing 1959. "Water quality of gray water for reuse." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191907.
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This study was designed to evaluate the safety of gray water for reuse purposes. The physical and chemical quality of treated gray water met water reuse standards set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation purposes. The number of microorganisms in gray water significantly decreased after biological treatment and sand filtration. However, the number of fecal coliform bacteria in treated gray water was still higher than the standard for reuse as set by the State of Arizona for surface irrigation. This is also true for rain water which was stored in a tank. No indigenous Salmonella were isolated from gray water. It was found that both Salmonella typhimurium and Shigella dysenteriae, seeded into gray water, can persist for at least several days. This implied that there may be some risk associated with gray water reuse when the gray water contains these pathogenic bacteria.
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Leung, Suet-fai. "The feasibility of utilizing grey water in Hong Kong buildings /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2002. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B25436211.
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Shipps, Hillary P. "Water Reuse as Part of San Diego's Water Portfolio." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/144.
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San Diego imports 80 to 90 percent of its water supply, depending on conditions during any particular year. This high level of imports and low diversity of water supply have combined with climate change to generate an urgent need for increased conservation and diversification of San Diego's water supply. Water reuse is one option to mitigate this problem. An attempt was made in the early 1990s to recycle wastewater but the public reacted badly due to a combination of bad public relations, perceived environmental justice issues, and a psychological phenomenon called the yuck factor. With improved public relations and education, the project might go through this year.
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Corzo, García Beatriz. "Forward osmosis application for water reuse." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/565820.
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Hybrid forward osmosis (FO) processes such as forward osmosis with membrane bioreactors (FO-MBR), electrodialysis (FO-ED), nanofiltration (FO-NF) or reverse osmosis (FO-RO) present promising technologies for wastewater reuse in agriculture. Their niche of application can be found when dealing with high-salinity wastewater in water stress situations, when the removal of trace organics or boron is targeted due to the multibarrier concept, or when water with high fouling potential is compulsory to treat, among other uses. In this case, one of these emerging technologies, FO-NF treatment has been studied at long-term with the aim of evaluating this technology at demonstration scale for irrigation purposes.
In order to design the definitive pilot demonstration plant, an intensive evaluation of draw solutions (DS) was performed by focusing on the wastewater reuse applications of hybrid forward osmosis (FO) processes. The substances studied were potassium formate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulphate, sodium chloride, sodium polyacrylate and polyethylene glycol, and their osmotic pressure, conductivity, pH, thermostability, sunlight exposure, toxicity, FO filtration performance and replenishment costs were determined. Based on these characteristics, three DS, sodium polyacrylate, magnesium sulphate and potassium phosphate, were selected as the most interesting to be evaluated in the demonstration plant. The results also revealed that the most relevant DS properties for wastewater reuse under the studied conditions were the DS regeneration method, DS replacement price, pH adjustment and toxicity. These properties were shown to be more relevant than filtration flux when a maximum DS osmotic pressure value of 10 bar was used, establishing this pressure as the limit for efficient DS recovery. Thus, prioritizing energy consumption, NF 270 4040 from Filmtec (Dow Chemical), were selected as the most suitable recovery nanofiltration (NF) membrane; because they offered the best relationship permeate flow/feed pressure with an adequate rejection. Additionally, to select the most suitable FO membrane, five commercially available FO membrane modules were evaluated and compared, where thin-film composite (TFC) flat sheet membranes from Porifera showed the highest flux and the highest salt rejection, and the lowest permeability and salt rejection values were presented by cellulose triacetate (CTA) hollow fibre membranes from Toyobo.
Based on the information obtained, a FO/NF demonstration plant was constructed next to the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in San Pedro del Pinatar, in the region of Murcia (Spain). This plant represented the world’s first FO demonstration plant for municipal wastewater reclamation to be evaluated for agricultural purposes. The plant was operated treating 3 m3 h-1 of real wastewater with an average salinity of 3-5 mS
cm-1 and 1.5 mg L-1 of boron in continuous mode for 480 days. Two of the three DS that had been previously selected (sodium polyacrylate and magnesium sulphate) were evaluated in different periods of experimentation. In a later study, magnesium chloride was catalogued as a DS with great potential to achieve economical expenses during the whole operation. The operation with sodium polyacrylate led to reversible fouling on the FO and NF membranes and the permeate was not suitable for irrigation. Although the permeate quality obtained was acceptable using magnesium sulphate as DS, this generated severe irreversible fouling on NF membranes and therefore, it was discarded. Finally, magnesium chloride showed the best performance, with FO-NF membranes presenting a stable permeability and low membrane fouling during long-
term operation. The FO-NF permeate showed high quality for irrigation, achieving a conductivity value of 1 mS cm-1, a boron concentration below 0.4 mg L-1 and an average sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) of 1.98 (mequ L-1)0.5.<br>La ósmosis directa (OD) utiliza los principios de la ósmosis para desalinizar agua. El proceso de ósmosis directa utiliza un fluido denominado solución extractora a partir del cual se extrae agua de la fuente principal a través de una membrana semipermeable, aprovechando las diferencias de presión osmótica. Este proceso tiene la desventaja de que no genera agua de alta calidad en una sola etapa debido a que el agua producto se mezcla con el agente osmótico de la solución extractora. Así, se debe prever un sistema de separación del agente extractor para obtener el agua deseada, lo que se denomina sistema híbrido.
Durante la tesis doctoral se estudió un sistema híbrido OD-Nanofiltración a escala piloto, demostrando que el proceso híbrido OD-NF es una tecnología con baja propensión al ensuciamiento, que puede lograr un permeado estable y de alta calidad para la reutilización de aguas residuales en una operación a largo plazo. Sin embargo, el consumo energético y del agente extractor es relevante.
La falta de módulos de membrana de OD optimizados y disponibles en el mercado sigue siendo la principal limitación para la aplicación del proceso de OD a gran escala. En un futuro cercano, se espera que este proceso emergente se vuelva más sostenible y competitivo para el caso de uso estudiado en esta tesis.
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Pidou, Marc. "Hybrid membrane processes for water reuse." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2006. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4372.
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Water recycling is now widely accepted as a sustainable option to respond to the general increase of the fresh water demand, water shortages and for environment protection. Because greywater represents up to 70% of domestic wastewater volume but contains only 30% of the organic fraction and from 9 to 20% of the nutrients (Kujawa-Roeleveld and Zeeman, 2006), it is seen as one of the most appropriate sources to be treated and reuse. A broad range of technologies has been used for greywater recycling including soil filters (Itayama et al., 2004), membranes (Ahn et al., 1998) and biological aerated filters (Surendran and Wheatley, 1998). However, at small scale, such as individual household, the variability in strength and flow of the greywater and potential shock loading affect the efficacy of biological technologies. Moreover, simple physical processes, efficient to reduce the physical pollution within the greywater, are often limited to degrade the organic fraction (Jefferson et al, 2000). There is then a need for alternative technologies that would not be affected by such problems and that could provide the treatment required for reuse. This project investigated the potential of alternative technologies for greywater recycling. Four chemical systems, coagulation, MIEX®, adsorption and membrane chemical reactor based on an advanced oxidation process (TiO2/UV), were assessed at bench scale. Coagulation and MIEX® were found to achieve a limited treatment of the greywater and consequently to be not suitable in case of strict reuse standards. Whereas, adsorption with activated carbon and membrane chemical reactor provided a very good treatment of the greywater with an advantage to the advanced oxidation process as it could meet the strictest standard for reuse for BOD, turbidity and suspended solids as well as for the total and faecal coliforms. Following this results the membrane chemical reactor was tested at pilot scale and compared to a benchmark system, a membrane bioreactor. Both systems achieved a very good treatment of the greywater; however, the MBR was found to be a more robust technology with all the samples tested for BOD and turbidity below the most stringent standards. The main difference between the two systems was observed in terms of the hydraulic conditions. Indeed, important membrane fouling was occurring in the MCR. A more detailed study of membrane fouling in the MCR was carried out for a better understanding of the phenoma occurring. It was found that little fouling occurred when TiO2 was dispersed in clean water. Alternatively, a significant fouling could be observed when TiO2 was coated with specific products suggesting that a reaction occurs when TiO2 is in solution with particular chemicals changing its fouling propensity. Overall, the MBR was found to be the best technology in terms of performance and robustness. However, it was also found that spiking of domestic products can alter its performance due to their toxicity. Chemical systems, which are not affected by toxicity, seem to be a good alternative to biological systems. However, none of the systems tested here could match the effluent quality achieved by the MBR. Alternatively, the MCR achieved good treatment performance and limitation of the membrane fouling would make it a very good alternative.
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Parameshwaran, Kathiravelu Chemical Sciences & Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Enhancing membrane processes for water reuse." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Chemical Sciences & Engineering, 2008. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/41495.
