Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Vitis – Maladies – Lutte contre"
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Jousse, Cyril. "Contribution à la lutte contre les maladies du bois de la vigne, en particulier l'esca". Phd thesis, Université de Poitiers, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00185265.
Texto completo da fonteNous avons étudié les propriétés de PA, PC et EL, en particulier l'impact sur leur croissance de fongicides commerciaux et de fongicides systémiques synthétisés au laboratoire, ainsi que de molécules naturelles. Ces pathogènes ne présentent pas la même sensibilité à ces molécules et l'un d'eux (PA) est peu affecté par divers traitements. En parallèle, nous avons étudié les propriétés d'ambimobilité de l'acide salicylique (AS) et de quelques-uns de ses dérivés halogénés.
Nous avons montré que F 30, un dérivé acide du fenpiclonil, est mobile dans les boutures de vigne après application foliaire. Il est en partie retenu dans le bois et libère la molécule parent dans les racines. L'acide 5-chlorosalicylique (5-ClAS), connu pour être plus actif que AS pour stimuler les défenses naturelles, présente une mobilité voisine de celle de AS. Sur ces bases, F 30 et 5-ClAS ont été retenus pour des tests préliminaires de traitement par voie foliaire de boutures de vigne infectées.
Cette recherche exploratoire souligne la complexité de la problématique, une lutte chimique (fongicide), génératrice de contraintes, devant s'intégrer dans une stratégie globale de contrôle.
Decante, Damien. "Répartition spatio-temporelle et migration de la cicadelle verte (Empoasca vitis Goethe) dans un agro-écosystème viticole". Bordeaux 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007BOR21405.
Texto completo da fonteThe eco-ethology of Empoasca vitis was studied in vineyards at different temporal (week, generation, year) and spatial (plot, production site, small region) scales. This leafhopper hibernates near the plot on evergreen plants and, in spring, migrates towards different early-budding plants before ilmmigrating into the plots (complementation). Summer population levels (sometimes harmful) depend strongly on summer migrations taking place over longer distances. The intra-plot distribution of both adults and nymphs was mapped and compared to agronomical parameters. This revealed strong aggregations in areas of high plant vigour. The presence of potential alternative host plants of E. Vitis along the plot border (supplementation) did not seem to increase population levels. No impact of natural enemies from plot borders was detected. High and dense plot borders were shown to induce accumulation of migrating adults
Legrand, Valérie. "L'eutypiose de la vigne : Caractérisation, structure et expression du gène Vr-ERE. Effets de sa surexpression chez divers Vitis". Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT003A.
Texto completo da fonteInfection of grapevine by the fungus Eutypa lata, results in severe withering of the plant, a disease named Eutypa dieback, for which there is to date, no remedy. The parasite is localised in the woody parts of the plant and exerts it' s pathogenic effect through a toxin termed, eutypine. The Vr-ERE gene, encoding a reductase has been cloned from Vigna radiata, and has been proved, to be involved in detoxication mechanisms of eutypine. Vr-ERE gene has been characterized, sequenced and used to clone Vr-ERE2, a homologous gene from Vigna radiata. A functional protein Vr-ERE2 has been produced in E. Coli and was able too to reduce eutypine. Peptide sequence analysis translated from nucleotide sequences revealed strong homologies to CPRD 14 isolated from a drought resistant Vigna unguiculata variety and to CAD1 from Eucalyptus gunni. As a first step towards understanding the role of eutypine in dieback disease, over-expression of Vr-ERE has been attempted by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation of 110 Richter and Portan varieties. Over-expressing eutypine in variety 110 Richter confers protection towards Eutypa lata. The possibility of using eutypine as a selectable marker in genetic transformation studies has been tested in association with the Vr-ERE plant gene. A chimeric construction harbouring a chitinase gene, as well as the Vr-ERE gene has been introduced in an Agrobacterium tumefaciens binary vector and subsequently used to transform Gamay variety. Gamay cellular lines, selected on eutypine, have been shown to over-express both transgenes. The level of tolerance to eutypine in vitro is significantly higher than in non transformed cell lines
Haidar, Rana. "Caractérisation, criblage et mise en oeuvre de souches bactériennes issues du vignoble bordelais pour la lutte biologique contre les champignons impliqués dans la Pourriture grise et l'Esca de la vigne". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0155/document.
Texto completo da fonteBiological control of gray mold and grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs), which are major fungal diseases of grapevine, has a considerable potential development in the current context of reduction of chemical input in viticulture.The aim of this study was to select and study bacterial strains for antagonism against Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold, and two key pathogens involved in GTDs: Phaeomoniella chlamydospora and Neofusicoccum parvum. The main screening experiments for antagonistic activity of 46 bacterial strains, isolated from Bordeaux vineyards, have been carried out under different in vivo and in planta conditions. The efficacy of protection by the antagonistic strains significantly depended on the bacterial strain, the targeted pathogen species, the host plant tissue or organ and, for N. parvum, also on the application mode of the bacterial strain and, for B. cinerea, on the transposon genotype: transposa or vacuma.A significant reduction in length of necrosis due to P. chlamydospora and/or N. parvum, ranging between 40 and 64% in non-grafted vine cuttings, resulted from three bacterial strains: Pantoea agglomerans (S1), Paenibacillus sp. (S19) and Bacillus pumilus (S32). These strains were thoroughly further investigated to determine their major modes of action by i) Antibiosis ii) production of antifungal volatile organic compounds, which have been identified, and/or iii) induction of different grapevine defense genes. Concerning B. cinerea, Enterobacter cowanii (S22), Enterobacter sp. (S23) Bacillus ginsengihumi (S38), Bacillus sp. (S43, S46) were of prime importance in the biocontrol by producing anti-Botrytis volatile and diffusible compounds or by competing for nutrients (case of E. cowanii S22)
Bellee, Anthony. "Approches multidisciplinaires sur le mode d’action, l’efficacité et l’élaboration de stratégies d’utilisation d’actifs biologiques contre divers bioagresseurs de Vitis vinifera". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0201.
