Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Water quality management (N.S.W.)"

ABSTRACTAvian and possum fecal droppings may negatively impact roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) water quality due to the presence of zoonotic pathogens. This study was aimed at evaluating the performance characteristics of a possum feces-associated (PSM) marker by screening 210 fecal and wastewater samples from possums (n= 20) and a range of nonpossum hosts (n= 190) in Southeast Queensland, Australia. The host sensitivity and specificity of the PSM marker were 0.90 and 0.95 (maximum value, 1.00), respectively. The mean concentrations of the GFD marker in possum fecal DNA samples (8.8 × 107gene copies per g of feces) were two orders of magnitude higher than those in the nonpossum fecal DNA samples (5.0 × 105gene copies per g of feces). The host sensitivity, specificity, and concentrations of the avian feces-associated GFD marker were reported in our recent study (W. Ahmed, V. J. Harwood, K. Nguyen, S. Young, K. Hamilton, and S. Toze, Water Res 88:613–622, 2016,http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2015.10.050). The utility of the GFD and PSM markers was evaluated by testing a large number of tank water samples (n= 134) from the Brisbane and Currumbin areas. GFD and PSM markers were detected in 39 of 134 (29%) and 11 of 134 (8%) tank water samples, respectively. The GFD marker concentrations in PCR-positive samples ranged from 3.7 × 102to 8.5 × 105gene copies per liter, whereas the concentrations of the PSM marker ranged from 2.0 × 103to 6.8 × 103gene copies per liter of water. The results of this study suggest the presence of fecal contamination in tank water samples from avian and possum hosts. This study has established an association between the degradation of microbial tank water quality and avian and possum feces. Based on the results, we recommend disinfection of tank water, especially for tanks designated for potable use.IMPORTANCEThe use of roof-harvested rainwater (RHRW) for domestic purposes is a globally accepted practice. The presence of pathogens in rainwater tanks has been reported by several studies, supporting the necessity for the management of potential health risks. The sources of fecal pollution in rainwater tanks are unknown. However, the application of microbial source tracking (MST) markers has the potential to identify the sources of fecal contamination in a rainwater tank. In this study, we provide evidence of avian and possum fecal contamination in tank water samples using molecular markers. This study established a potential link between the degradation of the microbial quality of tank water and avian and possum feces.

PRODUTIVIDADE DE CANA-DE-AÇÚCAR FERTIRRIGADA COM DOSES DE N E INOCULADAS COM BACTÉRIAS DIAZOTRÓFICAS* WILLIAM JOSÉ DELLABIGLIA¹; GLAUBER JOSÉ DE CASTRO GAVA²; ADOLFO BERGAMO ARLANCH3; ROBERTO LYRA VILLAS BOAS4; HEITOR CANTARELLA5 E RAFFAELLA ROSSETTO6 * Artigo extraído da Dissertação do primeiro autor 1 Faculdade de Tecnologia de Botucatu (FATEC-BT), Av. José Ítalo Bacchi, s/n, Botucatu – SP – Brasil. E-mail: williamd@fatecbt.edu.br 2 Pesquisador, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), Rodovia SP 304, Km 304, Jaú, SP - Brasil. E-mail: ggava@iac.sp.gov.br 3 Doutorando do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Irrigação e Drenagem, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘‘Júlio Mesquita Filho’’ - UNESP/FCA, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: adolfoarlanch@gmail.com 4 Professor Doutor do Departamento de Recursos Naturais/Ciência do Solo, Universidade Estadual Paulista ‘‘Júlio Mesquita Filho’’ - UNESP/FCA, Rua José Barbosa de Barros, 1780, Botucatu, SP - Brasil. E-mail: rlvboas@fca.unesp.br 5 Pesquisador, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas (IAC), Av. Barão de Itapura, 1481, Campinas, SP – Brasil. E-mail: hcantrll@gmail.com 6 Pesquisadora, Agência Paulista de Tecnologia (APTA), Rodovia SP 127, km 30, Piracicaba, SP – Brasil. E-mail: raffaella@apta.sp.gov.br 1 RESUMO O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a eficiência da inoculação de bactérias diazotróficas e da fertilização nitrogenada na produtividade e qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar (cana-planta), nos manejos: irrigado por gotejamento subsuperficial e de sequeiro. O experimento foi conduzido na Unidade de Pesquisa Hélio de Moraes, do IAC, no município de Jaú, SP, (22°17’ S 48°34’ O, em Latossolo Vermelho). A variedade de cana-de-açúcar foi a RB92579. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, composto por fatorial de 2 manejos de irrigação: irrigado (I) e não irrigado (NI), 2 manejos de inoculação: com inoculação (Inoc) e sem inoculação (Não inoc) com bactérias diazotróficas (BDs); e com 4 níveis de disponibilidade de nitrogênio (0, 70, 140 e 210 kg ha-1 de N), compondo assim 16 tratamentos com 4 repetições. O experimento teve duração de 365 dias, quando então foram realizadas as análises tecnológicas e determinou-se a produtividade de colmos (TCH) e de açúcar (TPH). A cana-de-açúcar elevou sua produtividade com a elevação das doses de nitrogênio. Nos tratamentos irrigados essa elevação foi maior comparando-se com os tratamentos não irrigados. Palavras-chave: Saccharum spp.; gotejamento subsuperficial; adubação nitrogenada; fixação biológica do nitrogênio. DELLABIGLIA, W. J.; GAVA, G. J. C.; ARLANCH, A. B.; BOAS, R. L. V.; CANTARELLA, H.; ROSSETTO, R. SUGARCANE YIELD FERTIGATION MANAGEMENT WITH DOSES OF N AND INOCULATED WITH DIAZOTROPHIC BACTERIA 2 ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria and nitrogen fertilization on yield and technological quality of sugarcane (cane plant), in the following managements: irrigated by subsurface drip and rainfed. The experiment was conducted at Hélio de Moraes Research Unit, of IAC in the municipality of Jaú, SP, (22 ° 17 'S 48 ° 34' O, Rhodic). The variety of sugarcane was RB92579. The experimental design was randomized blocks, composed by factorial of two irrigation management systems: irrigated (I) and non-irrigated (NI); and two-inoculation managements: with inoculation (Inoc) and without inoculation (No inoc) with diazotrophic bacterias (BDs); and 4 availability levels of nitrogen (0, 70, 140 and 210 kg ha-1 de N), thus forming 16 treatments with 4 replications. The experiment lasted 365 days when then technological analysis was performed and determined sugarcane stalk yield (TCH) and sugar yield (TPH). The sugarcane raised its productivity with rising nitrogen levels. In irrigated treatments this increase was higher compared with non-irrigated treatments. Keywords: Saccharum spp., subsurface drip, nitrogen fertilization, nitrogen biological fixation.

Drury, C. F., Reynolds, W. D., Tan, C. S., McLaughlin, N. B., Yang, X. M., Calder, W., Oloya, T. O. and Yang, J. Y. 2014. Impacts of 49–51 years of years of fertilization and crop rotation on growing season nitrous oxide emissions, nitrogen uptake and corn yields. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 421–433. A field study was established in 1959 to evaluate the effects of fertilization and crop rotation on crop yields, soil and environmental quality on a Brookston clay loam. There were two fertilizer treatments (fertilized and not-fertilized) and six cropping treatments including continuous corn (CC), continuous Kentucky bluegrass sod and a 4-yr rotation of corn–oat–alfalfa–alfalfa with each phase present each year. We measured N2O emissions, inorganic N and plant N uptake over three growing seasons (2007–2009) in the corn phase. Nitrous oxide emissions varied over the 3 yr as a result of the seasonal variation in precipitation quantity, intensity and timing and differences in crop growth and N uptake. Fertilized CC lost, on average, 7.36 kg N ha−1 by N2O emissions, whereas the not-fertilized CC lost only 0.51 kg N ha−1. Fertilized rotation corn (RC) lost 6.46 kg N ha−1, which was 12% lower than fertilized CC. The not-fertilized RC, on the other hand, emitted about half as much N2O (2.95 kg N ha−1) as the fertilized RC. Fertilized RC had corn grain yields that averaged 10.0 t ha−1 over the 3 yr followed by fertilized CC at 5.48 t ha−1. Not-fertilized RC corn had yields that were 61% lower (3.93 t ha−1) than fertilized RC, whereas the not-fertilized CC had yields that were 75% lower (1.39 t ha−1) than fertilized CC. Nitrous oxide emissions were found to be dramatically affected by long-term management practices and crop rotation had lower emissions in the corn phase of the rotation even though the N input from fertilizer addition and legume N fixation was greater. These N2O emission and yield results were due to both factors that are traditionally used to describe these processes as well as long-term soil quality factors, which were created by the long-term management (i.e., soil organic carbon, soil physical parameters such as bulk density, and porosity, soil fauna and micro-flora) and that influenced crop growth, N uptake and soil water contents.

The effects of biochar and biochar combined with N-fertilizer on the content of soil organic matter in water-stable aggregates were investigated. A field experiment was conducted with different biochar application rates: B0 control (0 t ha-1), B10 (10 t ha-1) and B20 (20 t ha-1) and 0 (no N), 1st and 2nd levels of nitrogen fertilization on silt loam Haplic Luvisol (Dolna Malanta, Slovakia), in 2014. The N doses of level 1 were calculated on required average crop production using balance method. Level 2 included additional 100% of N in year 2014 and additional 50% of N in year 2016. The effects were investigated during the growing seasons of spring barley and spring wheat in 2014 and 2016, respectively. Results indicate that the B20N2 treatment significantly increased the proportion of water-stable macro-aggregates (WSAma) and reduced water-stable micro-aggregates (WSAmi). Aggregate stability increased only in the B20N1 treatment. The B20N2 treatment showed a robust decrease by 27% in the WSAma of 0.5-0.25 mm. On the other hand, an increase by 56% was observed in the content of WSAma with fractions 3-2 mm compared to the B0N0 treatment. The effect of N fertilizer on WSAma was confirmed only in the case of the B10N2 treatment. The proportion of WSAma with fractions 3-2 mm decreased by 42%, while the size fraction of 0.5-0.25 mm increased by 30% compared to the B10N0 treatment. The content of WSAma with fractions 1-0.5 mm decreased with time. On the contrary, the content of WSAma with particle sizes above 5 mm increased with time in all treatments except the B10N2 and B20N2 treatments. A statistically significant trend was identified in the proportion of WSA in the B10N2 and B20N2 treatments, which indicates that biochar with higher application levels of N fertilizer stabilizes the proportion of water-stable aggregates. In all treatments, the content of soil organic carbon (SOC) and labile carbon (CL) in WSAmi was lower than those in WSAma. A considerable decrease of SOC in the WSAma >5 mm and an increase of SOC in WSAmi were observed when biochar was applied at the rate of 10 t ha-1. Contents of SOC in WSAmi increased as a result of adding biochar combined with N fertilizer at first level. CL in WSA significantly increased in all size fractions of WSA.References Abiven S., Hund A., Martinsen V., Cornelissen G., 2015. Biochar amendment increases maize root surface areas and branching: a shovelomics study in Zambia. Plant Soil, 342, 1-11. Agegnehu G., Bass A.M., Nelson P.N., and Bird M.I., 2016. Benefits of biochar, compost and biochar–compost for soil quality, maize yield and greenhouse gas emissions in a tropical agricultural soil. Sci. Tot. Environ., 543, 295-306. Angers D.A., Samson N., Legere A., 1993. 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Geoderma, 245-246, 56-64. Herath H.M.S.K., Camps-Arbestain M., Hedley M., 2013. Effect of biochar on soil physical properties in two contrasting soils: an Alfisol and an Andisol. Geoderma, 209-210, 188-197. Hillel D., 1982, Introduction to soil physics. Academic Press, San Diego, CA , 364 p. Chenu C., Plante A., 2006. Clay-sized organo-mineral complexes in a cultivation chronosequence: revisiting the concept of the “primary organo-mineral complex”. Eur. J. Soil Sci., 56, 596-607. IUSS Working Group WRB., 2014. World reference base for soil resources 2014. International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps. World Soil Resources Reports, 106, FAO, Rome., 112p. Jeffery S., Verheijen F.G.A., Van der Velde M., Bastos A.C., 2011. A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis. Agr. Ecosys. Environ., 144, 175-187. Jien S.H., Wang Ch.S., 2013. Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil. Catena, 110, 225-233. Kammann C., Linsel S., Goßling J., Koyro H.W., 2011. Influence of biochar on drought tolerance of Chenopodium quinoa Willd and on soil-plant relations. Plant Soil, 345, 195-210. Kodesova R., Nemecek K., Zigova A., Nikodem A., Fer M., 2015. Using dye tracer for visualizing roots I pact on soil structure and soil porous system. Biologia, 70, 1439-1443. Krol, A., Lipiec, J., Turski, M., J. Kuoe, 2013. Effects of organic and conventional management on physical properties of soil aggregates. Int. Agrophys., 27, 15-21. Kurakov A.V., Kharin S.A., 2012. The Formation of Water-Stable Coprolite Aggregates in Soddy-Podzolic Soils and the Participation of Fungi in This Process. Eur. Soil Sci., 45, 429-434. Loginow W., Wisniewski W., Gonet S.S., Ciescinska B., 1987. Fractionation of organic carbon based on susceptibility to oxidation. Pol. J. Soil Sci., 20, 47-52. Lynch, J.M., and E. 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The current state of centralized nitrogen (N) management has destabilized global environmental cycles via Haber-Bosch (HB) ammonia-N manufacturing which contributes 1.2% of global anthropogenic CO2-eq emissions.1 The majority of this N that is discharged to wastewaters goes untreated, leading to harmful algal blooms that threaten coastal and river ecosystems, which already costs the U.S. an estimated $210 billion per year in health and environmental damages.2 Furthermore, the production of HB ammonia, and the subsequent discharge of wastewater nitrogen, is expected to substantially increase in the next three decades as the human population climbs to 9 billion people.3 Simultaneously removing nitrogen pollutants and recovering value-added products can preserve national water quality and supplement supply chains of nitrogen consumables with renewably sourced electricity. The electrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) can be leveraged in reactive separation processes to convert wastewater nitrates to commodity products, such as ammonia. Engineering catalytic NO3RR processes that operate at feasible rates and faradaic efficiencies is challenging because the majority of nitrate-rich wastewaters (e.g., fertilizer runoff) are dilute in nitrate concentration (< 5 mM).4 Molecular catalysts are uniquely suited to reduce nitrate at low concentrations in real wastewaters due to their strong substrate recognition (reactant selectivity) and product selectivity. In this study, we benchmarked the performance of the molecular catalyst Co-DIM (a Co-N4 macrocycle complex and the only known molecular NO3RR catalyst selective for ammonia5) in a reactive separations process for the treatment of real, nitrate-rich wastewaters. We first demonstrated by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and controlled-potential electrolysis (CPE) that selective Co-DIM-mediated NO3RR is feasible in nitrate-rich secondary effluent (municipal wastewater after biological nitrification). We then employed Co-DIM in electrochemical stripping (ECS): a membrane-separated cell that facilitates reactive separation of produced ammonia.6,7 From real secondary effluent (28 mg NO3-N/L), we achieved greater than 60% nitrate removal with a faradaic efficiency of 25% and ammonia selectivity of 98%. However, the energy consumed for ECS per unit mass of N is 16 times the combined energy requirement for conventional wastewater N removal and HB ammonia synthesis. By introducing a mixed feed of ammonia- and nitrate-rich wastewater and performing electrodialysis (ED) to concentrate the reactant nitrate before ECS, the energy requirement for N removal and ammonia recovery was decreased by three times while the ED process became the dominant energy consumer in the overall process. Additionally, the increase in nitrate removal could not be explained by an increase in nitrate concentration alone. The ED process changes the concentrations and relative ratios of competing anions and buffering species, which can inhibit or promote the molecular electrocatalytic activity. We therefore explored a matrix of anion identities and concentrations by rotating-disk voltammetry and CPE to elucidate plausible inhibition and promotion mechanisms associated with catalyst activation and NO3RR catalysis. This study therefore (1) benchmarks current and future efforts to reactively separate ammonia from real nitrate-rich wastewater with a molecular catalyst and (2) highlights molecular and process-level improvements to realize a circular nitrogen economy. References 1 C. Smith, A. K. Hill and L. Torrente-Murciano, Energy Environ. Sci., 2020, 13, 331–344. 2 D. J. Sobota, J. E. Compton, M. L. McCrackin and S. Singh, Environ. Res. Lett., 2015, 10, 025006. 3 J. W. Erisman, M. A. Sutton, J. Galloway, Z. Klimont and W. Winiwarter, Nature Geoscience, 2008, 1, 636–639. 4 Unesco, Ed., Wastewater: the untapped resource, UNESCO, Paris, 2017. 5 S. Xu, D. C. Ashley, H.-Y. Kwon, G. R. Ware, C.-H. Chen, Y. Losovyj, X. Gao, E. Jakubikova and J. M. Smith, Chem. Sci., 2018, 9, 4950–4958. 6 W. A. Tarpeh, J. M. Barazesh, T. Y. Cath and K. L. Nelson, Environ. Sci. Technol., 2018, 52, 1453–1460. 7 M. J. Liu, B. S. Neo and W. A. Tarpeh, Water Research, 2020, 169, 115226.

