Teses / dissertações: "Virtual law"

1

Erlank, Wian. "Property in virtual worlds". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71649.

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Thesis (LLD)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.
Includes bibliography
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This dissertation analyses and investigates how virtual property functions inside virtual worlds. It also determines if, within that context, virtual property is similar to, or should be treated like real world property. The questions that are addressed include the following. What is the (real world) legal status of property in virtual worlds? Is it worthwhile to recognise and protect virtual property in real world law? Is it possible to recognise and protect virtual property in real world law, given the differences? Would recognition and protection of virtual property in real world law require or be restricted to instances where virtual property is or can be recognised as real rights? The dissertation finds that there is a definable concept of “virtual property” as it is encountered in virtual worlds and there is a great degree of similarity between the function of property in virtual and real world systems. There are also sufficient justifications (social, economic and normative) to recognise virtual property as property. Even though the function of property is similar in both systems, the similarities are undermined by the absence, complete or almost complete, of real rights in virtual worlds. This creates a problem since, in real world law, real rights enjoy stronger protection than weaker personal rights. The first reason for this absence of real rights stems from the unique (and mostly uncircumventable) nature of game-code that removes the necessity to make all rights in virtual worlds real rights. The second reason relates to the fact that most virtual world rights are completely derived from and regulated by contract. It is concluded that it is possible to recognise and protect virtual property by means of traditional private law property law (both Roman-Germanic and Anglo-American), constitutional property law, and criminal law. While criminal law will fill some gaps left by the absence of real rights, the rest that are left are contractual rights. In certain circumstances, these contractual rights may be strong enough and in other cases they may require support from special legislation that strengthens weak personal rights and makes them into stronger property-like rights. In constitutional cases, these rights derive support from constitutional property law. However, in other circumstances recognition and protection will probably require recognition of real rights.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie proefskrif analiseer en ondersoek hoe virtuele eiendom in virtuele wêrelde werk. Dit gee ŉ oorsig oor die vraag of virtuele eiendom, in daardie konteks, vergelykbaar is met eiendom in die regte wêreld en dieselfde erkenning moet ontvang. Die volgende vrae word gestel en beantwoord. Wat is die (regte wêreld-) status van eiendom in ŉ virtuele wêreld? Is dit die moeite werd om virtuele eiendom in die regte wêreld-regstelsels te erken en te beskerm? Is dit moontlik om virtuele eiendom in die regte wêreld te erken en beskerm, gegewe die verskille? Sal erkenning en beskerming van virtuele eiendom in die regte wêreld-regstelsels vereis dat, of beperk word tot gevalle waar virtuele eiendom geïdentifiseer of erken word as saaklike regte? Die navorsing toon aan dat daar ŉ bepaalde konsep van virtuele eiendom is soos wat dit in virtuele wêrelde gevind word. Daar is ook ŉ merkbare ooreenkoms tussen die eiendomstelsels in die virtuele en regte wêrelde. Hierdie proefskrif bevind dat daar genoegsame regverdigingsgronde is (sosiaal, ekonomies, sowel as normatief) om regte wêreld-eiendomserkenning aan virtuele eiendom te verskaf. Alhoewel die funksie van eiendom dieselfde is in beide stelsels, word die ooreenkomste tussen hulle ondermyn deur die (algehele of amper algehele) tekort aan saaklike regte in die virtuele wêreld. Dit veroorsaak probleme, aangesien saaklike regte in die regte wêreld aansienlik sterker beskerming geniet as swakker persoonlike regte. Die redes vir hierdie tekort aan saaklike regte in ŉ virtuele wêreld is tweeledig. Eerstens veroorsaak die unieke aard van rekenaar-kode ŉ tekort aan saaklike regte binne die virtuele wêreld, aangesien die kode die bestaan van saaklike regte in meeste gevalle onnodig maak. Tweedens word meeste van die regte wat verkry word en bestaan in virtuele wêrelde geskep en gereguleer deur middel van kontrak. Daar word ook bevind dat dit moontlik is om aan virtuele eiendom erkenning en beskerming te gee deur middel van tradisionele privaatregtelike eiendom (beide Romeins-Germaans en Anglo-Amerikaans), konstitusionele eiendom en die strafreg. Strafreg kan egter slegs sekere gapings vul wat deur die tekort aan saaklike regte veroorsaak word. Die oorblywende regte sal egter persoonlike regte wees. In sekere omstandighede is dit moontlik dat hierdie persoonlike regte sterk genoeg sal wees, maar in ander gevalle sal dit nodig wees dat hul ondersteun word deur middel van die proklamasie van spesiale wetgewing wat swak persoonlike regte in die virtuele eiendom versterk tot eiendoms-agtige regte. In ander gevalle geniet hierdie regte beskerming deur die konstitusionele reg. In ander omstandighede sal dit egter verg dat erkenning en beskerming moet plaasvind deur die erkenning van saaklike regte in virtuele eiendom.
South African Research Chair in Property Law (sponsored by the Departement of Science and Technology (DST)
National Research Foundation (NRF)
University of Maastricht‟s Faculty of Law
Ius Commune Research School

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Perez, Tiffany A. "The elephant in the virtual law classroom". Universität Leipzig, 2021. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A74488.

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Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, law schools had to pivot to virtual legal education quickly. In the wake of the pandemic, scholars have eagerly written about the dos and don’ts of the virtual law classroom. Although some articles have represented the law students’ perspective and some have represented the law professor’s perspective, none have done both in an attempt to create empathy and bridge the gap between what students’ desire, and what law professors are currently providing, and what good virtual legal education requires. As such, based on several interviews with law professors and students, this Article begins by describing one online Contracts class first from the professor’s point of view and then from the student’s point of view. The professor and students’ different perceptions of the same class are then analogized to John Godfrey Saxe’s poem The Blind Men and the Elephant. Then, using the Kübler-Ross Grief Cycle as a vehicle to build empathy and understanding, this article attempts to demonstrate the similarities that exists between students and professors’ feelings about online virtual education, namely that both professors and students alike are avidly grieving a common loss: in-person, Socratic law school days of old. As such, they are both experiencing denial and anger about their situations. In keeping with one of the key strategies recommended by the Mayo Clinic for overcoming denial in grief, this article “journals” their realities and provides both the student and professor perspective in the hopes that, by doing so, it will rid the misconceptions and bridge the way for a new type of virtual legal education to be created—one that meets (and/or exceeds) both professors’ and students’ expectations.

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Gillenwater, Jacob, Stephen Fields, Cheryl Cornett e Chrisopher Wallace. "Combining Fitts’s Law with Angular Size". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/27.

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Human-computer interaction is a growing field of computer science that combines psychological, biomechanical, and engineering design principles to help cater to a user's experience. Dr. Fitts created a mathematical model in 1954 which could accurately describe the difficulty of using a particular one-dimensional user interface, which was subsequently expanded to encompass two-dimensional user interfaces. Contemporary technological advances in virtual and augmented reality are currently leading towards widespread commercial use. This experiment attempts to adapt Fitts’s model once again to accommodate the three-dimensional user interfaces required of virtual and augmented reality. My hypothesis is that an object's angular size can be supplemented into Fitts’s model instead of its physical size. Participants were asked to wear a virtual reality headset and look at pairs of targets. Each pair has a different physical size, but the same angular size. The participants head movements are tracked using the virtual reality headset to determine how long it took each participant to find the center of a target. Linear regression is used to track the distance from the participants center of view to the center of a target over time. The slope of this regression lines is representative of the difficulty slope described by Fitts’s original model. The difficulty slopes are then plotted and compared to one another. Once using the targets’ physical size as the independent variable, and once using the target’s angular size as the independent variable. The coefficient of determination of the two data sets is then compared. If there exists a stronger relationship between the difficulty slope and the angular size of the target compared to the difficulty slope and the physical size of the target, then my hypothesis is true. Research is ongoing, but early preliminary test suggests that my hypothesis is correct. This means that an object's angular size can be supplemented into existing models instead of its physical size. This conclusion allows software developers and user interface designers to create more easily used and more optimized user interfaces.

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4

MacDonald, Michaela. "The case for virtual property". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2017. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/30717.

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Virtual assets should be treated as a species of property. Users of virtual environments have legitimate expectations about acquiring legal interests in virtual assets as they would in their physical counterparts under similar circumstances. There are two sources of these expectations. Firstly, it is the architecture of virtual environments, the existence of virtual economies, and the property-like characteristics of virtual assets that frame users' expectations. Secondly, providers' representations and conduct either explicitly authorise or tolerate virtual asset transactions. As a result, issues of title and ownership arise. The existing legal framework fails to deal properly with these issues. Currently applicable laws, such as contract, intellectual property or consumer protection law, do not recognise users' expectations as legitimate. However, property law could provide the necessary answers by treating virtual assets as part of the law of property. The theoretical foundations of property law inform us about the origins, justifications and consequences of property rights, as well as their role in allocating valuable resources and resolving social conflict. The concept of virtual property entails property rights in virtual assets, which as durable, separable things of independent value. In consequence, a new category of virtual property would resolve the different and unjustified treatment of virtual assets. Virtual property recognizes and protects users' legal interest in virtual assets, based on their legitimate expectations.

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5

Adrian, Angela. "Property rights and personality rights in a virtual world". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2010. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/203.

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Personality rights and property rights are not adequately protected by End User License Agreements (EULAs). This thesis explains how they may be safeguarded by expanding traditional intellectual property rules and developing more cohesive rules for user-generated content. Currently virtual property is governed under a system where initial rights are allocated to traditional intellectual property rights holders, and subsequent rights are governed by EULAs. The traditional intellectual property rights holders have been systematically eliminating any emerging or potential virtual property rights to which game players may be entitled. This is causing an imbalance in resources and rights. The law of contract and the law of property have traditionally balanced each other. The law of contract permits parties to realize the value of idiosyncratic preferences through trades. The law of property traditionally limits the burdens that parties may place on the productive use or marketability of high-value resources by means of contract. Presently, emergent useful property forms in cyberspace are being eliminated by contract. Property law theories provide strong grounds for recognizing that property rights should inhere in virtual assets. Intellectual property rights, specifically copyright, protect the author’s expression of his ideas. The question remains who is creating what? Is it the games company who provide the backdrop and venue or the players who provide the dialogue, action, and plot? The structure and building-blocks are the legal property of the creator-company; however, each character is the embodiment of a player’s story. The fair use doctrine creates a “breathing space” for certain subsidiary or derivative uses of a work by declining to recognize the copyright holder’s entitlement to control (or exploit) the markets for these uses. In determining which of these uses fall into this breathing space, the courts will use a sliding scale.

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Brydolf-Horwitz, Rachel. "Virtual injustice : technology, gendered violence and the limits of the law". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/62711.

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Technology-facilitated violence faces a dangerous combination of attitudes: that such violence isn’t serious and that it can’t be regulated. I look at linked events – the experiences and suicide of a young woman, and the passage of Canada’s first standalone anti-cyberbullying legislation – to analyze the workings of the Canadian justice system and the consequences of thinking about the digital as 'not real life.' The young woman, Rehtaeh Parsons, came to symbolize the dangers of cyberbullying, but her case involved sexual assault, the distribution of a photograph of that assault, and lengthy navigation of the justice and mental health systems in addition to the abuse directed her way via technology. In trying to understand how violence ‘online’ is naturalized and why the harms of technology-facilitated violence receive uneven recognition, I look at the roots and consequences of assumptions that orbit Rehtaeh’s case. I illustrate how as a young woman, her allegations of sexual assault were disclosed and confronted institutionally in an environment and culture steeped with longstanding discriminatory myths and stereotypes, especially around gender, alcohol, consent and sexuality. The distribution of the photograph of this traumatic night and the abuse around it were similarly invisibilized. They did not represent to the police an incident of tangible, corporeal harm because of a number of beliefs about digital technologies. In addition to the persistent partition of online and offline, with offline envisioned as ‘real life,’ I discuss how the widely used metaphor of the Internet as a frontier zone locates it on the edge of or just outside of the reach of the law. In effect, while greater attention to cyberbullying holds the promise of increasing recognition of technology-facilitated violence, there remains a disconnect between the embodied experiences of technology-facilitated violence and legal and social recognition of harm.
Arts, Faculty of
Geography, Department of
Graduate

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Gervassis, Nicholas J. "From contractual serfdom to human rights liberation : doing justice to virtual lives". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/14211.