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The study reported here was aimed at optimising the microfiltration (MF) membrane process applied to water reclamation. Polypropylene hollow fibre membrane (0.2 ??m) with high pressure backwahing was mainly used in this study. To obtain secondary effluent for microfiltration a biological treatment (UASB/SBR) was applied to brewery effluent. It was identified that loading at a rate below 14 kg COD/kLd will ensure the stable performance of UASB. An initial energy balance of the system (Biological and MF) shows a plant treating brewery effluent (4000 mg/L COD) could yield a net energy of 2.5 kWh/kL (yield from methane less the plant operating energy) at an optimised MF flux. For the MF of low solids feed it was found that crossflow has no benefit and that intermittent dead end filtration is less productive than dead-end cycles. It was also that found cycle time between air backwashes is strongly dependent on the imposed flux and the maximum TMP allowed. Analysis based on energy and capital cost indicates that if energy saving is the objective the unit needs to be operated at low imposed flux. However, if capital and energy costs are combined, cost efficient operation would be at about 60 to 70 L/m2.h for TMPmax of 20 kPa or above 80 L/m2.h for TMPmax of 50 kPa. For cycles with a TMPmax of 20 kPa, the specific cake resistance was constant over the range of imposed fluxes. However, for a TMPmax of 50 kPa the specific resistance was higher and increased with imposed flux, signifying compressible cake formation. Further analysis of the TMP profiles showed that the membrane resistance increased over a number of cycles and that the increase was higher at higher flux. To fully optimise the operation, it would be necessary to include these factors. Laboratory scale studies with yeast showed many similarities with secondary effluent filtration. However, some inconsistencies were observed at lower f1uxes, which need to be confirmed by further studies. Life cycle assessment of the membrane filtration process indicated that operating at low flux (10 Llm2.h) with higher TMPmax is the environmentally sound operational strategy. The analysis highlights the fact that the environmental impacts mainly come from the membrane operation (more than 85%). When alternative energy sources are considered, the least impact operational strategy shifts towards higher flux (in the vicinity of 30 l/m2.h). In-situ electrochemical cleaning using an electrolysis process indicated better flux recovery than traditional chemical cleaning. However, repeated cycles of fouling and cleaning showed electrochemically cleaned membranes have a higher fouling tendency than the chemically cleaned membrane. Initial characterisation of membrane surface properties after cleaning could not provide conclusive evidence for the cause of rapid fouling of the electrochemically cleaned membrane.
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Oertlé, Emmanuel, Duc Toan Vu, Dinh Chuc Nguyen, Laurin Näf, and Sandra Regina Müller. "Potential for water reuse in Vietnam." Technische Universität Dresden, 2019. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A70827.
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Southeast Asian countries and Vietnam in particular are facing water security challenges; water reclamation is increasingly being considered as a favorable solution. Despite the availability of suitable technologies, several constraints often prevent stakeholders and especially decision makers exploiting their potential. In this paper we present the results of applying a decision support tool (DST) to evaluate water reclamation, support pre-feasibility studies and build capacity for water reclamation in Vietnam. The DST and its data are open access, providing information related to local and international water and wastewater quality standards. In this research we identified high potential Vietnamese case studies and conducted a systematic PISTLE analysis considering six dimensions (Political, Institutional, Social, Technical, Legal and Economic) at a multiple local stakeholder workshop. Key barriers and drivers for water reclamation implementation were identified. Measures proposed during the workshop could serve as a starting point for the development of water reclamation projects in Vietnam.<br>Các nước Đông Nam Á và đặc biệt là Việt Nam nói riêng hiện đang phải đối mặt với những thách thức về đảm bảo an ninh nguồn nước; cải tạo nguồn nước hiện đang được xem là một giải pháp thuận lợi. Mặc dù các công nghệ phù hợp đã có sẵn, nhưng một số hạn chế đã ngăn cản các bên liên quan và đặc biệt là những nhà làm chính sách có thể khai thác các tiềm năng của những công nghệ này. Trong bài báo này, chúng tôi trình bày các kết quả của việc áp dụng một công cụ hỗ trợ quyết định (DST) để đánh giá việc cải tạo nguồn nước, hỗ trợ các nghiên cứu tiền khả thi và xây dựng các khả năng cải tạo nguồn nước ở Việt Nam. DST và dữ liệu của nó là nguồn truy cập mở, cung cấp thông tin liên quan đến những tiêu chuẩn về chất lượng nước và nước thải của địa phương và quốc tế. Trong nghiên cứu này, chúng tôi đã xác định các tình huống điển hình có tiềm năng cao của Việt Nam và tiến hành phân tích PISTLE có hệ thống xem xét sáu khía cạnh (Chính trị, Thể chế, Xã hội, Kỹ thuật, Pháp lý và Kinh tế) tại một hội thảo của các bên liên quan tại địa phương. Những rào cản chính và yếu tố vận hành của việc thực hiện cải tạo nguồn nước cũng đã được xác định. Các giải pháp được đề xuất trong hội thảo này có thể đóng vai trò là điểm khởi đầu để phát triển các dự án cải tạo nguồn nước ở Việt Nam.
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DeGenova, John. "Oxidation and Removal of Thin Organic Films From A Wafer Surface: Fundamentals of Ozonated Water Application and Water Recycle." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_2001_386_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Thesis (Ph. D. - Chemical and Environmental Engineering)--University of Arizona, 2001.<br>We acknowledge that the writer has two page 7's in this resource. (List of figures). Includes bibliographical references (leaves 214-218).
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Marcé, Escalé Mireia. "Ozonation of Municipal Wastewater for Water Reuse." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402548.
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Water is essential for life in all the levels: humans, animals and plants depend on it for their existence. The unsustainable growth, the changes in the consumption pattern and the climate change have positioned water resources under pressure. In this scenario where the water quality and quantity are a worldwide concern, research and development have analyzed and generated various emerging technologies that can promote the use of alternative sources of water.
Commonly, the Municipal WWTPs are organized in four stages that include physical, chemical and biological processes. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) will have an important role in the future eco-cities since will provide energy by means of a system characterized by the smallest possible ecological footprint. However, several ecological effects have been observed downstream of WWTP outfalls, probably due to the incomplete removal of pollutants by the conventional WWTPs. The analysis and understanding of the pollutants fate in Conventional WWTPs is fully necessary to create measures to reduce their release in the environment.
Even though, conventional WWTPs are designed to treat solid wastes, suspended solids and biodegradable dEfOM, many micropollutants are also affected by the treatment train. Hence, half of the micropollutant load is eliminated either by sorption to the sludge, biological degradation, volatilization and abiotic degradation. Despite this fact, some hydrophilic compounds are neither adsorbed into the sludge nor eliminated in the discharge effluents. Consequently, some of these micropollutants can end up in the aquatic environment generating negative effects, including long-term and short-term toxicity.
In the problematic water pollution scenario mentioned before, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) emerge as a possible alternative to treat the biologically persistent wastewater improving water quality and therefore restoring the aquatic environment. These processes degrade organic pollutants by forming hydroxyl radicals (OH·) which are highly reactive and non- selective. Nowadays, AOPs include also the processes that involve other radicals as sulfate radicals (SO4 ·).
Ozone application is used in wastewater, disinfection and air treatment to minimize the pollution. This process has two main strengths: on one hand, the strong oxidant potential and secondly, the lack of residues after its application. Ozone can react directly, via molecular pathway or indirectly via hydroxyl radical.
In this work, ozone has been applied to different non-conventional points of the treatment line, to check if its action could promote the enhancement of the whole treatment. Thus, it has been applied at the outlet of the primary effluent leading us to an improvement in the water quality parameters and in the removal of micropollutants. Moreover, other significant parameters for ozone application as the ozone demand and mass transfer have been studied.
Afterwards, the study was focus in the application of ozone on the activated sludge matrix. In this case, ozone showed good performance too, improving the settleability, increasing the solubility of sludge and eliminating micropollutants in both phases (sludge and supernatant).
Finally, the combination of ozone application with biological treatments was tested. Thus, ozone was applied to the primary effluent which was lately treated by an aerobic biological treatment.
In this case, good performances were observed at the level of micropollutants. Lately, ozone was applied to the conventional activated sludge matrix which was subsequently introduced in an anaerobic process to check the enhancement of biogas production. In this case, only two ozone doses showed better performances than the initial sludge without ozone pretreatment. Biodegradability and acute toxicity was studied for the primary effluent before and after ozonation, showing an improvement when the transfer ozone dose increased.<br>L’aigua es essencial per la vida en tots els nivells: humans, animals i plantes depenen d’ella per la seva pròpia existència. El creixement insostenible, els canvis en el patró de consum i el canvi climàtic han situat els recursos hídrics sota pressió. En aquest escenari on la qualitat de l’aigua i la quantitat són una preocupació mundial, la recerca i el desenvolupament analitzen actualment les tecnologies que promoguin el ús alternatiu dels recursos hídrics.
En l’escenari de la problemàtica de l’aigua, els processos d’oxidació avançada emergeixen com a possible alternativa per tractar els compostos recalcitrants que trobem en l’aigua, millorant la qualitat de l’aigua i per tant, restaurant el medi aquàtic. Aquests processos, degraden els contaminants orgànics formant radicals hidroxils (·OH) que són altament reactius i no són selectius.
L’ozó s’utilitza en el tractament d’aigües residuals, desinfecció i tractament de l’aire per minimitzar la contaminació. Aquest procés té dos punts forts: per una banda, el fort potencial oxidant i en segon lloc, la manca de residus després de la seva aplicació. L’Ozó pot reaccionar directament, via molecular o indirectament via el radical hidroxil.
En aquest projecte, l’ozó s’ha aplicat a diferents punts de la cadena de tractament, per tal de comprovar si la seva acció pot promoure una millora en el tractament global. Així, s’ha aplicat a l’efluent de la sortida del tractament primari millorant els paràmetres de l’efluent primari tant a nivell de la qualitat de l’aigua i de l’eliminació dels microcontaminants. A més, altres paràmetres importants relacionats amb l’aplicació de l’ozó i la demanda d’ozó han estat estudiats.
Després, l’estudi es va centrar en l’aplicació de l’ozó en una matriu de Fangs Activats. En aquest cas, ozó va mostrar bons resultats millorant la sedimentació, incrementant la solubilitat dels fangs i l’eliminant els microcontaminants.
Finalment, l’ozó es va combinar amb tractaments biològics, aeròbics i anaeròbics. Bones eliminacions es van observar a nivell de microcontaminants. Tot i així, només dues dosis van afavorir una millora en la producció del biogàs.