The production and demand of tilapia (O. niloticus) in some countries continue to increase but are not matched by good growth quality. Several methods have been used to increase growth, such as the use of synthetic hormones and radiation, however, the methods require such a high cost. Thus it needs to be investigated the potential replacement with natural prooduct. Papaya leaf contains papain enzyme thought to be able to improve the growth performance of fish body weight through the conversion of proteins into amino acids. The purpose of this study was to investigate the growth performance of tilapia (O. niloticus) fish that were given papaya meal (C. papaya) treatments. The concentrations pellet with papaya meal respectively T1(feed with 0 grams of papaya leaf meal), T2 (administration of papaya leaf meal with 1.25 g/kg feed), T3 (administration of papaya leaf meal with 1.75 g/kg feed), T4 (administration of papaya leaf meal with 2 g/kg feed), T5 (administration of papaya leaf meal with 2.25 g/kg feed). Parameters analyzed included: absolute length growth, absolute weight, specific growth rate, FCR survival rate and, water quality. The results showed that the highest weight growth of tilapia fed with the administration of papaya leaf meal was found at T4 of 21.23 grams. In the specific weight, the optimal treatment was found in T4 with a percentage of 20.97%. In the length growth of tilapia, it was known that the T1, T4 and T5 had highest lengths when compared to other treatments and the highest survival rate of tilapia (O. niloticus) was in the T2, T3, T5 treatments of 73%. The optimal FCR value was found in the T4 treatment of 1.14. 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Pengaruh Activator Sistein dan Natrium Klorida Terhadap Aktivitas Papain. Jurnal Sains Kimia, 8 (1). 26-28Effendi, M. I. (2002). Biologi Perikanan. Cetakan Kedua. Yayasan Pustaka Nusantara, Yogyakarta:Effendi, M. I. (2003). Telaah Kualitas Air. Kanisius: Yogyakarta. 'Haetami, K., Junianto. & Andriani, Y. (2005). Tingkat Penggunaan Gulma Air Azolla pinnata dalam Ransum Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Konversi Pakan Ikan Bawal Air Tawar. Laporan Penelitian. Universitas Padjadjaran, JatinangorHandajani, H. & W. Widodo. (2010). Nutrisi Ikan. Malang: UMM Press. Irawati, D., Rachmawati, D. & Pinandoyo. (2015). Performa Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan Nila Hitam (Oreochromis niloticus bleeker) Melalui Penambahan Enzim Papain dalam Pakan Buatan. Journal of Aquaculture Management Technology, 4 (1). 1-9.Isnawati, N., Sidik, R. & Mahasri, G. (2015). Potensi Serbuk Daun Pepaya untuk Meningkatkan Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Pakan, Rasio Efisiensi Protein Dan Laju Pertumbuhan Pada Budidaya Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan, 7(2).Mareta, E. R., Subandiyono, & Hastuti, S. (2016). Pengaruh Enzim Papain dan Probiotik dalam Pakan Terhadap Tingkat Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Pakan dan Pertumbuhan Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy). Jurnal Sains Akuakultur Tropis, 1 (1):21-30.Murjani, A. (2011). Budidaya Beberapa Varietas Ikan Sepat Rawa (Trichogaster Trichopterus Pall) Dengan Pemberian Pakan Komersial. Jurnal Fish Scientiae, 1 (2): 214-133.Prakoso, T. (2014). Pengaruh Suhu yang Berbeda Terhadap Laju Pertumbuhan Benih Ikan Gurami (Osphronemus gouramy lac) didalam Akuarium. Skripsi. Program Studi Budidaya Perairan, Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Antakusuma. Riyanti. A., Susanto. A. & Sukarti, K. (2014). Penambahan Tepung Buah Pepaya (Carica papaya). Dalam Pakan Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Efesiensi Pakan Pada Ikan Nila Gift (Oreochromis sp) Ukuran 3-5 cm. Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan Tropis, 30 (1). 60-67Robinette, H. R. (1976). Effect of Sublethal of Ammonia on the Growth of Channel Catfish (Ictalarus punctatus R). Frog. Journal Fish Culture, 38 (1). 26-29Rukisah., Simanjuntak, R. F. & Anugrah, W. (2021). Pengaruh Pemberian Pakan Buatan dari Kombinasi Tepung Cacing Tanah (Lumbricus rubellus) dan Tepung Daun Pepaya Terhadap Pertumbuhan Ikan Nila. Jurnal Harpodon Borneo, 14 (1). 39-46Rukmana, H. R. (1997). Ikan Nila Budidaya dan Prospek Agribisnis. Yogyakarta: Kanisius.Sagita, F., Rachmawati, D. & Suminto. (2017). Pengaruh Penambahan Enzim Papain Pada Pakan Komersial Terhadap Efisiensi Pemanfaatan Pakan, Laju Pertumbuhan,Kelulushidupan Ikan Sidat (Anguilla bicolor). Journal of Aquaculture Management and Technology, 6(4). 77-84.Salsabila, M. & Suprapto, H. (2018). Teknik Pembesaran Ikan nila (Oreochromis niloticus) di Instalasi Budidaya Air Tawar Pandaan, Jawa Timus. Journal of Aquaculture and Fish Health, 7(3). 118-123Simanjuntak, R. F., Abdiani, I. M. & Verawati. (2018). Bioenrichment Tepung Pepaya (Carica Papaya) dengan Formulasi Pakan yang Berbeda pada Performa Pertumbuhan Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus). Jurnal Harpodon Borneo, 11 (2). 59-68.Simanjuntak, R. F. & Ridwansyah. (2020). Membangung Keterampilan Mahasiswa Perbatasan Kaltara Melalui teknologi dan Manajemen Pembuatan Pakan Ikan Pada Masa Pancemi dan Pasca Covid-19. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Borneo, 4 (2). 143-150SNI 7550.2009. (2009). Produksi Ikan Nila (Oreochromis niloticus Bleeker) Kelas Pembesaran di Kolam Air Tenang. Badan Standardisasi nasional. JakartaSulasi, S., Hastuti, S. & Subandiyono, S. (2018). Pengaruh Enzim Papain dan Probiotik pada Pakan Buatan terhadap Pemanfaatan Protein Pakan dan Pertumbuhan Ikan Mas (Cyprinus Carpio). Sains Akuakultur Tropis : Indonesian Journal of Tropical Aquaculture, 2 ()1, Zonneveld, N., Huisman E. A. & Boon, J. H. (1991). Prinsip-Prinsip Budidaya Ikan. Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.

Terroir factors and vineyard practices largely determine canopy and root system functioning. In this study, changes in soil conditions, multi-level (vertical, horizontal) light interception (quantitative, photographic, schematic, 3D modelled), leaf water potential and photosynthetic activity were measured during the grape ripening period on NS, EW, NE-SW, and NW-SE orientated (Southern Hemisphere) vertically trellised Shiraz grapevine canopies. It was hypothesised that the spatial radiation interception angle and radiation distribution of differently orientated and vertically trained grapevine rows would affect soil conditions and vine physiological activity. Soil water content showed an increase and soil temperature a decreasing gradient with soil depth. In the afternoon, soil layers of EW orientated rows reached their highest temperature. This, along with measured photosynthetic active radiation received by canopies, complimented the diurnally-captured photographic, constructed and 3D modelled images (also schematically) of canopy and soil exposure patterns. The top, bottom and outside of NS canopies mainly received radiation from directly above, from the E and the W; during midday, high radiation was only received from above. The EW rows received the highest radiation component from above and from the N. The NE-SW rows received high levels of radiation from above, from the SE until 10:00, and from the NW from 13:00. A similar profile can be described for NW-SE rows, but with high radiation received from the NE up to 13:00 and from the SW from 16:00. Overall, lowest leaf water potential occurred for NE-SW canopies, followed by those orientated NW-SE, NS and EW. Photosynthetic activity reflected the positive radiation impact of the sun azimuth during the grape ripening period; best overall performance seemed to occur for E and N exposed canopy sides. This was largely driven by the responsiveness of the secondary leaves to radiation. Photosynthetic output decreased from apical to basal canopy zones with low, erratic values in the light-limited canopy centre. The NS and EW orientated canopies generally showed the highest average photosynthesis, while it was lower for the sides facing S, SE and SW. The results provide a better understanding of the physiological functioning of horizontal and vertical leaf layers in differently orientated grapevine canopies, as affected by climatic conditions. The study contributes to the longstanding challenges of capturing the complexity of parallel microclimatic and physiological output of grapevine canopies under open field conditions. The results can be directly applied to the selection of vineyard practices and seasonal management to ensure the attainment of yield, grape composition and wine quality objectives.

This technical note summarizes a technical comparison of common testing procedures, as well as reviewed of the UN Test N` 5, for the assessment of the self-heating properties of cargoes and materials that has shown a clear trend on maritime fire and explosions events, as well as considering of external factors that can combine self-heating and emit flammable gases to conclude in an unlikely event affecting the security of crews and ships. A high understanding of the external factors effect on the cargo materials certainly will help the application of spontaneous reactions management actions (SRMA) on board of ships during the cargo sea passage. The intended comparison is based on laboratory, industry and field observations and data, whereas the among the external factors considered are, moisture content, stockpile procedure and aging, air velocities and moderate pressures internal and externally to the cargo material. The comparison results have shown that the self-heating and the flammable gas emissions has a common pattern when reacting with any oxygen available source, regardless the reactive material chemical composition. Keywords: reactive materials, self-heating, self-ignition, direct reduced iron fines, materials handling, UN test N` 5, maritime safety, spontaneous reactions, risk management. IMSBC Code , IMO. References [1]A. M. DeGennaro, M. W. Lohry, L. Martinelli, C. W. Rowley. Uncertainty Quantification for Cargo Hold Fires. Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics. [2]L.L.Sloss Assessing and Managing Spontaneous Combustion of Coals. IEA Clean Coal Center (CCC 259). Oct. 2015. [3].A. Janes, G Marlair, D Carson, j. Chaneausx. Towards the improvement of UN Test N1 5 Method for the characterization of substances which in contact with water emit Flammable Gases. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries. Elsevier 2012, 25 (3), pp 524-534. [4]G. Rouget, B. Majidi, D. Picard, G. Gauvin, D. Ziegler, J. Mashreghi, and H. Alamdar. Electrical Resistivity Measurement of Petroleum Coke Powder by Means of Four-Probe Method. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B. Vol. 48B, Oct. 2017-2543. [5]Y. Rubiela Hernández Puerto, M.Triviño Restrepo. El coque metalúrgico aplicado a protección catódica (Metallurgia coque applied to catodic protection). Revista del Instituto de Investigaciones FIGMMG. Vol. 10, Nº 20, 60-67 (2007) UNMSM I. [6]S. Narayan Jha, K. Narsaiah, A.L. Basediya, R.Sharma, P. Jaiswal, R. Kumar, and R. Bhardwaj. Measurement techniques and application of electrical properties for nondestructive quality evaluation of foods—a review. Food Sci Technol. 2011 Aug; 48(4): 387–411. [7]R. Fontes Araujo, J. Batisa Zonta, E. Fontes Araujo, E. Heberle, E, F. Miranda Garcia Zonta. Teste de Conductividade Eletrica para Smentes de Feijao Mungo Verde 1. Rev. Brasikleira de Sementes, Vol. 33, N` 1, pp123/130, 2011. [8]P.A. Eidem. Electric Resistivity of Coke Beds. PhD Thesis. Norwegian University of Science and Technology Faculty of Natural Sciences and Technology Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Tronheim Oct. 2008. [9]N. Birks, et.al. - Mechanism in Corrosion Induced Auto-ignition of Direct Reduced Iron. Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Pittsburgh. [10]Monitoring Implementation of the Hazardous and Noxious Substances Convention. Report on incidents involving HNS. Submitted by the United Kingdom. IMO 85th Session, Agenda item 5- LEG 85/INF.2, 19 September 2002.

This study aim to attempt mapping out the Land Use or Land Cover (LULC) status of Regional Project Coordination Committee (RPCC) between 2009-2019 with a view of detecting the land consumption rate and the changes that has taken place using RS and GIS techniques; serving as a precursor to the further study on urban induced variations or change in weather pattern of the cityn Rangpur City Corporation(RCC) is the main administrative functional area for both of Rangpur City and Rangpur division and experiencing a rapid changes in the field of urban sprawl, cultural and physical landscape,city growth. These agents of Land use or Land cover (LULC) varieties are responsible for multi-dimensional problems such as traffic congestion, waterlogging, and solid waste disposal, loss of agricultural land. In this regard, this study fulfills LULC changes by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) as well as field survey was conducted for the measurement of change detection. The sources of data were Landsat 7 ETM and landsat 8 OLI/TIRS of both C1 level 1. Then after correcting the data, geometrically and radiometrically change detection and combined classification (supervised & unsupervised) were used. The study finds LULC changes built-up area, water source, agricultural land, bare soil in a change of percentage is 17.23, 2.58, -9.94, -10.19 respectively between 2009 and 2019. Among these changes, bare soil is changed to a great extent, which indicates the expansion of urban areas is utilizing the land to a proper extent. Keywords: Urban expansion; land use; land cover; remote sensing; geographic information system (GIS); Rangpur City Corporation(RCC). References Al Rifat, S. A., & Liu, W. (2019). Quantifying spatiotemporal patterns and major explanatory factors of urban expansion in miami metropolitan area during 1992-2016. Remote Sensing, 11(21) doi:10.3390/rs11212493 Arimoro AO, Fagbeja MA, Eedy W. (2002). The Need and Use of Geographic Information Systems for Environmental Impact Assessment in Africa: With Example from Ten Years Experience in Nigeria. AJEAM/RAGEE, 4(2), 16-27. Belal, A.A. and Moghanm, F.S. (2011).Detecting Urban Growth Using Remote Sensing and GIS Techniques in Al Gharbiya Governorate, Egypt.The Egyptian Journal of Remote Sensing and Space Science, 14, 73-79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2011.09.001 Dewan, A.M. and Yamaguchi, Y. (2009). Using Remote Sensing and GIS to Detect and Monitor and Use and Land Cover Change in Dhaka Metropolitan of Bangladesh during 1960-2005. Environmental Monitor Assessment, 150, 237- 249. Retrieved from http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10661-008-0226-5 Djimadoumngar, K.-N., & Adegoke, J. (2018). Satellite-Based Assessment of Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) Changes around Lake Fitri, Republic of Chad. Journal of Sustainable Development, 11(5), 71. doi:10.5539/jsd.v11n5p71 Edwards, B., Frasch, T., & Jeyacheya, J. (2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of land-use zoning for the protection of built heritage in the bagan archaeological zone, Myanmar—A satellite remote-sensing approach. Land use Policy, 88 doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104174 Fallati, L., Savini, A., Sterlacchini, S., & Galli, P. (2017). Land use and land cover (LULC) of the Republic of the Maldives: first national map and LULC change analysis using remote-sensing data. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 189(8). doi:10.1007/s10661-017-6120-2 Fučík, P., Novák, P., & Žížala, D. (2014). A combined statistical approach for evaluation of the effects of land use, agricultural and urban activities on stream water chemistry in small tile-drained catchments of south bohemia, czech republic. Environmental Earth Sciences, 72(6), 2195-2216. doi:10.1007/s12665-014-3131-y Elbeih, S. F., & El-Zeiny, A. M. (2018). Qualitative assessment of groundwater quality based on land use spectral retrieved indices: Case study sohag governorate, egypt. Remote Sensing Applications: Society and Environment, 10, 82-92. doi:10.1016/j.rsase.2018.03.001 Fasal, S. (2000). Urban expansion and loss of agricultural land – A GIS based study of Saharanpur City, India. Environment and Urbanization, 12(2), 133 – 149 He, S., Wang, X., Dong, J., Wei, B., Duan, H., Jiao, J., & Xie, Y. (2019). Three-dimensional urban expansion analysis of valley-type cities: A case study of chengguan district, lanzhou, china. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(20) doi:10.3390/su11205663 Heimlich, R.E and W.D. Anderson. (2001). Development at the Urban Fringe and Beyond: Impacts on Agriculture and Rural Land. 803, Economic Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington D.C., pg 80 Im, N., Kawamura, K., Suwandana, E., & Sakuno, Y. (2014). Monitoring land use and land cover effects on water quality in cheung ek lake using ASTER images. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 11(1), 1-12. doi:10.3844/ajessp.2015.1.12 Kalnay, E., & Cai, M. (2003). Impact of urbanization and land-use change on climate. Nature, 423(6939), 528-531. doi:10.1038/nature01675 Matlhodi, B., Kenabatho, P. K., Parida, B. P., & Maphanyane, J. G. (2019). Evaluating land use and land cover change in the gaborone dam catchment, botswana, from 1984-2015 using GIS and remote sensing. Sustainability (Switzerland), 11(19) doi:10.3390/su11195174 Uddin, M. M. M. (2015). Causal relationship between agriculture, industry and services sector for GDP growth in Bangladesh: An econometric investigation. Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development, 8. Mondal, I., Srivastava, V. K., Roy, P. S., & Talukdar, G. (2014). Using logit model to identify the drivers of landuse landcover change in the lower gangetic basin, india. Paper presented at the International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences - ISPRS Archives, , XL-8(1) 853-859. doi:10.5194/isprsarchives-XL-8-853-2014 Navale, V. B., & Mhaske, S. Y. (2019). Land use/land cover changes in sangamner city by using remote sensing and GIS. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 8(2), 4614-4621. doi:10.35940/ijrte.B3386.078219 Nicolson, L.D. (1987). The Greening of the cities; Routledge and Kegan Paul, London Nong, D., Fox, J., Miura, T., & Saksena, S. (2015). Built-up Area Change Analysis in Hanoi Using Support Vector Machine Classification of Landsat Multi-Temporal Image Stacks and Population Data. Land, 4(4), 1213–1231. doi:10.3390/land4041213 Park, H., Fan, P., John, R., Ouyang, Z., & Chen, J. (2019). Spatiotemporal changes of informal settlements: Ger districts in ulaanbaatar, mongolia. Landscape and Urban Planning, 191 doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103630 Rajeshwari D. (2006). Management of the Urban Environment Using Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems.J. Hum. Ecol., 20(4), 269-277. Retrieved from http://www.krepublishers.com/02_journals/JHE/ Rasul, A., Balzter, H., Ibrahim, G., Hameed, H., Wheeler, J., Adamu, B., … Najmaddin, P. (2018). Applying Built-Up and Bare-Soil Indices from Landsat 8 to Cities in Dry Climates. Land, 7(3), 81. doi:10.3390/land7030081 Risma, Zubair, H., & Paharuddin. (2019). Prediction of land use and land cover (LULC) changes using CA-Markov model in Mamuju Subdistrict. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1341, 082033. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1341/8/082033 Schilling, K. E., Jha, M. K., Zhang, Y.-K., Gassman, P. W., & Wolter, C. F. (2008). Impact of land use and land cover change on the water balance of a large agricultural watershed: Historical effects and future directions. Water Resources Research, 44(7). doi:10.1029/2007wr006644 Copyright (c) 2019 Geosfera Indonesia Journal and Department of Geography Education, University of Jember This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Share A like 4.0 International License

