Artigos de revistas: "Water and Energy limited"

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Haghighi, Erfan, Daniel J. Short Gianotti, Ruzbeh Akbar, Guido D. Salvucci e Dara Entekhabi. "Soil and Atmospheric Controls on the Land Surface Energy Balance: A Generalized Framework for Distinguishing Moisture‐Limited and Energy‐Limited Evaporation Regimes". Water Resources Research 54, n.º 3 (março de 2018): 1831–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/2017wr021729.

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Rodríguez, J., G. C. Premier, A. J. Guwy, R. Dinsdale e R. Kleerebezem. "Metabolic models to investigate energy limited anaerobic ecosystems". Water Science and Technology 60, n.º 7 (1 de outubro de 2009): 1669–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.224.

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Anaerobic wastewater treatment is shifting from a philosophy of solely pollutants removal to a philosophy of combined resource recovery and waste treatment. Simultaneous wastewater treatment with energy recovery in the form of energy rich products, brings renewed interest to non-methanogenic anaerobic bioprocesses such as the anaerobic production of hydrogen, ethanol, solvents, VFAs, bioplastics and even electricty from microbial fuel cells. The exisiting kinetic-based modelling approaches, widely used in aerobic and methanogenic wastewater treatment processes, do not seem adequate in investigating such energy limited microbial ecosystems. The great diversity of similar microbial species, which share many of the fermentative reaction pathways, makes quantify microbial groups very difficult and causes identifiability problems. A modelling approach based on the consideration of metabolic reaction networks instead of on separated microbial groups is suggested as an alternative to describe anaerobic microbial ecosystems and in particular for the prediction of product formation as a function of environmental conditions imposed. The limited number of existing relevant fermentative pathways in conjunction with the fact that anaerobic reactions proceed very close to thermodynamic equilibrium reduces the complexity of such approach and the degrees of freedom in terms of product formation fluxes. In addition, energy limitation in these anaerobic microbial ecosystems makes plausible that selective forces associated with energy further define the system activity by favouring those conversions/microorganisms which provide the most energy for growth under the conditions imposed.

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Macharia, Pauline, Norbert Kreuzinger e Nzula Kitaka. "Applying the Water-Energy Nexus for Water Supply—A Diagnostic Review on Energy Use for Water Provision in Africa". Water 12, n.º 9 (13 de setembro de 2020): 2560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12092560.

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This work explores the application of the Water-Energy Nexus concept for water supply in the African context, where its operationalization is quite limited compared to developed regions. Furthermore, water supply and demand drivers and their influence on energy use are examined. This study found that there is limited literature available on the operationalization of the concept, and energy use is not considered a key performance indicator by water regulators and utilities. Regionally, most of the studies were carried out in the northern and southern Africa, where energy demand for water supply through desalination is high. An analysis of water supply and demand drivers show diminishing quantities of available freshwater, and increased anthropogenic pollutant loads in some areas are projected. Consequently, utilities will likely consider alternative energy-intensive water supply options. Increased population growth with the highest global urban growth rate is projected, with about 60% of the total population in Africa as urban dwellers by 2050. This implies huge growth in water demand that calls for investment in technology, infrastructure, and improved understanding of energy use and optimization, as the largest controllable input within utilities boundaries. However, it requires a data-driven understanding of the operational drivers for water supply and incorporation of energy assessment metrics to inform water-energy policies and to exploit the nexus opportunities.

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Das, Adrian J., Nathan L. Stephenson, Alan Flint, Tapash Das e Phillip J. van Mantgem. "Climatic Correlates of Tree Mortality in Water- and Energy-Limited Forests". PLoS ONE 8, n.º 7 (25 de julho de 2013): e69917. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069917.

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Schumacher, Dominik L., Jessica Keune e Diego G. Miralles. "Atmospheric heat and moisture transport to energy‐ and water‐limited ecosystems". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1472, n.º 1 (7 de maio de 2020): 123–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nyas.14357.

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Chavez, Jose C., Juan Enciso, Manyowa N. Meki, Jaehak Jeong e Vijay P. Singh. "Simulation of Energy Sorghum under Limited Irrigation Levels Using the EPIC Model". Transactions of the ASABE 61, n.º 1 (2018): 121–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12470.

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Abstract. Energy sorghum is one of the most attractive alternatives for producing energy in many regions of the world because of the high biomass productivity obtained in a short period. However, it faces many challenges, particularly where water resources are limited. Crop simulation models are suitable decision support tools for the assessment of crop water use and biomass production under different spatial and climatic conditions. Calibration of simulation models to local conditions is a necessary procedure to improve model reliability. The objective of this study was to calibrate and evaluate the Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model for the production of energy sorghum under different irrigation levels. The model was then used to simulate crop biomass productivity and crop water use to identify appropriate irrigation strategies. This study was conducted at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research Center in Weslaco, Texas. Simulations were performed to determine the total dry biomass, crop water use, the relationship between crop productivity and crop evapotranspiration (ETc), and water use efficiency (WUE). Simulated ETc agreed well with estimates from a weather station, except for a few simulation events. The statistical parameters derived from measured versus simulated dry biomass in the calibrated model, which indicated that the model performed well, were R2 = 0.99 and PBIAS = -5.35%. The calibrated model showed great potential for simulating the total dry biomass. At full irrigation, the difference between measured and simulated total dry biomass was 4.3% in 2013 and 3.0% in 2015. This study showed that energy sorghum requires approximately 600 mm of water to obtain 23 Mg ha-1 of total dry biomass. It also demonstrated that the EPIC model could be used for assessment of crop water use and total biomass under limited irrigation levels, especially in semi-arid regions. Keywords: Crop model, Dry biomass, Energy sorghum, EPIC model, Irrigation, Model calibration, Water use efficiency.

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Garcia, M., N. Fernández, L. Villagarcía, F. Domingo, J. Puigdefábregas e I. Sandholt. "Accuracy of the Temperature–Vegetation Dryness Index using MODIS under water-limited vs. energy-limited evapotranspiration conditions". Remote Sensing of Environment 149 (junho de 2014): 100–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.002.

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Boiko, Serhii, Oleksii Zhukov, Oleg Sablin e Hennadii Rykov. "PRINCIPLES OF APPLICATION OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY SOURCES IN REGIONS WITH LIMITED DRINKING WATER RESOURCES". ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, n.º 3(122) (2 de novembro de 2023): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2023-3-13.