Texto completo da fonteGrapevine is a perennial crop sensitive to many fungal pathogens that require numerous pesticide treatments. However, its uses lead to environmental, human health and fungicide resistance problems. Developing sustainable pest management strategies while keeping a good wine quality is of major importance. In this sense, the use of bio-pesticides products seems to be a promising approach to combine sustainable and intensive agriculture.Two generalist bio-pesticides of great potential have been preliminary identified, forits actions on major fungal diseases of grapevine. The first one is a natural plant extract, with no direct fungicide action but able to systemically stimulate plant defenses. The second one is a microorganism showing strong antagonist fungicide actions, and important ability to stimulate plant defenses. First, the studies conducted in controlled conditions have demonstrated the effectiveness of both products in the suppression of various isolates of Erysiphe necator, Plasmopara viticola, Botrytis cinerea and Botryosphaeriaceae. In parallel,the good efficiencies of these products have been confirmed during vineyard assays. This was especially well demonstrated for the natural extract. As a whole, these studies confirm thepotential of these two products as promising bio-pesticides, of which the strategy of application have been further defined
Battiston, Enrico. "Développement d’un outil innovant pour optimiser l'activité biologique des substances actives afin de contrôler des maladies fongiques chez Vitis vinifera L. Unmanned A erial Vehicle (UAV) - based remote sensing to monitor grapevine leaf stripe disease within a vineyard aff ected by esca complex Grapevine trunk diseases: a review of fifteen years of trials for their control with chemicals and biocontrol agents". Thesis, Reims, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REIMS046.
Texto completo da fonteThe research investigates the application of biomimetic calcium phosphate as innovative delivery system for grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) protection purposes. This smart material was successfully studied in the biomedical field, from the functionalization of biomimetic calcium phosphate with anti-cancer molecules for localized releases, to the development of an innovative toothpaste for oral hygiene. Preliminary assays to implement the control of the grapevine fungal diseases, have revealed promising results. In this framework, the biomimetic inorganic hydroxyapatite was investigated as potential delivery system of bioactive substances allowed in organic agriculture for plant protection.Through a multidisciplinary approach, the study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of hydroxyapatite in enhancing the biological activity of copper(II) compounds, on the control of relevant common diseases, like downy mildew, and complex fungal diseases, such as the grapevine trunk diseases. This aim is related to further ambitious goals: the significant reduction of the fungicides amounts applied in plant protection and the optimization of the distribution and persistence of the bioactive substances in the plant tissues, including the vascular ones, where harmful pathogens can develop. Overall, the experimental activities allowed: (i) to understand the interaction between delivery system, functional substance and grapevine tissues; (ii) to demonstrate the mechanism on which the higher efficacy of the functional substance is based; (iii) to collect new information on the mechanisms involved in the symptoms expression by studying the plant defense reactions induced by the treatments
Compant, Stéphane. "Interaction entre la vigne, Vitis vinifera L. , et une bactérie endophytique, Burkholderia phytofirmans souche PsJN : colonisation, induction de défenses et résistance systémique contre Botrytis cinerea". Reims, 2007. http://theses.univ-reims.fr/exl-doc/GED00000953.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteThe interaction between grapevine, Vitis vinifera L. , and an endophytic PGPR, Burkholderia phytofirmans strain PsJN, has been studied in this work. This has allowed to characterize phenomenons of bacterial colonization, some plant defence responses as well as induced systemic resistance (ISR) confering protection against the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea Pers. Association between grapevine and strain PsJN has been studied, firstly, under gnotobotic conditions by using in vitro plantlets, PsJN wild-type strain or some genetically derivatives (PsJN::gfp2x and PsJN::gusA11). This has allowed to determine epi- and endophytic colonization of grapevine roots by strain PsJN as well as a migration of the bacterium from the endorhiza to the leaves, mediated by the plant transpiration stream via xylem vessels. Grapevine colonization by strain PsJN has been then monitored under non-sterile conditions by using fruiting cuttings, with a special emphasis on putative inflorescence colonization. Results have demonstrated an epi- and an endophytic colonization of the root system by strain PsJN and then, its spreading from the endorhiza to grape inflorescence stalk and to young berries, even in presence of other microorganisms. Plant defence compounds as well as a ISR induced by strain PsJN has been then determined on fruiting cuttings. This has been characterized before its systemic spreading inside plants and with some more sterile conditions. Some early events such as hydrogen peroxide and nitric oxide accumulations as well as phenolic compound synthesis have been characterized at the root level. In addition, preliminary results have demonstrated that strain PsJN induces locally and systemically some PR-encoding genes, dependent of salicylate and/or jasmonate signaling pathways. This has allowed to suggest that this bacterium induces common mechanisms of Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) and of ISR phenomenons. These phenomenons allow then a protection of grapevine flowers against infection caused by B. Cinerea Pers
Rezgui, Awatef. "Étude de la microflore colonisant les tissus ligneux de Vitis vinifera : Intérêt pour le développement d’agents de biocontrôle contre une maladie du bois de la vigne, l’esca". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0449/document.
