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1
García, Rosa Delia, Omaira Elena García, Emilio Cuevas-Agulló, África Barreto, Victoria Eugenia Cachorro, Carlos Marrero, Fernando Almansa, Ramón Ramos e Mario Pó. "Spectral Aerosol Radiative Forcing and Efficiency of the La Palma Volcanic Plume over the Izaña Observatory". Remote Sensing 15, n.º 1 (28 de dezembro de 2022): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs15010173.
Resumo:
On 19 September 2021, a volcanic eruption began on the island of La Palma (Canary Islands, Spain). The eruption has allowed the assessment of an unprecedented multidisciplinary study on the effects of the volcanic plume. This work presents the estimation of the spectral direct radiative forcing (ΔF) and efficiency (ΔFEff) from solar radiation measurements at the Izaña Observatory (IZO) located on the island of Tenerife (∼140 km from the volcano). During the eruption, the IZO was affected by different types of aerosols: volcanic, Saharan mineral dust, and a mixture of volcanic and dust aerosols. Three case studies were identified using ground-based (lidar) data, satellite-based (Sentinel-5P Tropospheric Monitoring Instrument, TROPOMI) data, reanalysis data (Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications, version 2, MERRA-2), and backward trajectories (Flexible Trajectories, FLEXTRA), and subsequently characterised in terms of optical and micro-physical properties using ground-based sun-photometry measurements. Despite the ΔF of the volcanic aerosols being greater than that of the dust events (associated with the larger aerosol load present), the ΔFEff was found to be lower. The spectral ΔFEff values at 440 nm ranged between −1.9 and −2.6 Wm−2nm−1AOD−1 for the mineral dust and mixed volcanic and dust particles, and between −1.6 and −3.3 Wm−2nm−1AOD−1 for the volcanic aerosols, considering solar zenith angles between 30∘ and 70∘, respectively.
2
Ansmann, A., P. Seifert, M. Tesche e U. Wandinger. "Profiling of fine and coarse particle mass: case studies of Saharan dust and Eyjafjallajökull/Grimsvötn volcanic plumes". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, n.º 20 (17 de outubro de 2012): 9399–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-9399-2012.
Resumo:
Abstract. The polarization lidar photometer networking (POLIPHON) method introduced to separate coarse-mode and fine-mode particle properties of Eyjafjallajökull volcanic aerosols in 2010 is extended to cover Saharan dust events as well. Furthermore, new volcanic dust observations performed after the Grimsvötn volcanic eruptions in 2011 are presented. The retrieval of particle mass concentrations requires mass-specific extinction coefficients. Therefore, a review of recently published mass-specific extinction coefficients for Saharan dust and volcanic dust is given. Case studies of four different scenarios corroborate the applicability of the profiling technique: (a) Saharan dust outbreak to central Europe, (b) Saharan dust plume mixed with biomass-burning smoke over Cape Verde, and volcanic aerosol layers originating from (c) the Eyjafjallajökull eruptions in 2010 and (d) the Grimsvötn eruptions in 2011. Strong differences in the vertical aerosol layering, aerosol mixing, and optical properties are observed for the different volcanic events.
3
Ansmann, A., P. Seifert, M. Tesche e U. Wandinger. "Profiling of fine and coarse particle mass: case studies of Saharan dust and Eyjafjallajökull/Grimsvötn volcanic plumes". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 12, n.º 5 (30 de maio de 2012): 13363–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-12-13363-2012.
Resumo:
Abstract. The lidar-photometer method introduced to separate volcanic coarse-mode and fine-mode particle properties is extended to cover Saharan dust events as well. A review of recently published mass-specific extinction coefficients for Saharan dust and volcanic dust is presented. These mass-specific extinction coefficients are required in the retrieval of particle mass concentration profiles. Case studies of four different scenarios corroborate the applicability of the profiling technique: (a) Saharan dust outbreak to Central Europe, (b) Saharan dust plume mixed with biomass-burning smoke over Cape Verde, and volcanic aerosol layers originating from (c) the Eyjafjallajökull eruptions in 2010 and (d) the Grimsvötn eruptions in 2011. Strong differences in the vertical aerosol layering, aerosol mixing, and optical properties are observed for the different volcanic events.
4
Langmann, Baerbel. "Volcanic Ash versus Mineral Dust: Atmospheric Processing and Environmental and Climate Impacts". ISRN Atmospheric Sciences 2013 (12 de junho de 2013): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/245076.
Resumo:
This review paper contrasts volcanic ash and mineral dust regarding their chemical and physical properties, sources, atmospheric load, deposition processes, atmospheric processing, and environmental and climate effects. Although there are substantial differences in the history of mineral dust and volcanic ash particles before they are released into the atmosphere, a number of similarities exist in atmospheric processing at ambient temperatures and environmental and climate impacts. By providing an overview on the differences and similarities between volcanic ash and mineral dust processes and effects, this review paper aims to appeal for future joint research strategies to extend our current knowledge through close cooperation between mineral dust and volcanic ash researchers.
5
Jurányi, Z., H. Burtscher, M. Loepfe, M. Nenkov e E. Weingartner. "Dual-wavelength light scattering for selective detection of volcanic ash particles". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 8, n.º 8 (13 de agosto de 2015): 8701–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-8-8701-2015.
Resumo:
Abstract. A new method is presented in this paper which analyses the scattered light of individual aerosol particles simultaneously at two different wavelengths in order to retrieve information on the particle type. We show that dust-like particles, such as volcanic ash, can be unambiguously discriminated from water droplets on a single particle level. As a future application of this method, the detection of volcanic ash particles should be possible in a humid atmosphere in the presence of cloud droplets. We show an example, how the characteristic behaviour of pure water's refractive index can be used to separate water droplets and dust-like particles which are commonly found in the micrometer size-range in the ambient air. The low real part of the water's refractive index around 2700–2800 nm results in low scattered light intensities compared to e.g. the visible wavelength range and this feature can be used for the particle identification. The two-wavelength measurement setup was theoretically and experimentally tested and studied. Theoretical calculations were done using Mie theory. Comparing the ratio of the scattered light at the two wavelengths (R value) for water droplets and different dust types (basalt, andesite, African mineral dust, sand, volcanic ash, pumice) showed at least 9 times higher values (on average 70 times) for water droplets than for the dust types at any diameter within the particle size range of 2–20 μm. The envisaged measurement setup was built up into a laboratory prototype and was tested with different types of aerosols. We generated aerosols from the following powders simulating dust-like particles: cement dust, ISO 12103-1 A1 Ultrafine Test Dust and Ash from the 2012 eruption of the Etna volcano. Our measurements verified the theoretical considerations, the median experimental R value is 8–21 times higher for water than for the "dust" particles.
6
Jurányi, Z., H. Burtscher, M. Loepfe, M. Nenkov e E. Weingartner. "Dual-wavelength light-scattering technique for selective detection of volcanic ash particles in the presence of water droplets". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 8, n.º 12 (10 de dezembro de 2015): 5213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-8-5213-2015.
Resumo:
Abstract. A new method is presented in this paper which analyses the scattered light of individual aerosol particles simultaneously at two different wavelengths in order to retrieve information on the particle type. We show that dust-like particles, such as volcanic ash, can be unambiguously discriminated from water droplets on a single-particle level. As a future application of this method, the detection of volcanic ash particles should be possible in a humid atmosphere in the presence of cloud droplets. The characteristic behaviour of pure water's refractive index can be used to separate water droplets and dust-like particles which are commonly found in the micrometre size range in the ambient air. The low real part of the water's refractive index around 2700–2800 nm results in low scattered light intensities compared to e.g. the visible wavelength range, and this feature can be used for the desired particle identification. The two-wavelength measurement set-up was theoretically and experimentally tested and studied. Theoretical calculations were done using Mie theory. Comparing the ratio of the scattered light at the two wavelengths (visible-to-IR (infrared), R value) for water droplets and different dust types (basalt, andesite, African mineral dust, sand, volcanic ash, pumice) showed at least 9-times-higher values (on average 70 times) for water droplets than for the dust types at any diameter within the particle size range of 2–20 μm. The envisaged measurement set-up was built up into a laboratory prototype and was tested with different types of aerosols. We generated aerosols from the following powders, simulating dust-like particles: cement dust, ISO 12103-1 A1 Ultrafine Test Dust and ash from the 2012 eruption of the Etna volcano. Our measurements verified the theoretical considerations; the median experimental R value is 8–21 times higher for water than for the "dust" particles.
7
IYER, NV. "The dust clouds of El Chichon over India". MAUSAM 37, n.º 2 (11 de abril de 2022): 215–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v37i2.2347.