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The unsatisfactory ecological state of water resources indicates, first of all, the problems of pollution and depletion of water resources and their relevance today. The lack of an optimal principle of management and responsibility for the state of surface sources of drinking water supply has led to the fact that industrial facilities, which, depending on their technological processes, determine the state of the surface source of drinking water, are located in the territory of the same regions, and the production and consumption of drinking water from of this source occurs on the territory of other regions, which complicates the settlement of control issues at the regional level. Therefore, solving the task of preparing drinking water of the required quality at drinking water treatment stations is a strategically important task in the conditions of a significant anthropogenic factor. This issue has become especially relevant in recent years on the territory of Ukraine in connection with the armed conflict, which has turned into a full-scale armed conflict on the territory of Ukraine. Today, these issues concern the south-eastern regions especially acutely. Meanwhile, it should be noted that the long-term operation of water supply systems without a capital replacement of communications, the lack of modernization of treatment facilities, or their absence at all, the consequences of irresponsible economic activity that led to the pollution of surface water became the prerequisite for a difficult situation with water supply of standardized quality. Of particular concern in connection with chemical and bacteriological pollution is the state of water supply for the rural population, which in most cases uses water from underground water sources for drinking purposes. A quarter of the villages and towns of Ukraine use the services of centralized domestic drinking water supply, and more than 60% of the population of most regions in Ukraine consume water from wells, the nitrate content of which is 1.5–30 times higher than the standard level. So, taking into account the fact that fresh water resources on Earth are distributed extremely unevenly, and arid or partially arid regions of the world include 40% of the landmass, which use only 2% of the world's water reserves, the issue of the introduction of modern water supply systems and the modernization of existing ones with the use of modern technologies is gaining more and more importance. According to the conclusions of scientists and the analysis of statistical data, it is possible to predict the development of the economy of Ukraine based on the introduction of hydrogen energy. But regardless of today's realities and a number of obstacles in the development of Ukraine, it is worth paying attention to urgent problems in the country that require urgent solutions, on which national security depends. Taking into account the fact that renewable energy sources are currently widely implemented in Ukraine and the world, and taking into account the problem of water supply as a global problem and local problems of a regional scale in the territory of Ukraine, it will be relevant in the future to use the indicated capacities to obtain certain volumes of suitable water, in accordance with sanitary standards, for use by the population. The proposed approach of using the capacities of renewable sources of electric energy for the needs of the functioning of systems for obtaining water suitable, in accordance with sanitary standards, for use by the population. The introduction of renewable energy sources into the system of obtaining water suitable, in accordance with sanitary standards, for use by the population should provide an opportunity to expand the functional capabilities of existing installations and increase their efficiency. This approach also aims to attract the attention of investors and reduce the ecological burden on the environment.

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Sun, Zhigang, Qinxue Wang, Ochirbat Batkhishig e Zhu Ouyang. "Relationship between Evapotranspiration and Land Surface Temperature under Energy- and Water-Limited Conditions in Dry and Cold Climates". Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1835487.

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Remotely sensed land surface temperature- (LST-) dependent evapotranspiration (ET) models and vegetation index- (VI-) LST methods may not be suitable for ET estimation in energy-limited cold areas. In this study, the relationship of ET to LST was simulated using the process-based Simultaneous Heat and Water (SHAW) model for energy- and water-limited conditions in Mongolia, to understand the differences in ET processes under these two limiting conditions in dry and cold climates. Simulation results from the SHAW model along with ground observational data showed that ET and LST have a positive relationship when air temperature (Ta) is less than or equal to the temperature (Ttra) above which plants transpire and have a negative relationship whenTais greater thanTtraunder the energy-limited condition. However, ET and LST maintain a negative relationship with changes inTaunder the water-limited condition. The differences in the relationship between ET and LST under the energy-limited and water-limited conditions could be attributed to plant transpiration and energy storage in moist/watered soil and plants. This study suggests that different strategies should be used to estimate ET under the energy-limited condition in dry and cold climates.

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Oliveira, Miguel C., Muriel Iten, Henrique A. Matos e Jochen Michels. "Water–Energy Nexus in Typical Industrial Water Circuits". Water 11, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2019): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040699.

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Water–energy nexus has been recognized as an important and challenging issue, namely in industry. This is due to industry reforms, increasing demand, and climate change. This concept focuses on the link between energy and water infrastructure. Overall, there is limited understanding of the nature of this link, as it is assumed that water is not a threat to the energy sector or an influence of the electricity to the water resources. This work aims to present and evaluate case studies related to typical industrial water circuits. These circuits represent some of the most relevant industrial sectors in terms of water–energy nexus such as: steel industry, chemical industry, paper and pulp industry, and food industry. Moreover, these sectors also cover typical industrial water circuits, namely: cooling circuit, gas washing circuit, water treatment circuit, transportation circuit, and quenching circuit. The circuits have firstly been assembled in OpenModelica software considering the equipment and physical layout of each circuit. According to their actual operation conditions, the energy and water consumption have been estimated. Furthermore, water and energy efficiency improvement measures have been proposed and implemented into the assembled models. This enabled a techno-economic assessment based on the implementation of the improvement measures. In order to contextualise these results into the industrial trends, the achieved water and energy savings are projected into potential national and sectorial savings considering the current levels of water and energy demand for each sector.

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Giraud, Mona, Jannis Groh, Horst Gerke, Nicolas Brüggemann, Harry Vereecken e Thomas Pütz. "Soil Nitrogen Dynamics in a Managed Temperate Grassland Under Changed Climatic Conditions". Water 13, n.º 7 (29 de março de 2021): 931. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13070931.

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Grasslands are one of the most common biomes in the world with a wide range of ecosystem services. Nevertheless, quantitative data on the change in nitrogen dynamics in extensively managed temperate grasslands caused by a shift from energy- to water-limited climatic conditions have not yet been reported. In this study, we experimentally studied this shift by translocating undisturbed soil monoliths from an energy-limited site (Rollesbroich) to a water-limited site (Selhausen). The soil monoliths were contained in weighable lysimeters and monitored for their water and nitrogen balance in the period between 2012 and 2018. At the water-limited site (Selhausen), annual plant nitrogen uptake decreased due to water stress compared to the energy-limited site (Rollesbroich), while nitrogen uptake was higher at the beginning of the growing period. Possibly because of this lower plant uptake, the lysimeters at the water-limited site showed an increased inorganic nitrogen concentration in the soil solution, indicating a higher net mineralization rate. The N2O gas emissions and nitrogen leaching remained low at both sites. Our findings suggest that in the short term, fertilizer should consequently be applied early in the growing period to increase nitrogen uptake and decrease nitrogen losses. Moreover, a shift from energy-limited to water-limited conditions will have a limited effect on gaseous nitrogen emissions and nitrate concentrations in the groundwater in the grassland type of this study because higher nitrogen concentrations are (over-) compensated by lower leaching rates.