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Analysis of relationships between states and citizens has almost monopolised the Human Rights legal discourse. In my thesis, I start from the position that Human Rights is a philosophical and historical victory of humankind, whose application cannot be limited to dictating norms in traditional forms of governance; Human Rights primarily define the human being as an individual, as a group, as a societal entity. Therefore, when we discuss Human Rights we do not pursue what governing states 'ought' or 'ought not' to do, but how human beings 'should' endure their lives in a dignified manner; how they should be treated independently of who their acting opponent might be. The Internet, on the other hand, has evolved through the years into an uncharted virtual structure of uncounted online operations and services run by private commercial actors. Within this setting, where the online application platform performs as a land parallel and the private commercial host as the de facto ruler, online identity is mirrored into service accounts. Hence the human being‘s digital existence seems to be depending, to a large degree, on the private initiative – and will. Whilst exploring various relevant themes, the thesis revisits the issue of the application of Human Rights in private relationships through the lenses of online electronic communications and using the example of commercial online virtual worlds. According to my conclusions, a simple projection of the state/citizen model onto ISPs/users relationships does not give sufficient ground for contesting Human Rights within that context. What we need is to deconstruct predominant dogmas in modern Human Rights theory and legislation and to readjust our focus back on the human being and its universal manifestations.

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Yavneh, Jonathan S. "Virtual communities in the law enforcement environment do these systems lead to enhanced organizational memory /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2008/Dec/08Dec%5FYavneh.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Bergin, Richard ; Josefek, Robert. "December 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on February 5, 2009. Includes bibliographical references (p. 69-71). Also available in print.

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Sanchez, Sydney S. "Can Web Sites Incite?: Extending Physical Standards into the Virtual World". Thesis, Boston College, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/1349.

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Thesis advisor: Dale Herbeck
The established standard for incitement articulated in Brandenburg v. Ohio (1969) has developed into a staple of First Amendment law. The Brandenburg standard for incitement works in the real world, but questions have been raised about whether it can be extended into cyberspace. This thesis examines this question through an analysis of threatening web sites such as the Nuremberg Files, and accompanying jurisprudence. The ability of web sites to incite illegal action is undoubtedly compromised by the characteristics that differentiate them from the physical world—What is to be done when laws intended to encompass a much simpler form of expression lose their relevance?
Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2010
Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences
Discipline: Communication Honors Program
Discipline: Communication

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Suzor, Nicolas Pierre. "Digital constitutionalism and the role of the rule of law in the governance of virtual communities". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/37636/1/Nicolas_Suzor_Thesis.pdf.

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This project proposes a new conceptual framework for the regulation of social networks and virtual communities. By applying a model based upon the rule of law, this thesis addresses the growing tensions that revolve around the public use of private networks. This research examines the shortcomings of traditional contractual governance models and cyberlaw theory and provides a reconstituted approach that will allow public constitutional-type interests to be recognised in the interpretation and enforcement of contractual doctrine.

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Wright, Richard A. "Effects of Virtual Reality on the Cognitive Memory and Handgun Accuracy Development of Law Enforcement Neophytes". Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4966.

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Abstract The purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of virtual reality training on the development of cognitive memory and handgun accuracy by law enforcement neophytes. One hundred and six academy students from 6 different academy classes were divided into two groups, experimental and control. The experimental group was exposed to virtual reality training for a period of 8 hours. The control group was exposed to the traditional, non-interactive training that occurred on a gun range, also for a period of 8 hours. After exposing the groups to their respective training, a counter-balance technique was utilized to expose both groups to a series of 3 law enforcement related scenarios. The time and number of shots that each participant used to cognitively process and solve the scenarios were collected and analyzed by group and gender. There was a significant difference, by group, in both time and accuracy, with the virtual reality group using less time and posting more accurate scores. Mean accuracy scores indicated that the males participants were more accurate in their response to the scenario administration.

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Rezende, José Carlos. "Os títulos de crédito eletrônico e a execução da duplicata virtual /". Franca : [s.n.], 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89896.

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Orientador: Geraldo José Guimarães da Silva
Resumo: A informática propiciou um processo de evolução jamais presenciado pela humanidade. Neste contexto evolutivo, propõe-se neste trabalho a análise da substituição dos documentos em papel pelo suporte informático, fenômeno esse que a doutrina jurídica denominou de desmaterialização dos documentos, colocando em discussão o direito cambiário, especialmente os títulos de crédito. Esta descartularização causou mudanças profundas na duplicata, principal título de crédito do direito brasileiro, pois sem a materialização do documento, não se pode falar em título. Outra questão colocada diante desse fenômeno de desmaterialização está relacionado ao direito de crédito em caso de inadimplemento. Na procura de uma resposta para esta indagação será analisada a execução da duplicata virtual; o protesto por indicação via boleto bancário; a prova da entrega da mercadoria e do recebimento; e a recusa do aceite.
Abstract: The computer science propitiated an evolution process never witnessed by humanity. In this evolutionary context, this paper intends to analise the replacement of documents in paper for the computing support, phenomenon which the juridical doctrine denominated de-materialization of documents, putting in discussion the exchange rights, especially the securities. This phenomenon caused deep changes in the trade note, that is the main security of the Brasilian Law, because without the materialization of documents one cannot speak of securities. Another subject which lies along with that de-materialization phenomenon is related to the right of credit in case of default on payments. In search for an answer to this inquiry, the execution of the virtual trade note will be analised; the protest for indication through bank ticket; the proof of delivery of merchandise and of reception; and the refusal of its acceptance.
Mestre

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13

Hu, Ling, e 胡凌. "Shaping the virtual state: internet content regulation in China (1994-2009)". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46421701.

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Coelho, Andrew Satiro. "The scope for multilateral international co-operation in tax affairs / The tax and exchange control consequences of virtual currency transactions in South Africa". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25210.

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1. The scope for multilateral international co-operation in tax affairs: While some measures have been taken in the past to create some form of multilateral co-operation in respect of the enforcement of domestic tax laws, these have been limited either in scope or in scale, or both. This paper seeks to analyse the various attempts at multilateralism, investigate the theoretical reasons behind the perceived dominance of bilateralism in tax relations, and assess the scope for potential multilateral issues in the international tax law environment. 2. The tax and exchange control consequences of virtual currency transactions in South Africa: There is seemingly little research on how virtual currencies might be affected by domestic tax laws, or whether there should be a new tax regime implemented specifically for virtual currencies. This paper looks at how virtual currencies fit into the South African legislature and tax authorities' current tax and exchange control regime, as well as the problems this presents. It then compares that stance to select foreign jurisdictions before arriving at a conclusion at how the problems faced in South Africa might be better resolved. This results in a finding that while legislative measures might need to be taken in the future, it might only be an urgent necessity for the purposes of Exchange Control.

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Simeone, Matthew J. "The integration of virtual public-private partnerships into local law enforcement to achieve enhanced intelligence-led policing". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2007. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/07Sep%5FSimeone.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2007.
Thesis Advisor(s): Bergin, Richard D. ; Simeral, Robert. "September 2007." Description based on title screen as viewed on October 23, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (p. 111-121). Also available in print.

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Rosales, Sergio. "STUDY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A BLAST LAYER FOR THE VIRTUAL RANGE PROJECT". Master's thesis, University of Central Florida, 2004. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/3543.

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In this work we develop a Blast-Propellant-Facility integrated analysis study, which evaluates, by using two different approaches, the blast-related impact of an explosive accident of the Space Shuttle during the first ten seconds after launch at Kennedy Space Center. The blast-related risk associated with an explosion at this stage is high because of the quantity of energy involved in both multiple and complex processes. To do this, one of our approaches employed BlastFX®, a software system that facilitates the estimation of the level of damage to people and buildings, starting from an explosive device and rendering results through a complete report that illustrates and facilitates the evaluation of consequences. Our other approaches employed the Hopkinson-Cranz Scaled Law for estimating similar features at a more distant distance and by evaluating bigger amounts of TNT equivalent. Specifically, we considered more than 500 m and 45,400 kg, respectively, which are the range and TNT content limits that our version of BlastFX® can cover. Much research has been done to study the explosion phenomena with respect to both solid and liquid propellants and the laws that underlie the blast waves of an explosion. Therefore our methodology is based on the foundation provided by a large set of literature review and the actual capacities of an application like BlastFX®. By using and integrating the lessons from the literature and the capabilities of the software, we have obtained very useful information for evaluating different scenarios that rely on the assumption, which is largely studied, that the blast waves' behavior is affected by the distance. All of this has been focused on the Space Shuttle system, in which propellant mass represents the source of our analysis and the core of this work. Estimating the risks involved in it and providing results based on different scenarios augments the collective knowledge of risks associated with space exploration.
M.S.
Department of Industrial Engineering and Management Systems
Engineering and Computer Science
Modeling and Simulation

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Vezzani, Camila Saran. "Direito à informação pela mídia virtual e a sua responsabilidade /". Franca, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/135912.

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Orientador: Maria Amália de Figueiredo Pereira Alvarenga
Banca: José Carlos Garcia de Freitas
Banca: Aloysio Augusto de Campos Netto
Resumo: Atualmente, verificar-se-á que o advento da Internet alterou a questão comunicativa, e infelizmente, tais alterações não foram completamente assimiladas pelo Direito. Tentar-se-á demonstrar que as atuais leis existentes, para regulamentar as questões midiáticas mostram-se cada vez mais ineficazes, quando se analisa a grande mídia, por meio do viés eletrônico. O estudo desta pesquisa objetivará, assim, avaliar a responsabilidade dos meios de comunicação à realidade da Internet, para verificar se o atual posicionamento aplicado, de fato garante a efetividade dos direitos e garantias fundamentais, bem como se corresponde à realidade social. Assim, para alcançar o objetivo proposto, iniciar-se-á o estudo, analisando a responsabilidade civil, com atenção voltada à divisão entre responsabilidade subjetiva e objetiva, explorando por consequência questões-chave, relativamente ao Direito e à Internet, uma vez que o ordenamento jurídico vigente, ainda pouco se aprofundou nas relações com a rede eletrônica. A partir desse conhecimento solidificado, passar-seá pela verificação do julgamento que colocou fim a Lei n. 5260/67, bem como analisar-se-á a dicotomia existente entre o direito à informação e à mídia.Tais embasamentos culminarão na verificação da aplicação da ideia chave proposta, além de apontar solução, para dar maior efetividade à aplicação da responsabilidade civil à mídia quando analisada dentro do ambiente eletrônico. No plano metodológico, a pesquisa conterá uma comunhão entre os métodos, Indutivo e Dedutivo, uma vez que se completam, e sendo necessários para análise da proposta deste estudo
Abstract: Currently, it will be found that the advent of the Internet changed the communication issue, and unfortunately, these changes have not been fully assimilated by the law. Try It will demonstrate that the current existing laws to regulate media issues becoming increasingly ineffective, when analyzing the mainstream media through the electronic bias. The study of this research will aim therefore to evaluate the responsibility of reporting to the reality of Internet media, to verify that the current positioning applied in fact ensures the effectiveness of fundamental rights and guarantees and corresponds to social reality. Thus, to achieve the proposed objective, will start from the study analyzing liability, with attention focused on the division between subjective and objective responsibility, therefore exploring key issues regarding the law and the Internet, since the law current, little is deepened in relationships through the electronic network. With this knowledge solidified, it will pass the verification of the trial that ended the Law n. 5260/67 and will analyze the dichotomy between the right to information and the media. That emplacements culminate in verifying the application of key proposal idea, while pointing out solution to give greater effectiveness to the application of civil liability to the media when analyzed within the electronic environment. At the methodological level, the research will contain a communion between Inductive and Deductive methods, as are completed, and will be required to analyze the purpose of this study
Mestre

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馮文莊. "Do mundo real ao mundo virtual : alguns aspectos juridicos-criminais da vida cibercomunitaria". Thesis, University of Macau, 2000. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1637065.