Texto completo da fonteGrapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) such as esca are of major concern for viticulture worldwide. In Tunisia, knowledge about the symptoms of this disease and the microflora associated with, is still incomplete despite their ability to cause considerable damage to vineyards. In France, around 13% of whole vineyard is unproductive because of GTDs, and no effective treatment currently exists. In that context, the objectives of the present PhD study were: (i) to characterize the fungal microflora inhabiting the wood tissues of Tunisian esca-foliar symptomatic vines in order to identify the pathogens responsible for wood decay. (ii) To investigate the bacterial microflora colonizing the wood tissues of Tunisian grapevines cv. Muscat d’Italie in order to find a suitable Biological Control Agent (BCA) that can be applied to vineyards. First, in order to better characterize the microflora colonizing the wood tissues of vine, samples were collected from 10 vineyards in the north of Tunisia. Fungal isolates were obtained from trunk of grapevines showing decline, small and distorted leaves and chloroses. To identify the isolated fungal species, sequencing of the Internal Transcribed Spacer region of the rDNA was performed (ITS1 and ITS4 primers). Three pathogens, i.e. Lasidiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, Neofusicoccum parvum and Schizophyllum commune, described in the literature as involved in GTDs were isolated for the first time in Tunisia. Their pathogenicity was confirmed in planta. Moreover, the coinoculation of these 3 fungi in planta, showed that they displayed a competitive inhibition effect on each other. In another study, two others pathogens involved in GTDs, i.e. Phomopsis viticola and Diploidia seriata were also isolated from the same region. This PhD also aimed at identifying the bacterial microflora inhabiting the wood tissues of escafoliar symptomatic vines, i.e. necrotic and non-necrotic wood, using microbiological and molecular approaches. Complex bacterial communities, as shown by Single-Strand Conformation Polymorphism (SSCP) analyses, colonize both types of wood tissues. After isolation, the 19 most abundant cultivable strains were sequenced (16S rRNA and rpoB genes) and identified as belonging to four genera: Bacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas and Curtobacterium. They were then screened for their in vitro antagonistic traits against the three pathogenic fungi L. pseudotheobromae, N. parvum and S. commune. Based on the results obtained, two bacterial strains were selected: B. subtilis (strain B6) and Pantoea agglomerans (strain S5), respectively isolated from Tunisian and French grapevines. They were then tested in planta on young vines of cv Muscat d’Italie and Cabernet Sauvignon against two fungal pathogens involved in GTDs, i.e. N. parvum (isolated from Tunisian wood) and Phaeomoniella chlamydospora (isolated from French vines). Young vines of both cultivars were inoculated by B. subtilis B6, P. agglomerans S5 or the combination of B6+S5, singly or in combination with N. parvum and P. chlamydospora. In terms of plant protection, the most efficient condition to reduce in planta necrosis caused by the fungal pathogens in the two cultivars was the combination of the two bacteria. However, bacterial treatments were significantly more efficient to reduce necrosis caused by N. parvum or P. chlamydospora in Muscat d’Italie than in Cabernet Sauvignon
Pierron, Romain. "Esca et vigne : compréhension des mécanismes de défense précoces du bois de la vigne Vitis vinifera L. suite à la maladie, colonisation des champignons in planta et proposition de moyens de lutte pour une viticulture durable". Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2015. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/14651/1/Pierron.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteRestrepo-Leal, Julian David. "Optimisation de la production d’effecteurs de Botryosphaeriacées pour maîtriser leur phytopathogénicité et exploiter leurs enzymes pour le bioraffinage du végétal". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Reims, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024REIMS027.
Texto completo da fonteViticulture is constantly threatened by plant diseases, especially those caused by fungi. In the last decades, Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTDs) have arisen as highly destructive and rapidly expanding pathologies. One of the most worldwide prevalent GTDs is Botryosphaeria dieback, caused by Botryosphaeriaceae. These fungal species may rely on many biochemical weapons, including Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes (PCWDEs) and phytotoxic secondary metabolites, to successfully colonize the grapevine. Here, we aimed to produce, purify, and characterize PCWDEs and phytotoxins from Botryosphaeriaceae to increase knowledge of their mechanisms underlying pathogenicity and virulence. We were also interested in taking advantage of Botryosphaeriaceae pathogens to obtain novel lignocellulolytic enzymes that may benefit plant biorefining. Using genomic comparisons, we highlighted the remarkable richness of Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZymes), potentially involved in the plant cell wall degradation, in the genome of Neofusicoccum parvum. When cultured in submerged fermentations, N. parvum could produce numerous CAZymes and secondary metabolites, notably in growth media containing lignocellulosic biomasses. Furthermore, we established a purification method for the virulence-factor-candidate phytotoxin (R)-mellein using an innovative approach via Centrifugal Partition Chromatography. We also started an approach to heterologously produce three novel CAZymes: an acetylxylan esterase, a pectate lyase, and an uncharacterized cellulase. Overall, our results provided insights into the influence of lignocellulosic biomass in the expression of pathogenicity and virulence factors in N. parvum. This study may also be helpful for the discovery of more efficient enzymes for industrial applications
Nivault, Aurelia. "Diversité et traits d’histoire de vie des Botryosphaeriaceae et évaluation du potentiel de défense de différents cultivars de Vitis". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0811/document.