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Raffin, Marie. "Optimisation of membrane technology for water reuse." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2011. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/9238.
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Increasing freshwater scarcity is making reclamation of wastewater effluent more economically attractive as a means of preserving freshwater resources. The use of an integrated membrane system (IMS), the combination of micro/ultra-filtration (MF/UF) followed by reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, represents a key process for municipal wastewater reuse. A major drawback of such systems is the fouling of both the MF/UF and RO membranes. The water to be treated by the IMS system varies from one wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to another, and its fouling propensity changes correspondingly. It is thus preferable to conduct pilot trials before implementing a full-scale plant. This thesis aims to look at the sustainability of IMS technology dedicated to indirect potable reuse (IPR) in terms of fouling minimisation and cost via a 600 m3 .d- 1 pilot plant. Wastewater reuse plants, using IMS, as well as statistical methods for membrane optimisation were reviewed. Box-Behnken design was used to define optimum operating envelopes of the pilot plant for both the microfiltration and the reverse osmosis in terms of fouling minimisation. Same statistical method was used to enhance the efficiency of the MF cleaning-in place through bench-scale test. Data from the pilot plant MF process allow to determine relationship between reversible and irreversible fouling, and operating parameters and feed water quality. Life cycle cost analysis (LCCA) of the both trains (MF/RO/AOP and MF/AOP) of the pilot plant was performed and compared with the LCCA of two full-scale plant.
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Rose, Joan B., Gwo-Shing Sun, Bart C. Weimer, Rod S. Silverman, Charles P. Gerba, and Norval A. Sinclair. "Microbial Quality of Gray Water for Reuse." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296368.
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From the Proceedings of the 1986 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Association, Hydrology Section - Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science and the Arizona Hydrological Society - April 19, 1986, Glendale Community College, Glendale, Arizona<br>As the scarcity of water and the price of municipal water inevitably increase, gray water reuse may become an inexpensive and viable alternative for such purposes as irrigation, lawn maintenance and water closet flushing. However, some problems do exist. The microbial and chemical content of gray water includes agents that may present public health problems. The purpose of this study was to determine the general microbial composition of gray water using standard plate counts and selective media at specific sites (shower/bath, wash cycle and rinse cycle of a clothes washing machine) and the general chemical and physical properties of gray water at these same sites (phosphate, ammonia, chloride, pH, TDS and turbidity). Samples were taken from a diverse group of families with and without children (1 ½ - 9 years). Standard plate count bacteria ranged from 10⁵ to 10¹⁰ colony forming units (CFU)₄/100 ml. Shower and bath water contained an average of 10⁴ to 10⁶ CFU/100 ml of coliforms. Failies with children produced wash cycle gray water containing 10⁶ CFU /100 ml of fecal coliforms. Ammonia concentrations varied proportionally with bacterial concentrations while phosphate varied inversely with bacterial growth. Bacterial numbers increased one order of magnitude during storage of gray water.
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Rodrigues, Raquel dos Santos. "As dimensões legais e institucionais do reuso de água no Brasil: proposta de regulamentação do reuso no Brasil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-03112005-121928/.
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O reuso de água surge como um instrumento adicional para a gestão dos recursos hídricos, visando a redução da pressão sobre os mananciais de abastecimento, liberando as águas de melhor qualidade para os fins mais nobres, e trazendo uma série de benefícios específicos aos usuários, tais como o aumento de produtividade agrícola, a redução de custos com a compra de água e a preservação dos aqüíferos subterrâneos. Entretanto, enquanto a prática do reuso se dissemina no Brasil, não há a criação de nenhuma legislação específica visando regular o setor, proteger o meio ambiente e a saúde dos grupos de risco. Esta dissertação foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de fornecer uma base sobre a estrutura legal e institucional responsável pelo controle e regulação do reuso no Brasil. São apresentadas as diretrizes gerais sobre o conteúdo necessário para uma regulamentação específica, ressaltando-se o arcabouço institucional necessário (nível federal e local), os tipos de reuso que precisam ser regulamentados, os incentivos que podem ser criados, quais as condições para a outorga e a cobrança com a implementação do reuso e as condições de interface com o licenciamento ambiental. A abordagem do estudo visa fornecer ferramentas para a solução dos conflitos que possam surgir à medida que o reuso for implementado. Também foram consideradas as criações de um sistema nacional de informações sobre o reuso de água e de programas de educação para a promoção e entendimento do reuso.<br>Water reuse appears as an additional instrument for water resources management. It will contribute to reduce demand pressure to fresh water sources, liberating high quality waters for potable purposes and providing a series of benefits such as agricultural productivity increase, cost reduction and ground water preservation. However, while the practice of water reuse has already been implemented in Brazil, no specific legislation has been made available to regulate the sector and to provide environmental protection as well as health safeguards to the groups at risk. This dissertation was prepared with the objective of providing the basis for an institutional structure and a legal framework to control and to regulate the practice of water reuse in Brazil. Proposals were made for the build up of institutional arrangements, both at federal and watershed levels, the types of wastewater reuse to be regulated, incentives, conditions for the implementation of a command and control system as well as permit and charging considerations. The basic approach was directed to provide tools for the solution of conflicts that can occur when water reuse projects are implemented. Consideration was also given to the implementation of a national water reuse information system and educational programs to promote and to make the practice of reuse understood to the lay man.
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Eriksson, Eva Helena. "Potential and problems related to reuse of water in households /." Lyngby : Environment & Resources, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, 2002. http://www2.er.dtu.dk/publications/fulltext/2002/MR2002-142.pdf.
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Alali, Emad Hussain. "Implementing a treated wastewater recharge technique and reverse osmosis unit system for water sustainability." Access citation, abstract and download form; downloadable file 37.69 Mb, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3131649.
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Zhang, Changyu. "A Study on Urban Water Reuse Management Modeling." Thesis, University of Waterloo, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/795.
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This research deals with urban water reuse planning and management modeling in the context of sustainable development. Rapid urbanization and population growth have presented a great challenge to urban water resources management. As water reuse may alleviate pollution loads and enhance water supply sources, water reuse is being recognized as a sustainable urban water management strategy and is becoming increasingly attractive in urban water resources management. An efficient water reuse planning and management model is of significance in promoting water reuse practices.
This thesis introduces an urban water reuse management and planning model using optimization methods with an emphasis on modeling uncertainty issues associated with water demand and water quality. The model is developed in conjunction with the overall urban water system with considerations over water supply, water demand, water distribution, water quality, and wastewater treatment and discharge. The objective of the model is to minimize the overall cost of the system subject to technological, societal and environmental constraints. Uncertainty issues associated with water demand and treatment quality are modeled by introducing stochastic programming methods, namely, two-stage stochastic recourse programming and chance-constraint programming.
The model is capable of identifying and evaluating water reuse in urban water systems to optimize the allocation of urban water resources with regard to uncertainties. It thus provides essential information in planning and managing urban water reuse systems towards a more sustainable urban water resources management. An application was presented in order to demonstrate the modeling process and to analyze the impact of uncertainties.
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Menegaki, Angeliki. "The economic valuation, pricing and promotion of recycled water." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/2631.
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This thesis topic is the evaluation of recycled water in Crete, Greece. Recycled water is a derivative of fresh water and as such it can be regarded as a good of a similar nature to fresh water (at least for some of its uses such as irrigation). The departure point for this research was given by specific articles and principles of the 60/2000 Water Framework Directive. According to them, recycled water evaluation can be viewed as a corollary of this directive. Since Crete is a European region with intense water shortage problems, this was a good opportunity to apply the suggestions of the directive: solve the problem of water shortage internally (i. e. in Crete, with the island's own means and plans, since Crete can be regarded as a single river basin district), make the most of marginal waters while at the same time enhancing the environment. The evaluation of recycled water has been implemented through the involvement of two distinctive groups of people: farmers and consumers. Therefore, on the one hand, the research asks farmers whether they would be willing to use recycled water of certain qualities for the irrigation of olive trees and tomatoes and on the other hand, the research asks consumers whether they would be willing to use and pay for food products irrigated with recycled water. Results show there is social acquiescence on recycled water usage. This is confirmed by the correspondence of willingness to use recycled water between farmers and consumers. Conclusions from the willingness to use and willingness to pay models provide useful pricing and marketing signals for recycled water. Besides the evaluation of recycled water, another part of the research dealt with the role water plays in the production of olive oil and the confirmation of irrigation water shortages.
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Ng, Kwok-hung Wilson. "Environmental sustainability of grey water recycling in Hong Kong housing /." View the Table of Contents & Abstract, 2006. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B37117191.
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Law, Ming-chu Cecilia. "The combined fouling of nanofiltration membranes by particulate solids and dissolved organics in wastewater treatment and reuse." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2009. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B43703689.
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Kuhn, David Dwight. "Enhancing Aquaculture Sustainability Through Water Reuse and Biological Treatment." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26723.
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Overfishing of natural fisheries is a global issue that is becoming more urgent as the human population increases exponentially. According to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, over 70% of the worldâ s seafood species are fully exploited or depleted. This high demand for seafood protein is not going away; and, in fact, an astonishing one out of five people in this world depend on this source of protein. Traditional aquaculture practices use pond and flow-through systems which are often responsible for discharging pollutants into the environment. Furthermore, aquacultural feeds often contain high levels of fish protein, so the demand on wild fisheries is not completely eased. Even though traditional aquaculture has these drawbacks, there is a significant movement towards more sustainable practices. For example, implementing recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) maximizes the reuse of culture water which decreases water demand and minimizes the levels of pollutants being discharged to the environment. And, alternative proteins (e.g., soy bean) are replacing the fish and seafood proteins in aquaculture diets.