The experiment was conducted in the Agronomy Field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka-1207 during the period of November 17, 2016 to March 29, 2017 on growth and yield performance of selected wheat genotypes at variable irrigation. In this experiment, the treatment consisted of three varieties viz. V1 = BARI Gom 26, V2 = BARI Gom 28, V3 = BARI Gom 30, and four different irrigations viz. I0 = No Irrigation throughout the growing season, I1 = One irrigation (Irrigate at CRI stage), I2= Two irrigation (Irrigate at CRI and grain filling), I3= Three irrigation (irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages). The experiment was laid out in two factors split plot with three replications. The collected data were statistically analyzed for evaluation of the treatment effect. Results showed that a significant variation among the treatments in respect majority of the observed parameters. Results showed significant variation in almost every parameter of treatments. The highest Plant height, number of effective tillers hill-1, spike length, number of grain spike-1 was obtained from BARI Gom-30. The highest grain weight hectare-1 (3.44 ton) was found from wheat variety BARI Gom-30. All parameters of wheat showed statistically significant variation due to variation of irrigation. The maximum value of growth, yield contributing characters, seed yield was observed with three irrigation (irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages). The interaction between different levels of variety and irrigation was significantly influenced on almost all growth and yield contributing characters, seed yield. The highest yield (3.99 t ha-1) was obtained from BARI Gom-30 with three irrigation (irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages). The optimum growth and higher yield of wheat cv. BARI Gom-30 could be obtained by applying three irrigations at CRI, booting and grain filling stages. Introduction Wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) is one of the most important cereal crops cultivated all over the world. Wheat production was increased from 585,691 thousand tons in 2000 to 713,183 thousand tons in 2013 which was ranked below rice and maize in case of production (FAO, 2015). In the developing world, need for wheat will be increased 60 % by 2050 (Rosegrant and Agcaoili, 2010). The International Food Policy Research Institute projections revealed that world demand for wheat will increase from 552 million tons in 1993 to 775 million tons by 2020 (Rosegrantet al.,1997). Wheat grain is the main staple food for about two third of the total population of the world. (Hanson et al., 1982). It supplies more nutrients compared with other food crops. Wheat grain is rich in food value containing 12% protein, 1.72% fat, 69.60% carbohydrate and 27.20% minerals (BARI, 2006). It is the second most important cereal crop after rice in Bangladesh. So, it is imperative to increase the production of wheat to meet the food requirement of vast population of Bangladesh that will secure food security. During 2013-14 the cultivated area of wheat was 429607 ha having a total production of 1302998 metric tons with an average yield of 3.033 metric tons ha-1whereas during 2012-13 the cultivated area of wheat was 416522 ha having a total production of 1254778 metric tons with an average yield of 3.013 tons ha-1 (BBS, 2014). Current demand of wheat in the country is 3.0-3.5 million tons. Increasing rate of consumption of wheat is 3% per year (BBS, 2013). Wheat production is about 1.0 milllion from 0.40 million hectares of land. Bangladesh has to import about 2.0-2.5-million-ton wheat every year. Wheat is grown all over Bangladesh but wheat grows more in Dhaka, Faridpur, Mymensingh, Rangpur, Dinajpur, Comilla districts. Wheat has the umpteen potentialities in yield among other crops grown in Bangladesh. However, yield per hectare of wheat in Bangladesh is lower than other wheat growing countries in the world due to various problems. Increasing food production of the country in the next 20 years to much population growth is a big challenge in Bangladesh. It is more difficult because, land area devoted to agriculture will decline and better-quality land and water resources will be divided to the other sector of national economy. In order to grow more food from marginal and good quality lands, the quality of natural resources like seed, water, varieties and fuel must be improved and sustained. Variety plays an important role in producing high yield of wheat because different varieties responded differently for their genotypic characters, input requirement, growth process and the prevailing environment during growing season. In Bangladesh the wheat growing season (November-March) is in the driest period of the year. Wheat yield was declined by 50% owing to soil moisture stress. Irrigation water should be applied in different critical stages of wheat for successful wheat production. Shoot dry weight, number of grains, grain yield, biological yield and harvest index decreased to a greater extent when water stress was imposed at the anthesis stage while water stress was imposed at booting stage caused a greater reduction in plant height and number of tillers (Gupta et al., 2001). Determination of accurate amount of water reduces irrigation cost as well as checks ground water waste. Water requirements vary depending on the stages of development. The pick requirement is at crown root initiation stage (CRI). In wheat, irrigation has been recommended at CRI, flowering and grain filling stages. However, the amount of irrigation water is shrinking day by day in Bangladesh which may be attributed to filling of pond river bottom. Moreover, global climate change scenarios are also responsible for their scarcity of irrigation water. So, it is essential to estimate water saving technique to have an economic estimate of irrigation water. Information on the amount of irrigation water as well as the precise sowing time of wheat with change in climate to expedite wheat production within the farmer’s limited resources is inadequate in Bangladesh. The need of water requirement also varies with sowing times as the soil moisture depletes with the days after sowing in Bangladesh as there is scanty rainfall after sowing season of wheat in general in the month of November. With above considerations, the present research work was conducted with the following objectives: To evaluate yield performance of selected wheat genotypes(s) at variable irrigation management. To identify the suitable genotype (s) of wheat giving higher yield under moisture stress condition. Materials and Methods Description of the experimental site The experiment was conducted in the Research Field, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University (SAU), Dhaka-1207 during the period of November, 2016 to March, 2017 to observe the growth and yield performance of selected wheat genotypes at variable irrigation management. The experimental field is located at 23041´ N latitude and 90º 22´ E longitude at a height of 8.6 m above the sea level belonging to the Agro-ecological Zone “AEZ-28” of Madhupur Tract (BBS, 2013). Soil characteristics The soil of the research field is slightly acidic in reaction with low organic matter content. The selected plot was above flood level and sufficient sunshine was available having available irrigation and drainage system during the experimental period. Soil samples from 0-15 cm depths were collected from experimental field. The experimental plot was also high land, having pH 5.56. Climate condition The experimental field was situated under sub-tropical climate; usually the rainfall is heavy during Kharifseason, (April to September) and scanty in Rabi season (October to March). In Rabi season temperature is generally low and there is plenty of sunshine. The temperature tends to increase from February as the season proceeds towards kharif. Rainfall was almost nil during the period from November 2016 to March 2017 and scanty from February to September. Planting material The test crop was wheat (Triticumaestivum). Three wheat varieties BARI Gom-26, BARI Gom-28 and BARI Gom-30 were used as test crop and were collected from Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute (BARI), Joydebpur, Gazipur. Treatments The experiment consisted of two factors and those were the wheat genotypes and irrigation. Three wheat genotypes and four irrigations were used under the present study. Factor A: three wheat varieties- V1 = BARI Gom-26, V2 = BARI Gom-28 and V3= BARI Gom-30. Factor B: four irrigations- I0 = No Irrigation throughout the growing season, I1 = One irrigation (Irrigate at CRI stage), I2= Two irrigation (Irrigate at CRI and grain filling) and I3= Three irrigation (Irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages). The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with three replications having irrigation application in the main plots, verities in the sub plots. There were 12 treatments combinations. The total numbers of unit plots were 36. The size of unit plot was 2 m x 2 m = 4.00 m2. The distances between sub-plot to sub-plot, main plot to main plot and replication to replication were, 0.75, 0.75 and 1.5 m, respectively. Statistical analysis The collected data on each plot were statistically analyzed to obtain the level of significance using the computer-based software MSTAT-C developed by Gomez and Gomez, 1984. Mean difference among the treatments were tested with the least significant difference (LSD) test at 5 % level of significance. Results and Discussion Plant height Plant height varied significantly among the tested three varieties (Table 1). At, 75 DAS, BARI Gom 30 showed the tallest plant height (34.72 cm) and BARI Gom 26 recorded the shortest plant height (32.32 cm). At, 90 DAS, BARI Gom 30 recorded the highest plant height (76.13 cm) was observed from BARI Gom 26. However, BARI Gom 26 recorded the shortest plant height (75.01 cm) which was also statistically similar with BARI Gom 28. Islam and Jahiruddin (2008) also concluded that plant height varied significantly due to various wheat varieties. Plant height of wheat showed statistically significant variation due to amount of irrigation at 75, 90 DAS under the present trial (Table 2). At 75 DAS, the tallest plant (34.78 cm) was recorded from I3 (Three irrigation) while the shortest plant (32.02 cm) was observed from I0 (No Irrigation throughout the growing season) treatment. At 60 DAS, the tallest plant (77.51 cm) was found from I3, which was statistically similar with I2 (Two irrigation) and I1 (One irrigation). The shortest plant (71.29 cm) was observed from I0. Plant height was likely increased due to applying higher amount of irrigation compared to less amount of irrigation. Sultana (2013) stated that increasing water stress declined the plant height. Interaction effect of variety and different amount of irrigation showed significant differences on plant height of wheat at 75 and 90 DAS (Table 3). The highest plant height at 30 was 38.00 cm obtained from V3I3 treatment combination. The shortest plant height at 30 was 30.67 cm obtained from V1I0 treatment combination. At 60 DAS, plant height was 78.50 cm obtained from V3I3 and lowest was 69.83 cm obtained from V1I0 treatment combination, which was statistically similar with V2I0 and 3I0 treatment combination. Table 1. Effect of variety on plant height of wheat at different days after sowing Table 2. Effect of irrigation on plant height of wheat at different days after sowing Table 3. Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on plant height of wheat Number of effective tiller hill-1 Number of effective tillers hill-1of wheat was not varied significantly due to varieties (Table 4). BARI Gom 30 produced the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (9.33) and the lowest number of effective tillers hill-1(8.58) was observed in BARI Gom 26. Different levels of irrigation varied significantly in terms of number of effective tillers hill-1 of wheat at harvest under the present trial (Table 5). The highest number of effective tillers hill-1 9.89 was recorded from I3 treatment, while the corresponding lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 were 7.89 observed in I0 treatment. Sultana (2013) stated that increasing water stress reduced the number of tillers per hill. Variety and irrigation showed significant differences on number of effective tillers hill-1 of wheat due to interaction effect (Table 6). The highest number of effective tillers hill-1 10.33 were observed from V3I3 treatment combination, while the corresponding lowest number of effective tillers hill-1 as 7.33 were recorded from V1I0 treatment combination. Number of non-effective tiller hill-1 Number of non-effective tillers hill-1of wheat was not varied significantly due to varieties (Table 4). BARI Gom 26 produced the highest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (1.33) and the lowest number of non-effective tillers hill-1(1.00) was observed in BARI Gom 30. Different levels of irrigation varied significantly in terms of number of non-effective tillers hill-1 of wheat at harvest under the present trial (Table 5). The highest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (2.00) was recorded from I0, while the corresponding lowest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (0.67) was observed in I3. Variety and irrigation showed significant differences on number of non-effective tillers hill-1 of wheat due to interaction effect (Table 6). The highest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (2.33) were observed from V1I0 treatment combination, while the corresponding lowest number of non-effective tillers hill-1 (0.33) were recorded from V3I2 treatment combination. Table 4. Effect of variety on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat Table 5. Effect of irrigation on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat Table 6. Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on yield and yield contributing characters of wheat Spike length (cm) Insignificant variation was observed on spike length (cm) at applied three types of modern wheat variety as BARI Gom-26 (V1), BARI Gom-28 (V2), and BARI Gom-30 (V3). From the experiment with that three types of varieties BARI Gom-30 (V3) (8.46 cm) given the largest spike length and BARI Gom-26 (V1) (8.08 cm) was given the lowest spike length (Table 4). Similar result was found using with different type varieties by Hefniet al. (2000). Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation on spike length as irrigated condition (I3) was given the maximum result (9.17 cm) and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest spike length (7.17 cm) (Table 5). Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on spike length. Results showed that the highest spike length was obtained from V3I3 (10.33 cm). On the other hand, the lowest spike length was observed at V1I0 (6.50cm) treatment combination (Table 6). Grain spike-1 Significant variation was observed on grain spike-1 at these applied three types of modern wheat variety. The BARI Gom-30 (V3) (37.75) given the maximum number of grain spike-1 and BARI Gom-26 (V1) (36.92) was given the lowest number of grain spike-1, which was statistically similar with V2 treatment (Table 4). Different wheat genotypes have significant effect on grain spike-1 observed also by Rahman et al. (2009). Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation on grain spike-1 as the irrigation condition (I3) was given the maximum result (39.33), which was statistically similar with I2 and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest grain spike-1 (34.56) (Table 5). Sarkar et al. (2010) also observed that irrigation have a significant effect on grain spike-1. Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on grain spike-1. Results showed that the highest grain spike-1 was obtained from V3I3 (41.0). On the other hand, the lowest grain spike-1 was observed at V1Io (34.00) which were also statistically similar with V3Io (34.67) (Table 6). 3Thousand Seed weight There was significant variation was observed on thousand seed weight due to different types of modern wheat variety. The wheat variety of BARI Gom-30 (V3) (50.40 g) given the maximum thousand seed weight and statistically different from BARI Gom-28 (V2) (46.74 g). BARI Gom-26 (V1) (46.22 g) was given the lowest thousand seed weight (Table 7). Rahman et al. (2009), Islam et al. (2015) also conducted experiment with different variety and observed have effect of varieties on yield. Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation on thousand seed weight. The I3 was given the maximum thousand seed weight (48.91) and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest yield (46.13 g) (Table 8). Sarkar et al. (2010), Baser et al. (2004) reported that grain yield under non-irrigated conditions was reduced by approximately 40%. Bazzaet al. (1999) reported that one water application during the tillering stage allowed the yield to be lower only than that of the treatment with three irrigations but Meenaet al. (1998) reported that wheat grain yield was the highest with 2 irrigations (2.57 ton/ha in 1993 and 2.64 ton/ha) at flowering and/or crown root initiation stages. Wheat is sown in November to ensure optimal crop growth and avoid high temperature and after that if wheat is sown in the field it faces high range of temperature for its growth and development as well as yield potential. Islam et al. (2015) reported that late planted wheat plants faced a period of high temperature stress during reproductive stages causing reduced kernel number spike-1 as well as the reduction of grain yield. Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on thousand seed weight (Table 9). Results showed that the highest thousand seed weight (52.33 g) was obtained from V3I3 which was statistically similar with V3I2 (52.06 g). On the other hand, the lowest yield (45.36 g) was observed at V1I1. Table 7. Effect of variety on yield and yield of wheat Table 8. Effect of irrigation on yield and yield of wheat Table 9. Interaction effect of variety and irrigation on yield and yield of wheat Grain yield (t ha-1) Different wheat varieties showed significant difference for grain weight hectare-1 (Table 7). The highest grain yield hectare-1 (3.44 ton) was found from wheat variety BARI Gom-30 (V3), which was statistically similar with V2, whereas the lowest (3.21 ton) was observed from wheat variety BARI gom 26. Rahman et al. (2009), Islam et al. (2015) also conducted experiment with different variety and observed have effect of varieties on yield. Significant difference was observed for yield for different irrigation application. The three irrigation (I3) was given the maximum yield (3.74 t ha-1), which was statistically similar with I2 treatment and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest yield (2.97 t ha-1) (Table 8). Sarkar et al. (2010), Baser et al. (2004) reported that grain yield under non-irrigated conditions was reduced by approximately 40%. Bazzaet al. (1999) reported that one water application during the tillering stage allowed the yield to be lower only than that of the treatment with three irrigations but Meenaet al. (1998) reported that wheat grain yield was the highest with 2 irrigations (2.57 ton/ha in 1993 and 2.64 ton/ha) at flowering and/or crown root initiation stages. Wheat is sown in November to ensure optimal crop growth and avoid high temperature and after that if wheat is sown in the field it faces high range of temperature for its growth and development as well as yield potential. Islam et al. (2015) reported that late planted wheat plants faced a period of high temperature stress during reproductive stages causing reduced kernel number spike-1 as well as the reduction of grain yield. Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on yield (t ha-1). Results showed that the highest yield (3.99 t ha-1) was obtained from V3I3, which was statistically similar with V2I3 and V3I2. On the other hand, the lowest yield (2.93 t ha-1) was observed at V1I0 (Table 7). Straw yield (t ha-1) Applied three types of wheat variety have a statistically significant variation on straw yield (t ha-1). The maximum straw yield (1.95 t ha-1) was obtained from BARI Gom-30 and BARI Gom-26 (V1) was given the lowest straw yield (1.87 t ha-1), which was statistically similar with V2 treatment. Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation on straw yield (t ha-1) of wheat. The I3 treatment for straw yield (2.01 t ha-1) was given the maximum result and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest (1.80 t ha-1). Similar results were found by Ali and Amin (2004) through his experiment. Interaction effect of improved wheat variety and irrigation showed significant differences on straw yield (t ha-1). The highest straw yield (2.08 t ha-1) was obtained from V3I3 which was statistically similar with V3I2 (2.07 t ha-1) treatment combination. On the other hand, the lowest straw yield (1.78 t ha-1) was observed at V1Io, which was statistically similar with V2I0 (2.07 t ha-1) treatment combination. Biological yield Significant variation was attained for biological yield for different wheat varieties. The variety BARI Gom-30 given the maximum biological yield (5.39 t ha-1) and BARI Gom-26 (V1) was given the lowest biological yield (5.078 t ha-1). Different irrigation application has a statistically significant variation biological yield (t ha-1) of wheat. The I3 treatment for biological yield (5.76 t ha-1) was given the maximum result and non-irrigated condition (I0) given the lowest (4.77 t ha-1). Similar results were found by Ali and Amin (2004) through his experiment. At the time of biological yield (t ha-1) consideration with variety and irrigation statistically significance variation was observed as maximum biological yield (t ha-1) at V3I3 (6.07 t ha-1). On the other hand, the lowest result was given at V1Io (4.72 tha-1). Summary And Conclusion It may be concluded within the scope and limitation of the present study that the optimum growth and higher yield of wheat cv. BARI Gom-30 could be obtained by applying three irrigations at irrigate at CRI, booting and grain filling stages. However, further studies are necessary to arrive at a definite conclusion. References Ali, M. N.; and Amin, M.S. Effect of single irrigation and sowing date on growth and yield of wheat. M. S. thesis, SAU, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 2004. (Bangladesh Agricultural Research Institute). Hand book of Agricultural Technology. Joydebpur, Gazipur. 2006, 9. Baser, I.; Sehirali, S.; Orta, H.; Erdem, T.; Erdem, Y.; Yorganclar, O. Effect of different water stresses on the yield and yield components of winter wheat. Cereal Res. Comn. 2004, 32(2), 217-223. Bazza, S. S.; Awasthi, M. K.; Nema, R. K. Studies on Water Productivity and Yields Responses of Wheat Based on Drip Irrigation Systems in Clay Loam Soil. Indian J. Sci. Tech. 1999, 8(7), 650-654. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 2013. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning, Government of the Peoples Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. 2014. K. A.; Gomez, A. A. Statistical Procedures for Agricultural Research. 2nd edition. John Willy and Sons, New York. 1984, 28-192. Gupta, P. K.; Gautam, R. C.; Ramesh, C. R. Effect of water stress on different stages of wheat cultivation. Plant Nutri. and Fert. Sci. 2001, 7(2), 33-37. Hanson, M.; Farooq, M.; Shabir, G.; Khan, M. B.; Zia, A. B.; Lee, D. G. Effect of date sowing and rate of fertilizers on the yield of wheat under irrigated condition. J. Agril. & Biol. 1982, 14(4), 25-31. Hefni, S.; Sajjad, A.; Hussain M. I.; Saleem, M. Growth and yield response of three wheat varieties to different seeding densities. J. Agric. Biol. 2000, 3(2), 228-229. Islam, S.; Islam, S.; Uddin, M. J.; Mehraj, H.; Jamal Uddin, A. F. M. Growth and yield response of wheat to irrigation at different growing stages. J. Agron. Agril. Res. 2015, 6(1), 70-76. Meena, B. N.; Tunio, S. D.; Shah, S. Q. A.; Sial, M. A.; Abro, S. A. Studies on grain and grain yield associated traits of bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under water stress conditions. Pakistan J. Agril. Engin. Vet. Sci. 1998, 24(2), 5-9. Rahman, M. ; Hossain, A.; Hakim, M. A.; Kabir, M. R; Shah, M. M. R. Performance of wheat genotypes under optimum and late sowing condition. Int. J. Sustain Crop Prod. 2009, 4(6), 34-39. Rosegrant, M. W.; Agcaoili, M. Global food demand, supply, and price prospects to 2010. Washington, DC: Int. Food Policy Res. Inst. 2010. Rosegrant, M. W.; Sombilla, M. A.; Gerpacio R. V.; Ringler, C. Global food markets and US exports in the twenty-first century. Paper prepared for the Illinois World Food and Sustainable Agriculture Program Conference ‘Meeting the Demand for Food in the 21st Century: Challenges and Opportunities for Illinois Agriculture’, 1997. Sarker, S.; Singh, S. K.; Singh, S. R.; Singh, A. P. Influence of initial profile water status and nitrogen doses on yield and evapotranspiration rate of dryland barley. Indian Soc. Soil Sci. 2010, 47(1), 22-28. Sultana, F. Effect of irrigation on yield and water use of wheat. M.S. Thesis, Dept. of Irrigation and Water Management. Bangladesh Agril. Univ., Mymensingh. 2013.