Texto completo da fonteVitis vinifera L. is largely cultivated in countries producing wine but an increase in grapevine trunk diseases (GTDs) have been observed due to the attack of several fungal pathogens including those belonging to the Botryosphaeriaceae family (Botryosphaeria dieback). Seven species were isolated in the French vineyards B. dothidea, D. intermedia, D. mutila, D. seriata, Do. viticola, N. parvum and L. viticola. Nowadays, no efficient products are available to control these diseases. Studying, different life traits of 65 strains of different genotypes of the Botryosphaeriaceae’s family, known to have members displaying different aggressiveness, would lead to a better understanding of these wood pathogens. Their in planta aggressiveness, their adaptation towards environmental pressures (temperature, fungicides), and the detection of mycoviruses were carried out. In order to have a better comprehension of the interaction within the plant, the expression analysis of genes involved in the plant defense were assayed upon 3 cultivars (Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, and Ugni-Blanc) but also on two species (N. parvum and D. seriata). L. viticola, and N. parvum, were shown to be more aggressive than D. seriata and. L. viticola is more adapted to higher temperature (33°C). Moreover, the strains tested with 9 different fungicides (mitochondrial respiratory, sterol biosynthesis, cytoskeleton or multisite inhibitors, etc.) showed lower sensitivity within some species, (with a resistance factor reaching a 1000). In addition, at least 6 mycoviruses were characterized. Amongst them, two mycoviruses were isolated from a N. luteum strain and were fully sequenced (Neofusicoccum luteum mitovirus 1 and Neofusicoccum luteum fusavirus 1). The three cultivars infected with either N. parvum or D. seriata showed different gene responses between themselves but also between the different strains inoculated. These different studies are giving us more information upon these Botryospheriaceae fungi, to find out new efficient or complementary methods in order to control GTDs
Blanc, Sophie. "Cartographie génétique et analyse de la résistance au mildiou et à l'oïdium de la vigne chez Muscadinia Rotundifolia". Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00819905.
Texto completo da fonteAlaphilippe, Aude. "Effets secondaires de l'utilisation d'un agent de lutte biologique : rôle des metabolites primaires de surfaces des feuilles dans l'interaction entre l'agent de lutte biologique et Cydia pomonella L". Paris, AgroParisTech, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AGPT0039.
Texto completo da fonteMasih, Emmanuel Isaac. "Lutte biologique contre Botrytis cinerea, agent de la pourriture grise de la vigne". Dijon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005DIJOS049.
Texto completo da fonteGrey mould disease caused by Botrytis cinerea is one of the most important diseases of the grapevine. The intensive use of the chemical products to irradicate the grey mould disease resulted in environmental pollution, and appearence of the resistant varieties of the pathogen. This study of research showed the antagonism between the B. Cinerea and the bacteria and yeast, and the different isolates of the genus Pythium. The selected antagonistic microbes to Botrytis cinerea, were identified using morphological as well as genetical tools and the study of their mode of action was initiated. The enzymatic activities and the elicitation capability were also studied. These activities have a direct relationship with the trigerring of the natural defence mechanisms of the grapevine. In the following context, the use of the selected micorobes as biocontrol agents can be undertaken for the effective control of Botrytis cinerea
Capini, Christelle. "Immunisation active anti-cytokine dans la lutte contre les maladies auto-immunes". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066395.
Texto completo da fontePelat, Thibaut. "Obtention et ingénierie d'anticorps recombinants thérapeutiques et/ou prophylactiques dirigés contre les agents du risque biologique provoqué". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20093.
Texto completo da fonteRecombinant antibodies isolated from non-human primates represent very promising medical countermeasures against bioweapons. The advantages and methodological aspects of this approach have been described. An scFv, neutralizing the lethal toxin of Bacillus anthracis (2LF: KD= 1. 02 nM) and directed against the “lethal factor” subunit was isolated from a phage-displayed immune library, and characterised. Another scFv, 43RCA, neutralizing ricin, was obtained with the same methodology and tested (in particular: KD= 40 pM). This approach may also be used beyond bioweapons, as an scFv directed toward Aspergillus fumigatus was also isolated (MS130i-IIIC3: KD= 0,96 nM). On-line sequence analysis with IMGT tools allowed to show the high degree of similarity between these scFvs and their human counterparts. Antibody fragments were engineered, including an in vitro affinity maturation (KD initial = 3. 4 nM; KD final = 0. 18 nM). Utilizing IMGT standardisation and on-line tools, a “germline humanization” - utilizing FR derived from IgM, encountered by every Human, as opposed to IgG FR - was realized in order to ensure an optimal tolerance for one of our scFvs. A primatized IgG was tested in vivo and showed therapeutic and prophylactic capacities
Bourgouin, Catherine. "Les Toxines de Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis et de Bacillus sphaericus leur utilisation en lutte biologique contre les vecteurs de maladies tropicales /". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376121877.
Texto completo da fonteSy, Abdoul Aziz. "Lutte biologique contre la pyriculariose du riz (Pyricularia oryzae cav. ) : stratégie et applications". Toulouse, INPT, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987INPT025A.
Texto completo da fonteTachapattaworakul, Thunwadee. "Optimisation de la culture et de la traçabilité de la culture de Trichoderma atroviride destiné à la lutte biologique". Montpellier 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006MON20076.
Texto completo da fonteCacas, Jean-Luc. "Rôle des lipoxygénases et des lipides acyles-hydrolases de type patatine dans l'exécution du processus de mort cellulaire hypersensible chez les plantes". Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX22010.
Texto completo da fonteLeroy, Valentin. "Décontamination des grains de blé et d'orge par traitements aux ultrasons". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27917.
Texto completo da fonteDemeule, Elizabeth. "Effet répressif de Bacillus subtilis et de Bacillus pumilus envers Rhizoctonia solani sur tomate et concombre de serre". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/66758.