Accordingly, the research described in this dissertation focused on maximizing the reuse of freshwater fish effluent to culture marine shrimp. More specifically, by using suspended-growth biological reactors to treat a tilapia effluent waste stream and to generate microbial flocs that could be used to support shrimp culture. This RAS technology will decrease water consumption by increasing the amount of recycled water and will also improve effluent water quality. The biomass generated in the bioreactors could be used to feed shrimp with an alternative source of protein. Treating fish effluent to be reused to culture shrimp while producing this alternative feed, could significantly decrease operational costs and make these operations more sustainable.
Understanding which ions are critical for the survival and normal growth of marine shrimp in freshwater effluents is essential. It is also very important to understand how to convert an effluentâ s organic matter into food for shrimp. Results from studies revealed that the marine shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, can be raised in freshwater effluent when supplemented with specific ions and wet microbial flocs fed directly to shrimp can enhance growth in shrimp fed a restricted ration of commercial feed. The treatability of the tilapia effluent using suspended-growth, biological reactors and nutritional analysis of the generated biomass were also reported. Carbon supplementation enhanced reactor performance and microbial floc generation. These microbial flocs also proved to be a superior feed ingredient when dried and incorporated into a pellet feed.<br>Ph. D.
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Nan, Xi <1992>. "Constructed wetlands for water management and reuse in agriculture." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/8748/1/Nan_Xi_thesis.pdf.
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Global warming mainly induced by anthropogenic causes has already restricted the increase in agricultural productivity along with aggravating the conflict between water supply and demand. In this context, constructed wetlands (CWs) can be one of nature-based solutions for the treatment and reuse of unconventional wastewater sources. The aim of this research was to evaluate the performance of CWs in wastewater treatment (i.e., agricultural drainage water and domestic wastewater) and to explore the potential of their effluents for agricultural reuse. In order to achieve this goal, the work based on literature review and experimental approach was carried out. The findings showed that CWs can be an effective option for treating both agricultural drainage water (ADW) and domestic wastewater. It was also found that systems treating ADW can be effective even after a long period of operation. The treatment performance of CW systems is affected by the design and operational factors. For instance, the application of simple hydraulic structures and vegetation establishment can improve the pollutant removal efficiencies by increasing hydraulic retention time. Moreover, the addition of other technologies (e.g., UV treatment, anaerobic reactors) could further improve the quality of wastewater treated by single-stage CWs. In particular, it is strongly recommended to add special disinfection technologies to CW treatment systems to meet agricultural reuse standards since it was shown that the microbial loads often exceed the limits (e.g., E. coli).
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Cunha, Vanessa Dias da. "Estudo para proposta de critérios de qualidade da água para reúso urbano." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3147/tde-02022009-182058/.
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A cada dia a disputa pelo uso da água entre os diversos setores aumenta gerando sérios conflitos entre os usuários. Para minimizar a crise da água, tem-se desenvolvido técnicas, estudos, projetos e medidas que visem a proteção e conservação dos recursos disponíveis. Neste contexto, a possibilidade de substituição de parte da água potável, para usos menos restritivos, por uma de qualidade inferior está cada vez mais em evidência. No entanto, a falta de regulamentação específica sobre o assunto pode trazer conseqüências indesejáveis como riscos à saúde pública e ao meio ambiente, criação de práticas inadequadas; conflitos de competências e de interesses e, até, o descrédito da prática do reúso de água por parte da população. Este trabalho visa propor as variáveis de qualidade e seus respectivos limites para água de reúso urbano não potável de modo a garantir que esta prática seja viável e segura. Para tanto, são apresentados os potenciais usos urbanos da água de reúso e os riscos associados; as experiências internacionais e nacionais dos programas de reúso; a legislação e diretrizes existentes. Com base na pesquisa concluiu-se que a qualidade da água está relacionada aos perigos do reúso de água, contaminação química e contaminação microbiológica, sendo esta a mais relevante. Desta forma, definiu-se como variáveis de controle: os coliformes termotolerantes que indicam a contaminação por microorganismos patogênicos; de sólidos dissolvidos totais que causam danos materiais como incrustação e corrosão; da matéria orgânica que pode causar o ressurgimento dos microorganismos e aumentar o consumo do agente de desinfecção; da turbidez que interfere no processo da desinfecção; do cloro residual que deverá garantir a eliminação dos organismos patogênicos e garantir um residual para evitar o ressurgimento de bactérias.<br>Every day the dispute for the use of water between the sectors increases creating serious conflicts between the users. To minimize the water crisis, several options have been looked for through development of techniques, studies, projects and measures that seek the protection and conservation of the available resources. In this context, the possibility of replacing part of the potable water for one of lower quality is more and more in evidence. However, the lack of specific regulation on the issue can bring undesirable consequences as risk to public health and to the environment; creation of inadequate practices; conflicts of competences and of interests; and mainly the precipitate condemnation of water reuse from part of the population. This paper aims to propose the variables and quality of their water limits for urban non-potable reuse in order to ensure that this practice is feasible and safe. For that, are presented the potential uses of reuse water and the associate risks; the national and international experiences of reuse programs; the existing legislation and guidelines; and proposed quality criteria for the reuse water seeking a safe practice. Each one of these items will be evaluated and then the quality criteria will be proposed as well as their concentration for urban reuse. Based on the research concluded that water quality is related to the dangers of reuse of water contamination, chemical and microbiological contamination, which is the more relevant. Thus, it was defined as control variables of the limits of the thermotolerant coliforms that indicate the contamination by pathogenic microorganisms; of total dissolved solids that cause incrustation and corrosion problems; of organic matter that can cause the resurgence of the microorganisms; of the turbidity that interferes in the disinfection process; of the residual chlorine that must guarantee the elimination of pathogenic organisms.
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Rocha, Luana Cristina Pereira. "Viabilidade de reúso de efluente tratado em indústria de galvanoplastia /." Bauru, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181228.
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Orientador: Gustavo Henrique Ribeiro da Silva<br>Banca: Luiz Antonio Daniel<br>Banca: Ana Flávia Vieira Pontes de Moraes<br>Resumo: O aumento da demanda de água para as diversas atividades humanas, associado à alteração da qualidade das águas por fontes poluidoras diversas, dentre elas as indústrias, tem comprometido de forma significativa o potencial de uso dos recursos hídricos, tornando-os escassos em muitas regiões ou requerendo maiores investimentos e novas tecnologias para a sua utilização. O entendimento deste cenário tem subsidiado a adoção de medidas que contemplam os preceitos da sustentabilidade, onde o uso racional e o reúso de águas aparecem como estratégias de grande relevância. Quanto ao reúso de águas, inclui-se a reutilização de efluentes, tratados ou não, para atendimento de usos menos restritivos, favorecendo a conservação da água, bem como preservando o recurso de melhor qualidade para os usos que as requerem. Desta forma, neste trabalho foi avaliada a viabilidade do reúso direto planejado de efluentes, originados em processos de galvanoplastia e submetidos ao tratamento complementar por membrana de osmose reversa, como insumo no processo produtivo de lavagem de peças. O estudo foi desenvolvido em uma indústria localizada em Botucatu, São Paulo, através da operação de uma unidade-piloto de osmose reversa de um estágio, com módulo de membrana tipo enrolada em espiral, sem recirculação. Durante o experimento, para avaliação do desempenho operacional do sistema e da eficiência de remoção de contaminantes, foram realizadas quatro campanhas de coletas, totalizando 173 amostras. O desempenho... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The increase of water demand for the different human activities, associated to the quality deterioration by several pollution sources, among them, industries, has significantly been undermined the potential of water resources, making them scarce in many regions or requiring greater investments and new technologies for its use. The comprehension of this scenario has subsidized the adoption of measures to take account sustainability principles, where the rational use and reuse of water appear as high relevance strategy. About the water reuse, it includes the wastewater reuse, treated or not, to meet less restrictive uses, promoting the water conservation, as well as preserving the best quality resource for its intended uses. In this way, has been evaluated in this work the feasibility of the planned direct reuse of the wastewater, from electroplating process and submitted to complementary reverse osmosis treatment, used as an input in parts washing process. The study was developed in an industry located in Botucatu city, São Paulo, through the operation of a one-stage reverse osmosis pilot-unit with spiral-wound membrane module, without recirculation. Along the experiment, to assess the operational performance system and its contaminants removal efficiency as well, four collection campaigns were conducted, totaling 173 samples. Operational performance of the reverse osmosis was evaluated through the following variables: permeate flow, concentrate flow, permeate flux, recovery, ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Mestre
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Dukes, Craig Harry. "Uptake of dissolved nutrients by Tetrahymena pyriformis in batch culture with particulate matter." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10944.
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Joksimovic, Darko. "Decision support system for planning of integrated water reuse projects." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10036/28632.
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The availability of fresh water supplies throughout the world has been getting scarcer over the past several decades, leading to existing or impending water shortages in many regions. In this context, water reuse has emerged as a genuine and reliable alternative that can be used to supplement, and in some cases substitute traditional water sources. The practice of water reclamation and reuse has developed tremendously in the last century. With the rate of growth projected to increase even further, water reuse schemes of larger size will have to be planned, addressing an ever expanding list of technological, environmental, social and financial considerations. Therefore, decision support systems (DSS) are acutely needed to assist the planners of future water reuse schemes. The DSS developed in this thesis and embodied in the WTRNet (Water Treatment for Reuse with Network Distribution) software tool takes into account the interactions that exist between the individual schemes components (treatment trains, distribution system and end-users of reclaimed water) in evaluation and selection of most promising design alternatives. Comprising of a simulation and optimisation components, the DSS provides a user-friendly platform for evaluation and optimisation of integrated water reuse schemes. The numbers of potential design alternatives for schemes of different size are determined, and are shown to be substantially reduced by using rules that determine feasible treatment trains. Optimisation algorithms appropriate for schemes of different size are developed and tested on case studies to verify the DSS, which includes a novel and efficient linear programming methodology of least-cost sizing of reclaimed water distribution systems. The benefits of evaluation in the proposed manner are demonstrated by deriving optimal water reuse schemes for the City of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada. The results of application of WTRNet on the case study indicate that the selection of optimal treatment alternatives based on different criteria has potentially significant effect on the cost of optimal alternatives, and that the selection of end-users requires a structured approach that takes into account factors other than their demand and location relative to the source.