Resumo:
The direct solar radiation data over India have been examined for depletion of solar energy due to the volcanic dust clouds produced by the Mexican volcano El Chichon in 1982. At Bhavnagar and Pune the depletion of 20-25% of solar energy starting from about 20 April 1982 till the onset of monsoon has been noticed.
8
Pietrodangelo, A., R. Salzano, C. Bassani, S. Pareti e C. Perrino. "Composition, size distribution, optical properties and radiative effects of re-suspended local mineral dust of Rome area by individual-particle microanalysis and radiative transfer modelling". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n.º 9 (7 de maio de 2015): 13347–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-13347-2015.
Resumo:
Abstract. New information on the PM10 mineral dust from site-specific (Rome area, Latium) outcropped rocks, and on the microphysics, optical properties and radiative effects of mineral dust at local level were gained in this work. A multi-disciplinary approach was used, based on individual-particle scanning electron microscopy with X-ray energy-dispersive microanalysis (SEM XEDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of dust, size distribution of mineral particles, and radiative transfer modelling (RTM).The mineral composition of Rome lithogenic PM10 varies between an end-member dominated by silicate minerals and one exclusively composed of calcite. The first is obtained from volcanic lithotypes, the second from travertine or limestones; lithogenic PM10 with intermediate composition derives mainly from siliciclastic rocks or marlstones of Rome area. Size and mineral species of PM10 particles of silicate-dominated dust types are tuned mainly by weathering and, to lesser extent, by debris formation or crystallization; chemical precipitation of CaCO3 plays a major role in calcite-dominated types. These differences are evidenced by the diversity of volume distributions, within either dust types, or mineral species. Further differences are observed between volume distributions of calcite from travertine (natural source) and from road dust (anthropic source), specifically on the width, shape and enrichment of the fine fraction (unimodal at 5 μm a.d. for travertine, bimodal at 3.8 and 1.8 μm a.d. for road dust). Log-normal probability density functions of volcanics and travertine dusts affect differently the single scattering albedo (SSA) and the asymmetry parameter (g) in the VISible and Near Infrared (NIR) regions, depending also on the absorbing/non-absorbing character of volcanics and travertine, respectively. The downward component of the BOA solar irradiance simulated by RTM for a volcanics-rich or travertine-rich atmosphere shows that volcanics contribution to the solar irradiance differs significantly from that of travertine in the NIR region, while similar contributions are modelled in the VIS.
9
Hu, Yiwei, Boxi Li e Yue Yin. "The Causes of Volcanic Eruptions and How They Affect Our Environment". Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 26 (30 de dezembro de 2022): 391–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v26i.4013.
Resumo:
Volcanic eruptions often have an impact on the environment. In the context of the environmental problem of global warming, a large amount of carbon dioxide released by volcanic eruptions will aggravate the greenhouse effect, which has aroused widespread concern. This article first explains the volcano's cone-shaped structure with several craters, cones, and vents. Although each volcano is unique, most volcanoes can be separated into three major types, the first type is a cinder cone, the second type is a composite volcano, and the third type is a shield volcano. Furthermore, this article interprets the causes of volcanic eruptions by decompression melting, and crustal movement. In addition to this, the environmental impacts of volcanic eruptions from three different angles are explained in the article. The First is the environmental impact of volcanic eruptions at different latitudes. It not only examines the sea surface temperatures' responses to volcanic forcing but also mentions a phenomenon of wind (El Niño de Navidad) caused by volcanic. The second argument is the impact of volcanic eruption on climate. It explains the effects of volcanic dust, Sulphur dioxide, and greenhouse gases, these three main volcanic substances that contribute to environmental cooling, acid rain, and global warming respectively. The final point is the impact of volcanic eruption on the benefits and disadvantages of plant cultivation, hoping this article could raise awareness of volcanoes and global environmental problems and prevent them.
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Langmann, B., K. Zakšek, M. Hort e S. Duggen. "Volcanic ash as fertiliser for the surface ocean". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, n.º 1 (14 de janeiro de 2010): 711–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-711-2010.
Resumo:
Abstract. Iron is a key limiting micro-nutrient for marine primary productivity. It can be supplied to the ocean by atmospheric dust deposition. Volcanic ash deposition into the ocean represents another external and so far largely neglected source of iron. This study demonstrates strong evidence for natural fertilisation in the iron-limited oceanic area of the NE Pacific, induced by volcanic ash from the eruption of Kasatochi volcano in August 2008. Atmospheric and oceanic conditions were favourable to generate a massive phytoplankton bloom in the NE Pacific Ocean which for the first time establishes a causal connection between oceanic iron-fertilisation and volcanic ash supply.
11
Langmann, B., K. Zakšek, M. Hort e S. Duggen. "Volcanic ash as fertiliser for the surface ocean". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, n.º 8 (27 de abril de 2010): 3891–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-3891-2010.
Resumo:
Abstract. Iron is a key limiting micro-nutrient for marine primary productivity. It can be supplied to the ocean by atmospheric dust deposition. Volcanic ash deposition into the ocean represents another external and so far largely neglected source of iron. This study demonstrates strong evidence for natural fertilisation in the iron-limited oceanic area of the NE Pacific, induced by volcanic ash from the eruption of Kasatochi volcano in August 2008. Atmospheric and oceanic conditions were favourable to generate a massive phytoplankton bloom in the NE Pacific Ocean which for the first time strongly suggests a connection between oceanic iron-fertilisation and volcanic ash supply.
12
Yang, Shu, Jana Preißler, Matthias Wiegner, Sibylle von Löwis, Guðrún Nína Petersen, Michelle Maree Parks e David Christian Finger. "Monitoring Dust Events Using Doppler Lidar and Ceilometer in Iceland". Atmosphere 11, n.º 12 (30 de novembro de 2020): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11121294.
Resumo:
Ground-based lidars and ceilometers are widely used for dust and volcanic ash observation around the world. This is particularly interesting in Iceland where high-altitude dust events occur frequently during strong wind conditions and volcanic eruptions. To explore the possible application of such technologies in Iceland for monitoring dust events, we used a combination of Doppler wind lidars with depolarization channels, ceilometers, and other instruments, to monitor two dust events that occurred in Iceland during summer 2019. We applied a verified ceilometer data processing procedure with customized local corrections and developed a new procedure to process Doppler lidar data for aerosols measurements. Both lidar and ceilometer observations can be used to detect the dust layer and reveal the temporal and vertical distribution of dust aerosols in Iceland. The depolarization ratio measurements indicate that the weather conditions, e.g., relative humidity, could have a significant impact on lidar measurements. We conclude that using Doppler wind lidar and ceilometer measurements to monitor volcanic and sedimentary aerosols is possible and may be used to provide important information to the scientific community.
13
Moroni, Beatrice, Stefano Crocchianti, Adam Nawrot, Pavla Dagsson Waldhauserova e David Cappelletti. "Investigation of Icelandic Dust Presence in the Aerosols Collected at Hornsund (Svalbard, Norwegian Arctic) in Spring 2019". Atmosphere 15, n.º 3 (4 de março de 2024): 322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos15030322.
Resumo:
An integrated morphological and chemical analysis of Arctic aerosols was undertaken for Icelandic dust and Svalbard aerosols to be compared by scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS microanalysis (SEM–EDS) via imaging and chemical analysis techniques. Results of the characterization of the particles from both surface sediments and suspended dust from desert areas in Iceland confirmed that volcanic glass is an excellent marker of Icelandic dust origin. Classification diagrams of particle chemical composition clearly distinguished the volcanic glass particles from the local surface sediments at Hornsund, Svalbard. In the same diagrams, a few particles were found in the aerosols from Hornsund which were morphologically and chemically similar to the Icelandic volcanic glass particles. Such properties, in principle, cannot be considered exclusive to volcanic glass. However, since Iceland is the largest and the most active source of long-range transported dust in the northern European high latitudes, and air mass trajectories reaching Hornsund did, actually, pass Iceland before the aerosol collection in the period under consideration, these particles likely originated in Iceland. On the other hand, the comparison with local and Icelandic sediments revealed the presence in the aerosols from Hornsund of particle types that cannot be attributed to either local or Icelandic dust. This observation highlights the possibility of extending and validating the application of the proposed geochemical criterion to different dust sources across the Arctic and the sub-Arctic, provided a consistent geochemical databank of representative dust sources from these areas is arranged.
14
Donarummo, J., M. Ram e M. R. Stolz. "Sun/dust correlations and volcanic interference". Geophysical Research Letters 29, n.º 9 (maio de 2002): 75–1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2002gl014858.
15
Bingemer, H., H. Klein, M. Ebert, W. Haunold, U. Bundke, T. Herrmann, K. Kandler et al. "Atmospheric ice nuclei in the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash plume". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 1 (24 de janeiro de 2011): 2733–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-2733-2011.