Texto completo da fonteMousques, Adeline. "Mise en évidence d'une nouvelle substance antifongique produite par une souche de Pseudomonas cepacia isolée du sol : action sur Botrytis Cinerea". Bordeaux 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BOR20446.
Texto completo da fonteMalembic, Sylvie. "Evaluation de la stratégie planticorps comme méthode de lutte contre les mollicutes phytopathogènes : Action in vitro d'anticorps recombinants sur Spiroplasma citri : Résistance de tabacs exprimant des anticorps recombinants à l'infection par le phytoplasme du stolbur". Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR28900.
Texto completo da fontePhytoplasmas are phloem-restricted wall-less bacteria of the class mollicutes which have resisted in vitro cultivation so far. They are responsible for numerous plant diseases and there is no curative method for disease control. An antibody-based resistance method is evaluated in our laboratory for the stolbur phytoplasma. It consists in expressing scFv recombinant immunoglobulins (Ig) specific for this phytoplasma in tobacco plants, natural hosts for this pathogen. First we demonstrated that both native Ig and recombinant scFv, specific for the major surface protein of the culturable phytopathogenic mollicute Spiroplasma citri, inhibit its growth in vitro. Secondly, we engineered various anti-stolbur scFv constructions for their expression in tobacco plants via the apoplastic (35-pel-scFv plants) or symplasmic (35-scFv and RSS-scFv-KD) pathway, to evaluate their production into the phloem sap were phytoplasmas are located. Our results indicate that scFv, although produced in large amounts in 35-pel-scFv tobaccos, were probably not, or only slightly, present in the phloem sap. Only a transient disease resistance was observed in these plants. Indeed, it has been recently demonstrated that many phloem sap proteins are produced in the cytoplasm of companion cells and that they move towards sieve tubes via plasmodesmatas. Transgenic tobaccos plants in which scFv expression was targeted to the cytoplasm either constitutively (35-scFv) or specifically to phloem tissues (RSS-scFv-KD), in spite of a good transcription of scFv mRNAs, did not produce detectable amounts of scFv. These tobaccos, as previously, showed little resistance to the disease. As scFv inhibit in vitro growth of phytopathogenic mollicutes, the plantibody strategy appears to be well adapted to control phytoplasma diseases. However, targeting scFv in the phloem sap has to be optimized and various alternatives for sap targeting are discussed
Mille, Bruno. "La rhynchosporiose de l'orge à Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) DAVIS : élaboration de nouvelles stratégies de lutte, importance relative des différentes sources d'inoculum". Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112110.
Texto completo da fonteNew cultural practices against barley scald disease were proposed and some epidemiological characteristics of the fungal pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis (Oud. ) Davis, especially importance of seeds, assessed both directly showing its presence and indirectly by field trials. The first analysis method, a "classical" one, associated barley seeds disinfection with ethanol, sodium hypochlorite and bactericidal and fungicidal solution, before placing them on the elective ("barley") and selective medium (terramycine + iprodione + procymidone + 2,4 D). But the experiments were not adequatly successful. The second method, immunofluorescence, allowed routine analysis of seeds samples. Moreover, a higher specificity of immunsera was obtained by complex immunization procedures including different antigenic forms. The chemical treatments of seeds and sprayings of fungicides on the soil that were tested allowed estimation of the comparative importance of "seeds" and "soil" inoculum. They also demonstrated that such applications can be useful as cultural techniques. Lastly, varietal mixtures can be used as a strategy to limit disease spreading in the crop
Martoub, Maria. "Impact global de l’huile minérale blanche sur le pathosystème plante-puceron-virus : vers de nouvelles perspectives de lutte contre les virus non persistants". Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0121.
Texto completo da fonteMineral oil weekly spray has been shown to efficiently reduce non persistent PVY transmission in the field. To date, its mode of action is poorly understood. In this project we assessed mineral oil effect on each partner of the plant – aphid – virus system. We showed that potato plant treatment prior to viruliferous aphid infestation, led to significantly reduced virus YNTN transmission. Besides, it affects M. Euphorbiae behaviour and physiology. Indeed, we characterized negative effects on adult orientation and nymphal survival. Other probiotic effects characterized were: enhanced longevity and reproduction of surviving adults, and some parameters related to feeding behaviour as well. Surprisingly, we demonstrated that direct aphid exposure to mineral oil is sufficient to trigger similar aphicid and probiotic effects. Eventually, we show that plant treatment triggers cellular events similar to pathogen perception and signalling response. Our results highlight the high-potential use of mineral oil as alternative method in virus transmission control, for its efficacy and environment friendly use as well
Gbedjissi, Louis Ghélus. "Relations mollusques - diptères sciomyzidae, implications dans la lutte contre les distomatoses au Bénin". Avignon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003AVIG0312.
Texto completo da fonteSeven Sepedon and 1 Sepedonella are found in Benin. Population levels fluctuate following permanent or temporary states of aquatic habitats, rainfall and human activities. Complete life cycles are gave for 6 species. Larval predation is tested with various snails, Biomphalaria pfeifferi, Lymnaea natalensis, Bulinus forskalii, known to their implication as intermediate-host of animal or human distosomiasis. Sepedon knutsoni and Sepedonella nana attack and consume only on aquatic oligochaeta Aulophorus furcatus. This annelidophagous behavior is probably derived from the habitual malacophagous known for all Sciomyzidae larvae. Sepedon ruficeps larvae are both malacophagous and annelidophagous. S. Umbrosa larvae are parasitoid of the terrestrial gastropoda Subulina octona which is attacking by forcing its mouth. S. Trichrooscelis larval are parasitoi͏̈d of Succinea campestris, occasionnaly eat Lymnaea natalensis. With a higth predation by their instar larvae, S. Ruficeps is a very good species in a tentative to reduce the snails levels implicated in the distosomiasis. But, the larval predation to depend on size and snail behavior
Martini, Jessica. "Acteurs et dynamiques d’action publique autour de la lutte contre les maladies chroniques dans un pays sous régime d’aide: Le cas de la lutte contre le diabète au Mali". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/308303.