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Rodrigues, Gonçalo C., Sandra Carvalho, Paula Paredes, Francisco G. Silva e Luis S. Pereira. "Relating energy performance and water productivity of sprinkler irrigated maize, wheat and sunflower under limited water availability". Biosystems Engineering 106, n.º 2 (junho de 2010): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2010.03.011.

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Khatavkar, Puneet, e Larry W. Mays. "Resilience of Water Distribution Systems during Real-Time Operations under Limited Water and/or Energy Availability Conditions". Journal of Water Resources Planning and Management 145, n.º 10 (outubro de 2019): 04019045. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)wr.1943-5452.0001112.

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Gao, Junlian, Xiangyang Xu, Guiying Cao, Yurii Ermoliev, Tatiana Ermolieva e Elena Rovenskaya. "Optimizing Regional Food and Energy Production under Limited Water Availability through Integrated Modeling". Sustainability 10, n.º 6 (23 de maio de 2018): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10061689.

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Pimentel, David, Michele Whitecraft, Zachary R. Scott, Leixin Zhao, Patricia Satkiewicz, Timothy J. Scott, Jennifer Phillips et al. "Will Limited Land, Water, and Energy Control Human Population Numbers in the Future?" Human Ecology 38, n.º 5 (12 de agosto de 2010): 599–611. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10745-010-9346-y.

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Diaf, Abderrahmane, Hanane Aburideh e Ferhat Kamel Benabdelaziz. "Brackish water desalination using solar energy". Journal of Renewable Energies 19, n.º 1 (17 de outubro de 2023): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54966/jreen.v19i1.549.

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Sizeable amounts of brackish water resources are found and distributed over vast cross-national regions in the Sahara desert of Northern Africa. These salty waters can be found sometimes as natural spring water on the surface while the underground aquifers, which can be reached at a hundred meters deep, represent in essence a sea of brackish water beneath the searing desert sands and rocks. These regions of the Sahara desert are characterized by very limited or total lack of rainfall which makes these underground aquifers invaluable and at the same time extremely vulnerable since the natural replenishment process is for all practical purposes inexistent. The brackish waters of these aquifers contain high levels of salt which makes them inappropriate for domestic usage and detrimental to plants or other gardening/agricultural activities. However, the abundant sunshine of the desert can be harnessed to operate solar distillation equipments to produce fresh water. This study presents a theoretical analysis of a new solar desalination equipment that is based on the evaporation/condensation process. Performance results as well as a cost evaluation are reported.

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Yao, Shuran, Muhammad Adnan Akram, Weigang Hu, Yuan Sun, Ying Sun, Yan Deng, Jinzhi Ran e Jianming Deng. "Effects of Water and Energy on Plant Diversity along the Aridity Gradient across Dryland in China". Plants 10, n.º 4 (27 de março de 2021): 636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10040636.

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Plants need water and energy for their growth and reproduction. However, how water and energy availability influence dryland plant diversity along the aridity gradient in water-limited regions is still lacking. Hence, quantitative analyses were conducted to evaluate the relative importance of water and energy to dryland plant diversity based on 1039 quadrats across 184 sites in China’s dryland. The results indicated that water availability and the water–energy interaction were pivotal to plant diversity in the entire dryland and consistent with the predictions of the water–energy dynamic hypothesis. The predominance of water limitation on dryland plant diversity showed a weak trend with decreasing aridity, while the effects of energy on plants were found to be significant in mesic regions. Moreover, the responses of different plant lifeforms to water and energy were found to vary along the aridity gradient. In conclusion, the study will enrich the limited knowledge about the effects of water and energy on plant diversity (overall plants and different lifeforms) in the dryland of China along the aridity gradient.

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Li, Aijun, Yuhao Liu, Guoshi Chen e Mingming Hu. "Scenario analysis of low-carbon development of energy industry with restriction of water resource in Xinjiang". Journal of Water and Climate Change 10, n.º 2 (7 de setembro de 2018): 263–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.178.

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Abstract This study empirically analyzes the prospects of the energy industry with the limited water resource in Xinjiang by extending an energy economic model. First, the past trends of water use in Xinjiang are analyzed. Energy utilization and industrial added value by sector are also investigated. Then, several important parameters such as economic growth rate, water saving rate, and energy saving rate are set exogenously. Especially, coal exploitation and utilization are selected as a typical case for studying energy development plan and technology choice. By keeping within the water requirement ‘red line’ and water security strategy, the acceptable speed and the future scale of the energy industry in Xinjiang are selected among several scenarios. Moreover, the interactions of economic growth, energy development, energy consumption, water requirement, and carbon dioxide emissions in Xinjiang are also analyzed. Finally, the technology choice of coal exploitation and utilization in Xinjiang with restriction of limited water resource is also suggested.

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Lobo, Ana H., Aomawa L. Shields, Igor Z. Palubski e Eric Wolf. "Terminator Habitability: The Case for Limited Water Availability on M-dwarf Planets". Astrophysical Journal 945, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2023): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aca970.

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Abstract Rocky planets orbiting M-dwarf stars are among the most promising and abundant astronomical targets for detecting habitable climates. Planets in the M-dwarf habitable zone are likely synchronously rotating, such that we expect significant day–night temperature differences and potentially limited fractional habitability. Previous studies have focused on scenarios where fractional habitability is confined to the substellar or “eye” region, but in this paper we explore the possibility of planets with terminator habitability, defined by the existence of a habitable band at the transition between a scorching dayside and a glacial nightside. Using a global climate model, we show that for water-limited planets it is possible to have scorching temperatures in the “eye” and freezing temperatures on the nightside, while maintaining a temperate climate in the terminator region, due to reduced atmospheric energy transport. On water-rich planets, however, increasing the stellar flux leads to increased atmospheric energy transport and a reduction in day–night temperature differences, such that the terminator does not remain habitable once the dayside temperatures approach runaway or moist greenhouse limits. We also show that while water-abundant simulations may result in larger fractional habitability, they are vulnerable to water loss through cold trapping on the nightside surface or atmospheric water vapor escape, suggesting that even if planets were formed with abundant water, their climates could become water-limited and subject to terminator habitability.

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Baur, Peter. "Alternative energy: Modelling resource conflict within an energy environment". Journal of Economic and Financial Sciences 5, n.º 2 (31 de outubro de 2012): 323–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jef.v5i2.288.