Resumo:
Abstract. Explosive volcanism affects weather and climate. Primary volcanic ash particles which act as ice nuclei (IN) can modify the phase and properties of cold tropospheric clouds. During the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption we have measured the highest ice nucleus number concentrations (>600 L) in our record of 2 years of daily IN measurements in central Germany. Even in Israel, located about 5000 km away from Iceland, IN were as high as otherwise only during desert dust storms. These measurements are the only ones available on the properties of IN in the Eyjafjallajökull plume. The measured high concentrations and high activation temperature (−8 °C) point to an important impact of volcanic ash on microphysical and radiative properties of clouds through enhanced glaciation.
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Pitz, M., J. Gu, J. Soentgen, A. Peters e J. Cyrys. "Particle size distribution factor as an indicator for the impact of the Eyjafjallajökull ash plume at ground level in Augsburg, Germany". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 6 (6 de junho de 2011): 16417–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-16417-2011.
Resumo:
Abstract. During the time period of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption in 2010 increased mass concentration of PM10 (particulate matter, diameter <10 μm) were observed at ground level in Augsburg, Germany. In particular on 19 and 20 April 2010 the daily PM10 limit value of 50 μg m−3 was exceeded. Because ambient particles are in general a complex mixture originating from different sources, a source apportionment method (positive matrix factorization; PMF) was applied to particle size distribution data in the size range from 3 nm to 10 μm to identify and estimate the volcanic ash contribution to the overall PM10 load in the ambient air in Augsburg. A PMF factor with relevant particle mass concentration in the size range between 1 and 4 μm (maximum at 2 μm) was associated with long range transported dust. This factor increased from background concentration to high levels simultaneously with the arrival of the volcanic ash plume in the planetary boundary layer. Hence, we assume that this factor could be used as an indicator for the impact of the Eyjafjallajökull ash plume on ground level in Augsburg. From 17 to 22 April 2010 long range transported dust factor contributed on average 30.2 % (11.6 μg m−3) to PM10. On 19 April 2010 at 20:00 UTC+1 the maximum percentage of the long range transported dust factor accounted for around 65 % (35 μg m−3) to PM10 and three hours later the maximum absolute value with around 48 μg m−3 (61 %) was observed. Additional PMF analyses for a Saharan dust event occurred in May and June 2008 suggest, that the long range transported dust factor could also be used as an indicator for Saharan dust events.
17
Pitz, M., J. Gu, J. Soentgen, A. Peters e J. Cyrys. "Particle size distribution factor as an indicator for the impact of the Eyjafjallajökull ash plume at ground level in Augsburg, Germany". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 17 (9 de setembro de 2011): 9367–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-9367-2011.
Resumo:
Abstract. During the time period of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption in 2010 increased mass concentration of PM10 (particulate matter, diameter <10 μm) were observed at ground level in Augsburg, Germany. In particular on 19 and 20 April 2010 the daily PM10 limit value of 50 μg m−3 was exceeded. Because ambient particles are in general a complex mixture originating from different sources, a source apportionment method (positive matrix factorization (PMF)) was applied to particle size distribution data in the size range from 3 nm to 10 μm to identify and estimate the volcanic ash contribution to the overall PM10 load in the ambient air in Augsburg. A PMF factor with relevant particle mass concentration in the size range between 1 and 4 μm (maximum at 2 μm) was associated with long range transported dust. This factor increased from background concentration to high levels simultaneously with the arrival of the volcanic ash plume in the planetary boundary layer. Hence, we assume that this factor could be used as an indicator for the impact of the Eyjafjallajökull ash plume on ground level in Augsburg. From 17 to 22 April 2010 long range transported dust factor contributed on average 30 % (12 μg m−3) to PM10. On 19 April 2010 at 20:00 UTC+1 the maximum percentage of the long range transported dust factor accounted for around 65 % (35 μg m−3) to PM10 and three hours later the maximum absolute value with around 48 μg m−3 (61 %) was observed. Additional PMF analyses for a Saharan dust event occurred in May and June 2008 suggest, that the long range transported dust factor could also be used as an indicator for Saharan dust events.
18
Dagsson-Waldhauserova, P., O. Arnalds e H. Olafsson. "Long-term variability of dust events in Iceland (1949–2011)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 14, n.º 24 (16 de dezembro de 2014): 13411–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-13411-2014.
Resumo:
Abstract. The long-term frequency of atmospheric dust observations was investigated for the southern part of Iceland and interpreted together with earlier results obtained from northeastern (NE) Iceland (Dagsson-Waldhauserova et al., 2013). In total, over 34 dust days per year on average occurred in Iceland based on conventionally used synoptic codes for dust observations. However, frequent volcanic eruptions, with the re-suspension of volcanic materials and dust haze, increased the number of dust events fourfold (135 dust days annually). The position of the Icelandic Low determined whether dust events occurred in the NE (16.4 dust days annually) or in the southern (S) part of Iceland (about 18 dust days annually). The decade with the most frequent dust days in S Iceland was the 1960s, but the 2000s in NE Iceland. A total of 32 severe dust storms (visibility < 500 m) were observed in Iceland with the highest frequency of events during the 2000s in S Iceland. The Arctic dust events (NE Iceland) were typically warm, occurring during summer/autumn (May–September) and during mild southwesterly winds, while the subarctic dust events (S Iceland) were mainly cold, occurring during winter/spring (March–May) and during strong northeasterly winds. About half of the dust events in S Iceland occurred in winter or at sub-zero temperatures. A good correlation was found between particulate matter (PM10) concentrations and visibility during dust observations at the stations Vík and Stórhöfði. This study shows that Iceland is among the dustiest areas of the world and that dust is emitted year-round.
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Ulke, Ana Graciela, Marcela M. Torres Brizuela, Graciela B. Raga e Darrel Baumgardner. "Aerosol properties and meteorological conditions in the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, during the resuspension of volcanic ash from the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle eruption". Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 16, n.º 9 (27 de setembro de 2016): 2159–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-16-2159-2016.
Resumo:
Abstract. The eruption in June 2011 of the Puyehue-Cordón Caulle Volcanic Complex in Chile impacted air traffic around the Southern Hemisphere for several months after the initial ash emissions. The ash deposited in vast areas of the Patagonian Steppe was subjected to the strong wind conditions prevalent during the austral winter and spring experiencing resuspension over various regions of Argentina. In this study we analyze the meteorological conditions that led to the episode of volcanic ash resuspension which impacted the city of Buenos Aires and resulted in the closure of the two main airports in Buenos Aires area (Ezeiza and Aeroparque) on 16 October 2011. A relevant result is that resuspended material (volcanic ash plus dust) imprints a distinguishable feature within the atmospheric thermodynamic vertical profiles. The thermodynamic soundings show the signature of "pulses of drying" in layers associated with the presence of hygroscopic ash in the atmosphere that has already been reported in similar episodes after volcanic eruptions in other parts of the world. This particular footprint can be used to detect the probable existence of volcanic ash layers. This study also illustrates the utility of ceilometers to detect not only cloud base at airports but also volcanic ash plumes at the boundary layer and up to 7 km altitude. Aerosol properties measured in the city during the resuspension episode indicate the presence of enhanced concentrations of aerosol particles in the boundary layer along with spectral signatures in the measurements at the Buenos Aires AERONET site typical of ash plus dust advected towards the city. The mandatory aviation reports from the National Weather Service about airborne and deposited volcanic ash at the airport near the measurement site (Aeroparque) correlate in time with the enhanced concentrations. The presence of the resuspended material was detected by the CALIOP lidar overpassing the region. Since the dynamics of ash resuspension and recirculation are similar to the dynamics of dust storms, we use the HYSPLIT model with the dust storm module to simulate the episode that affected Buenos Aires. The results of the modeling agree qualitatively with satellite lidar measurements.
20
Truong, N., e J. I. Lunine. "Volcanically extruded phosphides as an abiotic source of Venusian phosphine". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, n.º 29 (12 de julho de 2021): e2021689118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2021689118.