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Balan, Júnior Osvaldo [UNESP]. "O estabelecimento virtual na sociedade técnica: a necessária busca de segurança jurídica nas transações comerciais". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98930.

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O presente trabalho buscará trazer uma profunda reflexão sobre o avanço técnico na sociedade moderna do instituto denominado estabelecimento virtual, assim como seus reflexos nas mais variadas searas. Buscar-se-á compreender este fenômeno através do estudo da técnica, tudo com base nas obras do pensador Jacques Ellul, que trilhou sobre as mais diversas áreas do conhecimento no século passado, com extremo brilhantismo, podendo, além disso, ser considerado um visionário. Mostrar-se-ão os problemas que o avanço tecnológico vem trazendo, os quais complicam o ser humano em sua vida particular, criando neuroses, fruto da adaptação deste ao mundo moderno. Para tanto e de forma mais analítica estudar-se-ão as características da técnica moderna, as quais permitem entender como se dá o desenvolvimento da técnica. Buscar-se-á compreender também o que vem a ser a informação, a principal técnica da atualidade, e as diferentes concepções sobre a sociedade contemporânea. Além disso, analisar-se-á a influência da imagem na sociedade técnica e sua predominância em relação à palavra. Necessária também se mostrou a análise do que vem a ser o comércio eletrônico, o novo modelo de realizações negociais, que se apresenta em franco crescimento. Assim, o estabelecimento virtual surge dentro deste contexto, não permitindo a criação de obstáculos, se encontrando atualmente em todo o mundo, sem enxergar as diferenças culturais e as menosprezando, trazendo uma uniformidade ao mundo, tanto pela forma de comercializar, como pelos produtos que expõe. Mas não são todas as pessoas do globo que tem acesso a este, sendo este outro grande problema apresentado pelo estabelecimento virtual: a exclusão digital. Por conseguinte, demonstrar-se-á...
The present study will try to create a profound reflexion about the technical advance in the modern society of the institute known as virtual establishment, and also its reflexes in a variety of associations. One of the objectives, is to understand this phenomenon thought the study of the technique, all based on the publications of the philosopher Jacques Ellul, who disserted about the various parts of knowledge in the last century with extreme brilliance,making him a true visionary. The problems brought by technological advances will be shown, these can complicated one´s private life, generating neurosis, a product of its adaptation to the modern world. To do so in an analytical form, the characteristics of the modern technique will be studied, permitting tounderstand the development of the technique. The meaning of information, the principal technique used in the actuality, and its different conceptions in contemporaneous society will be explained, and also, the influence of image in the technical society and its predominance in relation with words will be analyzed. The analyses of what is electronic marketing, a new model of business transactions that is in fast growth should also be done. The virtual market appears inside this context, without obstacles, spreading to the entire globe, with no eyes for cultural differences, bringing uniformity to the world, not just in the way to shop but also on the products available. But not everyone has access to it, being this a big problem presented by the virtual establishment: the digital exclusion. In this work, there will be shown the necessity of development of ways to advance in the virtual technique, ways that show be the result of a critical and reflexive posture of the man, which is rarely seen now a days. This work will be based on comparison of the traditional establishment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Carré, Dobah. "La loi applicable aux tranferts de biens virtuels". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D015.

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Les mondes virtuels multi-joueurs sont des jeux à trois dimensions. Leurs utilisateurs s’adonnent depuis plusieurs années à plusieurs activités en se transférant des objets virtuels créés ou achetés dans les mondes virtuels dont ils revendiquent la propriété. Ces objets appelés «biens virtuels» n’ont d’existence qu’en ligne et peuvent prendre n’importe quelle forme (avatars, vaisseaux spatiaux, etc.). Bien que le marché des transactions de biens virtuels représente un important impact économique, social et juridique sur l’ensemble de la consommation, ces «biens» ne sont pourtant pas juridiquement reconnus, ni protégés par la loi ou par la jurisprudence en Amérique du Nord et en Europe, seuls les contrats de licence rédigés par les développeurs régissent leurs utilisations. Or, les conflits dans ce domaine peuvent devenir très complexes, car les rencontres virtuelles donnent lieu à une grande variété d’activités et sont créatrices de liens de droit entre des internautes qui peuvent se trouver physiquement à l’autre bout de la planète pour se rencontrer virtuellement dans l’environnement du cyberespace. Ainsi, les effets dommageables de ces activités vont se manifester en dehors du réseau. Puisque dans ces cas, l’espace virtuel et l'espace matériel sont interconnectés, on se pose la question suivante : quelle est la loi applicable aux transferts de "biens virtuels"? Pour traiter d’une question litigieuse en droit international privé, il faut passer par l’étape préalable de la qualification juridique de l’objet du litige, ici les biens virtuels, afin d’être en mesure de le rattacher à un régime juridique et à la règle de conflit applicable selon ce régime. Les biens virtuels, immatériels par essence, n’existent pas réellement. Techniquement parlant ce sont des représentations graphiques de codes sources enregistrés dans le logiciel du monde virtuel. Ainsi, l’existence juridique de l’objet virtuel en tant que «bien» est controversée en droit civil, car elle dépend de la conception stricte (traditionnelle) ou élargie (moderne) que l’on adopte du droit de propriété. En admettant que les biens virtuels soient reconnus en droit des biens, les règles de conflits de lois applicables à cette matière portent beaucoup d’importance sur la situation matérielle du bien pour la localisation du rapport de droits, ce qui rend très difficile la recherche de solution des conflits de lois dans notre matière. Ainsi, l’application du principe de l’autonomie tend à s’élargir aux questions de droits réels, mais cette solution n’est pas satisfaisante pour les tiers. Dès lors, il convient de se rallier à la doctrine contemporaine qui critique la référence générale à la règle de rattachement localisatrice dans des situations nouvelles et spécifiques empreintes de difficultés de localisation afin d’appliquer préférablement le régime de propriété intellectuelle, adoptée spécifiquement pour les biens immatériels. L’application de la loi sur les droits d’auteur est plus adaptée aux biens virtuels en tant qu’oeuvre de l’esprit, parce que les droits ne se trouvent pas limités par l’inexistence de cet objet et parce que les règles de conflits propres au droit d’auteur d’origine conventionnelle permettent une protection internationale du droit d’auteur
Multi-player virtual worlds are three-dimensional games. Over the past few years, players have been engaging in various activities involving the transfer of virtual objects that they have themselves created or purchased in these virtual worlds and over which they claim ownership. The objects, called “virtual goods”, exist only in the online world and may take any number of forms (e.g. avatars, space ships, etc.). Although the market for virtual property has important economic, social and legal impacts on consumption, these “goods” are neither recognized by the law, nor protected by North American or European legislation or jurisprudence; only the licensing contracts drafted by the developers regulate their uses. However, conflicts that arise in this domain may grow very complex since virtual interactions give rise to a great variety of activities and create legal relationships between the cybernauts who meet in the virtual environment of cyberspace although they may bephysically located on either ends of the planet. Thus, the adverse effects of these activities may manifest themselves outside of the cyber environment. Since the virtual world and the physical world are interconnected in these cases, we have to ask the following question : what law should apply to the transfer of the “virtual goods”In order to answer contentious questions that arise under private international law, one must first go through the initial step of juridically qualifying the objects in question, here the virtual goods, in order to be able to assign them to a specific legal regime and to the specific conflict of laws rules that apply under that regime. Virtual goods – inherently immaterial – do not really exist:they are graphic representations of source code embedded in the software of the virtual world. Thus, the legal characterization of the virtual objects as “property” is controversial under civil law because it depends on whether one adopts a strict (traditional) concept of property law or a more expansive (modern) concept. Even if virtual goods were to be recognized under property law, since the conflict of laws rules applicable to property law place a lot of importance on the physical location of the property in order to determine the legal attachment, this renders the search for a solution to the conflict of laws in this area very difficult. Application of the principleof contractual autonomy therefore provides greater scope in determining property rights, butthis solution may not be satisfactory to third parties. Thus, it is useful to turn to the contemporary doctrine that criticizes the general application of the rule of physical attachment to particular and novel contexts that present difficulties in determining the location of the property and instead applies the intellectual property regime which is specifically designed to deal with incorporeal goods. Copyright law is better suited to virtual goods as creations of the mind since its application is not hampered by the non-existence of the goods and because the conflict of laws rules applicable to traditional copyright lawprovide international protection for copyrights

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Rezende, José Carlos [UNESP]. "Os títulos de crédito eletrônico e a execução da duplicata virtual". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/89896.

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A informática propiciou um processo de evolução jamais presenciado pela humanidade. Neste contexto evolutivo, propõe-se neste trabalho a análise da substituição dos documentos em papel pelo suporte informático, fenômeno esse que a doutrina jurídica denominou de desmaterialização dos documentos, colocando em discussão o direito cambiário, especialmente os títulos de crédito. Esta descartularização causou mudanças profundas na duplicata, principal título de crédito do direito brasileiro, pois sem a materialização do documento, não se pode falar em título. Outra questão colocada diante desse fenômeno de desmaterialização está relacionado ao direito de crédito em caso de inadimplemento. Na procura de uma resposta para esta indagação será analisada a execução da duplicata virtual; o protesto por indicação via boleto bancário; a prova da entrega da mercadoria e do recebimento; e a recusa do aceite.
The computer science propitiated an evolution process never witnessed by humanity. In this evolutionary context, this paper intends to analise the replacement of documents in paper for the computing support, phenomenon which the juridical doctrine denominated de-materialization of documents, putting in discussion the exchange rights, especially the securities. This phenomenon caused deep changes in the trade note, that is the main security of the Brasilian Law, because without the materialization of documents one cannot speak of securities. Another subject which lies along with that de-materialization phenomenon is related to the right of credit in case of default on payments. In search for an answer to this inquiry, the execution of the virtual trade note will be analised; the protest for indication through bank ticket; the proof of delivery of merchandise and of reception; and the refusal of its acceptance.

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Balan, Júnior Osvaldo. "O estabelecimento virtual na sociedade técnica : a necessária busca de segurança jurídica nas transações comerciais /". Franca : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/98930.