The impact of agricultural intensification on soil degradation now is occurring in tropical countries. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of long-term tillage and N fertilization on soil properties and crop yields in corn-soybean rotation. This long-term study which initiated since 1987 was carried out on a Typic Fragiudult soil at Politeknik Negeri Lampung, Sumatra (105o13’45.5"-105o13’48.0"E, 05o21’19.6"-05o21’19.7"S) in 2010 and 2011. A factorial experiment was arranged in a randomized block design with four replications. The first factor was tillage system namely intensive tillage (IT) and conservation tillage (CT) which consist of minimum tillage (MT) and no-tillage (NT); while the second factor was N fertilization with rates of 0, 100 and 200 kg N ha-1 applied for corn, and 0, 25, and 50 kg N ha-1 for soybean. The results showed that bulk density and soil strength at upper layer after 24 years of cropping were similar among treatments, but the soil strength under IT at 50-60 cm depth was 28.2% higher (p<0.05) than NT. Soil moisture and temperature under CT at 0-5 cm depth were respectively 38.1% and 4.5% higher (p<0.05) than IT. High N rate decreased soil pH at 0-20 cm depth as much as 10%, but increased total soil N at 0-5 cm depth as much as 19% (p<0.05). At 0-10 cm depth, MT with no N had highest exchangeable K, while IT with medium N rate had the lowest (p<0.05). At 0-5 cm depth, MT with no N had highest exchangeable Ca, but it had the lowest (p<0.05) if combined with higher N rate. Microbial biomass C throughout the growing season for NT was consistently highest and it was 14.4% higher (p<0.05) than IT. Compared to IT, Ap horizon of CT after 24 years of cropping was deeper, with larger soil structure and more abundance macro pores. Soybean and corn yields for long-term CT were 64.3% and 31.8% higher (p<0.05) than IT, respectively. Corn yield for long-term N with rate of 100 kg N ha-1 was 36.4% higher (p<0.05) than with no N.Keywords: Conservation tillage, crop yields, N fertilization, soil properties[How to Cite: Utomo M, IS Banuwa, H Buchari, Y Anggraini and Berthiria. 2013.Long-term Tillage and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Soil Properties and Crop Yields. J Trop Soils 18 (2): 131-139. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.131][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.2.131] REFERENCESAl-Kaisi and X Yin. 2005. Tillage and crop residue effects on soil carbon dioxide emission in corn- soybean rotation. J Environ Qual 34: 437-445. Pub Med. Barak P, BO Jobe, AR Krueger, LA Peterson and DA Laird. 1997. Effects of long-term soilacidification due to nitrogen inputs in Wisconsin. Plant Soil 197: 61-69.Blake GR and KH Hartge. 1986. Bulk density. In: A Klute (ed). Methods of Soil Analysis. ASA and SSSA. 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Abstract Increasing anthropopressure affects natural ecosystems and may express itself in regional or spot contamination of water and soil environment. The quality of ground and surface waters depends to a large extent on drainage area management, where biogenic substances (i.e. nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium) are transported with surface run-offs to the environment. The article discusses results of studies on the drainage area of Lake Czolnowskie (Zachodniopomorskie Province). Studies covered physical and chemical assessment of soil conditions and water quality; additionally, fish was caught using two independent methods - gillnets and power generator (pursuant to CEN EN 14011 2003 and PN-EN 14011 2006). Results obtained confirm regular run-off of biogenic materials from the surface of farmed drainage area to Lake Czolnowskie. During the period of studies, the reservoir was exposed to i.e. reduction of water oxygen (3.56 mg/dm3) and permanently elevated level of general phosphorus (0.15-0.27 mg/dm3) and ammonium acid (0.16-0.27 mg/dm3), which degraded the quality of life for ichthyofauna inhabiting the lake.

Can Gio mangrove forest (CGM) is located downstream of Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), situated between an estuarine system of Dong Nai - Sai Gon river and a part of Vam Co river. The CGM is the largest restored mangrove forest in Vietnam and the UNESCO’s Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. The CGM has been gradually facing to numeric challenges of global climate change, environmental degradation and socio-economic development for the last decades. To evaluate sediment quality in the CGM, we collected 13 cores to analyze for sediment grain size, organic matter content, and trace element concentration of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn. Results showed that trace element concentrations ranged from uncontaminated (Cd, Cu, and Zn) to very minor contaminated (Cr, Ni, and Pb). The concentrations were gradually influenced by suspended particle size and the mangrove plants.ReferencesAnh M.T., Chi D.H., Vinh N.N., Loan T.T., Triet L.M., Slootenb K.B.-V., Tarradellas J., 2003. 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In the COVID-19 pandemic scenario, parents need to be familiar with health literacy by applying clean and healthy living habits to their family members, especially those with early childhood. This study aims to explain parents' perceptions of health literacy for a clean and healthy behavior in their children during the COVID-19 pandemic. The method used in this study is a cross-sectional study involving 22 men and 62 female respondents. Respondent requirements were used in data analysis to determine parents' perceptions of health literacy and the efforts they have made to practice clean and healthy lifestyle in their children. The research findings show that knowing the health awareness of parents has an impact on a child's balanced lifestyle. Based on six measures of clean and healthy behavior for children, three indicators were determined in the category of discipline and high discipline: using clean water, using the toilet, and doing physical activity. The act of washing children's hands with soap indicators has a high discipline score and the use of masks in children has low discipline. If the use of masks is not disciplined by parents, exposure to COVID-19 in early childhood can be disrupted. Keywords: Early Childhood, Parental health literacy, Clean and healthy behaviors References: Abuhammad, S. (2021). Parents’ knowledge and attitude towards COVID‐19 in children: A Jordanian Study. International Journal of Clinical Practice, 75(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcp.13671 Bauza, V., Sclar, G. D., Bisoyi, A., Majorin, F., Ghugey, A., & Clasen, T. (2021). Water, sanitation, and hygiene practices and challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study in rural Odisha, India [Preprint]. Epidemiology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.01.26.21250274 Berkman, N. D., Sheridan, S. L., Donahue, K. E., Halpern, D. J., & Crotty, K. (2011). Low Health Literacy and Health Outcomes: An Updated Systematic Review. Annals of Internal Medicine, 155(2), 97. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-155-2-201107190-00005 Bröder, J., Okan, O., Bauer, U., Schlupp, S., & Pinheiro, P. (2020). Advancing perspectives on health literacy in childhood and youth. Health Promotion International, 35(3), 575–585. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz041 Center for Disease ontrol and Prevention (CDC). (2019). How to Protect Yourself and Others. https://www.cdc.gov/ Chanchlani, N., Buchanan, F., & Gill, P. J. (2020). Addressing the indirect effects of COVID-19 on the health of children and young people. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 192(32), E921–E927. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.201008 Clouston, S. A. P., Manganello, J. A., & Richards, M. (2016). A life course approach to health literacy: The role of gender, educational attainment and lifetime cognitive capability. Age and Ageing, ageing; afw229v1. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afw229 Cooper, A. (2019). Health in the eyes of young people. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 3(5), 299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(19)30085-9 Duplaga, M. (2020). Determinants and Consequences of Limited Health Literacy in Polish Society. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 642. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020642 Duplaga, M., & Grysztar, M. (2021). The Association between Future Anxiety, Health Literacy and the Perception of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare, 9(1), 43. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010043 Gagliardi, A. R., Berta, W., Kothari, A., Boyko, J., & Urquhart, R. (2015). Integrated knowledge translation (IKT) in health care: A scoping review. Implementation Science, 11(1), 38. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-016-0399-1 Humphrys, E., Burt, J., Rubin, G., Emery, J. D., & Walter, F. M. (2019). The influence of health literacy on the timely diagnosis of symptomatic cancer: A systematic review. European Journal of Cancer Care, 28(1), e12920. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecc.12920 Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2011). Pedoman Pembinaan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS). Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Lee, P.-I., Hu, Y.-L., Chen, P.-Y., Huang, Y.-C., & Hsueh, P.-R. (2020). Are children less susceptible to COVID-19? Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection, 53(3), 371–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.011 Nutbeam, D. (1998). Health promotion glossary. 13(4), 16. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/13.4.349 O’Conor, R., Muellers, K., Arvanitis, M., Vicencio, D. P., Wolf, M. S., Wisnivesky, J. P., & Federman, A. D. (2019). Effects of health literacy and cognitive abilities on COPD self-management behaviors: A prospective cohort study. Respiratory Medicine, 160, 105630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmed.2019.02.006 Okan, O. (2019). The importance of early childhood in addressing equity and health literacy development in the life-course. 5(2), 8. Sentell, T., Vamos, S., & Okan, O. (2020). Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Health Literacy Research Around the World: More Important Than Ever in a Time of COVID-19. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(9), 3010. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17093010 Sørensen, K., Pelikan, J. M., Röthlin, F., Ganahl, K., Slonska, Z., Doyle, G., Fullam, J., Kondilis, B., Agrafiotis, D., Uiters, E., Falcon, M., Mensing, M., Tchamov, K., Broucke, S. van den, & Brand, H. (2015). Health literacy in Europe: Comparative results of the European health literacy survey (HLS-EU). The European Journal of Public Health, 25(6), 1053–1058. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckv043 Sørensen, K., Van den Broucke, S., Pelikan, J. M., Fullam, J., Doyle, G., Slonska, Z., Kondilis, B., Stoffels, V., Osborne, R. H., & Brand, H. (2013). Measuring health literacy in populations: Illuminating the design and development process of the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire (HLS-EU-Q). 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Impatiens were planted into peat-based media containing two dolomitic liming materials [Ca(OH)2·Mg(OH)2 at 1.8 kg·m–3 or CaCO3·MgCO3 at 8.4 kg·m–3] and subirrigated for 17 weeks using four irrigation water qualities (IWQ) with varied alkalinity, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO4-S content and three water-soluble fertilizers (WSF) with varied NH4:NO3 ratio, Ca2+, Mg2+, and SO4-S content. After 8 weeks, medium pH ranged from 4.5 to 8.5. Lime type did not affect the long-term increase in medium pH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations with IWQ/WSF solutions containing low NH4-N and high Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. The carbonate lime did buffer the medium pH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ concentrations with IWQ/WSF solutions containing high NH4-N and low Ca2+ and Mg2+ concentrations. With both lime types, there was a linear increase in tissue Ca and Mg as the applied concentrations increased from 0.5 to 4.0 mol·m–3 Ca2+ and 0.3 to 3.0 mol·m–3 Mg2+ with the various IWQ/WSF. The relationship was similar for both lime types up to week 8, after which tissue Ca and Mg decreased with the hydrated lime and low solution Ca2+ and Mg2+. Relationships were also developed between the applied SO4-S concentration and tissue S and medium pH and tissue P.

In order to improve the processing quality of wood parts, an orthogonal experimental design of five factors and four levels was adopted, and a water-jet assisted laser cutting experiment on Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) was conducted. Moreover, by using range analysis, the influences of the defocusing amount, cutting speed, laser power, water pressure, and water jet angle on the processing quality of Korean pine parts were evaluated, and the optimum process parameters were determined. The test results show that when the defocusing amount was -1 mm, water jet angle was 30°, laser power was 48 W, water pressure was 1.0 MPa, and cutting speed was 25 mm/s, the best processing quality of Korean pine parts was obtained.

Po l i s h In s u r a n c e La w i n t h e C o n t e x t o f t h e ‘Ac q u i s Communautaire’ UE Requirements (Recapitulation of the Standpoints Presented in the Chamber’s Works)SummarySubstantial changes of the legal status in the system of Polish economic insurance, called a revolution in the Polish insurance law, initiated by a series of bills dated 22 M ay 2003 and multiplicity of accompanying secondary legislation made the insurance market start numerous analytic works, also in the context o f the requirements to adapt to the com m unity law.These im portant and vast issues, already for some time, have been subject to studies and discussions taking place in the Insurance and Risk Management Cham ber of Commerce. They draw to a conclusion that the quality o f Polish law is unsatisfactory, the law is complicated and unclear. Further they show deficiencies in the knowledge of the com m unity law in Poland due to which a social and professional insurance education is necessary.Further adaptation measures should start from a substantial change of the law on insurance contract. This process should also regard the act insurance agencies.An urgent need of insurance education, belonging to a so-called Lisbon strategy adopted by the European Council in M arch 2000, is highly im portant for the insurance market.