Resumo:
We hypothesize that trace amounts of phosphides formed in the mantle are a plausible abiotic source of the Venusian phosphine observed by Greaves et al. [Nat. Astron., https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-020-1174-4 (2020)]. In this hypothesis, small amounts of phosphides (P3− bound in metals such as iron), sourced from a deep mantle, are brought to the surface by volcanism. They are then ejected into the atmosphere in the form of volcanic dust by explosive volcanic eruptions, which were invoked by others to explain the episodic changes of sulfur dioxide seen in the atmosphere [Esposito, Science 223, 1072–1074 (1984)]. There they react with sulfuric acid in the aerosol layer to form phosphine (2 P3− + 3H2SO4 = 2PH3 + 3SO42-). We take issue with the conclusion of Bains et al. [arXiv:2009.06499 (2020)] that the volcanic rates for such a mechanism would have to be implausibly high. We consider a mantle with the redox state similar to the Earth, magma originating deep in the mantle—a likely scenario for the origin of plume volcanism on Venus—and episodically high but plausible rates of volcanism on a Venus bereft of plate tectonics. We conclude that volcanism could supply an adequate amount of phosphide to produce phosphine. Our conclusion is supported by remote sensing observations of the Venusian atmosphere and surface that have been interpreted as indicative of currently active volcanism.
21
Bingemer, H., H. Klein, M. Ebert, W. Haunold, U. Bundke, T. Herrmann, K. Kandler et al. "Atmospheric ice nuclei in the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic ash plume". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, n.º 2 (19 de janeiro de 2012): 857–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-857-2012.
Resumo:
Abstract. We have sampled atmospheric ice nuclei (IN) and aerosol in Germany and in Israel during spring 2010. IN were analyzed by the static vapor diffusion chamber FRIDGE, as well as by electron microscopy. During the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic eruption of April 2010 we have measured the highest ice nucleus number concentrations (>600 l−1) in our record of 2 yr of daily IN measurements in central Germany. Even in Israel, located about 5000 km away from Iceland, IN were as high as otherwise only during desert dust storms. The fraction of aerosol activated as ice nuclei at −18 °C and 119% rhice and the corresponding area density of ice-active sites per aerosol surface were considerably higher than what we observed during an intense outbreak of Saharan dust over Europe in May 2008. Pure volcanic ash accounts for at least 53–68% of the 239 individual ice nucleating particles that we collected in aerosol samples from the event and analyzed by electron microscopy. Volcanic ash samples that had been collected close to the eruption site were aerosolized in the laboratory and measured by FRIDGE. Our analysis confirms the relatively poor ice nucleating efficiency (at −18 °C and 119% ice-saturation) of such "fresh" volcanic ash, as it had recently been found by other workers. We find that both the fraction of the aerosol that is active as ice nuclei as well as the density of ice-active sites on the aerosol surface are three orders of magnitude larger in the samples collected from ambient air during the volcanic peaks than in the aerosolized samples from the ash collected close to the eruption site. From this we conclude that the ice-nucleating properties of volcanic ash may be altered substantially by aging and processing during long-range transport in the atmosphere, and that global volcanism deserves further attention as a potential source of atmospheric ice nuclei.
22
Fedotov, Petr S., e Mikhail S. Ermolin. "Study on the Elemental Composition of Environmental Nanoparticles Separated in a Rotating Coiled Column: How Hazardous May Be Urban Dust and Volcanic Ash". Nano Hybrids and Composites 13 (janeiro de 2017): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/nhc.13.288.
Resumo:
Study on the elemental composition of nanoparticles is of great importance due to their high mobility in the environment and ability to penetrate into human organism. A global aspect is the transport of nutrient and toxic elements with environmental nanoparticles, which can serve as a carrier for these elements. Nanoparticles in complex polydisperse environmental samples such as dust, volcanic ash, or soil may represent only about thousandths or less of bulk sample. Therefore, their recovery followed by quantitative determination of analytes is a difficult task. A novel technique, sedimentation field-flow fractionation in a rotating coiled column, was applied to the fractionation of urban dust and volcanic ash samples with water being used as a carrier fluid. nanoand submicron particles have been separated, weighted, characterized by electronic microscopy and static laser light scattering, and then quantitatively analyzed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS (after digestion). In urban street dust samples, the elements that may be of anthropogenic origin (Zn, Cr, Ni, Cu, Cd, Sn, Pb) were found to concentrate mainly in <0.3 and 0.3-1 μm fractions. It has been shown that the concentrations of Cr, Ni, Zn, Pb, Sn in the finest fraction (<0.3 μm) of street dust can be one order of magnitude higher than the concentrations of elements in bulk sample and coarse fractions. For volcanic ash samples, it has been evaluated that nanoparticles may concentrate potentially toxic elements of volcanic gases. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Pb, Tl, Bi, Sn, As, Sb in the size fraction <0.2 μm can be two orders of magnitude higher than the concentrations of these elements in bulk sample. Hence, measuring the total concentrations of elements in dust and ash leads to underestimation of the hazard of these samples. The proposed approach to the separation and quantitative analysis of environmental nanoparticles can be a powerful tool for risk assessment related to toxic elements in dust, ash, and other particulate matter.
23
Mingari, Leonardo A., Estela A. Collini, Arnau Folch, Walter Báez, Emilce Bustos, María Soledad Osores, Florencia Reckziegel, Peter Alexander e José G. Viramonte. "Numerical simulations of windblown dust over complex terrain: the Fiambalá Basin episode in June 2015". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 17, n.º 11 (9 de junho de 2017): 6759–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-6759-2017.
Resumo:
Abstract. On 13 June 2015, the London Volcanic Ash Advisory Centre (VAAC) warned the Buenos Aires VAAC about a possible volcanic eruption from the Nevados Ojos del Salado volcano (6879 m), located in the Andes mountain range on the border between Chile and Argentina. A volcanic ash cloud was detected by the SEVIRI instrument on board the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellites from 14:00 UTC on 13 June. In this paper, we provide the first comprehensive description of this event through observations and numerical simulations. Our results support the hypothesis that the phenomenon was caused by wind remobilization of ancient pyroclastic deposits (ca. 4.5 ka Cerro Blanco eruption) from the Bolsón de Fiambalá (Fiambalá Basin) in northwestern Argentina. We have investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of aerosols and the emission process over complex terrain to gain insight into the key role played by the orography and the condition that triggered the long-range transport episode. Numerical simulations of windblown dust were performed using the ARW (Advanced Research WRF) core of the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model (WRF-ARW) and FALL3D modeling system with meteorological fields downscaled to a spatial resolution of 2 km in order to resolve the complex orography of the area. Results indicate that favorable conditions to generate dust uplifting occurred in northern Fiambalá Basin, where orographic effects caused strong surface winds. According to short-range numerical simulations, dust particles were confined to near-ground layers around the emission areas. In contrast, dust aerosols were injected up to 5–6 km high in central and southern regions of the Fiambalá Basin, where intense ascending airflows are driven by horizontal convergence. Long-range transport numerical simulations were also performed to model the dust cloud spreading over northern Argentina. Results of simulated vertical particle column mass were compared with the MSG-SEVIRI retrieval product. We tested two numerical schemes: with the default configuration of the FALL3D model, we found difficulties to simulate transport through orographic barriers, whereas an alternative configuration, using a numerical scheme to more accurately compute the horizontal advection in abrupt terrains, substantially improved the model performance.
24
Sipahutar, Dosni Tahi. "The Effect of Mount Sinabung Volcanic Dust Mixture on The Strength of Construction Ceramics". Jurnal Matematika Dan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam LLDikti Wilayah 1 (JUMPA) 1, n.º 1 (30 de março de 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.54076/jumpa.v1i1.32.
Resumo:
It has been made of construction ceramics using the volcanic dust of Mount Sinabung combined with kaolin, clay, feldspar and water as a mixture. with the composition of kaolin, feldspar, clay, volcanic dust of Mount Sinabung. Sample making is done starting with the sifting stage of 100 mesh materials and mixing materials up to homogeneous 15 minutes, printing with a 5 ton emphasis with a temperature combustion of 1100oc and in hold for 2 hours. With the characteristics of construction ceramics has been tested that is shrinkage mass 6.99-13.53%; porosity 4.84-10.46%; strong press 2.5-14.6 Mpa; hardness 84.7-169.6 kgf/mm2.
25
Steinke, I., O. Möhler, A. Kiselev, M. Niemand, H. Saathoff, M. Schnaiter, J. Skrotzki, C. Hoose e T. Leisner. "Ice nucleation properties of fine ash particles from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in April 2010". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 6 (22 de junho de 2011): 17665–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-17665-2011.