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With growing infrastructural pressure induced by urban densification combined with rural development and the increasing demands of industrialisation, South Africa is facing two related challenges. The first is a lack of sufficient energy to satisfactorily fulfil the needs of the expanding economy. The second is that South Africa has limited access to water. Electricity generation using the traditional coal-burning power stations requires vast amounts of water, for amongst other things, steam generation to drive the turbines and water is also used in the cooling process. Thus, as the demand for electricity grows, so too does the pressure on the country's strained water supplies. The growing demand for electricity favours the building of new traditional coal-burning power stations, which emit vast amounts of pollutants into the atmosphere, negatively affecting the environment. This leads to a degree of conflict between stakeholders, namely the energy producers, government bodies, and environmentalists. This paper uses Hirshleifer’s Conflict Success Function to highlight the ‘urgency’ of replacing traditional fuel-based power stations with alternative renewable energy generators, using South Africa as a case study.

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Hoek van Dijke, Anne J., Kaniska Mallick, Martin Schlerf, Miriam Machwitz, Martin Herold e Adriaan J. Teuling. "Examining the link between vegetation leaf area and land–atmosphere exchange of water, energy, and carbon fluxes using FLUXNET data". Biogeosciences 17, n.º 17 (4 de setembro de 2020): 4443–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-17-4443-2020.

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Abstract. Vegetation regulates the exchange of water, energy, and carbon fluxes between the land and the atmosphere. This regulation of surface fluxes differs with vegetation type and climate, but the effect of vegetation on surface fluxes is not well understood. A better knowledge of how and when vegetation influences surface fluxes could improve climate models and the extrapolation of ground-based water, energy, and carbon fluxes. We aim to study the link between vegetation and surface fluxes by combining the yearly average MODIS leaf area index (LAI) with flux tower measurements of water (latent heat), energy (sensible heat), and carbon (gross primary productivity and net ecosystem exchange). We show that the correlation of the LAI with water and energy fluxes depends on the vegetation type and aridity. Under water-limited conditions, the link between the LAI and the water and energy fluxes is strong, which is in line with a strong stomatal or vegetation control found in earlier studies. In energy-limited forest we found no link between the LAI and water and energy fluxes. In contrast to water and energy fluxes, we found a strong spatial correlation between the LAI and gross primary productivity that was independent of vegetation type and aridity. This study provides insight into the link between vegetation and surface fluxes. It indicates that for modelling or extrapolating surface fluxes, the LAI can be useful in savanna and grassland, but it is only of limited use in deciduous broadleaf forest and evergreen needleleaf forest to model variability in water and energy fluxes.

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AlSayed, Ahmed, Moomen Soliman e Ahmed Eldyasti. "Anaerobic-Based Water Resources Recovery Facilities: A Review". Energies 13, n.º 14 (16 de julho de 2020): 3662. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13143662.

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The concept of water resources recovery facilities (WRRFs) has gained more attention as a more sustainable substitute for the conventional activated sludge-based wastewater treatment plant (CAS-WWTPs). Anaerobic treatment is advantageous due to its lower energy use, limited sludge production, and higher recovery of the soluble chemical oxygen demand (sCOD) from the received wastewater. In this article, a critical review of the proposed scheme for the anaerobic-based WRRF (An-WRRFs) is presented which is preceded with discussion of CAS-WWTPs limitations. In addition, the evolution of anaerobic treatment from being viewed as wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to WRRF is demonstrated. It is attained that, even though anaerobic WWTPs (An-WWTPs) have simple and low energy mainline and very limited sludge handling process, its limited removal and recovery capacity have been widely reported, especially in cold weather. On the other hand, in the An-WRRF, higher energy expenditures are employed by using membranes, dissolved methane recovery unit, and primary treatment (extra sludge handling). Yet, energy recovery in the form of biogas is notably increased, as well as the removal efficiency under moderate residence times. The three key challenges to be overcome are the low value of biogas, reducing the energy use associated with membranes, and maintaining high performance in full-scale, especially in cold weather.

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Li, Hou-Jun, Liang Cheng, Peng Sun, Fang-Fang Li e Jun Qiu. "Potential Analysis of Atmospheric Water Harvesting Technologies from the Perspective of “Trading-in Energy for Water”". Water 15, n.º 5 (24 de fevereiro de 2023): 878. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15050878.

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An applicable, high-volume, and sustainable water uptake technology can alleviate freshwater shortages, improve the energy utilization rate and promote the development of energy technology. Traditional seawater desalination, fog water, and dew collection are limited by the geographical environment, and the water resource transportation cost is high, or the water uptake volume is limited, so they cannot be used on a large scale. There are potential safety problems with wastewater reuse and recycled water. Atmospheric water harvesting technology uses energy for direct condensation or uses adsorbent to absorb water, which is characterized by strong sustainability, high applicability, decentralization, and stable water uptake. This study summarizes the working principle of mainstream atmospheric water harvesting technologies, mainly including condensation, absorption, and desorption water harvesting, and some active dew and fog collection technologies. It also theoretically analyzes the energy consumption of condensation and adsorption and desorption water harvesting technologies. Aiming at the problems of difficult condensing for direct condensation and long adsorption/desorption cycle of adsorption and desorption water harvesting, it summarizes the countermeasures of multi-stage condensation and multi-cycle adsorption and desorption. The development prospect of atmospheric water harvesting technologies is also discussed

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Papoulakos, Konstantinos, Giorgos Pollakis, Yiannis Moustakis, Apostolis Markopoulos, Theano Iliopoulou, Panayiotis Dimitriadis, Demetris Koutsoyiannis e Andreas Efstratiadis. "Simulation of water-energy fluxes through small-scale reservoir systems under limited data availability". Energy Procedia 125 (setembro de 2017): 405–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2017.08.078.

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Schyns, Joep F., e Davy Vanham. "The Water Footprint of Wood for Energy Consumed in the European Union". Water 11, n.º 2 (25 de janeiro de 2019): 206. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11020206.