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Orientador: Jorge David Barrientos-Parra
Banca: Rui Décio Martins
Banca: Jorge Luis Mialhe
Resumo: O presente trabalho buscará trazer uma profunda reflexão sobre o avanço técnico na sociedade moderna do instituto denominado estabelecimento virtual, assim como seus reflexos nas mais variadas searas. Buscar-se-á compreender este fenômeno através do estudo da técnica, tudo com base nas obras do pensador Jacques Ellul, que trilhou sobre as mais diversas áreas do conhecimento no século passado, com extremo brilhantismo, podendo, além disso, ser considerado um visionário. Mostrar-se-ão os problemas que o avanço tecnológico vem trazendo, os quais complicam o ser humano em sua vida particular, criando neuroses, fruto da adaptação deste ao mundo moderno. Para tanto e de forma mais analítica estudar-se-ão as características da técnica moderna, as quais permitem entender como se dá o desenvolvimento da técnica. Buscar-se-á compreender também o que vem a ser a informação, a principal técnica da atualidade, e as diferentes concepções sobre a sociedade contemporânea. Além disso, analisar-se-á a influência da imagem na sociedade técnica e sua predominância em relação à palavra. Necessária também se mostrou a análise do que vem a ser o comércio eletrônico, o novo modelo de realizações negociais, que se apresenta em franco crescimento. Assim, o estabelecimento virtual surge dentro deste contexto, não permitindo a criação de obstáculos, se encontrando atualmente em todo o mundo, sem enxergar as diferenças culturais e as menosprezando, trazendo uma uniformidade ao mundo, tanto pela forma de comercializar, como pelos produtos que expõe. Mas não são todas as pessoas do globo que tem acesso a este, sendo este outro grande problema apresentado pelo estabelecimento virtual: a exclusão digital. Por conseguinte, demonstrar-se-á... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: The present study will try to create a profound reflexion about the technical advance in the modern society of the institute known as virtual establishment, and also its reflexes in a variety of associations. One of the objectives, is to understand this phenomenon thought the study of the technique, all based on the publications of the philosopher Jacques Ellul, who disserted about the various parts of knowledge in the last century with extreme brilliance,making him a true visionary. The problems brought by technological advances will be shown, these can complicated one's private life, generating neurosis, a product of its adaptation to the modern world. To do so in an analytical form, the characteristics of the modern technique will be studied, permitting tounderstand the development of the technique. The meaning of information, the principal technique used in the actuality, and its different conceptions in contemporaneous society will be explained, and also, the influence of image in the technical society and its predominance in relation with words will be analyzed. The analyses of what is electronic marketing, a new model of business transactions that is in fast growth should also be done. The virtual market appears inside this context, without obstacles, spreading to the entire globe, with no eyes for cultural differences, bringing uniformity to the world, not just in the way to shop but also on the products available. But not everyone has access to it, being this a big problem presented by the virtual establishment: the digital exclusion. In this work, there will be shown the necessity of development of ways to advance in the virtual technique, ways that show be the result of a critical and reflexive posture of the man, which is rarely seen now a days. This work will be based on comparison of the traditional establishment... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre

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23

Gallagher, Jerry P. "Reducing the threat of terrorism through knowledge sharing in a virtual environment between law enforcement and the private security industry". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Naval Postgraduate School, 2008. http://bosun.nps.edu/uhtbin/hyperion-image.exe/08Mar%5FGallagher.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Security Studies (Homeland Security and Defense))--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2008.
Thesis Advisor(s): Bergin, Richard D. ; Morag, Nadav. "March 2008." Description based on title screen as viewed on April 30, 2008. Includes bibliographical references (p. 77-79). Also available in print.

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24

Theron, Nico. "A comparative study of value added tax collection methods in the context of e-commerce and virtual worlds from a South African perspective". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/26408.

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E-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds has monetary value and may lead to actual cash flows. Where real money trade occurs tax authorities are bound to seek ways and means in which to levy and collect taxes (Pienaar, 2008:38). Previous research on the application of the South African income tax laws to transactions in virtual worlds has been conducted. The application of the charging section of the value added tax laws in South Africa has also been researched in the context of e-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds. Limited research has been conducted on the actual value added tax collection methods in the context of e-commerce and transactions in virtual worlds. This study critically analyses the value added tax collection methods employed in South Africa in the context of ecommerce and transactions in virtual worlds and compares the extent of its application to the extent of the goods and services tax collection methods’ application employed in Australia in this context. The study concludes that that the value added tax collection methods employed in South Africa and the goods and services tax collection methods employed in Australia are similar. Special rules have been adopted in Australia to ensure goods and service taxes are collected on the supply electronic goods. This is not the case in South Africa. However, in the case of transactions in virtual worlds, both countries’ collection methods struggle in ensuring value added tax and goods and service taxes is collected where the supplier of a virtual item is foreign in relation to South Africa or Australia. AFRIKAANS : E-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde het monetêre waarde en mag in sekere omstandighede kontantvloeie tot gevolg bring. Wanneer regte geld verhandel word sal belasting owerhede altyd maniere soek om belasting the hef op die onderliggende transaksies en dit in te vorder (Pienaar, 2008:38). Vorige navorsing rakende die toepassing van die Suid Afrikaanse inkomste belasting wetgewing in virtuele wêrelde is al voorheen gedoen. The toepassing van die heffings artikel in the belasting op toegevoegde waarde (BTW) wetgewing op e-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde was ook al vorheen nagevors. Min navorsing was gevind wat aleenlik fokus op die invorderings meganismes in die BTW wetgewing in die konteks van transaksies in virtuele wêrelde en e-commerce. Hierdie studie analiseer krities die toepassing van die invorderings meganismes in die Suid Afrikaanse BTW wetgewing in die konteks van e-commerce en transaksies in virtuele wêrelde en vergelyk die toepassing daarvan met die toepassing van die Australiaanse goods and services tax wetgewing se invorderings meganismes in dieselfde konteks. Die studie lig uit dat die twee lande se invorderings meganismes baie dieselfde is. The Australiaanse wetgewing maak egter spesiale voorsiening vir lewerings met betrekking tot e-commerce. Dit is nie die geval in Suid Afrika nie. Met betrekking tot transaksies in virtuele wêrelde sukkel beide lande se invorerings meganismes om seker maak dat BTW en goods and services tax ingevorder word waar die verskaffer nie Suid Afrikaans of Australiaans is nie.
Dissertation (MCom)--University of Pretoria, 2012.
Taxation
unrestricted

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Nellis, Ezra. "Ordre public textuel et ordre public virtuel : étude de droit international privé". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024NORMR035.

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En droit international privé, l’ordre public est un outil de la justice conflictuelle dont la mission est de défendre le corpus juridique et la cohésion sociale de l’État requis. Pour ce faire, l’ordre public international repose sur un mécanisme dont les deux composantes sont les lois de police et l’exception d’ordre public. Dans les contentieux témoignant d’un élément d’extranéité, l’ordre public international peut s’opposer à l’application d’une loi étrangère pour trancher un litige ou faire obstacle à la circulation d’un acte public étranger en raison des atteintes qu’ils pourraient porter aux valeurs fondamentales du for. En droit français, l’ordre public international trouve un fondement textuel dans l’article 6 du Code civil qui dispose qu’« [o]n ne peut déroger, par des conventions particulières, aux lois qui intéressent l'ordre public et les bonnes mœurs ». Cela signifie qu’en théorie, si l’ordre public international défend l’axiologie du for, il faut que le législateur ait au préalable déterminé la substance de l’ordre public international ; le cas échéant, le principe d’ordre public consacré par le Code civil resterait lettre morte. Effectivement, le juge national ne peut pas créer du droit. Pourtant, en matière d’ordre public international, c’est au juge qu’est revenu la mission de déterminer les normes juridiques, principes et valeurs devant intégrer l’ordre public international. Ce constat fut l’occasion de formuler plusieurs remarques. Dans le système légaliste français, le juge n’a pas la légitimité nécessaire pour être le seul décisionnaire en la matière et l’ordre public international virtuel est souvent critiqué par les juristes pour sa variabilité et son imprévisibilité. En outre, la Constitution française, qui détermine le processus d’élaboration de la norme, habilite exclusivement le législateur à produire un discours normatif. Enfin, le juge n’est pas le porteur de la vox populi qui ne peut s’exprimer, d’après le contrat social, qu’à travers la règle de droit adoptée par le législateur en sa qualité de représentant du Peuple. À l’aune de ces considérations, il ressort qu’un décalage entre l’« être » et le « devoir-être » du système juridique affecte l’organisation sociétale française a fortiori en droit international privé. À ce titre, la première partie de l’étude a été consacrée à l’exposition de la relativité des présupposés et dogmes sur lesquels reposent la construction de l’ordre public international textuel. Cela nous a permis de mettre en exergue l’importance de la complémentarité de la textualité et de la virtualité de l’ordre public international, mais plus encore, l’impossibilité de considérer avec absoluité l’objectif de parvenir à édicter un ordre public international textuel. A contrario, nous avons mis en lumière la rationalité intrinsèque du phénomène de la virtualité en droit, qui en la matière est motivé par une démarche constructive initiée par le juge au service du système juridique français. La virtualité de l’ordre public international participe à l’édification de la Nation en préservant les règles les plus structurantes pour les individus sur le territoire du for. La deuxième partie de l’étude s’est attelée à démontrer l’existence de l’influence psychique de l’individu sur le système juridique, mais aussi le fonctionnement et la mission de l’ordre public international. Les besoins motivationnels des individus et les mécanismes conscients comme inconscients de la vie mentale des personnes physiques ont une résurgence sur la finalité de l’ordre public international. Cela fut l’occasion de mettre en perspective la multiplicité des fonctions de l’ordre public international et de s’intéresser à leur utilité dans le contexte juridique contemporain. In fine, c’est au profit d’une approche pluridisciplinaire et éclectique que nous sommes parvenu à faire émerger la rationalité des fonctions de l’ordre public international et de sa dimension virtuelle
In private international law, public policies are a tool of conflict laws, whose mission is to defend the legislative corpus and the social cohesion of the required State. In order to do so, international public policies rely on a mecanism made out of two main components: mandatory laws and public policies’ exceptionality. When an extraneous element is present in a given case, international public policies can go against the application of a foreign law in order to settle a case or to oppose the traffic of a foreign public act going against the founding values of the forum. In French law, international public policies are based on article 6 of the Code civil, which states that "one cannot, through specific conventions, go against the laws of public policies and good morals". This means that, in theory, if international public policies defend the forum’s axiology, the lawmaker must previously have determined international public policies’ substance; if it is so, the principle behind public policies sanctionned in the Code civil would be held in abeyance. Indeed, a national judge cannot create law. However, when it comes to international public policies, judges have ended up with the responsibility to determine legislative norms, principles and values meant to become international public policies. This observation presents an opportunity to elaborate on a few points. In the French legal system, the judge does not have the necessary legitimacy to be the sole decision-maker on this topic and international public policies are often criticized by legal practitioners for their changeability and unforseeable nature. What is more, the French Constitution, which determines the process through which norms are drawn up, only authorizes the law maker to produce prescriptive discourse. Finally, the judge is not the vox populi’s herald: according to the social contract, the rule of law is its sole expression as it stems from the proper representative of the People, the law maker. From these observations, one can conclude that a discrepancy exists between the legal system’s being and its duty, which affects the French social organisation, especially when it comes to private international law. This has allowed us to stress the importance of the balance between the written and virtual aspects of private international law, and more than that, the impossibility of considering in absolutes the aim of creating written international public policies. On the other hand, we have brought to light the intrinsic rationality of virtual law, motivated in this case by a constructive approach initiated by the judge in service of the French legal system. The written nature of international public policies takes part in the edification of the Nation by preserving the most structuring rules for individuals within the territory of the forum. The second part of our study shows an existing psychological influence on the legal system as well as on international public policies’ operating and objectives. People’s motivational needs and the mechanisms, both conscious and unconscious, that drive their mental lives have an impact on international public policies’ aim. Once again, this was an opportunity to put into perspective the many functions of international public policies and to delve into their use in a contemporary legal context. Ultimately, it is through a multidisciplinary and eclectic approach that we have managed to bring to the surface the rationale behind international public policies’ functions, and its virtual characteristic

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Armindo, Jacqueline Hartmann. "Formação continuada docente na escola a partir do uso de um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA)". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2016. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2201.