Resumo:
Abstract. During the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in the south of Iceland in April/May 2010, about 40 Tg of ash mass were emitted into the atmosphere. However, it was unclear whether volcanic ash particles with d < 10 μm facilitate the glaciation of clouds. Thus, ice nucleation properties of volcanic ash particles were investigated in AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) cloud chamber experiments simulating atmospherically relevant conditions. The ash sample that was used for our experiments had been collected at a distance of 58 km from the Eyjafjallajökull during the eruption period in April 2010. The temperature range covered by our ice nucleation experiments extended from 219 to 264 K, and both ice nucleation via immersion freezing and deposition nucleation could be observed. Immersion freezing was first observed at 252 K, whereas the deposition nucleation onset lay at 242 K and RHice = 126 %. About 0.1 % of the volcanic ash particles were active as immersion freezing nuclei at a temperature of 249 K. For deposition nucleation, an ice fraction of 0.1 % was observed at around 233 K and RHice = 116 %. Taking ice-active surface site densities as a measure for the ice nucleation efficiency, volcanic ash particles are similarly efficient ice nuclei in immersion freezing mode (ns, imm ~ 109 m−2 at 247 K) compared to certain mineral dusts. For deposition nucleation, the observed ice-active surface site densities ns, dep were found to be 1011 m−2 at 224 K and RHice = 116 %. Thus, volcanic ash particles initiate deposition nucleation more efficiently than Asian and Saharan dust but appear to be poorer ice nuclei than ATD particles. Based on the experimental data, we have derived ice-active surface site densities as a function of temperature for immersion freezing and of relative humidity over ice and temperature for deposition nucleation.
26
Steinke, I., O. Möhler, A. Kiselev, M. Niemand, H. Saathoff, M. Schnaiter, J. Skrotzki, C. Hoose e T. Leisner. "Ice nucleation properties of fine ash particles from the Eyjafjallajökull eruption in April 2010". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 11, n.º 24 (20 de dezembro de 2011): 12945–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-12945-2011.
Resumo:
Abstract. During the eruption of the Eyjafjallajökull volcano in the south of Iceland in April/May 2010, about 40 Tg of ash mass were emitted into the atmosphere. It was unclear whether volcanic ash particles with d < 10 μm facilitate the glaciation of clouds. Thus, ice nucleation properties of volcanic ash particles were investigated in AIDA (Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere) cloud chamber experiments simulating atmospherically relevant conditions. The ash sample that was used for our experiments had been collected at a distance of 58 km from the Eyjafjallajökull during the eruption period in April 2010. The temperature range covered by our ice nucleation experiments extended from 219 to 264 K, and both ice nucleation via immersion freezing and deposition nucleation could be observed. Immersion freezing was first observed at 252 K, whereas the deposition nucleation onset lay at 242 K and RHice =126%. About 0.1% of the volcanic ash particles were active as immersion freezing nuclei at a temperature of 249 K. For deposition nucleation, an ice fraction of 0.1% was observed at around 233 K and RHice =116%. Taking ice-active surface site densities as a measure for the ice nucleation efficiency, volcanic ash particles are similarly efficient ice nuclei in immersion freezing mode (ns,imm ~ 109 m−2 at 247 K) compared to certain mineral dusts. For deposition nucleation, the observed ice-active surface site densities ns,dep were found to be 1011 m−2 at 224 K and RHice =116%. Thus, volcanic ash particles initiate deposition nucleation more efficiently than Asian and Saharan dust but appear to be poorer ice nuclei than ATD particles. Based on the experimental data, we have derived ice-active surface site densities as a function of temperature for immersion freezing and of relative humidity over ice and temperature for deposition nucleation.
27
Urupina, Darya, Manolis N. Romanias e Frederic Thevenet. "How Relevant Is It to Use Mineral Proxies to Mimic the Atmospheric Reactivity of Natural Dust Samples? A Reactivity Study Using SO2 as Probe Molecule". Minerals 11, n.º 3 (9 de março de 2021): 282. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11030282.
Resumo:
The experimental investigation of heterogeneous atmospheric processes involving mineral aerosols is extensively performed in the literature using proxy materials. In this work we questioned the validity of using proxies such as Fe2O3, FeOOH, Al2O3, MgO, CaO, TiO2, MnO2, SiO2, and CaCO3 to represent the behavior of complex mixtures of minerals, such as natural desert and volcanic dusts. Five volcanic dusts and three desert dusts were compared to a number of metal oxides, commonly used in the literature to mimic the behavior of desert dusts in the ability to form sulfites and sulfates on the surface exposed to SO2 gas. First, all samples were aged at room temperature, atmospheric pressure, under controlled experimental conditions of 175 ppm SO2 for 1 h under 30% of relative humidity. Second, they were extracted with 1% formalin and analyzed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to quantify and compare the amount of sulfites and sulfates formed on their surfaces. It was evidenced that under the experimental conditions of this study neither one selected pure oxide nor a mixture of oxides can adequately typify the behavior of complex mixtures of natural minerals. Therefore, to evaluate the real-life impact of natural dust on atmospheric processes it is of vital importance to work directly with the natural samples, both to observe the real effects of desert and volcanic dusts and to evaluate the relevancy of proposed proxies.
28
Baillie, M. G. L., e M. A. R. Munro. "Irish tree rings, Santorini and volcanic dust veils". Nature 332, n.º 6162 (março de 1988): 344–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/332344a0.
29
Rampino, Michael R., e Stephen Self. "Climate-Volcanism Feedback and the Toba Eruption of ∼74,000 Years Ago". Quaternary Research 40, n.º 3 (novembro de 1993): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/qres.1993.1081.
Resumo:
AbstractA general feedback between volcanism and climate at times of transition in the Quaternary climate record is suggested, exemplified by events accompanying the Toba eruption (∼74,000 yr ago), the largest known late Quaternary explosive volcanic eruption. The Toba paroxysm occurred during the δ18O stage 5a-4 transition, a period of rapid ice growth and falling global sea level, which may have been a factor in creating stresses that triggered the volcanic event. Toba is estimated to have produced between 1015 and 1016 g of fine ash and sulfur gases lofted in co-ignimbrite ash clouds to heights of at least 32 ± 5 km, which may have led to dense stratospheric dust and sulfuric acid aerosol clouds. These conditions could have created a brief, dramatic cooling or "volcanic winter," followed by estimated annual Northern Hemisphere surface-temperature decreases of ∼3° to 5°C caused by the longer-lived aerosols. Summer temperature decreases of ⩾10°C at high northern latitudes, adjacent to regions already covered by snow and ice, might have increased snow cover and sea-ice extent, accelerating the global cooling already in progress. Evidence for such climate-volcanic feedback, following Milankovitch periodicities, is found at several climatic transitions.
30
Rampino, Michael R. "Super-Eruptions and the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI)". Symposium - International Astronomical Union 213 (2004): 439–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900193684.
Resumo:
Volcanic super-eruptions that produce >1000 km3 of ejected material and ≥ 1000 Mt (1015g) of stratospheric aerosols and sub-micron dust may be capable of creating global climatic disturbances sufficient to cause a severe setback or crash of modern civilization. Eruptions of similar magnitude are estimated to occur on average about every 50000 to 100000 years, which may be considerably more frequent than impacts by asteroids and comets that could cause similar climatic disasters. Prediction, prevention, and mitigation of global volcanic climatic disasters are potentially more difficult than planetary protection from large impactors, so that volcanism might provide an ultimate limit on the longevity of technological civilizations. If the lifetime of technological civilizations were limited to less than 50 000 years by volcanism, then the number of communicative civilizations in the Galaxy might be less than 1 per 10 million stars. Thus, super-eruptions on geologically active, habitable planets may strongly affect the prospects in radio telescopic SETI.
31
Schill, G. P., K. Genareau e M. A. Tolbert. "Deposition and immersion mode nucleation of ice by three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman spectroscopy". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 15, n.º 2 (16 de janeiro de 2015): 1385–420. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-1385-2015.
Resumo:
Abstract. Ice nucleation on volcanic ash controls both ash aggregation and cloud glaciation, which affect atmospheric transport and global climate. Previously, it has been suggested that there is one characteristic ice nucleation efficiency for all volcanic ash, regardless of its composition, when accounting for surface area; however, this claim is derived from data from only two volcanic eruptions. In this work, we have studied the depositional and immersion freezing efficiency of three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman Microscopy coupled to an environmental cell. Ash from the Fuego (basaltic ash, Guatemala), Soufrière Hills (andesitic ash, Montserrat), and Taupo (Oruanui euption, rhyolitic ash, New Zealand) volcanoes were chosen to represent different geographical locations and silica content. All ash samples were quantitatively analyzed for both percent crystallinity and mineralogy using X-ray diffraction. In the present study, we find that all three samples of volcanic ash are excellent depositional ice nuclei, nucleating ice from 225–235 K at ice saturation ratios of 1.05 ± 0.01, comparable to the mineral dust proxy kaolinite. Since depositional ice nucleation will be more important at colder temperatures, fine volcanic ash may represent a global source of cold-cloud ice nuclei. For immersion freezing relevant to mixed-phase clouds, however, only the Oruanui ash exhibited heterogeneous ice nucleation activity. Similar to recent studies on mineral dust, we suggest that the mineralogy of volcanic ash may dictate its ice nucleation activity in the immersion mode.