This paper discusses the practical problems of implementing water policy and pricing reforms in transition economies by looking at the case of Odessa, Ukraine. Chief among the policy advice for the water and sanitation (W&S) sector in less developed countries is greater cost-sharing by customers through increased service prices, with the goals of encouraging more efficient water use by users, promoting a greater perceived stake among customers in the health of their W&S systems and enabling service providers to maintain and expand their networks as needed. While appropriate for much of the developing world, this policy advice has had limited applicability for many communities in transition economies. The complex existing water supply infrastructure in much of Central and Eastern Europe, along with residents' low effective demand for high-quality service, create an environment in which typical price reform strategies will initially be a minor component in sector reform efforts. We use the case of Odessa, Ukraine, to discuss the reasons why traditional advice on water pricing has been of limited use in the region.

This study was conducted to assess the water quality affected by different land use patterns in U Minh Ha National Park, Ca Mau, Vietnam. This study determined the water quality characteristics in three land use types (Acacia hybrid, planted melaleuca cajuputi, and natural melaleuca cajuputi) at different plant ages on two acid sulfate soil layers in the rainy season (8/2018) and dry season (4/2019) using nine water quality parameters. Multivariate statistical analyses were applied to evaluate the correlation and spatial and temporal variations in the water quality. The study results showed that the water quality in S-ASS was more polluted than that in D-ASS, characterized by low pH; the EC, organic matters (BOD and COD), nutrients (N-NH4+ and N-NO3−), and metal ions (Al3+ and Fe3+) were high; and the EC, BOD, COD, Al3+, and N-NO3− were determined high in D-ASS. The NMC area was noted to have high concentrations of organic matters and nutrients, while the factors specific to acidic soil were found to be higher in the AH and PMC areas. The water quality in the rainy season tended to be more polluted than that in the dry season. The cluster analysis grouped the land use patterns on S-ASS and D-ASS in both seasons into four groups, with a clear similarity between the wet and dry seasons in the areas at various plant ages. The seasonal variations of the water quality of the three land use types were distinguished by the main parameters, including pH, EC, BOD, N-NO3−, and Al3+ (S-ASS) and EC, BOD, N-NO3−, N-NH4+, and Fe3+ (D-ASS). Therefore, there is a need for better water management measures in the rainy season and focus on the key parameters causing water quality variations in each area. The findings in this study provided important information for the future water quality monitoring for both agricultural production and conservation in the national park.

The present study was conducted during October 2014 to June 2015 in the farm of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Gazipur to find out the most effective management option (s) against brinjal shoot and fruit borer (BSFB) with 6 treatments namely, Beauveria bassiana, 1´109 CFU @ g l-1, Bioneem 0.3 EC (Azadirachtin) @ 1.5 ml l-1, Tracer 45 SC (Spinosad) @ 0.4 ml l-1, Vertimec 1.8 EC (Abamectin) @ 1.2 ml l-1 of water, Mechanical control (hand picking) with clean cultivation and untreated control. Results revealed that shoot infestation at pre-fruiting stage was the lowest in Bioneem 0.3 EC (4.34%) and at fruiting stage in Tracer 45 SC treated plot (7.75%) and the highest was in untreated control plot (17.94% at pre-fruiting stage and 39.46 at fruiting stage). The lowest fruit infestation by BSFB was obtained with Tracer 45 SC (8.16% n/n and 10.0% w/w) followed by B. bassiana, 1´109 CFU (23.23% n/n and 18.27% w/w) and the highest infestation was observed under untreated control plot (48.59% n/n and 32.09% w/w). Percent reduction of infested fruit by number (83.21%) and weight (68.84%) over untreated control was higher in Tracer 45 SC treated plot resulting significantly higher marketable yield. Therefore, the significant highest marketable yield (34.39 t ha-1) was harvested in the plot treated with Tracer 45 SC followed by 22.78 t ha-1 with B. bassiana, 1´109 CFU and 19.26 t ha-1 from Vertimec 1.8 EC treated plot. The highest benefit cost ratio of 3.05 was obtained from Tracer 45 SC followed by 2.93 in B. bassiana, 1´109 CFU and 2.89 with Vertimec 1.8 EC sprayed plot.Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 42(3): 539-548, September 2017

Knowledge of the response of soil biochemical attributes to crop management and growing season weather is important for assessing soil quality and fertility. Long-term (38–39 yr) crop rotations on a Black Chernozem at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, were sampled (0- to 7.5-cm depth) between early May and mid-October, 11 times in 1995 and 9 times in 1996. We assessed the effect of cropping frequency [fallow–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (F–W) vs. F–W–W, vs. Continuous (Cont) W], fertilizers (unfertilized vs. N + P applied), straw harvesting, legume green-manure (GM) in GM–W–W (unfertilized), and legume-grass hay (H) in F–W–W–H–H–H (unfertilized) systems. Changes in organic C and total N (OC, TN), microbial biomass C (MBC), light fraction C and N (LFC and LFN), mineralizable C and N (Cmin and Nmin), and water-soluble organic C (WSOC) were monitored. Organic C and TN were constant and unaffected by rotation phase during the season, but most of the other more labile soil biochemical attributes varied during the season. Much of this temporal variability was associated with changes in soil moisture, temperature and precipitation, and with rhizodeposition in some cases. Whenever conditions favoured rapid decomposition in situ (e.g., high moisture, temperature and/or precipitation) we obtained lower values for the more labile attributes in subsequent laboratory measurements. Seasonal trends in the more labile attriutes were more pronounced in 1995 (a much wetter year) than in 1996, and the proportion of the variability attributable to weather conditions was greater in 1995 than in 1996 (viz., R2 ranged from 20 to 44% in 1996 and from 37 to 60% in 1995). Seasonal variability was greater in the more fertile treatments [e.g., Cont W (Fert) and F–W–W–H–H–H) than in F–W or Cont W (Unfert). Seasonal variability in LF was unaffected by cropping. Light fraction was lower in 1995 than 1996 because of faster decomposition in 1995 (335 mm of growing season precipitation compared to 157 mm in 1996). Microbial biomass was not influenced by cropping in 1996, but in 1995 it was higher in cropped than in fallow phases of the rotations, suggesting a positive effect of rhizodeposition. Water-soluble organic C was greatest in the more fertile treatments and in cropped than in fallow phases. Mineralizable C and N were greater in cropped than in fallow rotation phases in 1995, but unaffected by cropping in 1996. Further, Cmin and Nmin were higher in 1996 than in 1995, likely due to more rapid decomposition in the wetter 1995. Over the last 10 yr of this experiment LFC and Cmin have increased markedly in the more fertile treatments [e.g., Cont W (Fert), F–W–W–H–H–H], but have hardly changed in the less fertile treatments such as F–W or Cont W (Unfert). In this period the less labile attributes (e.g., OC) have hardly changed in any treatment. Key words: Microbial biomass, carbon, nitrogen, mineralization, water-soluble C, light fraction, weather variables

The amount of water added in poultry meat from the Croatian market This paper presents the results of amount absorbed or added water in poultry meat from the Croatian market. Samples of fresh chicken and turkey meat (n = 36) were sampled during 2016. and 2017. from various agricultural holdings, crafts, industry and trade chains in Croatia. In each sample, the ratio of total water (WA) and total protein (RPA) is calculated. Determination of above parameters and interpretation of results were in accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No. 543/2008 of 16 June 2008 laying down detailed rules for the application of Council Regulation (EC) No. 1234/2007 as regards the marketing standards for poultry meat. Accredited standard methods were applied for determination of total water and total proteins. Out of 36 analyzed samples, seven samples which are representing 19.4% of the total number of analyzed samples, was not comply with maximum allowed ratio of total water and protein (W/RP) prescribed by Regulation (EC) No. 543/2008 for poultry meat. The results of this research indicate on the possibility of water addition in the fresh poultry meat producing process and also need for the systematic control with the aim of ensuring quality and providing consumers with objective information of the market products.

A crop rotation experiment initiated in 1958 on a thin Black Chernozemic clay at Indian Head, Saskatchewan, was managed using conventional tillage until 1989 and changed to zero-tillage in 1990. We soil sampled in 1987 and 1997 to determine management effects on selected soil biochemical characteristics, and the change in some of the more labile soil quality attributes relative to the change in soil organic C and total N. Rotations examined were: fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (F-W), fallow-wheat-wheat (F-W-W), continuous wheat (Cont W), legume green manure (GM)-W-W, and F-W-W-hay (legume-grass)-hay-hay (F-W-W-H-H-H). The monoculture cereal rotations were either fertilized with N and P based on soil tests or unfertilized, while the legume-containing systems were unfertilized. There was also a F-W-W (N + P) treatment, in which about 20% of the straw was harvested each crop year. With the change to zero-tillage management in 1990 and in anticipation of greater soil water storage, higher rates of N were added thereafter. This resulted in an upward trend in stubble-crop yields and a positive yield response of wheat grown on fallow, where before the change wheat grown on fallow did not respond to fertilizer. The corresponding increase in crop residue production and residue C inputs resulted in all fertilized systems gaining organic C and total N in the 0- to 15-cm depth between 1987 and 1997, while the unfertilized systems remained unchanged. Soil organic C and total N, microbial biomass C (MBC), light fraction organic C and N (LFC and LFN), mineralizable N (Nmin) and wet aggregate stability (WAS), generally had positive responses to fertilization, to increased cropping frequency, and to the inclusion of legume green manure or legume hay crops in cereal-based rotations. Straw harvesting did not influence grain yields, nor did it influence the soil biochemical characteristics, though it tended to render the soil more prone to erosion. Response to cropping frequency was apparent only in the fertilized systems, where the more labile soil quality attributes, (i.e., MBC, LFC, LFN, and Nmin) were more sensitive than organic C or total N. However, gains in LFC and MBC in response to fertilizer did not account for a significant fraction of the gain in total organic C. During the period 1987 to 1997, MBC in the 0- to 15-cm depth increased by 40% in absolute value and by 33% relative to organic C (3.6% of organic C in 1997 vs. 2.7% in 1987). The same was true for LFN in the fertilized treatments and in the green manured system (1.46% of total N in 1997 vs. 1.15% in 1987). However, LFC hardly changed over this period. Relative to total N, Nmin decreased in 1997 compared with 1987, likely due to higher immobilization. Wet aggregate stability was generally greater in 1997 compared with 1991, reflecting greater crop residue inputs and less soil disturbance under zero-tillage management. Key words: Microbial biomass, Light fraction C and N, aggregate stability, Mineralizable N, yields

In order to improve fruit quality under the Northern climatic growing conditions prevailing in Quebec, Canada (lat. 47°N, long. 71°W), a greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Blitz) spring production experiment was conducted using several irrigation regime and electrical conductivity (EC) levels. The irrigation regime treatments were a function of the global solar radiation, with three thresholds applied to each EC treatment. The irrigation thresholds (KJ·m–2) were 1) 468, 2) 540, and 3) 612. Two EC treatments were used: 1) control EC (2.0 to 3.5 mS·cm–1) and 2) 30% higher EC than the control (2.6 to 4.6 mS·cm–1), which was raised by adding NaCl to 12 mmol·L–1. Plant water potential in summer and in the fall and plant growth after 6 months were not affected by irrigation or EC treatments. Raising the EC increased the Na content of reproductive and vegetative parts and decreased the N concentration of the vegetative parts. The highest EC improved fruit quality by reducing the incidence of fruit cracking. Although marketable yields were not affected by EC (P = 0.09) or irrigation regime (P = 0.08) treatments, higher EC during March to September increased (P ≤ 0.01) the proportion of Class 2 fruit by reducing fruit size.

The Sinos River basin is located Northeast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (29º 20' to 30º 10' S and 50º 15' to 51º20'W), Southern Brazil, covering two geomorphologic provinces: the Southern plateau and central depression. It is part of the Guaíba basin and has an area of approximately 800 km², encompassing 32 municipalities. The objective of this study was to monitor water quality in the Sinos River, the largest river in this basin. Water samples were collected at four selected sites in the Sinos River, and the following parameters were analysed: pH, dissolved oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), turbidity, fecal coliforms, total dissolved solids, temperature, nitrate, nitrite, phosphorous, chromium, lead, aluminum, zinc, iron, and copper. The results were analysed based on Resolution No. 357/2005 of the Brazilian National Environmental Council (CONAMA) regarding regulatory limits for residues in water. A second analysis was performed based on a water quality index (WQI) used by the Sinos River Basin Management Committee (COMITESINOS). Poor water quality in the Sinos River presents a worrying scenario for the region, since this river is the main source of water supply for the urban core. Health conditions found in the Sinos River, mainly in its lower reaches, are worrying and a strong indicator of human activities on the basin.

The correct management (dose, time of distribution) of N fertilization in olive growing is still not completely clarified but is nowadays essential in order to guarantee sustainable production. In this regard, in central Italy over a 4-year-period a study was carried out to investigate the effect of high nitrogen availability during oil accumulation in the fruit (second phase of fruit growth) on vegetative and productive activities of olive trees and oil quality. In May of each year, secondary branches were selected and girdled in their proximal part. Afterwards, half of the girdled branches were sprayed three times with a solution containing urea (2% w/w), whereas the other half was sprayed only with water. The nitrogen treatments did not cause any damage to the foliage and fruits nor did it cause appreciable changes in leaf photosynthesis and specific weight, fruit-drop, ripening pattern and weight, water and oil contents, pulp/pit ratio of the fruits, fatty acid composition, polyphenols content, and sensorial characteristics of the oil. The N provided via foliar fertilization during the oil accumulation phase in trees in conditions of good supply of N does not induce significant effects on the vegetative-productive activity of the tree.

The serious problems of sandy soils for crop development are low water-holding capacity, nutrient retention, and low content of all nutrients. The objective of the study was to increase the nutrient content of sandy soil and evaluate nutrient types that mostly affect the high shallot yield with reasonable economic values. The field experiment was conducted on the upland sandy loam soil. Six treatments consisting of complete nutrients, N-, P-, K-, Mg- and S-omission tests were arranged in a randomly completed block design with four replicates. The observed parameters included soil physicochemical properties, tissue nutrient content, growth, yield, and input-output of shallot cultivation. The results showed that N, P, K, Mg and S application successfully increased shallot bulb, achieving 11.43 t ha−1 on sandy soil. The order of shallot tissue content was K > N > P~Mg > S, where the S, P, N, and Mg are limiting factors, as revealed by significantly lower relative yield (varying from 79 to 88%). The highest weight loss during storage occurred for S-omission treatment (40 to 60%), indicating insufficient S tissue is the most responsible for the quality of shallot. The complete nutrient treatment gave the highest income (7446.09 USD ha−1) with a revenue cost ratio of 2.41 compared to other treatments. The tolerance limit for price reductions that do not cause losses was 58.59%.

The influences of long-term residue and fertiliser management on soil organic carbon (SOC) and related physical properties were investigated in a wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–corn (Zea mays L.) double-cropping system in the North China Plain. The experiment was initiated in 1981, including 4 treatments: control (no fertiliser); mineral N and P fertilisers; low residue rate plus N and P fertilisers; and high residue rate plus N and P fertilisers. In June 2006, soil samples were taken from the 0–0.05, 0.05–0.10, and 0.10–0.20 m layers to determinate bulk density (ρb), water-stable aggregates, bulk SOC, and aggregate-associated C concentrations. Soil water retention curves and saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ks) were measured using samples collected from the 0–0.05 and 0.05–0.10 m layers. The results indicated that residue incorporation significantly increased (i.e. improved) bulk SOC and aggregate-associated C concentration, aggregation, Ks, soil matrix and structural porosities, and water retention capacity. The improvements in soil physical properties by mineral N and P fertilisers alone were limited. Residue input significantly (P < 0.05) increased the value of S, an index of soil physical quality. A high correlation existed between S and SOC concentration, and the key soil physical parameters, suggesting that S was an effective parameter for evaluation of soil physical quality. Our study concluded that a combination of residue with mineral N and P fertilisers improved SOC concentration, and consequent soil physical quality under the wheat–corn double cropping system.

The quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generation is escalating at an alarming rate with every passing year alongside the modernization of our economy. Unfortunately, the majority of this waste remains uncollected or ends up in open dumping and followed by uncontrolled burning. Citing the deep-rooted consequences, open dumping should be absolutely abandoned and scientific interventions should be aggressively exercised to reclaim the municipal brownfields. The present research work undertook the judicial task of assessing the comparative feasibility of biomining and scientific capping as a technology selection for reclamation of about a decade old 120 million tons of waste chunk laying at Jawahar Nagar dump yard. Primary dump samples were collected from various locations, considering depth as a variable. While leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Malkaram lake and preinstalled borewells receptively. Additionally, the ambient air quality and noise level also been ascertained within the buffer zone. The blended representative solid sample was segregated using a 70 mm mesh size trommel into organic and inorganic fractions. The organic fraction was composted using a lab-scale aerobic static pile composting (ASPC) while the trommel reject was processed as refuse derived fuel (RDF). Evidently, the compost lagged quality and depicted nutrient deficiency. While the burning of RDF produced siloxane gas, significantly due to elevated silicon level in the primary waste. Furthermore, due to the prolonged leaching tenure and seasonal dilution, the concentration of legacy leachate was relatively weaker. Borewell samples collected from a depth of 20 feet also portrayed minor contamination up to 500 meters horizontal radius. The issue of leachability can solely be resolved with the capping of the existing dump and the end product quality derived from the biomining process is highly questionable. Thus, handling such large quantity capping is a befitting option over biomining for Jawahar Nagar dumpsite. INTRODUCTION Presently, in India due to rapid urbanization and industrialization, the generation of MSW has been increasing tremendously and also expected to continue a similar trend in the future (Scott, 1995; Bhat et al., 2017; Sethurajan et al., 2018; Sharma et al., 2018). Annually, the comprehensive urban MSW generation in India is more than 62 million tons. Metro cities are the mammoth contributor of the entire chunk and waste production had already reached an alarming figure of 50,000 tonnes/day. While the waste generation from the tier 2 cities is also rigorously escalating and presently contribute up to 20,000 tones/day (Sharma et al., 2018). A study conducted by the central pollution control board (CPCB) revealed MSW generation in India is increasing at a distressing rate of 5 % per annum with a sharp escalation in the quantities of domestic hazardous waste (Sharma et al., 2018). With major financial constraints, inefficacy of collection, treatment, and disposal incurs further reasons to worry. So far India has miserably failed to set up wholesome source segregation and collection method. Presently, the country spends more than 60% of its annual waste management budget only in collection. Besides, only 20% or less of the collected materials are scientifically handled and treated. Citing the statistics, it is evident that the majority of the MSW is simply gets dumped on the low laying grounds located somewhere on the outskirts of the cities. The precipitation, infiltration, surface water runoff, bird menace, rodent interference etc. triggers the vulnerability of waste and leads to mal odor, ground and surface water contamination, human and environmental health deterioration (Jayawardhana et al., 2016). Further, the perseverance of the inorganic and inert fractions leads to soil contamination, poses a fire threat, and also may incur carcinogenicity and acute toxicity among the animals (Mir et al., 2021). There are numerous techniques for the reclamation and remediation of the dumpsites, includes processes such as capping and closure, in-situ vitrification, sub-surface cut-off walls, and waste biomining (Chakrabarti and Dubey, 2015; Thakare and Nandi, 2016). Waste biomining is a stable way to get rid of the entire range of problems associated with open dumping and reclaim valuable land (Kaksonen et al., 2017). There are several instances including reclamation of Mumbai Gorai dump yard by IL & FS Environment, 70 – 80 years old 12,00,000 tons of dump clearance by Nagar Nigam Indore within a minute span of 3 years and many more. But the process of biomining is highly sensitive and case-specific. The success of the process solely depends on factors such as characteristics of the waste, efficacy of the effective microorganism culture, acceptability of the processed end product at the local market etc. (Jerez, 2017; Banerjee et al., 2017; Venkiteela, 2020). Contrarily, though the scientific capping is not an end-to-end solution but still advisable in the cases where the quantity of waste is gigantic, land scarcity is prevalent, no nearby industries to consume the end products etc. Mehta et al. (2018) have also supported the above claim based on the assessment of locations specific MSW dump reclamation case studies. While in another Nagpur-based case study conducted by Ashootosh et al. (2020) reported the superiority of the biominingprocess over simple land capping due to the favorability of the local conditions. Capping eliminates the environmental interference and thereby reduces biosphere contamination and leachate generation. Further, it captivates rodent and vector breeding and thereby curtails the spreading of communicable diseases and improves aesthetics. But right consolidation through compaction and execution is utmost necessary in the above case. As non-compaction and faulty sloping will easily lead to heavy settlement and slope failure (Berkun et al., 2005; Al-Ghouti et al., 2021). The present study has been pursued with the primary objective to run a techno-commercial assessment between scientific capping and biomining. While the secondary objective was to ascertain the level of contamination and propose mitigative measures. MATERIALS AND METHODStudy Area Spanning over 350 acres of a precious piece of land at the outskirts of Hyderabad city, Jawahar Nagar dumping yard was brutally utilized by the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) for open dumping for a prolonged tenure of 10 years. It housed nearly 12 lakh metric tons of heterogeneous solid and domestic hazardous waste and continues polluting until 2015, until the Ramky group was offered to cap the legacy dumping and scientifically handle the site. The present study has been facilitated at Hyderabad Municipal Solid Waste Limited, formerly known as Jawahar Nagar dump yard to analyze and assess the feasibility of bio-mining as handling and management alternate to the existing practice of scientific capping. The epicenter of processing and disposal facility is lying approximately on the cross-section of 17°31'24.45"N and 78°35'23.37"E. As per the contract, the comprehensive legacy dumping to be capped in three phases over about 150 acres of area and Ramky has significantly entered the phase two of the operation only within a span of five years by successfully capping more than half of the legacy footprint. Sampling Methodology The waste pile was divided into three layers namely, base, middle, and top. A uniform amount of sample was collected from the successive layers of all five different corners which cover north, south, east, west, and central of the garbage pile. Sampling inspections were performed using a manual auger besides large samples were collected using a JCB excavator. The top six-inch layer of the pile was removed to avoid any contamination while collecting the samples and 5-10 kg of sample was collected from each of the locations. Further, intermediate and bottom layer samples were collected by digging a 500 mm diameter hole through the heap. A composite was prepared by a homogenized blending of all the fifteen grub samples. The blend was distributed into four equal quadrants and the top and bottom quadrants were eliminated diagonally while the left-over quadrants were mixed thoroughly. This process was repeated until a sample of the required bulk of 20 kg is obtained. Surface and subsurface water samples from borewell were collected in and around the facility. Piezometric monitoring borewells located near the landfills were utilized for the subsurface sample collection. While a rainwater pond turned leachate lake named Malkaram was determined as the primary source for leachate collection. Buffer samples were collected from Ambedkar Nagar, the nearby colony exiting at a distance of only 300 meters. Lab-scale Experimentation The representative sample was characterized for composition and further screened through a 70 mm mesh size trommel. The trommel permeate was considered as the organic fraction while the reject was mostly inorganics and inert. The organics were subjected to ASPC. The quantity of the air required is arrived using the method delineated below (Figure 1). MSW Pile size: 2m x 0.5m x 0.5m Volume of pile: 0.5 m3 Average Density of MSW: 620 Kg/m3 Weight of pile: 310 Kg Nitrogen required for matured compost: 9300 mg/kg dry : 9300 X 310 mg : 2.88 x 106 mg : 2.88 Kg Total air required: 2.88 x 100/76 [as Nitrogen in air is 76% by weight] : 3.79 Kg of dry air : 3.79/1.225 m3 [@ 15 deg C density of air 1.225 kg/m3] : 3.1 m3 This air is to be supplied for 100 min / day for 0.5 m pile Air flow rate required: 3.1 x 60/100 = 1.86 m3/h (for practical purpose a flowrate of 2 m3/h was maintained). The maturation period was considered as 28 days and post-maturation, the stabilized material was further cured for 24 hours and screened using 12 mm and 4 mm trommel respectively to obtain the desired product quality and particle size. Whereas, the trommel reject was evenly spreader on the copper trays and dried in an oven at 1050C for 2 hours. The dried material was micronized to the size of 50 mm or below using a scissor and inert such as glass, sand, stone etc. were segregated manually (Mohan and Joseph, 2020). Concurrently, a bench-scale capped landfill prototype was built using the below-mentioned procedure to evaluate the factors such as settlement and slope stability. A 30 mm thick low permeable soil was laid on the top of the waste, followed by a 60 mm layer of compacted clay liner (CCL). Each join between successive liner material was closely monitored. A 1.5 mm thick HDPE liner was placed on the top of the CCL. A 285 GSM geotextile membrane was placed as the successive above layer followed by a 15 mm thick drainage media layer. A further layer of geotextile membrane was placed on top of the drainage media for better stabilization, grip, and strength. The top vegetative soil layer of 45 mm thickness was laid off on top of the geotextile media and St. Augustine grass was rooted (Cortellazzo et al., 2020; Ashford et al., 2000). 2.4 Sample Analysis pH, Electrical Conductivity (EC) and Turbidity of the samples were analyzed using pH, EC-TDS, and Nephelometer of Mettler Toledo. The pH meter was calibrated with the buffer solution of 4.0, 7.0 & 9.12 at a controlled temperature. EC-TDS meter was calibrated with 0.1 M KCL having 12.8 mS/cm of conductivity. Nephelometer was calibrated with Formazine solution of 10 & 100 NTU. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), (mg/L) was performed using the gravimetric method at 1800C in the oven. Titrimetric parameters such as Total Alkalinity as CaCO3 (mg/L), Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/L), Chloride as Cl- (mg/L), Calcium as Ca2+ (mg/L), Residual Free Chlorine (RFC), (mg/L) were analyzed using APHA (American Public Health Associations) method, 23rd Edition, 2017. Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (mg/L) and Ammonical Nitrogen (mg/L) were performed through distillation followed by titration with H2SO4 as a titrant. Sulphide as S2- was done with the Iodometric method after distillation. Each titrimetric parameter was analyzed in triplicate after standardizing the titrant with required reagents and crossed checked by keeping a check standard. Sodium as Na (mg/L) and Potassium as K (mg/L) were performed using Flame Photometer. The photometer was calibrated with different standards from 10 to 100 (mg/L) standard solutions. The leachate sample was diluted enough to get the value within the standard range and cross-checked with check standards at the same time. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), (mg/L) was performed using the open reflux method for 2 hours at 1500C in COD Digestor. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), (mg/L) was performed using the alkali iodide azide method for 3 days. The samples were kept in a BOD incubator at 270C for 3 days. It was kept in duplicate to have a check on quality control. Sulphate was analyzed by the gravimetric method instead of turbidimetric or through UV-Visible spectrophotometer as its concentration was found more than 40 mg/L. Nitrate as NO3- was analyzed after filtration at 220-275 nm, while Hexavalent Chromium as Cr6+ was analyzed at 540 nm in the UV-Vis. Parameters like Cyanide as CN-, Fluoride as F-, and Phenolic Compounds were gone through a distillation process followed by UV-Vis. The distillation process ensures the removal of interferences presents either positive or negative. For the parameters like Total Iron or Ferric Iron, the samples were digested properly with the required reagents on the hot plate before analyzing in UV-Vis. For the metal analysis the water samples were digested at a temperature of 1000C using aqua regia as a media. The samples were digested to one-fourth of the volume on a hot plate. The recommended wavelengths as per APHA 3120 B were selected for each of the metals. The standard graph was plotted for each of the metals before analysis and crossed checked with the check standard at the same time. Parameters such as bulk density and particle size were performed through the certified beaker and sieve. The percentage of moisture content was estimated using the oven by keeping the compost sample for 2 hours at 1050C. C/N ratio was estimated through CHNS analyzer keeping sulfanilamide as a check standard. The analysis was performed by extracting the desired component in the desired solution prescribed in the method followed by converting the same from mg/L to mg/Kg. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION An exhaustive bench-study has been pursued and real-time samples were collected and analyzed for all possible parameters to determine the pros and cons attributed to both processes. The investigation begins by collecting the samples and concluded by impact assessment studies inclusive of the buffer zone. Both solid, liquid, and gaseous samples were precisely investigated to opt for the best solution. A detailed finding of the investigation is summarized below. Primarily, the representative solid sample was characterized through a manual separation process and the results are portrayed in Figure 1. Compost Characterization ASPC of the organic fraction has resulted in a recovery of 46.7% of the initial load. While 53.3% of the influent mass were inert and barely degradable fraction contributes to reject, the rest 4.1% is miscellaneous process loss. The processed compost was extensively analyzed including for metal contamination and the same is tabulated in Table 1. The value of C/N ratio, OC, TN, K2O, P2O5, and NPK evidently portrays the shortcoming in terms of nutrient availability. Though it is highly enriched in organic carbon and thus the same can be effectively utilized as a soil preconditioner. Ayilara et al. (2020) also reported a similar finding, where the city compost sourced from MSW lagged major plant nutrients. RDF Characterization Processed trommel rejects constitute cloth, rexine, leather, jute, paper, plastics, coir and other inert contributed to RDF. The fraction of inert was as high as 37.2% of the overall RDF mass and it mostly constituted glass and sand. The combined weight of sand and glass fragments contributed 73.5% of the total inert, while the rest was stone and small brickbats. The higher level of silicon associated with the presence of glass and sand yielded siloxane and triggered the possibility of kiln corrosion. A detailed RDF analysis report is enclosed in Table 2. The values explicitly portray the quality of RDF is moderately lower and higher salts concentration is extremely prevalent. With relatively lower NCV and such high salt concentration, the above specimen will certainly pose a corrosion threat to the kiln and shall be either neglected as kiln feed or can be utilized after dilution with Grade III RDF quality. Further, such high ash generation will also induct high transportation and landfill charges. Leachate Characterization The Malkaram leachate lake is the end result of prolonged, slow, and steady mixing of the legacy leachate through the existing fissure cracks in the sheath rock bottom profile. Apparently, the concentration of leachate is significantly lower due to the dilution. Samples were analyzed in triplicates and the mean value is tabulated here in Table 3. The metal concertation and rest of the parameter values are well within the secondary treatment influent range, except for TDS. Thus, a modular aerobic biological treatment unit such as moving bed biofilm bioreactor (MBBR) or membrane bioreactor (MBR) would be a well-suited pick. However, a reverse osmosis (RO) system needs to be installed to get rid of the high TDS content. The permeate of RO can be reused back into the system. Whereas, the reject can be converted into dried powder through forced evaporation mechanisms. The higher concentration of salts in RDF collaterally justifies the elevated TDS level in leachate. In a leachate impact assessment study performed by El-Salam and Abu-Zuid (2015) the reported BOD/COD ratio of 0.69 is greater than double the value of 0.301 reported in Table 3. Though the difference in both the values are quite high, it is relatable and justifiable by the huge age difference of the source waste. The primarily characterized data is of a fresh leachate generated from regular MSW, while the later one is from a decade old waste that barely has any unstabilized organic content. Groundwater Contamination The obvious reason for downward leachate infiltration and osmotic movement facilitates groundwater contamination. Both surface and subsurface water samples were collected within the dump yard and the buffer zone and analyzed using the standard methods. The results are portrayed in Table 4. The slightly alkaline pH of the borewell sample is an indication of the ongoing anaerobic process. The dissolved oxygen value of 3.5 mg/L further validates the correlation. Higher TDS and hardness values are self-indicative of elevated salt concentration in source waste. Eventually, the same interfered with the RDF quality. Positively in the case of all the parameters, a successive decrement in pollution concentration has been spotted from dump ground towards the buffer zone. In a similar study conducted by Singh et al. (2016) at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh the reported concentration of the parameters is significantly higher than reported in Table 4. The basic reason behind variation is the dissimilarities of the local soil profile. The sandy and clay loam soil profile of Varanasi allows a greater rate of percolation and infiltration. While the bottom sheath rock profile at Jawahar Nagar permits the only a minute to little percolation rate. The difference in percolation rate is directly correlated to the concentration levels in this case. Contrarily, Kurakalva et al. (2016) have reported much-elevated pollutant concertation both in ground and surface water for a study conducted at the same site in 2016. The higher concentration is relatable to the fact of the non-closure of the open dump back then. Capping activity had at Jawahar Nagar gained its pace 2018 onwards and capping for the primary section of 70 acres got concluded only during mid of 2019. Due to the decrement in runoff and percolation, the quality of both surface and subsurface water has improved drastically. Impact Assessment The odor and groundwater contamination are two of the primary issues that triggered a massive public agitation initially. The root causes of both the issues are identified as rainwater percolation and anaerobic digestion respectively. Eventually, the completion of the capping process would resolve both the problems effectively. Other non-tangential impacts include nausea; headache; irritation of the eye, nasal cavity, and throat; diarrhoeal diseases; vector-borne disease, cattle toxicity etc. Scientific capping can easily cater as the wholesome solution for all (Cortellazzo et al., 2020). Yu et al. (2018) had performed an extensive study to comprehend the relativity of respiratory sickness and MSW borne air pollution. The study made a couple of dreadful revelations such as gases released due to the anaerobic digestion of MSW such as methane, hydrogen sulphide, and ammonia incur detrimental impact on Lysozyme and secretory immunoglobulin A (SIgA). While SO2 was reported as the lung capacity and functionality reducer. Further, a gender-specific study executed by the same research group revealed, air pollution impacts more severely on male children than the female and retards immune functions. Presently, the area of 351 acres has been developed as Asia’s one of the largest state of the art municipal solid waste processing and disposal facility by Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited. This ensured zero dumping and no further environmental interventions. As legal compliance, the facility monitors the quality of groundwater and ambient air quality in and around the facility on monthly basis to assure the biosafety. The variation in concentration of various monitoring parameters between 2012 to 2020 is summarized in Figure 2. The concentration of each of the parameters are showcased in ppm and a standard equipment error was settled at 3% for respirable dust sampler and multi-gas analyzer (Taheri et al., 2014). Despite all parameter values have gradually increased except for methane, the facility still managed to maintain them well under the regulatory limits. The decrement in methane concentration is directly correlated to the practice of aerobic composting and aeration-based secondary treatment that prevented the formation of the anaerobic atmosphere and henceforth methane generation. While for the rest of the parameters the increment in values is quite substantial and predictable due to the sudden escalation in MSW generation in the past decade in correlation with Gross domestic product (GDP) enhancement. The observed and interpreted impacts due to the elevated pollutant level are in-line with the georeferenced findings reported by Deshmukh and Aher (2016) based on a study conducted at Sangamner, Maharashtra. CONCLUSION The study critically analyzed and investigated every techno-environmental and socio-economic aspect correlated to open dumping. The bench-scale experimentation revealed the efficiency of the single liner scientific capping is fair enough to eliminate any further rainwater infiltration, however, it has no control over the generation of leachate due to the inherent moisture. Internal moisture related issue was anyhow compensated with pertinent compaction prior to dispose of the waste. Contrarily, both the products derived through the biomining process namely, compost and RDF lagged quality due to scantier nutrient content and higher salt and silicon content respectively. Besides, impact assessment studies concede the pollutant concentration in groundwater in and around the plant has drastically diminished post-July 2019 due to the partial completion of waste capping. It also abetted lowering the dust and odor issues relatively in the surrounding. ACKNOWLEDGMENT The authors would like to sincerely acknowledge GHMC, Hyderabad Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Limited, and Ramky Enviro Engineers Limited for enabling us to pursue the sample collection and other necessary onsite activities. Further, the authors would like to register profound acknowledgment to EPTRI for supporting us with the essential experimental facilities. REFERENCES Sharma, A., Gupta, A.K., Ganguly, R. (2018), Impact of open dumping of municipal solid waste on soil properties in mountainous region. 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This study aims to determine the procedure and to assess the quality of the development of test instruments in measuring the learning disabilities of elementary school students. Learning disabilities are formulated as disorders that occur in learning activities such as dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia. The type of the research is research and development by using Martini Jamaris’s Model. The subjects were 90 students of elementary school in Jakarta. The number of items was 75 items consisting of 19 items (dyslexia), 29 items (dysgraphia), and 27 items (dyscalculia). The results obtained in the validity test were declared valid were only 54 of the 75 items. Reliability of the test was stated to be reliable with very high interpretation in all dimensions. The results of the analysis of learning disabilities using a learning disabilities test that have been developed were obtained 90% of students experience learning disabilities.Abdurrahman, Mulyono. 2012. Anak Berkesulitan Belajar: Teori, Diagnosis, Dan Remediasinya. Jakarta: Rineka Cipta.Aiken, Lewis R., and Gary Groth-Marnat. 2005. Psychological Testing and Assessment. 12th ed. New Delhi: Pearson.Allen, K. Eileen, and Ilene S. Schwartz. 2001. The Exeptional Child Inclusion in Early Childhood Education. New York: Delmar.Aro, TuijaAhonen, Timo. 2011. Assessment of Learning Disabilities: Cooperation Beetween Teacher, Psychologists, and Parent. African ed. Finland: Suomen Yliopistopaino Oy – Uniprint.Aziz, Abdul. n.d. “Dataset Development of A Learning Disabilities Test: A Case Study at Elementary School.”Chodijah, Medina. 2014. “Model Bimbingan Kolaboratif Untuk Meningkatkan Kemampuan Akademik Anak Yang Mengalami Kesulitan Belajar (Learning Disabilities) Di Sekolah Dasar Inklusif.” Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia.Deiner, Penny L. 2013. Inclusive Early Childhood Education Development, Resources and Practice. 6th ed. USA: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.Dick, Walter, Lou Carey, and James O. Carey. 2015. The Systematic Design of Instructional. 8th ed. New York: Pearson Education Inc.Essa, Eva L. 2014. Introduction to Early Childhood Education. 7th ed. Canada: Thomson Learning Inc.Gall, Meredith D., Joyce P. Gall, and Walter R. Borg. 2003. “Educational Research: An Introduction.” Educational Research: An Introduction 683.Gephart, Harlan R. 2019. “Learning Problems in Children and Adolescents.” Pp. 9–15 in ADHD Complex.Gooch, Deanna L. 2012. “Research, Development, and Validation of A School Leader’s Resource Guide for The Facilitation of Social Media Use by School Staff.” Kansas State University.Harwell, Joan M., and rebecca W. Jackson. 2008. The Complete Learning Disabilities Handbook: Ready-to Use Strategies and Activities for Teaching Students with Learning Disabilities. 3rd ed. San Francisco: jossey-Bass.Heward, William L., Sheila R. Alber-Morgan, and Moira Konrad. 2017. Exceptional Children An Introduction to Special Education. 11th ed. New York: Pearson.Ifdil, Ifdil, Rima P. Fadli, Nilma Zola, Elfi Churnia, Yola Eka Putri, and Berru Amalianita. 2020. “The Effectiveness of Ifdil Perceptual Light Technique in Reducing Ophidiophobia.” Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment 19(4):247–51.Jamaris, Martini. 2014. Kesulitan Belajar: Perspektif, Asesmen, Dan Penanggulangannya Bagi Anak Usia Dini Dan Usia Sekolah. Jakarta: Ghalia Indonesia.Jamaris, Martini, and Edwita. 2014. “Formal Multiple Intelligences Assessment Instruments for 4-6 Years Old Children.” American Journal of Educational Research 2(12):1164–74.Juntorn, Sutinun, Sarinya Sriphetcharawut, and Peeraya Munkhetvit. 2017. “Effectiveness of Information Processing Strategy Training on Academic Task Performance in Children With Learning Disabilities: A Pilot Study.” Occupational Therapy International.Kirk, Samuel, James J. Gallagher, Mary R. Coleman, and Nick Anastasiow. 2009. Educating Exceptional Children. 12th ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company.Klein, M. Diane, Ruth E. Cook, and Anne M. Richardson-Gibson. 2001. Strategies for Including Children With Special Needs in Early Childhood Settings. New York: Delmar.Leong, Han Ming, Mark Carter, and Jennifer R. Stephenson. 2015. “Meta-Analysis of Research on Sensory Integration Therapy for Individuals with Developmental and Learning Disabilities.” Journal of Developmental and Physical Disabilities 27(2):183–206.Maehler, Claudia, and Kirsten Schuchardt. 2016. “The Importance of Working Memory for School Achievement in Primary School Children with Intellectual or Learning Disabilities.” Research in Developmental Disabilities 58:1–8.Mangunsong, Frieda. 2014. Psikologi Dan Pendidikan Anak Berkebutuhan Khusus. 1st ed. Depok: LPSP3 UI. Mora, JNC; Silva, FB; Lopez, RR; Cortez, REC. 2016. “Design, Adaptation and Content Validity Process of a Questionnaire: A Case Study.” International Journal of Management 7(7):204–16.Mulyatiningsih, Endang. 2011. “Riset Terapan Bidang Pendidikan Dan Teknik.” 1–254.N Young, Sonia, and Karen Furgal. 2016. “Effectiveness and Implication of Sensory Integration Therapy on School Performance of Children with Learning Disabilities.” International Journal of Neurorehabilitation 03(01):17–18.Pesova, Biljana, Despina Sivevska, and Jadranka Runceva. 2014. “Early Intervention and Prevention of Students With Specific Learning Disabilities.” Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 149:701–8.Post, Marcel W. 2016. “What to Do with ‘Moderate’ Reliability and Validity Coefficients?” Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation 97(7):1051–52.Sidiarto, Lily D. 2007. Perkembangan Otak Dan Kesulitan Belajar Pada Anak. Jakarta: UI Press.Smith, Catherine M. 1997. “Development of A Learning Disabilities Screening TesT for Adults.” University of Toronto.Smith, Tom E. C., Edward A. Polloway, Jamews R. Patton, and Carol A. Dowdy. 2008. Teaching Students with Special Needs in Inclusive Setting. 5th ed. New York: Pearson Educational Inc.Taherdoost, Hamed. 2016. “Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How to Test the Validation of aQuestionnaire/Survey in a Research.” International Journal of Academic Research in Management 5(3):28–36.