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The European Union (EU) aims at increasing the share of renewable energy use, of which nearly half originates from wood sources currently. An energy supply from wood sources strongly relies on green water resources, which are limited and also essential for food security and terrestrial biodiversity. We have estimated the water footprint (WF) of wood for energy consumed in the EU-28 (WFwec) by combining data on energy produced from wood sources in the EU per member state for the year 2015 from the EU energy reference scenario 2016, extra-EU trade in fuelwood and charcoal, and country-specific estimates of the water footprint per unit of wood. We find that the WFwec is large (156 × 109 m3/y), 94% of this footprint is situated within the EU, and it is almost exclusively related to green water (99%). Adding WFwec to the WF related to the EU’s consumption of agricultural and industrial products as well as domestic water use (702 × 109 m3/y) signifies an increase of 22% to 858 × 109 m3/y. We show that over half of the internal WFwec is in member states that have a high degree of green water scarcity and hence very limited potential left to sustainably allocate more green water flows to biomass production. The results of this study feed into the debate on how the EU can achieve a sustainable and reliable energy supply. Policies on energy security should consider that increased use of wood or other biomass for energy increases the already significant pressure on limited green water resources.

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Forstner, Veronika, Jannis Groh, Matevz Vremec, Markus Herndl, Harry Vereecken, Horst H. Gerke, Steffen Birk e Thomas Pütz. "Response of water fluxes and biomass production to climate change in permanent grassland soil ecosystems". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 25, n.º 12 (2 de dezembro de 2021): 6087–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-25-6087-2021.

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Abstract. Effects of climate change on the ecosystem productivity and water fluxes have been studied in various types of experiments. However, it is still largely unknown whether and how the experimental approach itself affects the results of such studies. We employed two contrasting experimental approaches, using high-precision weighable monolithic lysimeters, over a period of 4 years to identify and compare the responses of water fluxes and aboveground biomass to climate change in permanent grassland. The first, manipulative, approach is based on controlled increases of atmospheric CO2 concentration and surface temperature. The second, observational, approach uses data from a space-for-time substitution along a gradient of climatic conditions. The Budyko framework was used to identify if the soil ecosystem is energy limited or water limited. Elevated temperature reduced the amount of non-rainfall water, particularly during the growing season in both approaches. In energy-limited grassland ecosystems, elevated temperature increased the actual evapotranspiration and decreased aboveground biomass. As a consequence, elevated temperature led to decreasing seepage rates in energy-limited systems. Under water-limited conditions in dry periods, elevated temperature aggravated water stress and, thus, resulted in reduced actual evapotranspiration. The already small seepage rates of the drier soils remained almost unaffected under these conditions compared to soils under wetter conditions. Elevated atmospheric CO2 reduced both actual evapotranspiration and aboveground biomass in the manipulative experiment and, therefore, led to a clear increase and change in seasonality of seepage. As expected, the aboveground biomass productivity and ecosystem efficiency indicators of the water-limited ecosystems were negatively correlated with an increase in aridity, while the trend was unclear for the energy-limited ecosystems. In both experimental approaches, the responses of soil water fluxes and biomass production mainly depend on the ecosystems' status with respect to energy or water limitation. To thoroughly understand the ecosystem response to climate change and be able to identify tipping points, experiments need to embrace sufficiently extreme boundary conditions and explore responses to individual and multiple drivers, such as temperature, CO2 concentration, and precipitation, including non-rainfall water. In this regard, manipulative and observational climate change experiments complement one another and, thus, should be combined in the investigation of climate change effects on grassland.

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Hollevoet, Lander, Michiel De Ras, Maarten Roeffaers, Johan Hofkens e Johan A. Martens. "Energy-Efficient Ammonia Production from Air and Water Using Electrocatalysts with Limited Faradaic Efficiency". ACS Energy Letters 5, n.º 4 (17 de março de 2020): 1124–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsenergylett.0c00455.

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Alabastri, Alessandro, Pratiksha D. Dongare, Oara Neumann, Jordin Metz, Ifeoluwa Adebiyi, Peter Nordlander e Naomi J. Halas. "Resonant energy transfer enhances solar thermal desalination". Energy & Environmental Science 13, n.º 3 (2020): 968–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee03256h.

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Water production from solar thermal desalination is limited by the energy consumption of phase change. Resonant heat exchange between matched saline feed and purified distillate flow rates enables optimized recovery of vaporization energy.

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Awais, Muhammad, Adriano Vinca, Edward Byers, Stefan Frank, Oliver Fricko, Esther Boere, Peter Burek et al. "MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM nexus module: integrating water sector and climate impacts". Geoscientific Model Development 17, n.º 6 (28 de março de 2024): 2447–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/gmd-17-2447-2024.

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Abstract. The integrated assessment model (IAM) MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM developed by IIASA is widely used to analyze global change and socioeconomic development scenarios within energy and land systems across different scales. However, to date, the representation of impacts from climate effects and water systems in the IAM has been limited. We present a new nexus module for MESSAGEix-GLOBIOM that improves the representation of climate impacts and enables the analysis of interactions between population, economic growth, energy, land, and water resources in a dynamic system. The module uses a spatially resolved representation of water systems to retain hydrological information without compromising computational feasibility. It maps simplified water availability and key infrastructure assumptions with the energy and land systems. The results of this study inform on the transformation pathways required under climate change impacts and mitigation scenarios. The pathways include multi-sectoral indicators highlighting the importance of water as a constraint in energy and land-use decisions and the implications of global responses to limited water availability from different sources, suggesting possible shifts in the energy and land sectors.

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LaPara, Timothy M., Allan Konopka e James E. Alleman. "Energy spilling by thermophilic aerobes in potassium-limited continuous culture". Water Research 34, n.º 10 (julho de 2000): 2723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00008-7.

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Wicaksono, Albert, Gimoon Jeong e Doosun Kang. "Water–Energy–Food Nexus Simulation: An Optimization Approach for Resource Security". Water 11, n.º 4 (31 de março de 2019): 667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040667.

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The water–energy–food nexus (WEF nexus) concept is a novel approach to manage limited resources. Since 2011, a number of studies were conducted to develop computer simulation models quantifying the interlinkage among water, energy, and food sectors. Advancing a nationwide WEF nexus simulation model (WEFSiM) previously developed by the authors, this study proposes an optimization module (WEFSiM-opt) to assist stakeholders in making informed decisions concerning sustainable resource management. Both single- and multi-objective optimization modules were developed to maximize the user reliability index (URI) for water, energy, and food sectors by optimizing the priority index and water allocation decisions. In this study, the developed models were implemented in Korea to determine optimal resource allocation and management decisions under a plausible drought scenario. This study suggests that the optimization approach can advance WEF nexus simulation and provide better solutions for managing limited resources. It is anticipated that the proposed WEFSiM-opt can be utilized as a decision support tool for designing resource management plans.

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Masud, Sharif M., e Ronald D. Lacewell. "Energy, water, and economic savings of improved production systems on the Texas High Plains". American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 5, n.º 2 (junho de 1990): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300003313.