Texto completo da fonteDoctorat en Santé Publique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Marchive, Chloé. "Identification et caractérisation fonctionnelle d'un gène codant un facteur de transcription de type WRKY chez la Vigne, VvVRKY1 : implication dans les mécanismes de défense". Bordeaux 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BOR13144.
Texto completo da fonteAffia, Hicham. "Évaluation de différents sels et mélanges de sels pour lutter contre "Pseudomonas cichorii" dans la laitue". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26797.
Texto completo da fonteAudette, Carolane. "Interaction entre le nématode à kyste (Heterodera glycines) et Phytophthora sojae chez le soya". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/33829.
Texto completo da fonteThe soybean cyst nematode (SCN), Heterodera glycines, is the leading cause of economic losses in soybean in the United States. In Canada, it has been found in Ontario in 1988 and continues to spread every year. It was identified for the first time in Quebec in 2013 and soybean growers have already begun to deploy management tools. The most commonly used control method against SCN is the use of quantitative resistance genes and crop rotation. However, the most damaging organism in soybean in Quebec currently is Phytophthora root rot, caused by Phytophthora sojae. This root disease can also be controlled by genetically resistant cultivars (qualitative resistance with Rps genes). Because SCN is now present in regions struggling with P. sojae, it is important to determine if the cultivars will express sufficient resistance against these two major pathogens. In this context, the main objective of this project was to evaluate the interaction between these two organisms on soybean, according to the resistance (qualitative Rps genes/ or quantitative resistance to SCN) of the cultivars used. This study, in a hydroponic system, demonstrated that P. sojae has a negative impact on SCN capacity to produce cysts produced. This suggests that P. sojae might influence SCN development. On the other hand, resistant cultivars were not affected by the presence of both pathogens and the presence of the nematode did not influence the efficacy of qualitative Rps resistance gene against P. sojae. As a result, cultivars resistant to both pathogens are a good option for preventing and controlling these diseases.
Bouchard-Rochette, Mathieu, e Mathieu Bouchard-Rochette. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Texto completo da fonteCette étude s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un programme de recherche destiné à évaluer le potentiel d’utilisation en horticulture des bactéries Bacillus pumilus souche PTB180 et Bacillus subtilis souche PTB185. Elle avait pour objectifs (1) d’évaluer in vitro l’activité antagoniste contre Botrytis cinerea des souches PTB180 et PTB185, (2) d’estimer leur capacité à survivre sur la phyllosphère de la tomate et du concombre et 3) d’évaluer leur effet sur le développement de la pourriture grise (B. cinerea) sur des plants de tomate et de concombre cultivés en serre. L'activité antagoniste de PTB180 et PTB185 a été évaluée en boîtes de Pétri sur géloses, sur tissus foliaires de tomate et de concombre et sur fruits de tomate. Les deux souches ont inhibé très fortement la croissance mycélienne et la germination des spores de B. cinerea sur géloses. Sur feuilles de tomate et sur disques foliaires de concombre, PTB185 et le mélange (1:1) des deux souches ont réduit significativement (p ≤ 0,01) la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea comparativement aux témoins. PTB180 a réprimé significativement la croissance mycélienne de B. cinerea sur les fruits de tomate. Afin d'estimer la survie de PTB180 et PTB185 sur la phyllosphère, des plants de tomate et de concombre ont été pulvérisés jusqu'à ruissellement avec une suspension (1×107 unités formatrices de colonies [UFC]/mL) de PTB180, PTB185 ou d'un mélange (1:1) des deux souches. Les populations de chaque souche ont ensuite été suivies au cours du temps sur les feuilles. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les souches survivent au moins 21 jours sur les plants de tomate et de concombre avec un taux de survie variant de 43% à 100%. De plus, pratiquement aucune variation dans les proportions de chaque souche n'a été observée au fil du temps lorsque PTB180 et PTB185 étaient appliquées en mélange. Enfin, l’application foliaire de PTB180, PTB185 et du mélange (1:1) des deux souches a permis une réduction significative de l’incidence et de la sévérité de la pourriture grise chez des plants de tomate et de concombre inoculés avec B. cinerea et cultivés en serre. Les souches PTB180 et PTB185 ont montré au cours de cette étude une forte activité antagoniste envers B. cinerea, la capacité de survivre sur la phyllosphère de plants de tomate et de concombre et de réprimer le développement de la pourriture grise chez ces derniers. Ces souches pourraient éventuellement être utilisées comme agents de lutte biologique contre la pourriture grise du concombre et de la tomate de serre.
Riffaud, Christine. "La bactériose du melon : écologie et stratégies de lutte contre Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata". Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10017.
Texto completo da fonteDerckel, Jean-Paul. "Mécanismes de défense de la vigne (vitis vinifera L. ) contre Botrytis cinerea : caractérisation de chitinases et de ß-1,3-glucanases". Reims, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997REIMS018.
Texto completo da fonteSt-Laurent, Marianne. "Amélioration de la lutte biologique contre le tétranyque à deux points en framboisières sous grands tunnels : essais d'un supplément nutritif, de plantes-réservoirs et de brumisation". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/29866.