Producers in the semiarid Canadian prairies rely on frequent summerfallowing (F) to conserve water, control weed infestations, and maximize soil mineral N reserves, but this practice often results in soil degradation. A crop rotation experiment was initiated in 1987 on a medium-textured, Orthic Brown Chernozem at Swift Current, Saskatchewan, to determine the most ideal cropping frequency for wheat in this region and whether a fixed rotation such as fallow-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) - wheat (F-W-W) or F-W-W-W would be more effective than flexible rotations in which fallowing is decided each spring based on criteria such as available soil water (if water), or the need to control perennial weed infestations (if weeds). The study also compared the production of traditional Canada Western Red Spring (CWRS) wheat class with the newer higher-yielding (Hy), Canada Prairie Spring (CPS) wheat class. We analyzed results of six rotations over the first 12 yr of the study. The rotations included F-W-W, F-W-W-W, F-Hy-Hy, Continuous wheat (Cont W), Cont W (if weeds), and Cont W (if water). Reduced tillage management was used and stubble was cut tall to enhance snowtrap. Fertilizer N was applied based on soil tests and fertilizer P was applied based on the general recommendations for the region. Over the 1988–1999 period, weather conditions were generally favourable and yields were above average for this region. Canada Prairie Spring wheat outyielded CWRS by 32% when grown on fallow and by 17% when grown on stubble; however, straw yields of the two wheat classes were similar on fallow and CPS was 11% less than CWRS on stubble. Harvest index (HI) averaged 44% for CPS and 37% for CWRS wheat. Water use efficiency for CWRS wheat grown on fallow averaged 7.2 kg ha-1 mm-1 and for CPS 9.4; when grown on stubble the respective values were 6.3 and 7.5 kg ha-1 mm-1. Grain N concentration for CWRS was slightly higher for wheat grown on fallow (25.7 g kg-1) than on stubble (24.5 g kg-1), but was similar for CPS wheat on grown on fallow and stubble (21.9 g kg-1). Straw N concentration averaged 3.8 g kg-1 for CWRS and 4.4 g kg-1 for CPS. Nitrogen yield for grain from CPS was 9% greater than from CWRS when grown on fallow, but there was no effect of wheat class when grown on stubble. Nitrogen yield of CPS straw was 15% greater than for CWRS when grown on fallow, but on stubble N yield was generally not affected by wheat class. Nitrogen harvest index (NHI) averaged about 80% for both wheat classes, whether grown on fallow or stubble. On a rotation basis, grain produced with F-W-W was 1502 kg ha-1 yr-1. The F-W-W-W and Cont W (if weeds) rotations produced 9% more grain than F-W-W, while Cont W (if water) produced 24% more, F-Hy-Hy produced 26% more, and Cont W produced 30% more than F-W-W. Nitrogen production in the grain, straw and aboveground plant material was lowest in F-W-W, highest in Cont W, and intermediate for other rotations. Although the economic and soil quality assessments have yet to be completed, a preliminary conclusion based on crop production characteristics alone suggests that a flexible cropping system in which available soil water in spring is used as the determining criterion is superior to a fixed F-W-W or F-W-W-W rotation. Key words: Yield, N concentration, N yield, water deficit, wheat classes, regressions

The drivers that determine the hydrological connectivity (HC) are complex and interrelated, and disentangling this complexity will improve the administration of the river–lake interconnection system. Dongting Lake, as a typical river–lake interconnected system, is freely connected with the Yangtze River and their HC plays a major role in keeping the system healthy. Climate, hydrology, and anthropogenic activities are associated with the HC. In this study, hydrological drivers were divided into the total flow of three inlets (T-flow) and the total flow of four tributaries (F-flow). To elucidate the HC of the Dongting Lake, HC was calculated by geostatistical methods in association with Sentinel-2 remote sensing images. Then, the structural equation model (SEM) was used to quantify the impacts of hydrology (F-flow, and T-flow) and meteorology (precipitation, evaporation, and temperature) on HC. The geostatistical analysis results demonstrated that the HC showed apparent seasonal change. For East and West Dongting Lake, the dominant element was north–south hydrological connectivity (N–S HC), and the restricted was west–east hydrological connectivity (W-E HC), but the dominant element was E–W HC and the restricted was N–S HC in South Dongting Lake. The results of SEM showed that N–S HC was mainly explained by T-flow (r = 0.49, p < 0.001) and F-flow (r = 0.28, p < 0.05). T-flow, temperature (r = 0.33, p < 0.05), and F-flow explained E–W HC. The finding of this work supports the management of both the Dongting Lake floodplain and other similar river–lake floodplain systems.

A portable OH radical scavenging demand analyzer that can be installed and operated on site was developed to measure water quality indicators that influence the generation of OH radicals from UV/hydrogen peroxide reactions to determine the UV dose and the hydrogen peroxide injection concentration. Rhodamine B (RhB) was used as an indicator for the continuous measurement of the OH radical scavenging demand of four samples with different water quality parameters using the rapid, easy, and real-time UV-Vis spectrophotometer method. The results demonstrated that the estimated rate constant for the RhB color decay rate resulting from direct UV photolysis was low enough to verify its suitability as a probe compound. The mean values of the OH radical scavenging demand for target water samples at different organic concentrations were 20,659 s−1 for plant N, 42,346 s−1 for plant C, 32,232 s−1 for plant Y, and 81,669 s−1 for plant B. Variations in the monitoring results for the target water treatment plants suggest that on-site OH radical scavenging demands should be considered to determine the UV dose and the hydrogen peroxide injection concentration for the UV advanced oxidation process.

Aglime (agricultural lime), commonly applied to acid soils to increase the soil pH and productivity, may lead to the release of CO2 into the atmosphere or to carbon (C) sequestration, although the processes involved are not fully understood. As large acreages of arable land are limed annually, exploring soil management practices that reduce aglime-induced CO2 emissions from acid soils while maintaining or improving the soil quality is paramount to mitigating the effects of global climate change. This study, therefore, assessed the effects of organic residues and ammonium on CO2 emissions and soil quality indicators in two limed soils. Two contrasting acid soils (Nariva series, Mollic Fluvaquents and Piarco series, Typic Kanhaplaquults) were amended with varying combinations of aglime (0% and 0.2% w/w CaCO3), organic residue (0% and 5% w/w biochar or poultry litter), and NH4-N (0% and 0.02% w/w) and were incubated in 300 mL glass jars for 31 days. The sampling for CO2 was performed on 11 occasions over the course of the incubation, while soil sampling was conducted at the end. The results indicate that aglime application significantly (p < 0.05) increased the cumulative CO2 emissions in all cases except with the addition of poultry litter. Alternatively, ammonium did not regulate the effect of aglime on CO2 emissions, which was l because of the low rate at which it was applied in comparison to aglime. The results also showed that poultry litter significantly (p < 0.05) increased the soil electrical conductivity (EC), available nitrogen (N), and pH, especially in the Piarco soil, while the hardwood biochar had little to no effect on the soil properties. Our findings indicate the potential for utilizing poultry litter to reduce the impact of aglime on CO2 emissions while improving the soil quality. Further studies utilizing 13C to trace aglime CO2 emissions are, however, required to identify the mechanism(s) that contributed to this reduction in the emissions.

Despite their importance for water management, long-term studies on trophic state are relatively scarce in subtropical reservoirs. We analyzed total phosphorus (TP), total nitrogen (TN) and chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations in the Billings Reservoir (Brazil) over time: Phase 1 (1977–1992, Tietê River water was pumped to Billings to increase energy generation, 100 m3 s−1); Phase 2 (1992–2007, Tietê water was conveyed to Billings only in special cases for flood avoidance, 8 m3 s−1); and Phase 3 (2007–2010, besides flood control, Billings received Tietê water treated by an in situ flotation system, 13 m3 s−1). We compared our results with data from 12 reservoirs to evaluate current (2005–2009) enrichment conditions. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations decreased (p &lt; 0.05, MANOVA) from Phase 1 to 2 and were stable thereafter. TN/TP ratios increment (1977–2010) indicated shift from N- to P-limitation in the reservoir, affecting the phytoplankton. Nutrient levels in Billings are currently between the expected concentrations in mesotrophic and eutrophic reservoirs (0.03 mg L−1 &lt; TP &lt; 0.42 mg L−1, 0.8 mg L−1 &lt; TN &lt; 7.6 mg L−1) and Chl a concentrations exceeded 34 μg L−1, median for the eutrophic waterbodies from the dataset. Although water quality in Billings has improved, nutrient inputs from Tietê River pumping episodes, diffuse and internal sources are still favoring biomass accrual and compromising water uses.

Pulping spent liquor was used to hydrolyze abandoned bovine hair, and the resulting keratin hydrolyzate was blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH), polyacrylamide (PAM), N,N-methylenebis (acrylamide) (MBA), and glycerol (GL) to prepare the low-cost degradable keratin-based sprayable mulch film (KSMF). The prepared KSMF contained elements required for plant growth, such as N, P, K, S, Ca, Si, and the water absorbency reached 380% in deionized water. A degradation of 23.1 wt% was attained while it was buried for 50 d in soil. The KSMF was easy to apply and needed to be diluted for spraying on the soil surface and formed a physical barrier to reduce evaporation of water and heat preservation. The KSMF had good degradability and entered the soil to become a high-quality biomass organic fertilizer during the growth of the crop, thus avoiding “white pollution” and realizing the recycling of waste, which would extend the application prospects in sustainable modern agriculture.

The study aimed to determine the microbiological quality for coliform in three lettuce cultivars grown hydroponically with optimized solutions. The study was conducted in a protected environment and driven in a hydroponic system adopting the technique of laminar flow nutrientes-NFT, on the premises of the State University of Para&iacute;ba-Campus II in Lagoa Seca, PB having the following coordinates: 7&deg;10&prime;15&Prime;S; 35&deg;51&prime;14&Prime;W. The experimental design was a randomized block with a split-plot treatment in 7 &times; 3 factorial, with three replicates whose factors were 7 hydroponic solutions with three lettuce cultivars. The optimized solutions were formulated taking as reference the nutrient solution Furlani. The plot was constituted by nutrient solution (S). S1 = Furlani solution; S2 = domestic wastewater; S3 = optimized domestic wastewater; S4 = well water; S5 = optimized well water; S6 = wastewater from the UASB reactor and S7 = optimized wastewater from the UASB reactor and as for the subplot the three lettuce cultivars (Thais, Vanda and Veronica). In none of the samples of the three lettuce cultivars in the first experiment did the microbiological quality increase at 45&deg;C, by the Most Probable Number (MPN) table, when the tube combination was 0-0-0, that is, without growth in none of the tubes, it is assumed that the MPN is less than 1.8 &mu;g. ll samples were considered acceptable for the microbiological standard of thermotolerant coliforms at 45 &deg;C/g. The leaf chlorophyll content is positively correlated with the N content in the plant.