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Acompanha: Formação continuada docente na escola a partir do uso de um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA)
Este trabalho tem por objetivo demonstrar a contribuição de um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem (AVA) utilizado para a formação continuada de docentes no espaço escolar. A questão principal de investigação é como apresentar a escola como esse espaço de formação. Para tal compreensão será apresentado a legislação vigente sobre o tema. Essa questão é relevante pois demonstrará a abrangência de conhecimentos legais destes profissionais bem como contribuirá para a ampliação do conhecimento de três eixos de formação, que são: A escola como espaço de formação, A importância de conhecer as legislações educacionais e a Educação em Direitos Humanos, com a proposta de humanização do outro para humanizar-se. Para tanto, foram empregados como instrumentos metodológicos, pesquisa bibliográfica e análise qualitativa de dados - observação, segundo Lüdke & André (2013) e Severino (2013). Espera-se oferecer contribuição tanto na compreensão da ampliação de entendimento de escola, bem como no destaque das questões legais que embasam os temas tratados.
This study aims to demonstrate the contribution of a Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) used for a post graduate education program of teachers at school. The main point of this research is how to present the school as a place for teachers to study. For this to be understood, the current legislation about this subject will be presented. This issue is important because it will demonstrate the knowledge of these professionals about legal terms towards their careers, and contribute to the expansion of knowledge about three axes of post graduate education programs, which are: the school as a place for teachers to study, the importance of knowing the educational legislation, and the human rights education, with the proposal of humanizing the other to humanize yourself. Therefore, this study’s methodological approach was based on a bibliographic research and on a qualitative data analysis - observation, according to Lüdke & Andrew (2013) and Severino (2013). It is expected to provide contributions to expand the understanding of the concept of school, as well as highlight the legal issues that are the base of this study´s theme.

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Abanto, Bojórquez Jesús Alejandro. "Natural Gas in Peru and the Projects Destined to its Decentralization". Derecho & Sociedad, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117221.

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Last August marked 10 years since the start of the Camisea project, and it is undeniable the influence that it has had in Peru. However, it is also unquestionable that during the last decade, the country has suffered from critic mismanagement, called «centralism». In this context, the author gives an overview of the state of the natural gas industry in Peru. Finally, he makes reference to researches aimed at gaining access to natural gas outside the capital.
El pasado mes de agosto se cumplieron 10 años desde el inicio de operación del proyecto Camisea, y es innegable la influencia que ha tenido este proyecto en el Perú. Sin embargo, también resulta incuestionable que en esta última década el país ha padecido de una crítica mala gestión, llamada «centralismo». En este contexto, el autor hace un repaso de la situación de la industria del gas natural en el Perú. Finalmente, hace referencia a investigaciones destinadas a lograr el acceso al gas natural fuera de la capital.

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Mancini, Federica. "Hacia una muesología participativa. Análisis de experiencias participativas basadas en las TIC aplicadas a los museos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126406.

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La incorporació de la participació del públic a les institucions museístiques a través de las xarxes socials es pot entendre com una evolució de l’experiència cultural. En aquest supòsit, la present tesi doctoral es proposa l’objectiu d’esbrinar si les institucions de patrimoni digital podrien ser un exponent de l’ús de la cultura 2.0 atenent l’objectiu d’abastar públics llunyans i convertir-los en assidus analitzant les comunitats d’internautes procedents de diferents països: El Museu d’Art Modern i Contemporani de Trento i Rovereto (Mart), el Museu Thyssen-Bornemisza de Madrid, el Victoria & Albert Museum de Londres i l’Indianapolis Museum of Art (IMA) d’Indianàpolis. A través de l’estudi realitzat s’han pogut detectar també algunes pautes per apropar les estratègies adoptades per l’esfera institucional, en relació als nous mitjans socials, a les necessitats actuals del públic.
La incorporación de la participación del público en las instituciones museísticas a través de las redes sociales se puede entender como una evolución de la experiencia cultural. En este supuesto la presente tesis doctoral se propone el objetivo de averiguar si las instituciones de patrimonio digital podrían ser un exponente del uso de la cultura 2.0 atendiendo el objetivo de alcanzar públicos lejanos y convertirlos en asiduos analizando las comunidades de internautas de cuatro instituciones procedentes de diferentes países: el Museo de Arte Moderno y Contemporáneo de Trento e Rovereto (Mart), el Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza de Madrid, el Victoria & Albert Museum de Londres y el Indianapolis Museum of Art (IMA) de Indianápolis. A través del estudio realizado se han podido detectar también algunas pautas para acercar las estrategias adoptadas por la esfera institucional, en relación a los nuevos medios sociales, a las necesidades actuales del público.
The inclusion of audience participation in museums through social networks can be seen as an evolution of cultural experience. In this case this doctoral thesis intends to find out if digital heritage institutions could be an exponent of the participative culture in order to reach distant audiences and turn them into regulars analyzing the virtual communities of four institutions from different countries: the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art of Trento and Rovereto (Mart), the Thyssen-Bornemisza Museum of Madrid, the Victoria & Albert Museum of London and the Indianapolis Museum of Art (IMA) of Indianapolis. The study detected also some guidelines to get the strategies adopted by the institutional sphere, regarding the new social media, close to the current audience’s needs.

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Klopson, Jadon E., e Stephen V. Burdian. "Collaborative applications used in a wireless environment at sea for use in Coast Guard Law Enforcement and Homeland Security missions". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/2311.

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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited
This thesis analyzes the potential impact of incorporating wireless technologies, specifically an 802.11 mesh layer architecture and 802.16 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing, in order to effectively and more efficiently transmit data and create a symbiotic operational picture between Coast Guard Cutters, their boarding teams, Coast Guard Operation Centers, and various external agencies. Two distinct collaborative software programs, Groove Virtual Office and the Naval Postgraduate School's Situational Awareness Agent, are utilized over the Tactical Mesh and OFDM network configurations to improve the Common Operating Picture of involved units within a marine environment to evaluate their potential impact for the Coast Guard. This is being done to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of Coast Guard units while they carry out their Law Enforcement and Homeland Security Missions. Through multiple field experiments, including Tactical Network Topology and nuclear component sensing with Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, we utilize commercial off the shelf (COTS) equipment and software to evaluate their impact on these missions.
Lieutenant Commander, United States Coast Guard
Lieutenant, United States Coast Guard

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Pirani, Mateus Catalani. "A universalização da internet e os direitos humanos". Universidade Católica de Santos, 2017. http://biblioteca.unisantos.br:8181/handle/tede/4141.

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Submitted by Rosina Valeria Lanzellotti Mattiussi Teixeira (rosina.teixeira@unisantos.br) on 2017-10-16T18:19:42Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Catalani Pirani.pdf: 1948846 bytes, checksum: 05fed3945d9aba3cf4bf6d2a0e6080b1 (MD5)
Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-16T18:19:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mateus Catalani Pirani.pdf: 1948846 bytes, checksum: 05fed3945d9aba3cf4bf6d2a0e6080b1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-09-11
Interdisciplinary study in applied Social Sciences area, establishing relations between Human Rights, Digital and International developed as master¿s thesis, the present work brings qualitative research on the universalization of the Internet, with Human rights approach in the current world-wide scenery. The appearance of a technological society and the impacts that the Internet imposes on an international scenery, they bring questions connected with the human rights. From the Internet it is possible to create new levels of relationship, which does so that it stops being a tool of studies and starts to be used like a communication way between the persons. Being so, the reason to be of this work results from the necessity of which this communication is within reach of all, in other words from his universalization. Such universalization must be understood as it forms one of human rights realization, be in function of the freedom of expression, of the right to the information or of other rights connected with the human dignity. Human rights off-line must be also online proteges. Besides, the universalization of the Internet can be understood like a human right in herself, in the direction of avoiding that a digital exclusion takes place in current social contemporary fact. The thematic seal in the analysis of the Internet like a social phenomenon, as well as like his relationship with rights, in order that there is drawn a view that allows the defense of the universalization of the Internet while it leaves from the outline of the human rights.
Estudo interdisciplinar na área de Ciências Sociais Aplicadas, que estabelece relação entre Direitos Humanos, Direito Internacional e Direito Digital desenvolvido como Dissertação de Mestrado, o presente trabalho traz pesquisa qualitativa sobre a universalização da internet, com enfoque de Direitos Humanos no atual cenário mundial. O surgimento de uma sociedade tecnológica e os impactos que a Internet impõe ao cenário internacional, trazem questões ligadas aos direitos humanos. A partir da Internet é possível criar novos níveis de relacionamento, o que faz com que ela deixe de ser uma ferramenta de estudos e passe a ser utilizada como um meio de comunicação entre as pessoas. Sendo assim, a razão de ser desse trabalho advém da necessidade de que essa comunicação esteja ao alcance de todos, ou seja de sua universalização. Tal universalização deve ser entendida como uma forma de concretização de direitos humanos, seja em função da liberdade de expressão, do direito à informação ou de outros direitos ligados à dignidade humana. Direitos humanos off-line devem ser também protegidos on-line. Além disso, a universalização da Internet pode ser entendida como um direito humano em si, no sentido de evitar que ocorra uma exclusão digital em uma atual realidade contemporânea social. A temática foca na análise da Internet como um fenômeno social, bem como como seu relacionamento com direitos, a fim de se traçar um panorama que permita a defesa da universalização da Internet enquanto parte do arcabouço dos direitos humanos.

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Cardella, Benjamin. "Le droit des jeux vidéo, de la virtualité à la réalité juridique". Phd thesis, Toulon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00658291.

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Ces dernières années, le marché du jeu vidéo s'est grandement développé. Il touche des populations larges tant en terme d'âge, qu'en terme de nationalité. Ainsi, ce secteur constitue un poids non négligeable dans l'économie, puisque le chiffre d'affaires mondial issu de la vente de jeux vidéo devrait dépasser les 38 milliards d'euros en 2010. En France, bien que ce secteur génère un chiffre d'affaires de 4 milliards d'euros, avec de grands noms tels que GAMELOFT, ATARI, UNIVERSAL ou UBISOFT, il n'est pas offert aux intervenants du secteur de régime juridique clair ou univoque pour la création etl'exploitation de ce type d'oeuvre. Cette absence est à l'origine d'une perte de compétitivité de la France dans un marchémondialisé, où certains pays comme les Etat Unis offrent une sécurité propice à son développement. Elle entraine la fuite de projet à l'étranger et freine l'investissement. L'analyse amène donc à la proposition d'un régime propre appliqué aux jeux vidéo en matière de droit d'auteur. Certains jeux vidéo rassemblent au sein d'univers virtuels des dizaines de milliersd'utilisateurs, qui interagissent alors qu'ils se situent matériellement dans divers pays. Cette ouverture de l'espace de jeu, au départ individuel, à une communauté de joueurs, a profondément modifié la nature de ces jeux. A ce titre, ils soulèvent des questions relatives à leur régulation. Face au constat d'une autorégulation des univers virtuels, considérée comme despotique à l'aune des rapports déséquilibrés institués par les éditeurs et défaillante dans les rapports entre utilisateurs, il est envisagé de créer un cadre juridique spécifique aux univers virtuels.

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32

Baltaduonienė, Vaida. "Elektroninės komercijos apmokestinimas tiesioginiais mokesčiais". Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2006. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2006~D_20061227_185249-47095.

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Problems, relating to the imposition of direct taxes on e-commerce, calculation and collection thereof in e-commerce are discussed in the final Master's thesis with reference to the laws of the Republic of Lithuania, by comparing them with the model of the double taxation avoidance agreement of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development as well as the remarks of the experts of this Organization. Criteria, according to which the e-commerce taxation jurisdiction is applicable, are given herein. Collection of direct taxes of e-commerce in performance of e-commerce activities via server as well as permanent registered office is analyzed.

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Georges, Frédéric. "Deeply virtual Compton scattering at Jefferson Lab". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLS391/document.