Texto completo da fonteHigh tunnels show many benefits for raspberry production, including increased yield and improved fruit quality. However, this crop management approach also provides an environment that fosters outbreaks of the two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. Although some miticides are available, pre-harvest application intervals and pesticide resistance development can be problematic. Phytoseiid predatory mites, such as Neoseiulus fallacis, are recognized for their efficacy in controlling spider mites. However, repeated introductions often must be made during a season, resulting in significant cost. To reduce these costs and thereby make biological control more attractive to growers, we tested a food supplement for predators, a banker plant and misting. The main objective of this study was to improve the effectiveness of integrated control against spider mites while decreasing the number of predator introductions in raspberry production under high tunnels. The specific objectives were to determine the effectiveness of four integrated pest management (IPM) strategies in raspberry under high tunnels and estimate their cost ($ / ha) in comparison to conventional control (mitices only) methods. The tested approaches combined different strategies: introduction of Neoseiulus fallacis predators; addition of Sorbaria sorbifolia as a banker plant; use of a pollen-based food supplement for predators, “Nutrimite", from Biobest; and misting. Tests were conducted at two raspberry farms in the greater Quebec City (Quebec, Canada) area. Data collected by monitoring populations of both spider mites and predators show that the pollen supplement has a positive effect on the predatory ability of N. fallacis and that misting tends to reduce T. urticae densities.
Ali-Haimoud, Djamel-Eddine. "Contribution à l'étude de la lutte biologique contre Drechslera teres (Sacc. ) Shoem. , parasite de l'orge". Toulouse, INPT, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPT007A.
Texto completo da fonteCedeno, Virna. "Prévention des maladies et amélioration génétique de la crevette : Litopenaeus vannamai en Equateur". Montpellier 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON20243.
Texto completo da fonteGravel, Valérie. "Lutte contre Pythium ultimum chez la tomate de serre : une approche microbienne". Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24523/24523.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteAllaire, Mathieu, e Mathieu Allaire. "Diversité fonctionnelle des Pseudomonas producteurs d'antibiotiques dans les rhizosphères de conifères en pépinières et en milieu naturel". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18046.
Texto completo da fonteLa production de millions de semis voués à la reforestation est affectée par les problèmes de pourritures racinaires. Afin de développer des agents de biocontrôle adaptés aux pépinières, nous criblons les populations de Pseudomonas spp. des rhizosphères d’épinettes provenant de pépinières et de milieu naturel, pour détecter des gènes de production d’antibiotiques. Nous avons isolé plusieurs souches portant des gènes de production de phloroglucinol, de pyrrolnitrine, de cyanure d’hydrogène et de phénazines. L’analyse de ces gènes montre que pour les producteurs de phloroglucinol, un génotype est dominant dans les pépinières, alors qu’un génotype différent est dominant chez les souches provenant de milieu naturel. Ces dernières possèdent également les gènes de synthèse de la pyrrolnitrine et leur capacité d’inhiber Cylindrocladium floridanum in vitro est supérieur. De plus, en se basant sur la séquence du gène phzC, nous avons isolé trois groupes de producteurs de phénazines, dont deux provenant de milieu naturel et un de pépinière. L’analyse du gène de la portion 16s de l’ARN ribosomal confirme que ces trois groupes appartiennent à différente espèces.
Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce antibiotics such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and phenazines show biocontrol activity against many important soil borne fungal pathogens. We isolated several strains of Pseudomonas carrying genes for DAPG and PCA synthesis from the rhizosphere of black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) in two different conifer nurseries and in one natural stand. Sequence analysis of a portion of the phlD gene revealed that one dominant genotype was present in both nurseries and that a different genotype was dominant in the natural forest. Strains from the natural forestwere also found to have the genes for pyrrolnitrin synthesis but lack pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, in vitro anitfungal assays against Cylindrocladium floridanum showed a much stronger inhibition by strains isolated from natural forest than from nursery. Analysis of phenazine genes revealed 3 groups of phenazines-producers; one from a nursery and two from natural stand.
Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. that produce antibiotics such as 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol and phenazines show biocontrol activity against many important soil borne fungal pathogens. We isolated several strains of Pseudomonas carrying genes for DAPG and PCA synthesis from the rhizosphere of black spruce (Picea mariana) and white spruce (Picea glauca) in two different conifer nurseries and in one natural stand. Sequence analysis of a portion of the phlD gene revealed that one dominant genotype was present in both nurseries and that a different genotype was dominant in the natural forest. Strains from the natural forestwere also found to have the genes for pyrrolnitrin synthesis but lack pyoluteorin biosynthesis genes. Furthermore, in vitro anitfungal assays against Cylindrocladium floridanum showed a much stronger inhibition by strains isolated from natural forest than from nursery. Analysis of phenazine genes revealed 3 groups of phenazines-producers; one from a nursery and two from natural stand.
Bouchard-Rochette, Mathieu. "Bacillus pumilus et Bacillus subtilis pour lutter contre la pourriture grise chez la tomate et le concombre de serre". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/38128.
Texto completo da fonteBarrera, Gaytan Juan Francisco. "Dynamique des populations du scolyte des fruits du caféier, hypothenemus hampei (Coléoptera : Scolytidae), et lutte biologique avec le parasitoi͏̈de Cephalonomia stephanoderis (Hymenoptera : Bethylidae), au Chiapas, Mexique". Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30085.
Texto completo da fonteBala, Kanak. "Biological control of Botrytis cinerea, a destructive plant-pathogen". Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS047.