This study aims to determine the current status of lake water quality in the Gelanggang Expo area using the Pollution Index (IP) method. It is found that there has been pollution in Lake Sentani with high concentrations of certain pollutants, such as Nitrite as NO2-N (0.06 - 0.15 mg/L), Phosphate as PO4-P (0.2 - 0.45 mg/L), Sulfide as S-H2S (0.002 - 4.26 mg/L), Cadmium (0.01 - 0.3 mg/L), Chromium valence 6 (0.05 - 0.26 mg/L), Copper (0.02 - 2.15 mg/L), Zinc (0.05 - 0.5 mg/L), Phenolic compounds (1 - 9.53 μg/L), and free chlorine (0.03 - 2, 1 mg/L). The concentration of these substances has exceeded the quality standard set by the government through PP 82 of 2001 concerning water quality management and water pollution control. The status of the lake water quality in the Gelanggang Expo area is declared moderately polluted with an IP value of 6.78. Sentani lake pollution is caused by eight parameters that have exceeded the quality standard, namely temperature, BOD, COD, Sulfide, Pb, Cu, Phenol, and free chlorine.

Spatiotemporal modeling of wetland environments’ hydrodynamics and water quality characteristics is key to understanding and managing these ecologically important areas’ physical and environmental properties. We developed a two-dimensional numerical model based on the MIKE 21 module to analyze flow and pollution dynamics in the island-dominated Sanyang wetland of eastern China. Three simulation periods representing annual precipitation cycles were used to model freshwater discharge and water quality in the wetland. The results showed that the flow velocity in the study area had hydrodynamic characteristics typical of such a setting, with an average monthly flow velocity ranging from 0.01 to 0.04 m/s, contributing to an increased risk of serious eutrophication. The water quality problems (represented by ammonia nitrogen, NH3-N, and total phosphorus, TP, levels) peaked during the early summer peak rain season, followed by a gradual decline during a later flood period and the lowest values during the fall/winter dry period. Moreover, the spatial distribution of NH3-N and TP levels decreased from northwest to east, reflecting the influence of a highly polluted source. Our results provide a useful context for restoration efforts in the Sanyang wetland and other similar areas.

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was prepared from Agave tequilana Weber blue variety via acid hydrolysis. The NCC was used in forming acrylic acid/acrylamide hydrogels (AA/AM), (80/20 w/w), crosslinked with N-N-methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) at addition levels of 1, 2, 4, and 8 wt% of the monomeric phase. The NCC was dosed at 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%. Two synthesis routes were used. In the first route, polymerization was performed immediately after mixing the components. In the second route, the mixture of the components was kept at 2 °C ± 1 °C for 24 h before the polymerization (thermal treatment). All the hydrogels were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), water absorption tests, scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis, and rheology tests. The NCC particles had a diameter of approximately 75 nm. The hydrogels that were subjected to the thermal treatment reached the equilibrium after approximately 72 h. The un-treated hydrogels reached the equilibrium after approximately 58 h. The thermally treated samples had a lower swelling degree and the swelling degree decreased as the crosslinking degree and the NCC concentration increased. The swelling kinetics followed the Schott´s pseudo-second-order.

The discharge of tropical rivers is mainly contributed by the baseflow from groundwater especially during summer. Hence, in order to sustain the environmental flow of rivers, the conservation of locations where groundwater discharges into river is a better option than conventional practices viz., redesigning river channel structure and flow regime. Radon (222Rn), a colourless, odourless, inert and natural radioactive noble gas (t1/2= 3.8 days), can be used as a proxy to trace the groundwater discharge location/s in the river course. As 222Rn readily dissolves in groundwater, its content in groundwater is relatively higher than surface water. We report here the activity of 222Rn in the river water at ten locations from upstream to downstream of Killiyar river – KR (n= 6th, L= 24 km, A= 102 km2), the main tributary of Karamana river, Kerala, India. Surface water samples (n=10) were collected during pre- and post-monsoon of 2017. The radon activity was performed by RAD7, an electronic radon detector (Durridge Company Inc., USA). The activity of radon varied from 157 to 4588 Bq/m3 in pre-monsoon and 147 to 1740 Bq/m3 in post-monsoon. The spatial variability of 222Rn activity is observed, and the anomalous high activity location/s indicates groundwater potential in that area. Further, the factors controlling spatial variation of radon were also discussed. Moreover, physico-chemical parameters of river water were also studied. And all the parameters were found to be within the permissible limit of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) specifications for potable water (IS -10500: 2012). This is a case study of application of radon for prospecting groundwater potential zones in Killiyar river course, henceforth useful for the water resource management in this riverine environment and is first of its kind in the study region.

Laser machining is an advanced technology that provides efficiency and precision for the processing of wood. In this paper, the ablation mechanism of wood processed via a water-jet assisted nanosecond laser was analyzed. The influences of cutting speed and laser power on the cutting width of northeast China ash wood (NCAW) (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.) with and without the water-jet assisted system were evaluated. The surface morphology of the kerf of processed NCAW was observed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Furthermore, a factorial design experiment was carried out to analyze the effects of process parameters on the cutting width. Additionally, the experimental results were processed by multilinear regression analysis. The results showed that with the water-jet assisted system, the minimum value of the cutting width was 0.18 mm when the cutting speed was 50 mm/s and the laser power was 6 W, and good surface quality was obtained. The experimental results were processed by an analysis of variance and multilinear regression analysis. The predicted model, effectively validated by the experiments, had good prediction accuracy, which provided a theoretical basis for predicting the cutting width of NCAW processed by a water-jet assisted laser.

The manufacture and characterization of gluten-free pasta based on black rice flour by-products from the industrial processing of black rice grains were addressed in this study. The black rice pasta (BRP) was extruded in a penne format developed with black rice flour: white rice flour 1:2 w/w, and the addition of food additives to improve the texture and viscoelasticity proprieties of pasta: tapioca starch, xanthan gum, egg, and water. The cooking quality, texture parameters, CIEL*a*b* color, and total monomeric anthocyanin (TAM) content were evaluated. The optimum cooking time was adjusted to 7 minutes, BRP presented 31.9% of moisture, water absorption of 68.0%, and cooking loss of 4.8%. Texture properties of BRP were positively affected by the presence of additives and presented firmness and adhesiveness values of 2.54 N and 0.01 N, respectively. Cooked BRP presented 10.4 mg of cyanidin-3-glycoside / 100 g (dry basis), carrying a reduction of only 16% of the TAM content related to the dough before cooking. Sensory analysis performed with 100 untrained testers showed high acceptance indexes (between 67% and 89%), with flavor and texture the most well-evaluated attributes contributing to an expressive purchase intention (86%) if the product was available for sale. It was possible to reuse a residue from black rice-processing and develop an innovative, high-quality gluten-free pasta, with a peculiar chestnut flavor, a natural purple color, with nutritional properties, antioxidants and being gluten-free, it is a product with potential to benefit and increases the diversity of food for celiac patients.

ReTain™ is an organic, water-soluble formulation that contains 15% (w/w) of aminoethoxy-vinylglycine (AVG). AVG, a naturally occurring plant growth regulator, competitively inhibits ACC (1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid) synthase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) to ACC, the immediate precursor of ethylene in plants. ReTain has been under commercial development for the past 6 years, which includes U.S. EPA-approved Experimental Use Permit (EUP) programs in 1995 (Shafer et al., 1996, Proc 23rd Annu. PGRSA Mtg., p. 233–234) and 1996. Under the 1996 EUP, ReTain was tested on nearly 4000 acres of apples in 18 states. When used according to label directions (i.e., 50 g AVG/acre applied 4 weeks before anticipated harvest) with a nonionic surfactant, ReTain effectively reduced preharvest drop and generally resulted in fruit of higher quality than untreated (control) or naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) -treated fruit. ReTain can delay fruit maturity (as indexed by starch conversion) by ≈7 to 10 days. ReTain-treated fruit were typically firmer (by 0.5 to 1.0 lb), produced significantly less ethylene, and maintained notably greater firmness through storage. The incidence and severity of watercore in `Delicious' was significantly reduced by ReTain, as was the frequency of fruit cracking in `Fuji' and `Gala' in several trials. Based on this benefit profile, ReTain can be an effective harvest management tool for apple growers. U.S. EPA approval for the commercial registration of ReTain is anticipated prior to the 1997 use season.

The present investigation was carried out during Rabi season 2019-2020 at experimental field, Department of Horticulture, Naini Agriculture Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj (U.P.), India. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and 12 treatments of GOLDEN ROD (Salidago canadensis) L. C.v. GOLDEN GATE. T1- N:P:K-75:85:70kg/ha, T2- N:P:K- 75:100:75kg/ha, T3- N:P:K-75:110:85kg/ha, T4- N:P:K-75:120:90kg/ha, T5- N:P:K-75:130:95kg/ha, T6- N:P:K-75:135:100kg/ha, T7- N:P:K-75:140:110kg/ha, T8- N:P:K-85:145:115kg/ha, T9- N:P:K- 100:150:120kg/ha, T10- N:P:K-110:160:125kg/ha, T11- N:P:K-125:170:130kg/ha, T12- Control (water spray). Highest plant height (130.3 cm) and plant spread (E-W) (70.7 cm) was obtained from T4- N: P: K-75:120:90kg/ha where as highest plant spread (N-S)(67.27cm) was obtained from T1- N:P:K-75:85:70kg/ha. Highest No. of stocks/plant (15.67), length of the stock (44.13 cm), weight of the stock (56.1cm), no. of days for 50% flowering (82.33) no. of days for 100% flowering (113.0) vase life when kept in water (10 days), vase life of stock when kept in 2% sugar solution (11.67 days) was obtained from T4 - N:P:K-75:120:90 kg/ha as it can be recommended treatment for farmers.

Significant antibacterial properties of non-thermal plasma (NTP) have converted this technology into a promising alternative to the widespread use of antibiotics in assisted reproduction. As substantial data available on the specific in vitro effects of NTP on male reproductive cells are currently missing, this study was designed to investigate selected quality parameters of human spermatozoa (n = 51) exposed to diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge NTP for 0 s, 15 s, 30 s, 60 s and 90 s. Sperm motility characteristics, membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), DNA fragmentation and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were investigated immediately following exposure to NTP and 2 h post-NTP treatment. Exposure to NTP with a power input of 40 W for 15 s or 30 s was found to have no negative effects on the sperm structure or function. However, a prolonged NTP treatment impaired all the sperm quality markers in a time- and dose-dependent manner. The most likely mechanism of action of high NTP doses may be connected to ROS overproduction, leading to plasma membrane destabilization, LPO, mitochondrial failure and a subsequent loss of motility as well as DNA integrity. As such, our findings indicate that appropriate plasma exposure conditions need to be carefully selected in order to preserve the sperm vitality, should NTP be used in the practical management of bacteriospermia in the future.

In the Parkland region of the Canadian prairies, Canola (Brassica napus L. or Brassica rapa L.) is an important cash crop. Canola has a high requirement for sulphur (S). However, many soils in this region are deficient or potentially deficient in plant-available S for optimum canola seed yield. Application of sulphate-S at about 15–30 kg S ha-1 is usually sufficient to prevent S deficiency in canola on most of the S-deficient soils. Application of sulphate-S to canola at seeding time gives the highest increase in yield and S uptake. Deficiencies of S in canola plants can be prevented and/or corrected and seed yield improved with the use of sulphate-S fertilizers in the growing season. Application of sulphate-S at bolting can substantially restore seed yield, while an application at early flowering can moderately correct S deficiency damage. Side-banding is the most effective way to apply sulphate-S fertilizers to produce maximum seed yield and to prevent any damage to canola seedlings from seed-row placement. In relatively moist areas, broadcast-incorporation methods can produce seed yield similar to side-banding in most years. Elemental S fertilizers were not effective in increasing seed yield in the year of application, and were generally less effective than sulphate-S fertilizer even after multiyear annual applications, especially when applied in spring. Autumn-applied elemental S was more effective than spring-applied elemental S. Banding delayed availability of elemental S as compared to broadcast application. Use of granular elemental S products is not reliable for optimum seed yield of canola under Canadian prairie conditions on S-deficient soils, particularly in the initial year and with spring application or band placement. Elemental S fertilizers may have a role to maintain or build-up sulphate-S levels in soils marginally low in S where residual benefits are desirable, but management decisions should consider both immediate and long-term effects of S fertilizer on seed yield, seed quality and economics. The findings suggest the need of future research to increase dispersion and distribution of S particles from granules for faster oxidation of elemental S in soil, and to develop elemental S fertilizer products/formulations that can be used on a commercial scale to prevent and/or correct S deficiency in the growing season to optimize seed yield and quality of canola. Research is also required to determine the long-term effects of balanced application of S with other nutrients on soil quality, accumulation and distribution of nitrate-N, sulphate-S and other nutrients in the soil profile, efficiency of nutrient, water and energy use, and crop diseases. More research should be conducted in relation to soil/plant tissue testing issues for optimum seed yield and quality of canola. Key words: Balanced fertilization, canola, elemental S fertilizers, method of application, rate of S, seed quality, seed yield, sulphate-S fertilizers

Increased urbanization has caused problems such as increasing water consumption and the continuous deterioration of the groundwater environment. It is necessary to consider the groundwater quality in the water resource optimization system and increase the rate of reclaimed water development to reduce the amount of groundwater exploitation and achieve sustainable development of water resources. This study used the Daxing District, a region of Beijing’s southern plain, as an example to evaluate water quality by analyzing water quality data of surface and groundwater from 2012 to 2016 and actual water-use schemes from 2006 to 2016. Three groundwater extraction modes were set up based on NO3–N concentrations, water resources were optimized under three extraction modes, and water resource optimization schemes were determined based on the improved connection entropy. The results show that (1) the surface water quality was poor, and the proportion of V4 type water in the indexes of NH3–N and chemical oxygen demand (COD) was the largest. The surface water can only be used for agricultural irrigation. The pollution sources contributing most to NH3–N and COD were domestic and agricultural pollution sources. (2) The groundwater quality was good. The NO3–N index was primarily type I–III water, accounting for 95.20% of the total samples. Severe NH3–N pollution areas were mainly in the northern region, and most regional groundwater can be used for various purposes. (3) Taking 2016 as an example, three groundwater exploitation modes were set to optimize water resource allocation, and the results showed that the rate of groundwater development and NO3–N pollution decreased significantly after optimization. (4) Connection entropy is an evaluation method that combines connection numbers and entropy, including identify, difference, and opposition entropy. As connection entropy being a kind of complete entropy, which can reflect the difference of the system in different states, based on the improved connection entropy, the connection entropies of optimal water resource allocation and actual water-use schemes were calculated. The connection entropy of groundwater exploitation mode 3 was less than that of groundwater exploitation modes 1 and 2 and actual water-use schemes from 2006 to 2016. Therefore, exploitation mode 3’s water resource optimization scheme was recommended. In the paper, satisfactory results have been obtained. As a kind of complete entropy, connection entropy has great research value in dealing with complex hydrological problems. This study’s research methods and outcomes can provide methodological and theoretical lessons for water management in freshwater-deficient areas.

Heat loss through the building envelope comprises air leaks through the cracks and largely through the windows, which is the weakest link of the thermal envelope. Therefore, it is necessary to devise a systematic approach to analyze the rightful selection of glass for buildings. The investigation is to analyze the energy-saving potential of different glasses and their comparisons to the initial capital cost to find the payback time in terms of energy saving by using two different types of equipment. The quantitative simulation study was completed on the Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) to analyze the annual energy consumption of the HVAC system for seven glasses and two types of chilled water equipment. The results show that the performance glasses with a tint had better efficiency in terms of energy saving, with a payback time of 3–7 months. A comparison of all glasses illustrated that float glass contributes the most to the total cooling load among all glasses, which were 5.04%, 5.7%, 7.6%, and 8.9% for the N, S, E, and W orientations, respectively. Moreover, the lowest contribution of glass to the total cooling load was given by tinted double-glazed glass, which was 2%, 2.3%, 3.0%, and 3.01% for N, S, E, and W orientations, respectively.

AbstractThere are more than 522 towns and cities in Bangladesh, which generate thousands of tons of solid waste known as Municipal Solid Waste. Low collection coverage and disposal facilities are responsible for unsatisfactory waste management. The composting technology is a good alternative method for managing MSW. The present study was conducted to assess the quality of the MSW compost produced from the solid wastes of Mymensingh Pourashava. For quality assessment physical, chemical and biological properties of prepared compost namelye bulk density, porosity, water-holding capacity, moisture content, pH, organic matter content, C:N ratio, NPKS content, buffering capacity, soluble salts content, heavy metal content and the presence of harmful organisms in the MSW compost were studied. The results indicated that the MSW compost was matured and stable having pH 7.3 and buffering capacity of the MSW compost were good but the organic matter content and C : N (14.5) ratio were low. The N, P, K and S content of the MSW compost were 0.9, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.45 percent of the total volume. The soluble salts content and heavy metal content of the compost were found to be within the permissible limits. The MSW compost contained no E. coli and Salmonella. From the results, it can be concluded that, the composting could produce acceptable quality of compost, which can be used as fertilizer or soil amendment.