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Introduites au milieu des années 90, les Distributions Généralisées de Partons (GPD) sont aujourd'hui un élément clé dans l'étude de la structure interne du nucléon. Les GPD sont la généralisation des Facteurs de Forme et des Fonctions de Distribution de Partons. Elles englobent la distribution spatiale et la distribution en impulsion des partons à l'intérieur du nucléon, ce qui permet d'en effectuer une tomographie en trois dimensions. De plus, elles permettent d'obtenir le moment orbital angulaire total des quarks grâce à la règle de somme de Ji, ce qui est un élément crucial dans l'élucidation de l'énigme de la structure en spin du nucléon. En décrivant de manière plus complète la structure des hadrons en termes de quarks et gluons, il est possible d'approfondir notre compréhension de la Chromodynamique Quantique. Les GPD sont accessibles expérimentalement à travers les processus d'électro-production exclusifs profonds, et l'un des canaux les plus simples est la Diffusion Compton Profondément Virtuelle (DVCS). Un programme expérimental mondial a été lancé au début des années 2000 afin d'extraire ces GPD. L'expérience DVCS E12-06-114 qui a été effectuée dans le Hall A du Jefferson Laboratory (Virginie, Etats-Unis) entre 2014 et 2016 est incluse dans ce programme. Le but de cette expérience est de mesurer avec grande précision la section efficace DVCS dépendante de l'hélicité en fonction du transfert d'impulsion Q², pour des valeurs fixes de la variable de Bjorken xBj, sur une cible de proton. La récente amélioration à 12 GeV de l'accélérateur permet d'obtenir un bras de levier en Q² plus important que lors des expériences précédentes et de sonder des régions cinématiques encore inexplorées, tandis que le faisceau polarisé d'électrons permet de séparer les contributions des parties réelles et imaginaires de l'amplitude DVCS à la section efficace totale. Dans ce document, un bref résumé du programme expérimental mondial sur l'étude des GPD va être fourni, suivi par la description de l'appareillage et l'analyse des données de l'expérience E12-06-114. Enfin, les résultats des mesures de sections efficaces polarisées et non-polarisées sont présentés et comparés à une sélection de modèles
Introduced in the mid 90’s, Generalized Parton Distributions (GPDs) are now a key element in the study of the nucleon internal structure. GPDs are a generalization of Form Factors and Parton Distribution Functions. They encapsulate both spatial and momentum distributions of partons inside a nucleon, allowing to perform its three-dimensional tomography. Furthermore, they allow to derive the total orbital angular momentum of quarks through the Ji sum rule, which is a crucial point to unravel the nucleon spin structure. By providing a more complete description of hadrons in terms of quarks and gluons, a deeper understanding of Quantum Chromodynamics can be reached.GPDs are experimentally accessible through deeply exclusive electro-production processes, and one of the simplest channels available is Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering (DVCS). A worldwide experimental program was started in the early 2000’s to extract these GPDs. The DVCS experiment E12-06-114 performed at Jefferson Laboratory Hall A (Virginia, USA) between 2014 and 2016, is encompassed in this program. The aim of this experiment is to extract with high precision the DVCS helicity-dependent cross sections as a function of the momentum transfer Q², for fixed values of the Bjorken variable xBj, on a proton target. The recent upgrade of the accelerator facility to 12 GeV allows to cover a larger Q² range than in previous measurements and probe yet unexplored kinematic regions, while the polarized electron beam allows the separation of the contributions from the real and imaginary parts of the DVCS amplitude to the total cross section. In this document, a brief summary of the worldwide experimental program for the study of GPDs will be provided, followed by a description of the E12-06-114 apparatus and data analysis. Finally, the results of the unpolarized and polarized cross-section measurements are presented and compared to a few selected models

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Cardella, Benjamin. "Le droit des jeux vidéo, de la virtualité à la réalité juridique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulon, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011TOUL0063.

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Ces dernières années, le marché du jeu vidéo s’est grandement développé. Il touche des populations larges tant en terme d’âge, qu’en terme de nationalité. Ainsi, ce secteur constitue un poids non négligeable dans l’économie, puisque le chiffre d'affaires mondial issu de la vente de jeux vidéo devrait dépasser les 38 milliards d’euros en 2010. En France, bien que ce secteur génère un chiffre d’affaires de 4 milliards d’euros, avec de grands noms tels que GAMELOFT, ATARI, UNIVERSAL ou UBISOFT, il n’est pas offert aux intervenants du secteur de régime juridique clair ou univoque pour la création etl’exploitation de ce type d’oeuvre. Cette absence est à l’origine d’une perte de compétitivité de la France dans un marchémondialisé, où certains pays comme les Etat Unis offrent une sécurité propice à son développement. Elle entraine la fuite de projet à l’étranger et freine l’investissement. L’analyse amène donc à la proposition d’un régime propre appliqué aux jeux vidéo en matière de droit d’auteur. Certains jeux vidéo rassemblent au sein d’univers virtuels des dizaines de milliersd’utilisateurs, qui interagissent alors qu’ils se situent matériellement dans divers pays. Cette ouverture de l’espace de jeu, au départ individuel, à une communauté de joueurs, a profondément modifié la nature de ces jeux. A ce titre, ils soulèvent des questions relatives à leur régulation. Face au constat d’une autorégulation des univers virtuels, considérée comme despotique à l’aune des rapports déséquilibrés institués par les éditeurs et défaillante dans les rapports entre utilisateurs, il est envisagé de créer un cadre juridique spécifique aux univers virtuels
Over the last few years, the video game market has grown exponentially. It targets large publics in terms of either age or nationality. Thus, this sector represents a significant part of the economy, because its global sales return should exceed 38 billion Euros by 2010. In France, although this sector generates a 4 billion Euros yearly sales return, with big companies like Gameloft, Atari, Universal or Ubisoft, there is no clear and unequivocal judicial framework for the creation and exploitation of such works. This lack of a clearly established judicial framework causes France to lose competitivenessin a globalized market where some countries like the United States can provide the safeties favorable to its growth. It causes a drain of projects to other countries and hampers investment. According to this analysis, we ought to suggest a new copyright judicial framework for the video game industry. Some video games gather tens of thousands of users in virtual environments where they can interact, in spite of materially being in different countries. This opening of an initiallyindividual playing space to a community of players has radically changed the nature of these games. In that capacity, they raise questions about their regulation. Given the tyrannical self regulation of virtual environments with respect to the unequalrelations between publishers as well as the failure to harmonize relations between users, we need to create a judicial framework pertaining to virtual environments

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TUNINETTI, MARTA. "Water footprint assessment in space and time to support local and global sustainability". Doctoral thesis, Politecnico di Torino, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11583/2706873.

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Crop production vastly dominates global freshwater use, accounting for nearly 70% of the total withdrawal and around 90% of the total consumption. Human beings are currently using 30% of precipitation-recharged soil moisture and less than 10% (i.e., 3800 km3yr-1}) of the maximum available renewable freshwater resources in the word. Notwithstanding, water resource availability is highly variable in space and time, and different studies have shown a significant mismatch between water use and availability. Accordingly, two-third of global population live under conditions of sever water scarcity for at least one month per year. Moreover, as a consequence of larger food demand and changing living standards, toward more caloric and protein intense diets, global water use has increased by 6-8 times during the past century. At the same time, areas equipped for irrigation have doubled with actual irrigation having unavoidable consequences for aquifers and river ecosystems. Future scenarios of climate change are expected to worsen this picture. Indeed, the rising trends of water demand may continue in the future, harshening the conditions in areas reaching critical thresholds of acceptable water balance. In this context, the goals of this thesis are (i) to identify the main determinants of water use efficiency in agriculture; (ii) to introduce a link prediction algorithm applied to the international trade of agricultural goods; (iii) to introduce a novel indicator to monitor the (mis)match between water use and supply. This thesis quantifies the crop water footprint (CWF, or amount of water use per unit weight of crop) of nine major crops (i.e., wheat, rice, maize, soybean, barley, potatoes, sugar cane, sugar beet, and cotton) through a daily soil water balance run on a grid with a 5’x5’ spatial resolution. The model considers scenarios of rainfed and irrigated crops, also exploring multi-cropping patterns. Quantitative assessments of green and blue (separated into surface and ground) CWF are mapped and analysed in order to identify and monitor the major local drivers of water use, such as climatic conditions, precipitation rate during the growing season, cropping calendar, soil properties, crop yields and agricultural management practises. Results show that crop yield is the most important determinant of the total CWF. Moreover, results of a first-order sensitivity analysis show that, e.g., wheat CWF is mostly sensitive to the length of the growing period, rice CWF to the reference evapotranspiration depth, soybean and maize CWF to the planting date. The CWF model has been adopted also to validate a Fast Track approach, recently developed to study the CWF changes in time, which are generally kept aside in Water Footprint assessments. This approach ascribes the temporal CWF changes only to the yield variations, while it assumes the evapotranspiration depth as time-invariant. This thesis shows the good performance of this approach and also provides an uncertainty analysis. Accordingly, the Fast Track approach shows an error three times smaller than the uncertainty associated with the CWF model. Following the yields patterns, CWF has significantly decreased along the period 1961-2013, but with different rates depending on the crop and the location of the production sites. In the second part of the thesis, the crop water footprint is compared to the local water availability, to assess the sustainability of crop production. In order to understand the size of local (mis)match between crop water use and available water resources, we introduce a water debt repayment time indicator (WD). The WD quantifies the time the hydrological cycle takes to replenish the water resources used for annual crop production, distinguishing the different sustainability levels of soil-, surface-, and ground-water. This indicator highlights the locations and typology of threats imposed by agricultural production on water resources. On a global average, we found that wheat and rice production critically overuses ground water resources, especially in China and the US, and cotton production overuses both surface -and ground-water, particularly in the US. Locally, unsustainable annual crop production is found over the Sabarmati basin (due to wheat) in India, and in the Chao Phraya basin (due to rice and sugarcane) in Thailand, where the water debt repayment time exceeds 5 years in many cultivated areas. Including in the same framework analyses on water use efficiencies (through the CWF) and measure of water use (un)sustainability (through the WD) enables screening analyses at finding specific solutions in cases of low water use efficiencies and/or in critical situation of overuses. While local drivers monitor the water use for production, global drivers attempt to explore the globalization of water resources that happens through the international trade of agricultural goods. Why do countries become trade patterns, hence establishing a more or less stable relation, which implies externalization of water resources use? The third part of this thesis answers to this question through the elaboration of a threshold-based link prediction algorithm, aiming at finding the drivers behind link activation. Accordingly, a link is expected to exist depending on the predicted virtual water volume traded from the source node to the target node: the link is modelled as active when the volume is higher than 1000 m3y-1, non-active otherwise. This algorithm is able to capture 84% of the currently active links and 93% of non-active links. Country population, geographical distance between countries and fertilizers use are the major drivers to explain link existence. The link prediction model may be applied to build future scenarios of virtual water trade, in order to understand how local consumption and production patterns could affect the trade network. Finally, in order to understand how close water demand to water availability is, we introduce a water debt (WD) indicator. The WD quantifies the payback time the hydrological cycle takes to replenish the water resources used for annual crop production. Hence, it highlights the locations and typology of threats imposed by agricultural production on water resources. E.g., the annual production of the nine study crops arise a WD of 10 years with the ground water resources of the US High Plain aquifer, mostly as a consequence of maize and soybean production. This indicator intends to connect and integrate water resource management with other environmental issues, such as the carbon footprint. In short, the thesis contributes advancing our knowledge in the spatio-temporal explicit water footprint assessments, virtual water trade network, sustainable water use. The models developed in this thesis and the results shown in the following chapters allow (i) to explore pathways toward improved water use efficiencies and more sustainable water withdrawals, (ii) to model backward and forward trade network dynamics, and (iii) to project future water use scenarios.

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Akgul, Turgut, e Coskun Kargin. "Develop, build, and test a virtual lab to support vulnerability training system". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1468.