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AbstractThe purpose of this paper was to quantify economic and energy use implications of new improved irrigation and limited tillage production systems for the Texas High Plains. Per hectare uses of natural gas and electricity under alternative irrigation distribution systems for corn, sorghum, wheat, cotton, and soybeans were utilized to estimate total amounts of natural gas and electricity used in the production of these crops on the High Plains of Texas. The amount of diesel fuel used was estimated for conventional and limited tillage systems under dryland and irrigation production. Total amounts of water used for the five crops under the improved and conventional irrigation systems were also estimated for the High Plains. Results indicated improved irrigation and limited tillage systems reduced energy and water use on the High Plains. Total natural gas and electricity were estimated to decline over 20 percent, diesel fuel declined 32 percent, and water use for irrigation declined about 23 percent. Use of the improved irrigation and limited tillage production systems was also shown to significantly increase annual net returns to farmers ($40.0 million or 13.3 percent).

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Cotton, Jon, Gloria Burow, Veronica Acosta-Martinez e Jennifer Moore-Kucera. "Biomass and Cellulosic Ethanol Production of Forage Sorghum Under Limited Water Conditions". BioEnergy Research 6, n.º 2 (28 de dezembro de 2012): 711–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12155-012-9285-0.

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Rehana, S., e N. T. Monish. "Impact of potential and actual evapotranspiration on drought phenomena over water and energy-limited regions". Theoretical and Applied Climatology 144, n.º 1-2 (31 de janeiro de 2021): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00704-021-03521-3.

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Mátyás, Csaba, e Ge Sun. "Forests in a water limited world under climate change". Environmental Research Letters 9, n.º 8 (1 de agosto de 2014): 085001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/9/8/085001.

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Başakın, Eyyup Ensar, Ömer Ekmekcioğlu, Mehmet Özger, Nilcan Altınbaş e Levent Şaylan. "Estimation of measured evapotranspiration using data-driven methods with limited meteorological variables". Italian Journal of Agrometeorology, n.º 1 (9 de agosto de 2021): 63–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/ijam-1055.

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Determination of surface energy balance depends on the energy exchange between land and atmosphere. Thus, crop, soil and meteorological factors are crucial, particularly in agricultural fields. Evapotranspiration is derived from latent heat component of surface energy balance and is a key factor to clarify the energy transfer mechanism. Development of the methods and technologies for the aim of determining and measuring of evapotranspiration have been one of the main focus points for researchers. However, the direct measurement systems are not common because of economic reasons. This situation causes that different methods are used to estimate evapotranspiration, particularly in locations where no measurements are made. Thus, in this study, non-linear techniques were applied to make accurate estimations of evapotranspiration over the winter wheat canopy located in the field of Atatürk Soil Water and Agricultural Meteorology Research Institute Directorate, Kırklareli, Turkey. This is the first attempt in the literature which consist of the comparison of different machine learning methods in the evapotranspiration values obtained by the Bowen Ratio Energy Balance system. In order to accomplish this aim, support-vector machine, Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system and Artificial neural network models have been evaluated for different input combinations. The results revealed that even with only global solar radiation data taken as an input, a high prediction accuracy can be achieved. These results are particularly advantageous in cases where the measurement of meteorological variables is limited. With the results of this study, progress can be made in the efficient use and management of water resources based on the input parameters of evapotranspiration especially for regions with limited data.

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dos Reis, Ruibran Januário, e Nelson Luı́s Dias. "Multi-season lake evaporation: energy-budget estimates and CRLE model assessment with limited meteorological observations". Journal of Hydrology 208, n.º 3-4 (julho de 1998): 135–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1694(98)00160-7.

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Buldyrev, S. V. "Hamiltonian limited valence model for liquid polyamorphism". Condensed Matter Physics 27, n.º 2 (28 de junho de 2024): 23601. http://dx.doi.org/10.5488/cmp.27.23601.

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Liquid-liquid phase transitions have been found experimentally or by computer simulations in many compounds such as water, hydrogen, sulfur, phosphorus, carbon, silica, and silicon. Limited valence model implemented via event-driven molecular dynamics algorithm provides a simple generic mechanism for the liquid-liquid phase transitions in all these diverse cases. Here, we introduce a variant of the limited valence model with a well defined Hamiltonian, i.e., a unique algorithm by which the potential energy of the system of particles can be computed solely from the coordinates of the particles and is thus equivalent to a complex multi-body potential. We present several examples of the model which can be used to reproduce liquid--liquid phase transition in systems with maximum valence z = 1 (hydrogen), z = 2 (sulfur) and z = 4 (water), where z is the maximum number of bonds an atom is allowed to have. For z = 1, we find a set of parameters for which the system has a liquid-liquid and an isostructural solid-solid critical points. For z = 4, we find a set of parameters for which the phase diagram resembles that of water with a wide region of negative thermal expansion coefficient (density anomaly) extending into the metastable region of negative pressures. The limited valence model can be modified to forbid not only too large valences but also too low valences. In the case of sulfur, we forbid the formation of monomers, thus restricting the valence v of an atom to be within an interval 1 = vmin ≤ v ≤ vmax ≡ z = 2.

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Kurbonov, Shamsiddin M. "DEVELOPMENT OF COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF WATER DIPLOMACY IN CENTRAL ASIA". Oriental Journal of History, Politics and Law 02, n.º 02 (1 de abril de 2022): 88–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-ojhpl-02-02-12.

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The transboundary nature and limited nature of water resources in Central Asia makes water a key resource that largely determines the further development of the region. Climate change, population growth and increased demand for water have mixed effects on the water, food and energy security of the countries of Central Asia. That is why cooperation in these areas is a common concern to ensure stability in the region.

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Parada, Raúl, Jordi Font e Jordi Casas-Roma. "Predicting Energy Generation Using Forecasting Techniques in Catalan Reservoirs". Energies 12, n.º 10 (14 de maio de 2019): 1832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12101832.

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Reservoirs are natural or artificial lakes used as a source of water supply for society daily applications. In addition, hydroelectric power plants produce electricity while water flows through the reservoir. However, reservoirs are limited natural resources since water levels vary according to annual rainfalls and other natural events, and consequently, the energy generation. Therefore, forecasting techniques are helpful to predict water level, and thus, electricity production. This paper examines state-of-the-art methods to predict the water level in Catalan reservoirs comparing two approaches: using the water level uniquely, uni-variant; and adding meteorological data, multi-variant. With respect to relating works, our contribution includes a longer times series prediction keeping a high precision. The results return that combining Support Vector Machine and the multi-variant approach provides the highest precision with an R 2 value of 0.99.