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Cheslek, Heather A. (Heather Année) 1976. "Water reuse and conservation in the United States Virgin Islands." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29322.
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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2003.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 80-84).<br>An assessment of the current water conservation and reuse practices in the United States Virgin Islands was undertaken by administering surveys to Territory Permit Discharge Elimination System permit holders and performing interviews. Currently, many resorts and condominiums in the US Virgin Islands (USVI) reclaim wastewater in response to water scarcity for such things as irrigation and toilet flushing, but few practice water conservation. Unfortunately, the municipal wastewater treatment plants do not practice any form of reuse. Because of the need for reuse and conservation planning in the community, eight reuse alternatives were developed for the two large municipal wastewater treatment plants on St. Thomas and St. Croix. Those reuse alternatives include: (1) residential irrigation on St. Thomas, (2) habitat restoration utilizing wetlands on St. Thomas, (3) community-wide conservation and habitat restoration on St. Thomas, (4) airport irrigation on St. Croix, (5) commercial irrigation and industrial process/cooling water on St. Croix, (6) agricultural irrigation on St. Croix, (7) habitat restoration utilizing wetlands on St. Croix, and (8) community-wide conservation and habitat restoration on St. Croix. Out of these eight alternatives, habitat restoration on both St. Thomas and St. Croix, community-wide conservation and habitat restoration on both St. Thomas and St. Croix, and agricultural irrigation on St. Croix are the most economical based on the normalized cost per gallon of reclaimed and conserved water. However, agricultural irrigation on St. Croix and community-wide conservation and habitat restoration on both St. Thomas and St. Croix provide the most benefits to the community. Agricultural irrigation provides farmers a low-cost option to meet water demand and production requirements. Community-wide conservation and habitat restoration alternatives provide an educational environment and promote conservation practices thus reducing water consumption, water cost, and wastewater production. From the assessment it is apparent that promoting conservation and reclaiming wastewater effluent results in a reduction of effluent discharged to the ocean, conservation of fresh-water sources, reduction of energy and pollution due to lower production needed by USVI Water and Power Authority (WAPA), and avoidance or delay in USVI WAPA expansion to meet non-potable water needs. Before undertaking design of a reuse project incorporation of public information and participation, public health impact identification, and local and federal government participation is crucial to project success.<br>by Heather A. Cheslek.<br>M.Eng.
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Lau, Marisa (Marisa May-Lan). "Adaptive reuse and revitalization of water heritage in Nicosia, Cyprus." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/77837.
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Thesis (M.C.P.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning, 2012.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (p. 92-97).<br>The bi-communal sewerage system developed for the divided capital of Nicosia, Cyprus has been lauded as a rare example of cooperation between the Turkish Cypriot and Greek Cypriot communities. The story of how the project was implemented, and the partnership to operate the system maintained, has been examined many times over in relation to conflict resolution and peace-building in Cyprus. The symbolism attached to the sewerage system as a unifying factor in the divided city contrasts sharply with the way in which the historical water system of the city has been remembered. In this thesis, conservation of Nicosia's water heritage is examined first from a historical standpoint; then as part of the capital's modernization project; and lastly from a planning perspective for the divided city. This research shows that water and waste systems served as one of the few consistent aspects of urban life, as the island changed hands and subsequent rulers of Cyprus imposed their own political, economic and cultural agendas on the capital. Based on this analysis of the historical water system, a conceptual framework that integrates conservation with a broader urban agenda for Nicosia is proposed. Conserved as a socio-technological network, remnants of the water system can be adaptively reused to increase water security at the municipal level. This conservation approach would revitalize the historical water system by leveraging its socio-cultural significance in order to address contemporary planning challenges.<br>by Marisa Lau.<br>M.C.P.
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Verrecht, Bart. "Optimisation of a hollow fibre membrane bioreactor for water reuse." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2010. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/6779.
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Over the last two decades, implementation of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) has increased due to their superior effluent quality and low plant footprint. However, they are still viewed as a high-cost option, both with regards to capital and operating expenditure (capex and opex). The present thesis extends the understanding of the impact of design and operational parameters of membrane bioreactors on energy demand, and ultimately whole life cost. A simple heuristic aeration model based on a general algorithm for flux vs. aeration shows the benefits of adjusting the membrane aeration intensity to the hydraulic load. It is experimentally demonstrated that a lower aeration demand is required for sustainable operation when comparing 10:30 to continuous aeration, with associated energy savings of up to 75%, without being penalised in terms of the fouling rate. The applicability of activated sludge modelling (ASM) to MBRs is verified on a community-scale MBR, resulting in accurate predictions of the dynamic nutrient profile. Lastly, a methodology is proposed to optimise the energy consumption by linking the biological model with empirical correlations for energy demand, taking into account of the impact of high MLSS concentrations on oxygen transfer. The determining factors for costing of MBRs differ significantly depending on the size of the plant. Operational cost reduction in small MBRs relies on process robustness with minimal manual intervention to suppress labour costs, while energy consumption, mainly for aeration, is the major contributor to opex for a large MBR. A cost sensitivity analysis shows that other main factors influencing the cost of a large MBR, both in terms of capex and opex, are membrane costs and replacement interval, future trends in energy prices, sustainable flux, and the average plant utilisation which depends on the amount of contingency built in to cope with changes in the feed flow.
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McGinley, Susan. "Borrowing from Mother Nature: Water Purification and Reuse in Tucson." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/622314.
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Ullinger, Heather L. "Disposal and Reuse Feasibility Analysis of Winter Maintenance Wash Water." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1404654801.
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Achilli, Andrea. "Osmotically-driven membrane processes for water reuse and energy recovery." abstract and full text PDF (UNR users only), 2009. http://0-gateway.proquest.com.innopac.library.unr.edu/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3369576.
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Lieuwen, Andrew L. "An institutional and economic assessment of water reuse in the Tucson Basin." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu_e9791_1989_518_sip1_w.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Makinana, Anazo. "Recycled water usage in peri-urban agriculture : an examination of its socio-economic and environmental benefits in Port Elizabeth." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5719.
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This study examines whether recycled water (specifically grey water) is used in peri-urban agriculture in greater Port Elizabeth. It also investigates the socio-economic as well as environmental benefits of using recycled water in peri-urban agriculture. Community perceptions and narratives about the use of recycled water for farming purposes were also investigated. Study respondents were purposively selected from Motherwell and Uitenhage in Port Elizabeth. A qualitative research methodology and methods were used. This involved using purposive sampling to sample, select and interview 22 respondents and eight key informants. All the respondents were interviewed using in-depth semi-structured interviews. The study found that while many respondents have heard about water recycling, they are however not using recycled grey water for their peri-urban farming activities. Instead, peri-urban farmers continue to use water supplied by the municipality. Recycled water is mostly used for watering sport fields around Port Elizabeth. This continued usage of municipal water (instead of recycled water) is not only costly to the municipality but the individual farmers as well. The respondents were however aware of the benefits of using recycled water. These include economic (money saved from not paying irrigation water bills), environmental (nutrient contents found in recycled water) and socio-economic (conserving fresh available for use in other community purposes). The study recommends that the Nelson Mandela Metro Municipality should do more (through educational and environmental campaigns) to encourage peri-urban farmers to use recycled water in their farming activities.
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Ko, Chi-ho. "A study of industrial waste water treatment and the feasibility of recycling /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17457749.
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梁雪輝 and Suet-fai Leung. "The feasibility of utilizing grey water in Hong Kong buildings." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31255218.
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Simm, Robert. "Enhanced biological phosphorus removal using a sequencing batch RBC." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/28517.
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The objective of the research program was to demonstrate the technical feasibility of removing phosphorus, by the enhanced biological phosphorus removal mechanism, from domestic wastewater using a laboratory scale Sequencing Batch Rotating Biological Contactor (SBRBC). The rotating discs of the RBC were subjected to alternating anaerobic/aerobic conditions by varying the water level in the reaction vessel. At the start of the treatment cycle, the RBC reactor would be filled submerging the rotating discs and ensuring anaerobic conditions in the RBC biofilm. Acetate would be added to the reaction vessel at this time. Following the batch anaerobic react period part of the reactor contents were decanted to either the sewage feed tank or a separate holding vessel to later become part of the influent for the next treatment cycle. With the rotating: discs of the-RBC partially submerged oxygen was available to the bacteria, in the RBC biofilm.
Three operating schedules were tried with the above process. Each operating schedule
differed in the way the decanted wastewater from the anaerobic phase was handled.
Batch tests were conducted weekly to determine the nature of the biological reactions
taking place in each of the batch anaerobic and aerobic phases.
The SBRBC process showed promise for enhanced biological phosphorus removal from domestic wastewater. Carbon removal and nitrification of the wastewater were secondary benefits to this process. The success of the process was found to be dependent on the attainment of proper anaerobic conditions at the start of each treatment cycle.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Civil Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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Mendes, Junior Antonio Aparecido. "Reutilização da água de resfriamento do mosto em uma cervejaria nacional /." Botucatu, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182315.