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited
A computer security virtual lab architecture was developed and tested for functionality and performance. Four Dell PowerEdge 1650, dual processor, blade servers were configured as host machines with VMware and VNC running on a Linux RedHat 9 Kernel. An Apache-Tomcat web server was configured as the external interface to lab users. Web content was created, the site was secured with SSL, and Java Servlet functionality was enabled. Host machine performance was tested under various load conditions. Analysis indicated that, for our architecture, that the average host machine CPU load was [about]12 % while the average memory load was [about]33 %. We conclude that for the cost and space requirements of 5 1U blade servers we have configured an equivalent 20 computer lab. Performance tests show that the virtual lab could scale easily from 4 - 30 computers.
1st Lieutenant, Turkish Army
1st Lieutenant, Turkish Army

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Kargin, Coskun Akgul Turgut. "Develop, build, and test a virtual lab to support vulnerability training system /". Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Sept%5FKargin.pdf.

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Sabatié, Frank. "Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering Studies at Jefferson Lab". Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00555523.

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Ce document décrit les premières investigations expérimentales à Jefferson Lab des Distributions de Partons Generalisées (GPDs), en utilisant la diffusion Compton Profondément Virtuelle (DVCS). Les GPDs incluent les facteurs de forme et densités partoniques habituelles, mais aussi les correlations entre états différents de partons. Les GPDs donnent donc accès a une description tri-dimensionnelle du nucléon. le DVCS est le processus le plus direct pour extraire les GPDs, et des l'année 2000 une série d'expériences ont été proposée dans ce but. Les résultats des premières expériences exploratoires sont presentés ainsi que les premières mesures de combinaisons linéaires de GPDs. Une discussion detaillée s'ensuit sur ce que l'on a appris de ces expériences, en liaison avec les outils théoriques utilises pour extraire les GPDS a partir des données. Enfin, on décrit les améliorations futures possibles, et les nouvelles expériences qui sont proposées.

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Horner, David Alan. "The seeds of virtue : law and virtue ethical conceptions in Aquinas's ethics". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:91aff45b-df61-4435-937d-b8331ec20b86.

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There is a prima facie incompatibility between a law conception of ethics, in which law concepts (e.g. ought, rule, action) are basic, and a virtue conception of ethics, in which virtue concepts (e.g. character trait, ideal, agent) are basic. However, both conceptions contain elements that are needed for an adequate ethical account. Aquinas's conception of ethics is of interest, because it combines virtue and law components within a broadly Aristotelian account. I argue that Aquinas's virtue-and-law ethical conception is not ad hoc, but emerges from, expresses, and is grounded normatively, rationally, and motivationally in his general conception of practical thought. My first objective in the thesis is to explicate and defend an interpretation of Aquinas's understanding of practical thought as the rational determination of general good into particular action. I argue, first, that this interpretation expresses Aquinas's conception of the nature of practical thought, as reflected in Aquinas's central practical concepts of order, nature, good, and reason. Second, I argue that this interpretation is expressed in Aquinas's conception of the structure of practical thought, as reflected in general, specific, and particular conceptual levels of practical thinking, reasons, and forms of reasoning. My second objective in the thesis is to show that Aquinas's virtue-and-law account presupposes and develops this conception of practical thought, and briefly to indicate how insights from Aquinas's account elucidate relationships between virtue and law ethical conceptions.

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Cortés, Andreu Laura. "La recuperación contemporánea del concepto de “virtud”. Posibilidades y límites de la “virtue ethics”". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/383522.

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El objetivo de esta tesis es determinar tanto los límites como las posibilidades de la virtue ethics. Desde sus inicios hasta el momento actual, la virtue ethics ha evolucionado rápidamente desde revindicar una mayor atención a las virtudes en la ética contemporánea hasta convertirse en una de las tres teorías éticas normativas principales —juntamente con la deontología y el utilitarismo-. Es el momento de analizar este gran desarrollo con el objetivo de averiguar cuáles son los mayores problemas a los que se enfrenta la teoría y cuáles son sus posibilidades más prometedoras. El primer capítulo se destina a presentar las diferentes ideas y tesis contenidas en la virtue ethics. Después de encontrar una definición adecuada de la virtue ethics, se presenta un marco general de la teoría ética normativa. Este marco está compuesto por las principales cuestiones a las que toda teoría ética normativa debe enfrentarse y es apto para clasificar todas las ideas y tesis de cualquier teoría ética. Finalmente, las principales tesis de la virtue ethics concernientes a cada cuestión identificada previamente se anuncian y se clasifican en el interior del marco. El segundo capítulo analiza las objeciones y los límites de la virtue ethics. Se argumenta que la teoría puede hacer frente a algunas de las principales objeciones que se le han planteado, como la objeción del egoísmo y la del elitismo. Sin embargo, si la virtue ethics no quiere verse limitada por un concepto insubstancial de 'virtud', debe ocuparse de algunos aspectos fundamentales de la teoría antigua de la virtud que, en la actualidad, pueden constituir problemas filosóficos. El objetivo del capítulo tercero es explorar las posibilidades más prometedoras de la virtue ethics. Se defiende que estas posibilidades pueden encontrarse, precisamente, en el ámbito donde la teoría ha recibido las más duras críticas: el área de la normatividad. La virtue ethics no solo puede hacer frente a la objeción action-guiding, sino que puede hacer mucho más: puede desarrollar una propuesta normativa innovadora. A lo largo de varias secciones se presentan y analizan algunas ideas fundamentales de la virtue ethics. Todas estas ideas conducen a una nueva perspectiva sobre la normatividad que se centra en la formación global del carácter virtuoso. Este proyecto se denomina "el proyecto normativo como proyecto educativo". Se argumenta que la virtue ethics debería abandonar el propósito de presentar un procedimiento general diseñado para individuar la acción correcta en cada caso. En cambio, debería dirigir todos sus futuros esfuerzos normativos a desarrollar el nuevo proyecto normativo presentado aquí, desplegando así sus posibilidades más importantes. Para tal fin, debería adoptar una perspectiva multidisciplinar, contando especialmente con los resultados de la psicología empírica. Después de analizar el debate reciente entre la virtue ethics y la psicología social, se argumenta que el nuevo proyecto normativo se beneficiará de los hallazgos empíricos de la psicología. En el capítulo cuarto se reexaminan las varias tesis clasificadas en el primer capítulo, con el objetivo de seleccionar las mejores sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos en los capítulos centrales del trabajo. Para cada una de las cuestiones principales que toda teoría ética debe afrontar, se selecciona la respuesta más apropiada de la virtue ethics. El resultado es la versión máximamente adecuada de la virtue ethics.
The aim of this PhD thesis is to find the limits and the possibilities of virtue ethics. From its beginning until now, virtue ethics has developed evolved into one of the three main normative ethical theories —together with deontology and utilitarianism. It's time to take a look back to this great development in order to see what are the worst problems the theory has to face and what are its most promising possibilities. The first chapter is devoted to present the various ideas and thesis contained within the vast landscape represented by virtue ethics. After finding an adequate definition of virtue ethics, a general framework of a normative ethical theory will be presented. Finally, the main thesis of virtue ethics concerning each question previously identified will be classified within the framework. The second chapter deals with the objections and limits of virtue ethics. It is argued that the theory can face the objection of egoism and the objection of elitism. However, if virtue ethics does not want to find itself limited by an insubstantial concept of 'virtue', it should address fundamental aspects of the ancient theory of virtue which can now be problematic. The purpose of the third chapter is to explore the most promising possibilities of virtue ethics. The main contention is that these possibilities can be found precisely where the theory has received the hardest criticisms: normativity. Virtue ethics can face the action-guiding objection, but it can also develop a genuinely innovative normative approach. Along several sections some fundamental ideas of virtue ethics are presented and explored. All these ideas add to a new perspective on normativity which focuses on the formation of a global virtuous character. After reviewing the recent debate between virtue ethics and social psychology, it is argued that the new normative project will benefit from the empirical findings of psychology. In the fourth chapter the various theses classified in the first chapter are re-examined, in order to select the best ones on the basis of the results yielded by the central chapters of this work. The result is the most promising version of virtue ethics so far.

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Liyanage, M. (Madhusanka). "Enhancing security and scalability of Virtual Private LAN Services". Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2016. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789526213767.

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Abstract Ethernet based VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service) is a transparent, protocol independent, multipoint L2VPN (Layer 2 Virtual Private Network) mechanism to interconnect remote customer sites over IP (Internet Protocol) or MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) based provider networks. VPLS networks are now becoming attractive in many Enterprise applications, such as DCI (data center interconnect), voice over IP (VoIP) and videoconferencing services due to their simple, protocol-independent and cost efficient operation. However, these new VPLS applications demand additional requirements, such as elevated security, enhanced scalability, optimum utilization of network resources and further reduction in operational costs. Hence, the motivation of this thesis is to develop secure and scalable VPLS architectures for future communication networks. First, a scalable secure flat-VPLS architecture is proposed based on a Host Identity Protocol (HIP). It contains a session key-based security mechanism and an efficient broadcast mechanism that increase the forwarding and security plane scalability of VPLS networks. Second, a secure hierarchical-VPLS architecture is proposed to achieve control plane scalability. A novel encrypted label-based secure frame forwarding mechanism is designed to transport L2 frames over a hierarchical VPLS network. Third, a novel Distributed Spanning Tree Protocol (DSTP) is designed to maintain a loop free Ethernet network over a VPLS network. With DSTP it is proposed to run a modified STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) instance in each remote segment of the VPLS network. In addition, two Redundancy Identification Mechanisms (RIMs) termed Customer Associated RIMs (CARIM) and Provider Associated RIMs (PARIM) are used to mitigate the impact of invisible loops in the provider network. Lastly, a novel SDN (Software Defined Networking) based VPLS (Soft-VPLS) architecture is designed to overcome tunnel management limitations in legacy secure VPLS architectures. Moreover, three new mechanisms are proposed to improve the performance of legacy tunnel management functions: 1) A dynamic tunnel establishment mechanism, 2) a tunnel resumption mechanism and 3) a fast transmission mechanism. The proposed architecture utilizes a centralized controller to command VPLS tunnel establishment based on real-time network behavior. Hence, the results of the thesis will help for more secure, scalable and efficient system design and development of VPLS networks. It will also help to optimize the utilization of network resources and further reduction in operational costs of future VPLS networks
Tiivistelmä Ethernet-pohjainen VPLS (Virtual Private LAN Service) on läpinäkyvä, protokollasta riippumaton monipisteverkkomekanismi (Layer 2 Virtual Private Network, L2VPN), jolla yhdistetään asiakkaan etäkohteet IP (Internet Protocol)- tai MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) -yhteyskäytäntöön pohjautuvien palveluntarjoajan verkkojen kautta. VPLS-verkoista on yksinkertaisen protokollasta riippumattoman ja kustannustehokkaan toimintatapansa ansiosta tullut kiinnostavia monien yrityssovellusten kannalta. Tällaisia sovelluksia ovat esimerkiksi DCI (Data Center Interconnect), VoIP (Voice over IP) ja videoneuvottelupalvelut. Uusilta VPLS-sovelluksilta vaaditaan kuitenkin uusia asioita, kuten parempaa tietoturvaa ja skaalautuvuutta, optimaalista verkkoresurssien hyödyntämistä ja käyttökustannusten pienentämistä entisestään. Tämän väitöskirjan tarkoituksena onkin kehittää turvallisia ja skaalautuvia VPLS-arkkitehtuureja tulevaisuuden tietoliikenneverkoille. Ensin väitöskirjassa esitellään skaalautuva ja turvallinen flat-VPLS-arkkitehtuuri, joka perustuu Host Identity Protocol (HIP) -protokollaan. Seuraavaksi käsitellään istuntoavaimiin perustuvaa tietoturvamekanismia ja tehokasta lähetysmekanismia, joka parantaa VPLS-verkkojen edelleenlähetyksen ja tietoturvatason skaalautuvuutta. Tämän jälkeen esitellään turvallinen, hierarkkinen VPLS-arkkitehtuuri, jolla saadaan aikaan ohjaustason skaalautuvuus. Väitöskirjassa kuvataan myös uusi salattu verkkotunnuksiin perustuva tietokehysten edelleenlähetysmekanismi, jolla L2-kehykset siirretään hierarkkisessa VPLS-verkossa. Lisäksi väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan uuden Distributed Spanning Tree Protocol (DSTP) -protokollan käyttämistä vapaan Ethernet-verkkosilmukan ylläpitämiseen VPLS-verkossa. DSTP:n avulla on mahdollista ajaa muokattu STP (Spanning Tree Protocol) -esiintymä jokaisessa VPLS-verkon etäsegmentissä. Väitöskirjassa esitetään myös kaksi Redundancy Identification Mechanism (RIM) -mekanismia, Customer Associated RIM (CARIM) ja Provider Associated RIM (PARIM), joilla pienennetään näkymättömien silmukoiden vaikutusta palveluntarjoajan verkossa. Viimeiseksi ehdotetaan uutta SDN (Software Defined Networking) -pohjaista VPLS-arkkitehtuuria (Soft-VPLS) vanhojen turvallisten VPLS-arkkitehtuurien tunnelinhallintaongelmien poistoon. Näiden lisäksi väitöskirjassa ehdotetaan kolmea uutta mekanismia, joilla voidaan parantaa vanhojen arkkitehtuurien tunnelinhallintatoimintoja: 1) dynaaminen tunnelinluontimekanismi, 2) tunnelin jatkomekanismi ja 3) nopea tiedonsiirtomekanismi. Ehdotetussa arkkitehtuurissa käytetään VPLS-tunnelin luomisen hallintaan keskitettyä ohjainta, joka perustuu reaaliaikaiseen verkon käyttäytymiseen. Tutkimuksen tulokset auttavat suunnittelemaan ja kehittämään turvallisempia, skaalautuvampia ja tehokkaampia VLPS järjestelmiä, sekä auttavat hyödyntämään tehokkaammin verkon resursseja ja madaltamaan verkon operatiivisia kustannuksia