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Pizzo, N. E., Luc Deike e W. Kendall Melville. "Current generation by deep-water breaking waves". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 803 (22 de agosto de 2016): 275–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jfm.2016.469.

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We examine the partitioning of the energy transferred to the water column by deep-water wave breaking; in this case between the turbulent and mean flow. It is found that more than 95 % of the energy lost by the wave field is dissipated in the first four wave periods after the breaking event. The remaining energy is in the coherent vortex generated by breaking. A scaling argument shows that the ratio between the energy in this breaking generated mean current and the total energy lost from the wave field to the water column due to breaking scales as $(hk)^{1/2}$, where $hk$ is the local slope at breaking. This model is examined using direct numerical simulations of breaking waves solving the full two-phase air–water Navier–Stokes equations, as well as the limited available laboratory data, and good agreement is found for strong breaking waves.

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Loureiro, D., P. Vieira, C. Makropoulos, P. Kossieris, R. Ribeiro, J. Barateiro e E. Katsiri. "Smart metering use cases to increase water and energy efficiency in water supply systems". Water Supply 14, n.º 5 (17 de maio de 2014): 898–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.049.

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Efficient water and energy use in water distribution systems is being limited by the lack of sufficient data about water and related energy consumption. Therefore, it is crucial to provide updated and continuous feedback information to water users. This paper describes relevant use cases to improve efficient water use and related energy consumption by water utilities and consumers through the use of smart metering technologies. A systematic approach was established to obtain a comprehensive list of possible functionalities, using the concept of use case. For the consumer domain, six high-level and 18 detailed-level use cases were obtained. For the water utility domain, seven high-level and 20 detailed-level use cases were described. The high-level use cases with higher priority to be implemented in the iWIDGET system were also identified based on the contribution of different target audiences. The list of use cases covers a comprehensive range of possible usages that can be built upon the exploitation of data related to water and energy use in water distribution systems and in households, which may be of further use as a guide for similar studies.

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Sparks, Debbie, Amos Madhlopa, Samantha Keen, Mascha Moorlach, Anthony Dane, Pieter Krog e Thuli Dlamini. "Renewable energy choices and their water requirements in South Africa". Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 25, n.º 4 (19 de dezembro de 2014): 80–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2014/v25i4a2241.

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South Africa is an arid country, where water supply is often obtained from a distant source. There is increasing pressure on the limited water resources due to economic and population growth, with a concomitant increase in the energy requirement for water production. This problem will be exacerbated by the onset of climate change. Recently, there have been concerns about negative impacts arising from the exploitation of energy resources. In particular, the burning of fossil fuels is significantly contributing to climate change through the emission of carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. In addition, fossil fuels are being depleted, and contributing to decreased energy security. As a result of this, the international community has initiated various interventions, including the transformation of policy and regulatory instruments, to promote sustainable energy. With this in mind, South Africa is making policy and regulatory shifts in line with international developments. Renewable energy is being promoted as one way of achieving sustainable energy provision in the country. However, some issues require scrutiny in order to understand the water footprint of renewable energy production. Due to the large gap that exists between water supply and demand, trade-offs in water allocation amongst different users are critical. In this vein, the main objective of this study was to investigate and review renewable energy choices and water requirements in South Africa. Data were acquired through a combination of a desktop study and expert interviews. Water withdrawal and consumption levels at a given stage of energy production were investigated. Most of the data was collected from secondary sources. Results show that there is limited data on all aspects of water usage in the production chain of energy, accounting in part for the significant variations in the values of water intensity that are reported in the literature. It is vital to take into account all aspects of the energy life cycle to enable isolation of stages where significant amounts of water are used. It is found that conventional fuels (nuclear and fossil fuels) withdraw significant quantities of water over the life-cycle of energy production, especially for thermoelectric power plants operated with a wet-cooling system. The quality of water is also adversely affected in some stages of energy production from these fuels. On the other hand, solar photovoltaic and wind energy exhibit the lowest demand for water, and could perhaps be considered the most viable renewable options in terms of water withdrawal and consumption.

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Gazal, Abass A., Napat Jakrawatana, Thapat Silalertruksa e Shabbir H. Gheewala. "Water-Energy-Food Nexus Review for Biofuels Assessment". International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 11, n.º 1 (2 de novembro de 2021): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.2022.41119.

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The appropriate use of limited natural resources for generating basic human needs such as energy, food, and water, is essential to help the society function efficiently. Hence, a new approach called nexus is being considered to resolve the effects of intrinsic trade-offs between the essential needs. A review of different methods and frameworks of the water-energy-food nexus was done in this article to give a detailed repository of information on existing approaches and advocate the development of a more holistic quantitative nexus method. Assessing biofuels under the water-energy-food nexus perspective, this review addresses the sustainability of bioenergy production. The results show the countries that can sustainably produce first-generation biofuels. Only a few methods have varied interdisciplinary procedures to analyse the nexus, and more analytical software and data on resource availability/use are needed to address trade-offs between these interacting resource sectors constituting the nexus. Also, “land” is suggested as an additional sector to consider in future studies using both the nexus index and life cycle assessment methodology. The review reveals that to tackle composite challenges related to resource management, cross-disciplinary methods are essential to integrate environmental, socio-political facets of water, energy, and food; employ collaborative frameworks; and seek the engagement of decision-makers.

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Kehl, Jenny R. "After the Sun: Energy Use in Blue v. Green Water for Agriculture". Energy and Earth Science 3, n.º 2 (6 de julho de 2020): p1. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/ees.v3n2p1.

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The purpose of this article is to highlight the difference in energy consumption between using blue water versus green water for agriculture in areas where water-intensive crops are grown in water-scarce regions. It focuses on water and energy consumption for greening the desert in United States, the world’s largest grain producer. The analysis is limited to the three largest crops by volume and value; corn, cotton, and wheat, which generate billions of dollars for the economy and use billions of gallons of water each day. The primary methodology is to use Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to visually represent the comparative amounts of blue water and green water used to grow water-intensive crops in water-scarce regions, by statistically mapping levels of water stress overlaid with the amounts of blue water versus green water used. It exposes where energy-intensive water practices are occurring due to a high dependence on blue water for irrigation in agriculture. The article concludes by discussing strategies to improve energy efficiency and reduce the vulnerabilities associated with overdependence on blue water such as high energy costs, low energy security, and susceptibility to aquifer reduction and ground water depletion.