32
Schill, G. P., K. Genareau e M. A. Tolbert. "Deposition and immersion-mode nucleation of ice by three distinct samples of volcanic ash". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 15, n.º 13 (10 de julho de 2015): 7523–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-7523-2015.
Resumo:
Abstract. Ice nucleation of volcanic ash controls both ash aggregation and cloud glaciation, which affect atmospheric transport and global climate. Previously, it has been suggested that there is one characteristic ice nucleation efficiency for all volcanic ash, regardless of its composition, when accounting for surface area; however, this claim is derived from data from only two volcanic eruptions. In this work, we have studied the depositional and immersion freezing efficiency of three distinct samples of volcanic ash using Raman microscopy coupled to an environmental cell. Ash from the Fuego (basaltic ash, Guatemala), Soufrière Hills (andesitic ash, Montserrat), and Taupo (Oruanui eruption, rhyolitic ash, New Zealand) volcanoes were chosen to represent different geographical locations and silica content. All ash samples were quantitatively analyzed for both percent crystallinity and mineralogy using X-ray diffraction. In the present study, we find that all three samples of volcanic ash are excellent depositional ice nuclei, nucleating ice from 225 to 235 K at ice saturation ratios of 1.05 ± 0.01, comparable to the mineral dust proxy kaolinite. Since depositional ice nucleation will be more important at colder temperatures, fine volcanic ash may represent a global source of cold-cloud ice nuclei. For immersion freezing relevant to mixed-phase clouds, however, only the Oruanui ash exhibited appreciable heterogeneous ice nucleation activity. Similar to recent studies on mineral dust, we suggest that the mineralogy of volcanic ash may dictate its ice nucleation activity in the immersion mode.
33
Allan, M., G. Le Roux, N. Piotrowska, J. Beghin, E. Javaux, M. Court-Picon, N. Mattielli, S. Verheyden e N. Fagel. "Mid- and late Holocene dust deposition in western Europe: the Misten peat bog (Hautes Fagnes – Belgium)". Climate of the Past 9, n.º 5 (10 de outubro de 2013): 2285–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cp-9-2285-2013.
Resumo:
Abstract. Dust deposition in southern Belgium is estimated from the geochemical signature of an ombrotrophic peatland. The rare earth elements (REE) and lithogenic elements concentrations, as well as Nd isotopes, were determined by HR-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS, respectively, along an ~6 m peat section covering 5300 yr, from 2000 to 7300 cal BP, dated by the 14C method. Changes in REE concentration in the peat correlate with those of Ti, Al, Sc and Zr that are lithogenic conservative elements, suggesting that REE are immobile in the studied peat bogs and can be used as tracers of dust deposition. Peat humification and testate amoebae were used to evaluate hydroclimatic conditions. The range of dust deposition varied from 0.03 to 4.0 g m−2 yr−1. The highest dust fluxes were observed from 2750 to 2550 cal BP and from 5150 to 4750 cal BP, and correspond to cold periods. The &varepsilon;Nd values show a large variability from −13 to −5, identifying three major sources of dusts: local soils, distal volcanic and desert particles.
34
Allan, M., G. Le Roux, N. Piotrowska, J. Beghin, E. Javaux, M. Court-Picon, N. Mattielli, S. Verheyden e N. Fagel. "Mid and late Holocene dust deposition in western Europe: the Misten peat bog (Hautes Fagnes – Belgium)". Climate of the Past Discussions 9, n.º 3 (29 de maio de 2013): 2889–928. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-9-2889-2013.
Resumo:
Abstract. Dust deposition in southern Belgium is estimated from the geochemical signature of an ombrotrophic peatland. The Rare Earth Elements (REE) and lithogenic elements concentrations, as well as Nd isotopes, were determined by HR-ICP-MS and MC-ICP-MS respectively, in along a ~6 m peat section covering 5300 yr, from 30 BC to 5300 BC dated by the 14C method. Changes in REE concentration in the peat correlate with those of Ti, Al, Sc and Zr that are lithogenic conservative elements, suggesting that REE are immobile in the studied peat bogs and can be used as tracers of dust deposition. Peat humification and testate amoebae were used to evaluate hydroclimatic conditions. The range of dust deposition varied from 0.03 to 4.0 g m−2 yr−1. The highest dust fluxes were observed from 800 to 600 BC and from 3200 to 2800 BC and correspond to cold periods. The εNd values show a large variability of −5 to −13, identifying three major sources of dusts: local soils, distal volcanic and desert particles.
35
Pedersen, Gunver Krarup, Stig A. Schack Pedersen, Jacob Steffensen e Christian Schack Pedersen. "Clay content of a clayeydiatomite, the Early Eocene Fur Formation, Denmark". Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark 51 (15 de dezembro de 2004): 159–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.37570/bgsd-2004-51-11.
Resumo:
The Early Eocene Fur Formation is a clayey diatomite interbedded with layers of volcanic ash. The diatomite is non-calcareous, laminated or structureless, and thin sections show that the proportion of clay-sized particles to diatom frustules varies between laminae. The clay mineral phase has been isolated and its chemical composition has been determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Clay mineralogical analyses based on X-ray diffraction (XRD) show that the dominant phase is smectite. A general formula for the clay mineral phase is: X0.1K0.2(Mg0.3Fe(III)0.3–0.7Al1.1–1.4)Si4O10(OH)2.The investigation indicates that the clayey diatomite of the Fur Formation comprises three components: diatom frustules, clay minerals and volcanic dust. The chemical compositions of bulk samples have been determined. The clay mineral content is calculated to be 30–45% (by weight). Volcanic dust constitutes c. 10% of the diatomite, and the rest is diatoms (opal-A). The diatom frustules contain some Al2O3 that is either of primary or diagenetic origin.
36
Thompson, Russell D. "The impact of atmospheric aerosols on global climate: a review". Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment 19, n.º 3 (setembro de 1995): 336–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030913339501900303.
Resumo:
Climate change has received considerable media attention in recent years, particularly in terms of the enhanced greenhouse effect and predicted global warming. This paper examines the alternative impact of atmospheric acrosols on global climate in terms of the so-called dust-veil effect, which is associated with global cooling. This volcanic signal is assessed through the application of dust-rating and explosivity indices, and their limitations are emphasized since both schemes ignore the more important sulphur-gas emissions. The paper discusses the causes and evidence of the volcanic signal and emphasizes its moderation by El Nino events. It concludes with a brief analysis of the contributions made by particulate matter released into the lower troposphere from human activities.
37
Sun, Yu, Yuelong Zhang, Jun Meng e Jingfang Fan. "Network Analysis Measuring the Impact of Volcanic Eruptions". Atmosphere 13, n.º 11 (16 de novembro de 2022): 1910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos13111910.
Resumo:
Volcanoes can be extremely damaging to the environment, human society, and also impact climate change. During volcanic eruption, massive amounts of gases and dust particles are thrown into the atmosphere and propagated instantaneously by the stratospheric circulation, resulting in a huge impact on the interactive pattern of the atmosphere. Here, we develop a climate network-based framework to study the temporal evolution of lower stratospheric atmosphere conditions in relation to a volcanic eruption, the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HTHH) volcano, which erupted on 20 December 2021. Various spatial-temporal topological features of the climate network are introduced to analyze the nature of the HTHH. We show that our framework has the potential to identify the dominant eruption events of the HTHH and reveal the impact of the HTHH eruption. We find that during the eruption periods of the HTHH, the correlation behaviors in the lower stratosphere became much stronger than during normal periods. Both the degree and clustering coefficients increased significantly during the dominant eruption periods, and could be used as indications for the eruption of HTHH. The underlying mechanism for the observed cooperative mode is related to the impact of a volcanic eruption on global mass circulations. The study on the network topology of the atmospheric structure during a volcanic eruption provides a fresh perspective to investigate the impact of volcanic eruptions. It can also reveal how the interactive patterns of the atmosphere respond to volcanic eruptions and improve our understanding regarding the global impacts of volcanic eruptions.
38
Duggen, S., N. Olgun, P. Croot, L. Hoffmann, H. Dietze e C. Teschner. "The role of airborne volcanic ash for the surface ocean biogeochemical iron-cycle: a review". Biogeosciences Discussions 6, n.º 4 (1 de julho de 2009): 6441–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-6-6441-2009.