Texto completo da fonteThe pesticides used in agriculture for controlling phyto-pathogens have hazardous health effects on plants, animals and humans. Massive application of toxic pesticides is a serious problem today in almost all developing countries. Developing safer, environment-friendly biological products may help in overcoming the risks posed by pesticides and may also help in protecting public health, thereby promoting safer means of pest control. This thesis aims at the Biological control of plant diseases by non-phytopathogenic microorganisms, isolated from soil of vineyards and rhizosphere of crop fields. Introduction of these microorganisms leads to a twofold benefit 1. Biological control of the disease by the antagonist effect of the micro-organisms; 2. Enhanced disease resistance in plants to phytopathogens. Hence, these microorganisms could serve as an alternative to chemical control of plant diseases. Grapevine is challenged every year by fungal and viral and bacterial parasites. Among the fungal, the major ones are downy mildew by Plasmopara viticola, powdery mildew by Uncinula necator, black rot by Guignardia bidwellii, phomopsis leaf, cane spot and fruit rot disease by Phomopsis viticola, Eutypa Dieback by Eutypa armeniaceae and grey mould by Botrytis cinerea. Crown gall by bacterial parasite Agrobacterium tumefaciens, and viral diseases includes Peach Rosette mosaic virus disease, tomato ringspot and tobacco ringspot by nematode Xiphinema americanum. .
Pichard, Brigitte. "Bacillus polymyxa, inhibiteur de parasites microbiens du chou-fleur". Brest, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BRES2018.
Texto completo da fonteLeyronas, Christel. "Avancées dans la compréhension des Neotyphodium et Epichloe, clavicipitacées endophytes des graminées fourragères et à gazon : méthodes de lutte". Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005INAP0001.
Texto completo da fonteDelannoy, Etienne. "Caractérisation de péroxydases associées à la défense du cotonnier ("Gossypium hirsutum") contre "Xanthomonas campestris" pathovar "Malvacearum"". Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20175.
Texto completo da fontePoilleux, Francine. "La fédération girondine de lutte contre les maladies respiratoires : adaptation d'une structure à l'évolution de la pathologie respiratoire". Bordeaux 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994BOR2M222.
Texto completo da fonteBernatchez, Alex. "Étude des propriétés antibactériennes de composés d'huiles essentielles contre des agents pathogènes d'aquaculture". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/40301.
Texto completo da fonteMarcillaud, Laurence. "Etude des propriétés antimicrobiennes d'un extrait végétal : applications dans les domaines viticole et œnologique". Bordeaux 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998BOR20632.
Texto completo da fonteTremblay, Vanessa. "Évaluation de différents extraits végétaux et sels organiques et inorganiques pour lutter contre la tache bactérienne de la laitue". Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/34485.
Texto completo da fontePellan, Lucile. "Décryptage des mécanismes impliqués dans le biocontrôle des champignons mycotoxinogènes des céréales". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG036.
Texto completo da fonteDeciphering the mechanisms involved in the biocontrol of mycotoxinogenic fungi of cereals.Cereals are the first factor of consumer exposure to mycotoxins, toxic secondary metabolites synthesized by particular moulds and which present a risk for human and animal health. The species Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium verticillioides are thus responsible for the production of trichothecenes and fumonisin-like mycotoxins, respectively, with a high impact especially in pre-harvest. With the decrease of pesticide use due to their toxicity, an alternative strategy to control these fungal diseases in the field may be the use of antagonistic microorganisms. Non-pathogenic, these biocontrol agents (BCAs) are able to limit the progression of Fusaria and their synthesis of mycotoxins through various biological mechanisms, however still poorly understood. In this context, the objectives of this study are to evaluate by which mechanisms three selected BCAs (Streptomyces griseoviridis, Trichoderma asperellum, Pythium oligandrum) can modulate the growth and mycotoxin production of Fusarium pathogens, in vitro and in situ. Antagonistic activities and varying levels of inhibition of growth (up to 80%) and mycotoxinogenesis (up to 90%) have been observed in vitro depending on BCAs, pathogens or culture conditions. The hypotheses are then verified and completed thanks to the development of a toolbox of tests specific to certain modes of action. Their chronology is evaluated throughout the interaction, from pathogenic spore germination to the formation of perithecia, by testing a wide variety of BCA mechanisms: synthesis of anti-germinative compounds, mycophagy, chitinolytic enzyme synthesis, emission of volatile antifungal compounds, inhibition of mycotoxin biosynthesis pathways, mycotoxin bio-transformation, spatial and nutritional competition or impact on pathogen conservation. S. griseoviridis presents nutritional competition capacities, but its main strategy is based on antibiosis, through the synthesis of numerous antifungal compounds that offsets a significant deficit in spatial colonization capacity. However, it can stimulate the mycotoxin production. T. asperellum is capable of activating a very wide range of defenses and attacks combining the synthesis of various antifungal compounds (metabolite, enzymes, VOCs), with different targets (spores, mycelium, mycotoxins), and a direct action by mycoparasitism. The efficacy of P. oligandrum is mainly due to its strong capacity to colonize the environment, with a direct action via microbial predation and reduction of perithecia formation. These in vitro performances could also be analyzed in F. graminearum in situ throughout its life cycle (from colonization of ears to survival in culture residues), and put into perspective with the different modes of action identified in each of the BCAs. The whole project has led to important advances in deciphering the mechanisms of action of BCAs and proposes ways of improvement to optimize the use and efficacy of these antagonists. Thus limit the use of chemical plant protection products, while maintaining a healthy production with low levels of mycotoxins