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Ahmadvand, Seyedsaeid, Behrooz Abbasi, Babak Azarfar, Mohammed Elhashimi, Xiang Zhang e Bahman Abbasi. "Looking Beyond Energy Efficiency: An Applied Review of Water Desalination Technologies and an Introduction to Capillary-Driven Desalination". Water 11, n.º 4 (4 de abril de 2019): 696. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11040696.

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Most notable emerging water desalination technologies and related publications, as examined by the authors, investigate opportunities to increase energy efficiency of the process. In this paper, the authors reason that improving energy efficiency is only one route to produce more cost-effective potable water with fewer emissions. In fact, the grade of energy that is used to desalinate water plays an equally important role in its economic viability and overall emission reduction. This paper provides a critical review of desalination strategies with emphasis on means of using low-grade energy rather than solely focusing on reaching the thermodynamic energy limit. Herein, it is argued that large-scale commercial desalination technologies have by-and-large reached their engineering potential. They are now mostly limited by the fundamental process design rather than process optimization, which has very limited room for improvement without foundational change to the process itself. The conventional approach toward more energy efficient water desalination is to shift from thermal technologies to reverse osmosis (RO). However, RO suffers from three fundamental issues: (1) it is very sensitive to high-salinity water, (2) it is not suitable for zero liquid discharge and is therefore environmentally challenging, and (3) it is not compatible with low-grade energy. From extensive research and review of existing commercial and lab-scale technologies, the authors propose that a fundamental shift is needed to make water desalination more affordable and economical. Future directions may include novel ideas such as taking advantage of energy localization, surficial/interfacial evaporation, and capillary action. Here, some emerging technologies are discussed along with the viability of incorporating low-grade energy and its economic consequences. Finally, a new process is discussed and characterized for water desalination driven by capillary action. The latter has great significance for using low-grade energy and its substantial potential to generate salinity/blue energy.

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Zhang, Fawei, Hongqin Li, Jingbin Zhu, Jiexia Li, Huakun Zhou e Yingnian Li. "The energy-limited water loss of an alpine shrubland on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, China". Journal of Hydrology: Regional Studies 55 (outubro de 2024): 101905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrh.2024.101905.

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Javadian, Mostafa, Ali Behrangi, William Kolby Smith e Joshua B. Fisher. "Global Trends in Evapotranspiration Dominated by Increases across Large Cropland Regions". Remote Sensing 12, n.º 7 (10 de abril de 2020): 1221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071221.

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Irrigated croplands require large annual water inputs and are critical to global food production. Actual evapotranspiration (AET) is a main index of water use in croplands, and several remote-sensing products have been developed to quantify AET at the global scale. In this study, we estimate global trends in actual AET, potential ET (PET), and precipitation rate (PP) utilizing the MODIS Evapotranspiration product (2001–2018) within the Google Earth Engine cloud-computing environment. We then introduce a new index based on a combination of AET, PET, and PP estimates—the evapotranspiration warning index (ETWI)—which we use to evaluate the sustainability of observed AET trends. We show that while AET has not considerably changed across global natural lands, it has significantly increased across global croplands (+14% ± 5%). The average ETWI for global croplands is −0.40 ± 0.25, which is largely driven by an extreme trend in AET, exceeding both PET and PP trends. Furthermore, the trends in water and energy limited areas demonstrate, on a global scale, while AET and PET do not have significant trends in both water and energy limited areas, the increasing trend of PP in energy-limited areas is more than water-limited areas. Averaging cropland ETWI trends at the country level further revealed nonsustainable trends in cropland water consumptions in Thailand, Brazil, and China. These regions were also found to experiencing some of the largest increases in net primary production (NPP) and solar-induced fluorescence (SIF), suggesting that recent increases in food production may be dependent on unsustainable water inputs. Globally, irrigated maize was found to be associated with nonsustainable AET trends relative to other crop types. We present an online open access application designed to enable near real-time monitoring and improve the understanding of global water consumption and availability.

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Venghaus, Sandra, Carolin Märker, Sophia Dieken e Florian Siekmann. "Linking Environmental Policy Integration and the Water-Energy-Land-(Food-)Nexus: A Review of the European Union’s Energy, Water, and Agricultural Policies". Energies 12, n.º 23 (22 de novembro de 2019): 4446. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12234446.

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Against the backdrop of climate and environmental pressures, as well as limited resource availability and trade conflicts, devising policies for energy and the use of natural resources in general becomes exceedingly complex. Moreover, policies are required to account for interrelations between individual resources and between different sectors and policy fields, but implementation often lacks. To evaluate the current state of integrated policy design in the EU, a review of European energy, water, and agricultural policies was conducted. Using a qualitative comparative research approach, the objective was to identify and explain the differing degrees and variations in policy integration among them. To this aim, the concepts “Environmental Policy Integration” and “Water-Energy-Land Nexus” were jointly applied as analytical frameworks. The analysis revealed that currently, different authorities are endowed with largely sectoral mandates. Accordingly, the respective sectoral policy sets are historically grown based on differing sets of formal and informal rules and processes, thus making policy integration among the sectors, let alone within the nexus, a highly challenging task.

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Horstmeyer, Nils, Max Weißbach, Konrad Koch e Jörg E. Drewes. "A novel concept to integrate energy recovery into potable water reuse treatment schemes". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 8, n.º 4 (30 de novembro de 2017): 455–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2017.051.

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AbstractPotable water reuse applications can provide a safe and sustainable water supply where conventional freshwater resources are limited. The objectives of this study were fourfold: (i) to analyse existing potable water reuse applications regarding operational characteristics and energy demands, (ii) to determine the theoretical energy potential of wastewater and identify opportunities for energy recovery, (iii) to define design requirements for potable water reuse schemes that integrate energy recovery and (iv) to propose strategies for more energy efficient potable water reuse schemes. Existing potable water reuse schemes commonly utilize conventional wastewater treatment processes including biological nutrient removal followed by advanced water treatment processes. While meeting high product water quality, these treatment schemes are characterized by relatively high specific energy demands (1.18 kWh/m3). Given that the theoretical energy potential of municipal wastewater is approximately two times higher (2.52 kWh/m3), opportunities exist to integrate energy recovery strategies. We propose three alternative potable water reuse schemes that integrate energy recovery from carbon via methane and nitrogen via either the coupled aerobic–anoxic nitrous decomposition operation process or partial nitritation/anammox. Compared to conventional potable water reuse schemes, the energy requirements of these schemes can be reduced by 7–29% and the overall energy balance by 38–80%.

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