Resumo:
Abstract. Iron is a key micronutrient for phytoplankton growth in the surface ocean. Yet the significance of volcanism for the marine biogeochemical iron-cycle is poorly constrained. Recent studies, however, suggest that offshore deposition of airborne ash from volcanic eruptions is a way to inject significant amounts of bio-available iron into the surface ocean. Volcanic ash may be transported up to several tens of kilometres high into the atmosphere during large-scale eruptions and fine ash may encircle the globe for years, thereby reaching even the remotest and most iron-starved oceanic areas. Scientific ocean drilling demonstrates that volcanic ash layers and dispersed ash particles are frequently found in marine sediments and that therefore volcanic ash deposition and iron-injection into the oceans took place throughout much of the Earth's history. The data from geochemical and biological experiments, natural evidence and satellite techniques now available suggest that volcanic ash is a so far underestimated source for iron in the surface ocean, possibly of similar importance as aeolian dust. Here we summarise the development of and the knowledge in this fairly young research field. The paper covers a wide range of chemical and biological issues and we make recommendations for future directions in these areas. The review paper may thus be helpful to improve our understanding of the role of volcanic ash for the marine biogeochemical iron-cycle, marine primary productivity and the ocean-atmosphere exchange of CO2 and other gases relevant for climate throughout the Earth's history.
39
Duggen, S., N. Olgun, P. Croot, L. Hoffmann, H. Dietze, P. Delmelle e C. Teschner. "The role of airborne volcanic ash for the surface ocean biogeochemical iron-cycle: a review". Biogeosciences 7, n.º 3 (3 de março de 2010): 827–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-7-827-2010.
Resumo:
Abstract. Iron is a key micronutrient for phytoplankton growth in the surface ocean. Yet the significance of volcanism for the marine biogeochemical iron-cycle is poorly constrained. Recent studies, however, suggest that offshore deposition of airborne ash from volcanic eruptions is a way to inject significant amounts of bio-available iron into the surface ocean. Volcanic ash may be transported up to several tens of kilometers high into the atmosphere during large-scale eruptions and fine ash may stay aloft for days to weeks, thereby reaching even the remotest and most iron-starved oceanic regions. Scientific ocean drilling demonstrates that volcanic ash layers and dispersed ash particles are frequently found in marine sediments and that therefore volcanic ash deposition and iron-injection into the oceans took place throughout much of the Earth's history. Natural evidence and the data now available from geochemical and biological experiments and satellite techniques suggest that volcanic ash is a so far underestimated source for iron in the surface ocean, possibly of similar importance as aeolian dust. Here we summarise the development of and the knowledge in this fairly young research field. The paper covers a wide range of chemical and biological issues and we make recommendations for future directions in these areas. The review paper may thus be helpful to improve our understanding of the role of volcanic ash for the marine biogeochemical iron-cycle, marine primary productivity and the ocean-atmosphere exchange of CO2 and other gases relevant for climate in the Earth's history.
40
Zeyad, Abdullah M., Hassan M. Magbool, Bassam A. Tayeh, Afonso Rangel Garcez de Azevedo, Ahmed Abutaleb e Qudeer Hussain. "Production of geopolymer concrete by utilizing volcanic pumice dust". Case Studies in Construction Materials 16 (junho de 2022): e00802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cscm.2021.e00802.
41
Mona, L., A. Amodeo, G. D'Amico, A. Giunta, F. Madonna e G. Pappalardo. "Multi-wavelength Raman lidar observations of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic cloud over Potenza, southern Italy". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 12, n.º 4 (29 de fevereiro de 2012): 2229–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2229-2012.
Resumo:
Abstract. During the eruption of Eyjafjallajökull in April–May 2010 multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements were performed at the CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory (CIAO), whenever weather conditions permitted observations. A methodology both for volcanic layer identification and accurate aerosol typing has been developed. This methodology relies on the multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements and the support of long-term lidar measurements performed at CIAO since 2000. The aerosol mask for lidar measurements performed at CIAO during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption has been obtained. Volcanic aerosol layers were observed in different periods: 19–22 April, 27–29 April, 8–9 May, 13–14 May and 18–19 May. A maximum aerosol optical depth of about 0.12–0.13 was observed on 20 April, 22:00 UTC and 13 May, 20:30 UTC. Volcanic particles were detected at low altitudes, in the free troposphere and in the upper troposphere. Occurrences of volcanic particles within the PBL were detected on 21–22 April and 13 May. A Saharan dust event was observed on 13–14 May: dust and volcanic particles were simultaneously detected at CIAO at separated different altitudes as well as mixed within the same layer. Lidar ratios at 355 and 532 nm, the Ångström exponent at 355/532 nm, the backscatter-related Ångström exponent at 532/1064 nm and the particle linear depolarization ratio at 532 nm measured inside the detected volcanic layers are discussed. The dependence of these quantities on relative humidity has been investigated by using co-located microwave profiler measurements. The measured values of these intensive parameters indicate the presence of volcanic sulfates/continental mixed aerosol in the volcanic aerosol layers observed at CIAO. In correspondence of the maxima observed in the volcanic aerosol load on 19–20 April and 13 May, different values of intensive parameters were observed. Apart from the occurrence of sulfate aerosol, these values indicate also the presence of some ash which is affected by the aging during transport over Europe.
42
Adam, Mariana, Joelle Buxmann, Nigel Freeman, Andrew Horseman, Christopher Salmon, Jacqueline Sugier e Richard Bennett. "The uk Lidar-sunphotometer operational volcanic ash monitoring network". EPJ Web of Conferences 176 (2018): 09006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817609006.
Resumo:
The Met Office completed the deployment of ten lidars (UV Raman and depolarization), each accompanied by a sunphotometer (polarized model), to provide quantitative monitoring of volcanic ash over UK for VAAC London. The lidars provide range corrected signal and volume depolarization ratio in near-real time. The sunphotometers deliver aerosol optical depth, Ångstrom exponent and degree of linear polarization. Case study analyses of Saharan dust events (as a proxy for volcanic ash) are presented.
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Klüser, L., T. Erbertseder e J. Meyer-Arnek. "Observation of volcanic ash from Puyehue–Cordón Caulle with IASI". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 6, n.º 1 (4 de janeiro de 2013): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amt-6-35-2013.
Resumo:
Abstract. On 4 June 2011 an eruption of the Chilean volcano complex Puyehue–Cordón Caulle injected large amounts of volcanic ash into the atmosphere and affected local life as well as hemisphere-wide air traffic. Observations of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) flown on board of the MetOp satellite have been exploited to analyze the evolution of the ash plume around the Southern Hemisphere. A novel singular vector-based retrieval methodology, originally developed for observation of desert dust over land and ocean, has been adapted to enable remote sensing of volcanic ash. Since IASI observations in the 8–12 μm window are applied in the retrieval, the method is insensitive to solar illumination and therefore yields twice the observation rate of the ash plume evolution compared to solar backscatter methods from polar orbiting satellites. The retrieval scheme, the emission characteristics and the circumpolar transport of the ash are examined by means of a source–receptor analysis.
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Klüser, L., T. Erbertseder e J. Meyer-Arnek. "Observation of volcanic ash from Puyehue-Cordón Caulle with IASI". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions 5, n.º 3 (13 de junho de 2012): 4249–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/amtd-5-4249-2012.
Resumo:
Abstract. On 4 June 2011 an eruption of the Chilean volcano complex Puyehue-Cordón Caulle injected large amounts of volcanic ash into the atmosphere and affected local life as well as hemisphere-wide air traffic. Observations of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer IASI flown on board of the MetOp satellite have been exploited to analyze the evolution of the ash plume around the Southern Hemisphere. A novel Singular Vector based retrieval methodology, originally developed for observation of desert dust over land and ocean, has been adapted to enable remote sensing of volcanic ash. Since IASI observations in the 8–12 μm window are applied in the retrieval, the method is insensitive to solar illumination and therefore yields twice the observation rate of the ash plume evolution compared to solar backscatter methods from polar orbiting satellites. The retrieval scheme, the emission characteristics and the circumpolar transport of the ash are examined by means of a source-receptor analysis.
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Nugroho, Rahmat, Riza Rizkiah e Agit Setiyoko. "Studi pengaruh erupsi abu vulkanik gunung agung terhadap hasil pengukuran partikel tersuspensi". Sainteks: Jurnal Sains dan Teknik 2, n.º 2 (28 de setembro de 2020): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.37577/sainteks.v2i2.284.
Resumo:
Mount Agung with an altitude of 3.142 meters above sea level is located in Karangasem. This mountain is one of the active volcanoes in Indonesia. Some dangerous impacts caused by the eruption of Mount Agung are acid rain, earthquakes, lava/lava flow, landslides/mudflow, smoke from lava, pyroclastic, rain of volcanic ash, and rocks and also volcanic gas. One of them which is Rain of volcanic ash can cause blisters on the skin and eyes as well as respiratory irritation. For long-term effects can cause silicosis (lung disease resulting from dust) and chronic lung disease. This study was conducted to determine the Mount Agung volcanic ash eruption effect on the results of SPM concentration measurements at the Jembrana Climatology Station using comparative data and sample data obtained from SPM, VONA concentration measurement data, and the HYSPLIT Volcanic Ash (NOAA) models.