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Orientador: Zacarias Xavier de Barros<br>Banca: Rogério Lopes Vieites<br>Banca: Juliana Arruda Ramos<br>Banca: Pricila Veiga dos Santos<br>Banca: Igor Otávio Minatel<br>Resumo: A água é um recurso natural indispensável para todos os seres vivos presentes no planeta Terra. A utilização deste recurso natural engloba os mais variados processos produtivos, como a agricultura, pecuária, indústrias entre outros. Com o passar dos anos, esse recurso vem ficando cada vez mais raro, por isso a necessidade da preservação natural vem ganhando mais espaço. Com o aumento da população mundial ao longo das décadas, observa-se uma grande reestruturação no aspecto produtivo, onde o homem foi obrigado a desenvolver novas técnicas de produção, para assim, alcançar um aumento na produção e na produtividade de alimentos e matérias-primas. Nesse sentido, tornou-se uma realidade a utilização de grandes quantidades de água nos processos de produção. Com isso fica claro que a única maneira de obter-se um crescimento sustentável é a partir de processos de produção que utilizem o mínimo de água possível para a elaboração de seus produtos. Nesse estudo, analisou-se a quantidade de água utilizada no processo produtivo de uma cervejaria. Assim, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo geral demonstrar e quantificar a utilização da água nos processos produtivos para a fabricação de cerveja, através do mapeamento dos processos de produção, utilizando como ferramenta a elaboração de um fluxograma de processo, para assim desenvolver formas de diminuir o consumo de água no processo de produção. Já o objetivo específico se baseou na avaliação entre o fluxograma de processo existente na in... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: The water is an indispensable natural resource for all living beings present on planet Earth. The use of this natural resource goes from this all productive processes, encompassing agriculture, livestock and industries among others. With the passing of the years this resource is becoming more and more in short supply, with that the need of the natural preservation has been gaining more space. With the increase of the world population over the decades, there is a great restructuring in the productive aspect, where man was forced to develop new production techniques, in order to achieve an increase in the production and productivity of food and raw materials. In this sense, the use of large amounts of water in the production processes has become a reality. This makes it clear that the only way to achieve sustainable growth is from production processes that use as little water as possible to produce their products.In this study, the amount of water used in the production process of a brewery was analyzed. The aim of the present work was to demonstrate and quantify the use of water in the production processes for brewing, through the mapping of the production processes, using as a tool the elaboration of a process flow diagram, in order to develop ways of reducing water consumption in the production process. The specific objective is based on the evaluation between the process flow diagram in the industry and the process flow developed with the improvements in water consumption. The hypothesis that guides this study is that in the production process of a Brazilian brewery, to produce 1 liter of the finished product, lager beer, from 8 liters of water are used. It is observed, a great consumption of water for the manufacture of this product highly consumed by the Brazilians. The results are based on the analysis of the beer production flow chart based on the production process. The results show that in ...<br>Doutor
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Dantas, Geffson de Figueiredo. "Efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto aplicado em solo com Brachiaria colhida com duas alturas /." Jaboticabal, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/182039.
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Orientador: Rogério Teixeira de Faria<br>Banca: Fernando Campos Mendonça<br>Banca: Antonio Sérgio Ferraudo<br>Banca: Gilmar Oliveira Santos<br>Banca: Abmael da Silva Cardoso<br>Resumo: Em manejo de pastejo intensivo de forragens tropicas dispendem-se níveis de trabalho e recursos elevados para se aumentar a produtividade por área e ou por animal. Dentre as estratégias de manejo, destaca-se a frequência de corte por altura do dossel, que estimula maior produção de folhas do que colmo e material morto para obtenção de maior produtividade e valor nutritivo da forragem. Outra estratégia é a adubação nitrogenada, que possibilita o crescimento vegetal mais rápido, além de forragem de melhor qualidade. As águas residuárias são promissoras para uso em pastagens, na forma de fertirrigação, pois pode suprir as necessidades hídrica e nutricional do cultivo em parte ou na sua totalidade. Devido às limitações climáticas ao longo do ano, a efetividade dessas estratégias pode ser comprometida, o que resulta a sazonalidade de produção. Há carência de estudos sobre a interação das estratégias de manejo de fertirrigação com água residuária e de colheita da forragem com diferentes alturas de corte para as forrageiras tropicais. Os objetivos deste trabalho foi determinar a produtividade e o valor nutritivo da forragem, e as características morfogênicas e estruturais de Urochloa brizantha, em função da fertirrigação com efluente de estação de tratamento de esgoto (EETE), complementada com ureia (U), associada à colheita com duas alturas de plantas, durante os períodos seco (PS) e chuvoso (PC). O experimento foi conduzido em Jaboticabal, SP (Latitude 21º15'S, Longitude 48º18'W),... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)<br>Abstract: In tropical forages under intensive grazing management, high labor and resources are used to increase productivity per area and / or animal units. Among the management strategies, the frequency of harvesting by canopy height is advantageous because it stimulates more leaf production than stalk and dead material to obtain high productivity and forage nutritive value. Another strategy is nitrogen fertilization, which enables faster plant growth, in addition to better forage quality. Wastewater is promising for use in pasture in the form of fertigation, since it can meet the water and nutritional needs of the crop in part or in its entirety. Due to climatic limitations throughout the year, the effectiveness of these strategies can be compromised, resulting in seasonality of production. There is a lack of studies on the interaction of fertigation management strategies with wastewater and forage harvesting with different cutting heights for tropical forages. The objectives of this work were to determine the productivity and nutritive value of forage, and the morphogenic and structural characteristics of Urochloa brizantha, as a function of fertigation with treated sewage (TSW), complemented with urea (U), associated with harvest at two plant heights during the dry (DP) and rainy (RP) periods. The experiment was conducted in Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil (Latitude 21º15'S, Longitude 48º18'W), from february, 2015 to february, 2017. The management strategies for forage harvesting heights w... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)<br>Doutor
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SIQUEIRA, Maria Elsa Lucas. "Produção de cenoura associada a substratos, irrigada com efluente agroindustrial." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2016. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/879.
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Previous issue date: 2016<br>O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de maio a setembro de 2015, no Instituto Federal da Paraíba IFPB - Campus de Sousa, situado no Perímetro Irrigado de São Gonçalo, com o objetivo de avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade físico-química e microbiológica da cenoura irrigada com efluente da agroindústria cultivada em vasos, em solo, (areia, barro) como também em solo adicionado à substratos (Esterco bovino e esterco ovino). O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com os tratamentos arranjados de cinco tipos de água residuária e dois diferentes substratos (estercos bovino e esterco ovino) com quatro repetições totalizando 40 parcelas experimentais. As características avaliadas foram: A qualidade físico-química e microbiológica do efluente bruto e diluído; características física e química do solo antes e após o experimento; altura das plantas; massa fresca e seca da parte aérea; diâmetro
transversal e longitudinal da raiz; avaliação do tubérculo. Mostrou-se que é possível produzir hortaliças com reúso de água, surgindo como uma alternativa economicamente viável, condição que permite economizar água potável, possibilitando produção de alimentos, diminuindo o alto consumo de água potável, por consequência, desperdícios. Os menores acúmulos de MFPA foram encontrados nos tratamentos com as diluições 25%AR e 100%AR nas raízes cultivadas com esterco bovino. Como também, foram encontradas quantidades menores de MSPA dos tratamentos 25%AR e 100%AR estercos bovino e ovino. Portanto, o uso da água residuária e suas diferentes diluições adicionadas aos estercos bovino e ovino foram eficientes na produção da cenoura da cultivar Alvorada desenvolvida neste experimento.<br>This study was conducted in the period May to September 2015, the Federal
Institute of Paraíba IFPB - Campus de Sousa, located in the Irrigated Perimeter of
São Gonçalo, in order to evaluate the productivity and physical-chemical and
microbiological quality of carrot irrigated with wastewater agribusiness grown in
pots, soil (sand, clay) as well as in soil added to substrates (manure cattle and
sheep dung). The experimental design was completely randomized (DIC), with
treatments arranged five types of wastewater and two different substrates (manure
and sheep manure) with four replications totaling 40 experimental plots. The
evaluated characteristics were: The physicochemical and microbiological quality of
the raw wastewater and diluted; Physical and chemical characteristics of the soil
before and after the experiment; Plant height; fresh and shoot dry; transverse and
longitudinal diameter of the root; evaluation of the tubercle, as the physical,
chemical, microbiological parameters. It has been shown that it is possible to
produce vegetables with water reuse, emerging as an economically viable
alternative, a condition that allows you to save drinking water, allowing food
production, reducing the high consumption of drinking water, therefore waste.
Smaller accumulations of MFPA were found in treatments with 100% and 25%
dilutions AR AR roots grown with cattle manure. As also found smaller amounts of
DMAP treatments 100% AR and 25% AR manures cattle and sheep. Therefore,
the use of wastewater and its different dilutions added to manure cattle and sheep
were effective in carrot production of cultivar Alvorada developed in this
experiment.
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Zhong, Ling. "Decentralized Urban Wastewater Reuse in China : - with Focus on Grey Water." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Filosofiska fakulteten, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-99625.
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Grey water reuse has attracted more and more attention among researchers and professionals in recent years. As most of the Chinese cities are undergoing the process of fast urbanization and economic development, many water-related problems have occurred and urban water resources management has become a strategic issue. The urge to reconsider the conventional ways of utilizing water and discharging the wastewater in cities is calling. As a relatively simple and flexible way, decentralized grey water reuse system can help to make the first step in achieving a sustainable urban water management. However, whether it is feasible in China is still a question. This paper aims at looking for the answer based on a survey and interviews with professionals in the fields from different Chinese cities. The result shows “reuse” as one of the solutions of solving water shortage and achieving sustainable water management is not as simple as one may think. In general, decentralized urban grey water / wastewater reuse is not easy to flourish in China in the near future though most of the respondents hold a positive attitude about reuse itself. To explain this difference between attitude and actual planning we need more historical, political and social-economic understanding with a touch of “Chinese characteristics”.