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Mona, L., A. Amodeo, G. D'Amico, A. Giunta, F. Madonna e G. Pappalardo. "Multi-wavelength Raman lidar observations of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic cloud over Potenza, Southern Italy". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 11, n.º 4 (26 de abril de 2011): 12763–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-11-12763-2011.
Resumo:
Abstract. Multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements were performed at CNR-IMAA Atmospheric Observatory (CIAO) during the entire Eyjafjallajökull explosive eruptive period in April–May 2010, whenever weather conditions permitted. A methodology for volcanic layer identification and accurate aerosol typing has been developed on the basis both of the multi-wavelength Raman lidar measurements and EARLINET measurements performed at CIAO since 2000. The aerosol mask for lidar measurements performed at CIAO during the 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption has been obtained. Volcanic aerosol layers have been observed in different periods: 19–22 April, 27–29 April, 8–9 May, 13–14 May and 18–19 May. A maximum aerosol optical depth of about 0.12–0.13 was observed on 20 April, 22:00 UTC and 13 May, 20:30 UTC. Volcanic particles have been detected both at low altitudes, in the free troposphere and in the upper troposphere. Intrusions into the PBL have been revealed on 21–22 April and 13 May. In the April–May period Saharan dust intrusions typically occur in Southern Italy. For the period under investigations, a Saharan dust intrusion was observed on 13–14 May: dust and volcanic particles have been simultaneously observed at CIAO both at separated different levels and mixed within the same layer. Lidar ratios at 355 and 532 nm, Ångström exponent at 355/532 nm, backscatter related Ångström exponent at 532/1064 nm and particle linear depolarization ratio at 532 nm measured inside the detected volcanic layers have been discussed. The dependence of these quantities on relative humidity (RH) has been investigated by using co-located microwave profiler measurements. The particle linear depolarization ratio increasing with RH, lidar ratio values at 355 nm around 80 sr, and values of the ratio of lidar ratios greater than 1 suggest the presence of sulfates mixed with continental aerosol. Lower lidar ratio values (around 40 sr) increasing with RH and values of the ratio of lidar ratios lower than 1 indicate the presence of some aged ash inside these sulfate layers.
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Muhs, Daniel R., Charles A. Bush, Kathleen C. Stewart, Tracy R. Rowland e Russell C. Crittenden. "Geochemical Evidence of Saharan Dust Parent Material for Soils Developed on Quaternary Limestones of Caribbean and Western Atlantic Islands". Quaternary Research 33, n.º 2 (março de 1990): 157–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0033-5894(90)90016-e.
Resumo:
AbstractMost previous workers have regarded the insoluble residues of high-purity Quaternary limestones (coral reefs and oolites) as the most important parent material for well-developed, clay-rich soils on Caribbean and western Atlantic islands, but this genetic mechanism requires unreasonable amounts of limestone solution in Quaternary time. Other possible parent materials from external sources are volcanic ash from the Lesser Antilles island arc and Saharan dust carried across the Atlantic Ocean on the northeast trade winds. Soils on Quaternary coral terraces and carbonate eolianites on Barbados, Jamaica, the Florida Keys (United States), and New Providence Island (Bahamas) were studied to determine which, if either, external source was important. Caribbean volcanic ashes and Saharan dust can be clearly distinguished using ratios of relatively immobile elements (Al2O3/TiO2, Ti/Y, Ti/Zr, and Ti/Th). Comparison of these ratios in 25 soils, where estimated ages range from 125,000 to about 870,000 yr, shows that Saharan dust is the most important parent material for soils on all islands. These results indicate that the northeast trade winds have been an important component of the regional climatology for much of the Quaterary. Saharan dust may also be an important parent material for Caribbean island bauxites of much greater age.
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Prognon, François, Isabelle Cojan, Pascal Kindler, Médard Thiry e Michel Demange. "Mineralogical evidence for a local volcanic origin of the parent material of Bermuda Quaternary paleosols". Quaternary Research 75, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2011): 256–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yqres.2010.08.002.
Resumo:
AbstractThe alternation of carbonate deposits and paleosols compose the emerged part of the Bermuda archipelago. The pedological units present a complex and diversified mineralogy. Former studies demonstrated that the paleosols are not primarily a product of the unique dissolution of the surrounding carbonates, but contain a massive input of allochthonous non-carbonate detrital material. Researchers during more than the past three decades have attributed this flux of insoluble residues (IR) to Saharan dusts. We carried out systematic field and mineralogical analyses on the Quaternary paleosols from the Bermuda archipelago. Their mineralogical assemblage predominantly includes carbonates, clay minerals (kaolinite, chlorite and chlorite/vermiculite), phosphates, and aluminium and iron oxides/hydroxides. This assemblage is strikingly close to the mineralogy of the weathered volcanic substrate of Bermuda, but noticeably different from the mineralogy of Saharan dust. Moreover, we found volcanic lithoclasts in numerous paleosol profiles all over the archipelago and in all the recorded time intervals. We thus consider the volcanic seamount underlying Bermuda as the main source of non-carbonate minerals detected in the paleosols. This hypothesis further resolves the anomalous maturity of Bermudan paleosols compared to their southern counterparts in the Bahamas and Barbados.
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Dziubak, Sebastian Dominik. "Contamination of the intake air of internal combustion engines of motor vehicles". Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 70, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2021): 35–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0015.7010.
Resumo:
The paper presents the composition of atmospheric air as a mixture of gases that make up the solid and variable components, and the definitions of air pollutants are referenced. Gaseous and solid pollutants (dust) of the atmospheric air have been defined. Dusts were divided according to various criteria and their properties were given. Exemplary courses of immission of the fraction of solid particles are given, indicating a strong dependence of the immission on the seasons, days of the week and day and night. The sources and characteristics of artificial and natural pollutants in the atmospheric air are presented. It has been shown that the main sources of anthropogenic pollution in addition to industry and the automotive industry. Cars are a source of gaseous and particulate pollutants PM, and they also emit pollution from brake and clutch lining wear, as well as from tire and road wear. The main sources of natural air pollution were discussed, including volcanic eruptions, fires in landfills, forests, steppes and sand storms, as well as mineral dust (road dust) carried from the ground by vehicles. The properties of road dust are discussed: chemical and fractional composition, density, dust concentration in the air. It has been shown that the two basic components of the dust, silica and corundum, whose share in dust reaches 95%, also have the highest hardness, which may have a decisive influence on the wear of engine components. Various valuesof dust concentration in the air were presented depending on the type and condition of the ground and the conditions of use of vehicles. Keywords: mechanical engineering, internal combustion engines, air pollution sources, road dust
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Tramutoli, Valerio, Francesco Marchese, Alfredo Falconieri, Carolina Filizzola, Nicola Genzano, Katsumi Hattori, Mariano Lisi et al. "Tropospheric and Ionospheric Anomalies Induced by Volcanic and Saharan Dust Events as Part of Geosphere Interaction Phenomena". Geosciences 9, n.º 4 (17 de abril de 2019): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/geosciences9040177.
Resumo:
In this work, we assessed the possible relation of ionospheric perturbations observed by Detection of Electro-Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions (DEMETER), Global Positioning System total electron content (GPS TEC), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)-derived outgoing longwave-Earth radiation (OLR), and atmospheric chemical potential (ACP) measurements, with volcanic and Saharan dust events identified by ground and satellite-based medium infrared/thermal infrared (MIR/TIR) observations. The results indicated that the Mt. Etna (Italy) volcanic activity of 2006 was probably responsible for the ionospheric perturbations revealed by DEMETER on 4 November and 6 December and by GPS TEC observations on 4 November and 12 December. This activity also affected the OLR (on 26 October; 6 and 23 November; and 2, 6, and 14 December) and ACP (on 31 October–1 November) analyses. Similarly, two massive Saharan dust episodes, detected by Robust Satellite Techniques (RST) using Spinning Enhanced Visible and Infrared Imager (SEVIRI) optical data, probably caused the ionospheric anomalies recorded, based on DEMETER and GPS TEC observations, over the Mediterranean basin in May 2008. The study confirmed the perturbing effects of volcanic and dust events on tropospheric and ionospheric parameters. Further, it demonstrated the advantages of using independent satellite observations to investigate atmospheric phenomena, which may not always be well documented. The impact of this increased detection capacity in reducing false positives, in the framework of a short-term seismic hazard forecast based on the study of ionospheric and tropospheric anomalies, is also addressed.