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Selvaraj, Punjai T. "Microbial reduction of sulfur dioxide in a continuous culture of Desulfovibrio Desulfuricans /." Access abstract and link to full text, 1994. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.library.utulsa.edu/dissertations/fullcit/9507882.
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Micó, Reche Mª del Mar. "Photo-Fenton and Slow Sand Filtration coupling for hydroponics water reuse." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/128571.
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The collaboration between the University of Barcelona and Acciona Agua was focused on optimizing greenhouses hydric resources. The functionality of a combined treatment had to be assessed, when applied to the discard stream of a recycling system of the Advanced Greenhouse leachates. The coupling consisted on an Advanced Oxidation Processes (AOP), photo-Fenton, based on hydroxyl radical oxidative potential, produced by the interaction between Fe2+ and H2O2, and a slow sand filtration column acting as a bioreactor. The recycling system will require the synergy of chemical and biological processes to be able to work efficiently with the particular characteristics of greenhouses effluents: high salinity content and the presence of pesticides.
Two recycling strategies proposed by the project defined two conductivity thresholds that the coupled system should be able to cope with. The first strategy proposed a simple semi-closed system that recycled nutrient solution from the hydroponics crops until a maximum value of 11 mS•cm(-1), phytotoxicity limit. Part of the current was then diverted to be treated by the integrated system. The second strategy introduced reverse osmosis membrane technology that concentrated that diverted stream, sending the permeate for its reuse directly to the greenhouse, while the brine had to be treated by the coupled process. In this case the maximum level of salinity in the effluents could reach conductivities close to those for seawater, around 50 mS•cm(-1).
The performance of photo-Fenton reaction was essayed in order to improve the knowledge regarding this treatment technique. On the first place, this AOP and the ozonation process were compared. Results shown that increasing toxicity of ozonation effluents confirmed the choice of photo-Fenton as the most adequate treatment for pesticide polluted effluents. Experimental design criteria allowed then to determine optimal working conditions depending on the content of the reaction media, and enabled to prove the existence of endogenous catalyst inhibition in the presence of fosetyl-Al. Salinity essays were finally performed, yielding positive results even for highest conductivity effluents. Those positive results were also reflected in the increase of the biodegradability of the treated effluents, what leaded to the next step of the research.
Biocompatibility of pretreated effluents was essayed by means of sequencing batch reactors (SBR). These devices were used to show how photo-Fenton indeed increased biodegradability of the effluents, and how it grown until a certain point when more hydrogen peroxide did not lead to better results. They were also utilized to assess the biocompatibility of high salinity pretreated effluents, as a first step towards the coupling with the slow sand filtration at high conductivities. Results obtained were extremely encouraging, given that even for the highest salinity concentrations (10 and 50 mS•cm(-1)), the performance of the bioreactor achieved an organic content reduction for more than 80% of the loaded concentration, which compared to the 10-20% removal achieved by photo-Fenton, justifies the need of combining both treatments.
Guided by those positive results, the load of the slow sand filtration column with different salinity pretreated effluents was performed. Also positive results were obtained. The achieved elimination of the organic content was more than 75% when loaded with 10 mS•cm-1 effluent, and the refractory fraction (the remaining organic matter that cannot be oxidized either by photo-Fenton reaction or by the biomass metabolism) was the lowest also for this high conductivity.
Molecular biology tools, MTBs, used in this thesis were based on cloning and sequencing techniques of 16S rRNA genes. They allowed characterizing the bacterial population of one of the assessed SBRs and of the different loading stages of the slow sand filtration column. They showed how with the increase of salinity, the population in the slow sand filtration column loosed diversity, despite the fact that the performance of the column was still proficient. This fact stated how a very different microbial consortium could be developing the same functions as others.
According to obtained results, it could be finally concluded that the coupling between photo-Fenton reaction and slow sand filtration column could be an effective treatment alternative for implementing the recycling strategies of hydroponics greenhouse leachates proposed by CENIT-MEDIODIA Project. For its part, MBTs were revealed as powerful tools to characterize microbial population and increase the understanding of the bioreactions taking part in bioremediation.<br>Esta tesis se enmarca en la colaboración entre el Departamento de Ingeniería Química de la Universidad de Barcelona y el Departamento de I+D de Acciona Agua S.A.U, en el marco del Proyecto CENIT- MEDIODIA (2007-2010). Esta iniciativa la componen un consorcio de empresas un consorcio de empresas y centros de investigación que unieron esfuerzos de innovación en el desarrollo de un nuevo concepto de Invernaderos Hidropónicos Avanzados.
La colaboración entre la Universidad de Barcelona y Acciona Agua se centró en la optimización de los recursos hídricos de dichos invernaderos. Así se evaluó la funcionalidad de un tratamiento combinado que integrara un Proceso de Oxidación Avanzada (reacción foto-Fenton), y un reactor biológico (columna de arena de filtración lenta), aplicados a la corriente de desecho de un sistema de recirculación de lixiviados provenientes del nombrado invernadero avanzado. Las particularidades de dicho sistema de reciclado harían que el sistema combinado tuviese que trabajar con efluentes con alto contenido en pesticidas (metomilo, imidacloprid y fosetyl-Al, fueron escogidos para simular los lixiviados de invernadero) y conductividades entre 11 y 50 mS•cm-1. De este modo el principal objetivo del proceso integrado sería el de conseguir la máxima eliminación de los compuestos xenobióticos y de la carga orgánica que los acompañe en el efluente tratado.
Así pues, la experimentación se llevó a cabo frente a tres aspectos relacionados con el sistema combinado: estudio de la reacción foto-Fenton, ensayos con biorreactores, y empleo de herramientas de biología molecular (MBT, en sus siglas en inglés) aplicadas a la caracterización de la biomasa desarrollada en los biorreactores ensayados.
Según los resultados obtenidos, se llegó a la conclusión de que la combinación de la reacción foto-Fenton y la columna de filtración lenta podría ser una alternativa de tratamiento eficaz para la aplicación de las estrategias de reciclaje de los lixiviados hidroponía presentadas en Proyecto CENIT-MEDIODIA. Además, MBT se revelaron como poderosas herramientas para caracterizar la población microbiana de distintos biorreactores y las funciones que desempeñan.
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Carr, Gemma. "Water Reuse for Irrigation in Jordan : Soil Sustainability, Perceptions and Management." Thesis, University of Reading, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511676.
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Pype, Marie-Laure. "Monitoring reverse osmosis membrane integrity and virus rejection in water reuse." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20234/document.
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Les procédés d'osmose inverse (OI) permettent la production d'eau recyclée de très haute qualité grâce à l'élimination de contaminants organiques et inorganiques et de micro-organismes. Le suivi du bon fonctionnement de ce procédé est nécessaire pour valider la rétention des virus pathogènes afin de protéger la santé des usagers. La présence de minéraux et matières organiques dans les effluents rend inévitable le colmatage des membranes lors de leur fonctionnement et diminue ainsi leur performance. Afin d'éviter et d'éliminer ces colmatages, les stations de traitements des eaux utilisent des produits chimiques. Ces derniers vont modifier les performances globales des membranes en polyamide comme par exemple la diminution de la perméabilité à l'eau, et plus particulièrement les performances de rétention des virus, or l'ensemble de ces perturbations n'est que très peu compris et donc peu maitrisé. L'abattement des virus par l'OI sur des membranes intègres ou modifiées (ex : colmatage) ont donc été déterminés en mesurant la rétention d'un virus modèle de type phage MS2 et de substituts comme les sels (mesurés par conductivité), la rhodamine-WT (R-WT) ou les sulfates. La conductivité est, en effet, la technique de contrôle standard dans les stations de traitement des eaux (échelle industrielle).Le premier objectif de ce travail est d'évaluer l'utilisation d'un autre paramètre, les matières organiques dissoutes (DOM) comme nouveau substitut de virus et de déterminer l'impact du dysfonctionnement des procédés d'OI sur l'abattement des DOM et des sels à l'échelle industrielle. Les DOM peuvent en effet également être utilisées comme indicateur de qualité des eaux en fonction de leurs compositions et de leurs concentrations. L'abattement des DOM est donc testé comme nouvelle technique de surveillance afin de distinguer les fuites des changements de performance des membranes. Il est conclu que les DOM peuvent être utilisées comme nouvelle technique de contrôle. De plus, une variation de l'abattement des DOM peut aider à identifier des fuites de manière plus robuste que par l'abattement des sels. Le deuxième objectif est de déterminer l'effet des défauts membranaires sur les abattements d'un virus modèle (phage MS2) et de quatre substituts (R-WT, DOM, sulfate et sels) à l'échelle de systèmes de laboratoire. Deux systèmes à flux longitudinal est utilisés : une membrane plane et un module à spirale. Dans un premier temps, l'effet du colmatage sur les abattements de ces différents virus et substituts est étudié. Le colmatage organique, créé en utilisant un mélange de matières organiques, a pour effet d'augmenter de plus de 0,1 log les abattements de la R-WT, des sels et des DOM. Cette augmentation générale peut être due au blocage des cavités de la membrane et/ou par la sorption des substituts sur les matières organiques.Le colmatage inorganique, créé en utilisant un mélange de sels, n'a pas d'effet sur le rejet des substituts sauf pour les sels qui montre un comportement différent entre les deux systèmes. Dans le système à membrane plane, la couche inorganique permet d'augmenter le passage des sels à travers la membrane. Par opposition, il n'y a pas d'effet sur leur abattement avec le module à spirale. Cette variation entre les deux systèmes peut être causée par la différence de configuration (module à spirale contre membrane plane). Dans un deuxième temps, l'effet du chlore (modes passif et actif) sur la rétention de ces cinq composés est mesuré. Après un contact de 9000 ppm.h de NaOCl à pH 7, la surface membranaire change chimiquement. La formation de liaison Cl dans la couche en polyamide et la rupture des liaisons NH provoquent l'augmentation de la perméabilité à l'eau et diminuent l'abattement de l'ensemble des substituts. Malgré une forte diminution de 1,2 log de l'abattement en sel, l'abattement minimum du phage MS2 reste de 3 log<br>One of the major applications of reverse osmosis (RO) process is the production of high quality recycled water by providing a barrier to remove organic and inorganic contaminants as well as pathogens including viruses. In order to protect public health, validation and monitoring of the RO process integrity are necessary to ensure its correct operation. During operation a certain degree of fouling is inevitable and can reduce RO membrane performance. Thus, chemicals are often used in water treatment plants to prevent or remove the membrane fouling. However, these chemicals can modify the integrity of the polyamide layer on RO membrane overtime. Up-to-date, the impact of membrane's physical change on its virus removal efficiency cause by the chemical use during operation is still not well understood.A minimum virus removal efficiency of intact and impaired (e.g. by fouling) RO membranes can be ascertained by measuring the rejection of MS2 phage and virus surrogates such as salt as measured by conductivity, rhodamine-WT (R-WT) or sulphate. However, conductivity measurement is the only full-scale standard monitoring technique. The removal of dissolved organic matter (DOM), which has been used as an indicator of water quality, can possibly be used for this purpose.The first objective of this work was to assess the suitability of DOM as a virus surrogate and to determine the impact of process failure on salt and DOM rejection in full-scale plants. A change of the conductivity does not necessarily mean that the membrane integrity has been breached. Thus, DOM monitoring has been tested and combined with the conductivity monitoring in order to distinguish between leaks and changes in membrane performances. It was concluded that DOM could be used as new monitoring technique. Moreover, a variation of DOM rejection can help identifying leaks better than just conductivity profiling alone.The second objective was to determine the effect of membrane impairments on the rejection of one model virus (MS2 phage) and four virus surrogates (R-WT, DOM, sulphate and salt) using lab-scale RO set-ups. To this aim, two different cross-flow set-ups were used: a flat-sheet and a single 2.5” spiral-wound module.Firstly, the effects of organic fouling and scaling on the rejection of model virus and virus surrogates were studied separately. Organic fouling was created using a mix of organic foulants. The result of this study showed an increase of the rejection by more than 0.1 log for R-WT, salt and DOM. The general increase of the surrogates' rejection might be due to the blocking of cavities of the polyamide membrane and/or to the sorption of surrogates to the fouling layer, which was observed by different autopsy techniques.Scaling was created using a mix of inorganic salts in order to reconstitute the composition of a RO feed water and avoiding the presence of organic foulants. Scaling was found to have no impact on the rejection of all tested virus surrogates except for salt. Salt rejection showed a change of behaviour between different set-ups: with the 2.5” module set-up the inorganic layer led to a stabilisation of the salt rejection, whereas the salt rejection increased with the flat-sheet set-up. This could be explained by the variations of the systems configuration (i.e. spiral module versus flat-sheet, feed spacer height, etc.).Secondly, the long-term impact of membrane ageing by exposure to chlorine, either active under filtration or passive by soaking, on the rejection of the model virus and four surrogates was studied. After a contact time of 9000 ppm∙h NaOCl at pH 7, the membrane surface chemistry changed. The introduction of chlorine in the membrane chemistry and the breakage of amide bonds caused an increase of the water permeability and a decrease of the model virus and virus surrogates rejection
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Stoudt, Amanda. "Pollution Prevention and Water Reuse at Utah Department of Transportation Facilities." DigitalCommons@USU, 2020. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/7714.
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As stormwater flows over roads, sidewalks, and other impervious surfaces, it picks up pollutants that are deposited on these surfaces. One common pollutant transported by stormwater is road salt. While the application of road salt is crucial for wintertime public safety, road salt has a host of negative environmental impacts. Road salt has been linked to increasing levels of dissolved solids in groundwater, vegetation damage, and behavioral changes in aquatic organisms. Studies have shown that these impacts are concentrated around salt storage facilities. As a result, the United States Environmental Protection Agency issued many state departments of transportation municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) permits. In Utah, road salt is stored at Utah Department of Transportation (UDOT) maintenance stations, which are regulated by a Phase I MS4 permit. To comply with their MS4 permit, UDOT constructed retention ponds to capture salt-laden stormwater and truck wash water. However, without information and established maintenance and management plans informing pond design, these retention ponds suffer from design issues such as overflow throughout the winter season. Through pollution prevention assessments, pond and tap water analysis, pond sediment analysis, and surface water quality modeling at 11 UDOT maintenance stations, this project provides UDOT with site design guidelines and best management practices to ultimately reduce the impact of UDOT road salt facilities on the environment.
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Reed, Deborah A. "Spatial and temporal biogeochemical changes of groundwater associated with managed aquifer recharge in two different geographical areas /." Connect to this title, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0074.
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Gonzalez, Paola Andrea. "Water, Sanitation, and Citizenship: Perceptions of Water Scarcity, Reuse, and Sustainability in Valparaiso de Goias, Brazil." Scholar Commons, 2017. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7403.
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Access to reliable water and sanitation are two important goals to improve livelihoods around the world. Providing access to improved and safe water resources that are equitable and appropriate to local needs is important to improve sustainability long-term. In addition, framing access to water and sanitation as basic human rights is often used as a rationale in developing new water, sanitation, and hygiene interventions in developing countries around the world. But not all countries consider access to safe water and sanitation as a human right. In the thesis, the politics of improving and investment in water access and sanitation provision are considered. The socio-cultural impacts of lack of sanitation in the lives of residents of Valparaiso de Goias, Brazil are explored. During a period of nine months, I also assessed perceptions of water scarcity and insecurity, and documented ideas of water reuse and sustainability in the area. I found that access to water and sanitation are not viewed as human rights, but as part of a discourse of citizenship and a social right. These services are viewed as a responsibility of the State to its residents because they are Brazilian and because it ensures improved livelihoods for the country’s residents. I also found that access to wastewater treatment infrastructure varied throughout the city, though treatment of wastewater remains very important to the study site community. In addition, the feasibility of implementing sustainable alternatives to address community needs is unlikely, given the infrastructural, financial, and space constraints. Political will and support have an important role in increasing and improving access to sanitation infrastructure. Perceptions of water scarcity varied between local residents and water service providers and other professionals interviewed. Though water is not perceived as scarce, Valparaiso and the Federal District of Brazil are located in a water stressed area, and are therefore more susceptible to water shortages and decreased water availability. Finally, community-based solutions to address water shortages should be included in the expansion of water reservoirs to collect rainwater, the usage of fines and bonuses to encourage appropriate water consumption.
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Sjöholm, Pia. "Groundwater Recharge in Jakkur Lake : Possibilities and Risks of Sewage Water Reuse." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Luft-, vatten och landskapslära, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-208989.
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The aim of this project is to study the nitrate levels of the treated water flowing into Jakkur Lake in Bangalore, from the treatment plant situated at the inlet to the lake, and thereby evaluate the function of the lake as for secondary and tertiary wastewater treatment as well as an infiltration basin. Obtained nitrate levels are used as indicators to study the wastewater flow in the lake, and to find other possible inflows of sewage which can affect the lakes’ total treatment efficiency. A literature study is done on wetlands and on groundwater recharge through infiltration basins, and the possibility of recharging groundwater below Jakkur Lake is evaluated. Water samples are collected around and in the lake and the samples are tested for nitrate, pH and total dissolved solids. Extra focus is put on research on nitrates in water.The risks of groundwater recharge in Jakkur Lake include pollution of wells by bacteria, viruses, parasites and traces of medicine. Further geotechnical investigations need to be pursued mainly on the soil structure under and around the lake, and studies need to be performed on the retention time of the water in the lake. The technical limitations such as fluctuations in efficiency and pollutant migration must be minimized, which initially could be done by building a constructed wetland and controlling the inflow to the lake.
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Hilmersson, Alvin, Fanny Norén, Alexander Ullén, and Lucas Wiik. "It Takes Water and Energy in a Block." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för teknikvetenskaper, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-295050.
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This report investigates sustainable solutions for electricity and water savings in an urban neighbourhood consisting of a block of buildings in Sege Park, Malmö. The solutions were evaluated in terms of sharing, producing, recycling and saving. The proposed solution includes a solar panel system on the available rooftop area for electricity production. Recycling and water savings includes collecting rainwater and reusing greywater for daily water demand in terms of flushing toilets, laundry and irrigation. Energy savings are achieved by using heat exchangers for space and water heating. Results from simulations in MATLAB and Excel showed that the electricity production reached a coverage ratioof 20% of the yearly consumption with hourly matching. However, the block has an excess electricity production, a total of 17,400 kWh, that does not correlate with the demand. Water demand for flushing toilets, laundering and irrigation during an average day can be matched by the reuse of greywater alone. Collection of rainwater is not required, although possible. The amount of reusable water, 18,540 litres a day, can cover the greywater need for three blocks equivalent to the one investigated. The conclusion is that water demand can be covered by greywater but electricity demand is too high for self-sustainability, even with the best solar panels available today.
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Mattson, Crystal L. "Impact of wastewater reuse in Burlington County on surface water quality and adjacent wetlands /." Full text available online, 2006. http://www.lib.rowan.edu/find/theses.
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Lu, Qi Hong. "Wastewater treatment and reuse using A²O procesA2O process coupled with microfiltration." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2586267.
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