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Zayas, PeÌrez Benjamin Eddie. "VEST-Lab : a virtual environment for instruction and research". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412657.

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Information location and interactivity are two attributes of Desktop Virtual Environment (DVE) design that can be exploited to enhance the ability of people to acquire information and skills that transfer to real world environments and objects. This thesis presents the results of the research conducted to identify the effects of information location and interactivity in a DVE for teaching declarative and procedural knowledge in the domain of laboratory safety training using a virtual chemistry laboratory (VEST-Lab). The term 'information location' refers to the spatial relationship between linguistic information (text and sound) and virtual reality objects. 'Interactivity' refers to the actions by the learner that are afforded by the DVE (i.e., object manipulation, navigation and user-system interaction). The thesis also describes the design process (requirements analysis, implementation, prototyping and evaluation) of VEST-Lab as an instructional training environment and research tool. Two ways of presenting information (co-located and non co-located) and two levels of interactivity (passive and active) were compared in a fully crossed, factorial design. The effects of these factors were assessed via pre, post and retention measures of knowledge of laboratory precaution (declarative knowledge), and spatial memory and object location memory (spatial knowledge) using a paper-and-pencil test. Results indicate that co-located information produced a greater positive effect upon the learning and retention of declarative knowledge amongst passive learners. However, active learners with co-located information revealed superiority for spatial knowledge acquisition. Two levels of interactivity (passive and active) were compared to evaluate the effect in emergency procedures acquisition (procedural knowledge) in two modalities, learning by 'reading' and learning by 'doing'. There was no difference in the former modality, however, passive participation resulted in better performance for learning emergency procedures in the latter form. Although interactivity was beneficial for spatial knowledge acquisition, the additional tasks during active learning interfered to some degree with the cognitive processes or resources required to learn factual and procedural knowledge. The findings indicate that co-located information provides perceptual cues that facilitated an association between linguistic information and location of object in the virtual environment, a three-dimensional spatial contiguity effect.

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Kulkarni, Ashish Sadashiv 1978. "Data monitoring web services in a virtual lab environment". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8377.

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Thesis (M.Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 88).
Environmental issues have become of prime concern due to dramatic increase in the pollution levels in all parts of the world. Underlying aquifer flow in environmentally sensitive places plays an important role in characterizing the environmental condition of the place. There is thus a pressing need for monitoring and real time analysis of hydrological data over areas of environmental interest. Coupling the emerging sensing and wireless technologies with an internet infrastructure can enable efficient data monitoring and real-time analysis of environmental conditions over an area of interest. Information gathered from various data sources regarding the change in water level and quality during various seasons can then be used to characterize trends in the physical, chemical and biological condition of the environment. Efficient real-time monitoring furnished with fast data rendering and decision-making capabilities can go a long way in monitoring Civil and Environmental Engineering infrastructure. The speed and reliability necessary for such a task can be achieved only by using a distributed infrastructure, with dedicated resources to data acquisition, archival and rendering. Distributed development technologies like DCOM, CORBA, RMI and SOAP, essentially extensions of simple RPC protocols, provide the interconnectivity between different components of such a distributed infrastructure. The present work discusses these distributed development technologies and compares them in the context of the Smartwells project.
by Ashish Sadashiv Kulkarni.
M.Eng.

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Banerjee, Ananda. "Towards Reconfigurable Lab-on-Chip Using Virtual Electrowetting Channels". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384849538.

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Asto, Paredes Nadia Evelyn, e Flores Maria del Pilar Villavicencio. "¿Las criptomonedas deben ser consideradas dinero?" Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC), 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10757/626341.

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A lo largo de la historia de la humanidad, el dinero ha tomado distintas formas, valores y alcances geopolíticos, ha llegado a situarse como la principal herramienta para engrandecer o destruir naciones. Hoy en día, muchas de las transacciones ya no son, necesariamente, en efectivo; una gran mayoría realiza pagos con dinero electrónico, a través de los aplicativos; y existe también otro grupo de usuarios que utiliza las criptomonedas para hacer sus operaciones. Estas últimas han llamado poderosamente la atención de académicos, financistas y público en general, pues representa un fenómeno de rápido crecimiento. Las criptomonedas, entonces, han respondido a la demanda insatisfecha de usuarios que encuentran grandes barreras en canales tradicionales como, por ejemplo, poca cobertura de las entidades financieras, demoras en las transacciones internacionales, filtración de información personal, exposición a hurtos, entre otros. Por estos motivos, las personas están dispuestas a aceptar nuevas formas de dinero que incorporen tecnología en su funcionamiento y uso, y que acabe con las barreras que presenta el sistema financiero conservador. Sin embargo, aparentemente, para algunos autores, no todas son ventajas en las criptomonedas, sino que presentan algunas características adversas que se califican como nocivas por determinadas fuentes, los bancos centrales principalmente. Esto se ha convertido en tema de discusión e investigación por parte de los gobiernos, que buscan la manera de regular este dinero intangible sobre el cual actualmente no tienen control. En este Paper se analiza, de acuerdo a lo expresado por distintos autores, si las criptomonedas deben ser consideradas dinero.
As has happened throughout the history of humanity, money has taken different forms, values and geopolitical domains, becoming the main tool to magnify or destroy nations. Many of the daily transactions are no longer necessarily in cash; a great majority makes payments with electronic money through the applications; and there is also another group of people who use cryptocurrencies to do their financial operations. The latter have attracted the attention of academics, financiers and the audiences in a powerful way, as it represents a fast growth phenomenon. The cryptocurrencies have responded to the dissatisfied users who find great barriers in traditional channels such as: poor coverage of financial institutions, delays in international transactions, filtering of personal information, exposure to thefts, among others. For these reasons, people are willing to accept new forms of money that incorporate technology in its operation and use, and to break down the barriers that the conservative financial systems has. But, apparently for some authors, not all are advantages when it comes to cryptocurrencies, these might have some adverse characteristics that are qualified as harmful by certain sources, mainly Central Banks. This has become a topic of discussion and research by governments, who seek ways to regulate this intangible money that they currently have no control over. In this Paper we analyze, according to what different authors has been expressed about whether cryptocurrencies should be considered money.
Trabajo de Suficiencia Profesional

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Campbell, Dace A. "Design in virtual environments using architectural metaphor : a HIT lab gallery /". Connect to this title online, 1996. http://www.hitl.washington.edu/publications/campbell/.

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Soler, Domínguez José Luis. "Influencia del diseño de interacción sobre la experiencia de usuario en entornos de aprendizaje en Realidad Virtual: un estudio centrado en las metáforas de navegación". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/149393.

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[ES] La Realidad Virtual (RV) se ha venido mostrando como un medio emergente y transgresor desde hace décadas. Aunque actualmente continúa su calmado pero imparable ascenso, sigue sin constituir una plataforma masiva, al contrario de lo que ocurre con otros dispositivos como las consolas o los teléfonos móviles. En cualquier caso, su enorme potencial para generar emociones en los usuarios a través de una exposición sensorial más intensa y profunda, se ha explotado especialmente en algunos sectores, como el de la educación y la formación o el de la salud, entre otros. Una vez que los avances tecnológicos han permitido el desarrollo de dispositivos de Realidad Virtual con una alta calidad visual y a un precio asequible, nos encontramos frente a un escenario propicio para su difusión masiva. Actualmente, con más de seis millones de cascos de Realidad Virtual (HMD de sus siglas en inglés, Head Mounted Display) vendidos a lo largo del mundo, el desafío principal reside en la creación de contenidos. Al igual que ha sucedido con otras tecnologías comunicativas, como el cine o la televisión, a partir de este momento deberán ser la creatividad y el diseño las que potencien la consolidación de la RV. La revisión del estado del arte muestra que son factores como la presencia (la sensación de estar "realmente ahí", dentro del entorno virtual) o la comodidad (el no sufrir cibermareos, o "cybersickness" siguiendo la terminología inglesa, mientras se usa un dispositivo de RV) los que hacen que una experiencia de RV basada en HMD sea más o menos satisfactoria. Del mismo modo, extrapolando a ámbitos específicos, como el educativo, también se muestran como determinantes a la hora de originar aprendizajes más profundos y persistentes. Esta investigación tiene como objetivos estudiar como diferentes decisiones relativas al diseño de interacción pueden influir en la experiencia que los usuarios tengan dentro del entorno virtual, aumentando o disminuyendo su comodidad, su sensación de presencia, etc... Para ello, poniendo el foco en una de las interacciones más relevantes, la navegación, se evalúa por primera vez las implicaciones de dos metáforas distintas a través de las tres dimensiones de la presencia: la subjetiva, la conductual y la fisiológica. Adicionalmente, se detallan tanto un flujo de trabajo como dos herramientas software destinadas a recoger, tratar y visualizar los datos de interacción de un usuario dentro de un entorno de Realidad Virtual. La principal novedad recae en la utilización de un Sistema de Información Geográfico para el apartado de visualización, el cual proporcionada una flexibilidad sin precedentes para analizar comportamientos y conductas. Por último, se presenta una breve guía de diseño de entornos gamificados de aprendizaje en RV basados en la teoría de la cognición corporizada, con el objetivo de ayudar a diseñadores y desarrolladores a la hora de construir las experiencias de aprendizaje del futuro.
[EN] Virtual Reality (VR) has been showing itself as an emerging and transgressive medium for decades. Although currently continues its calm but unstoppable rise, it still does not constitute a massive platform, contrary to what happens with other devices such as consoles or mobile phones. In any case, its enormous potential to generate emotions in users through a more intense and profound sensory exposure, has been exploited especially in some sectors, such as education and training or health, among others. Once the technological advances have allowed the development of Virtual Reality devices with high visual quality and at an affordable price, we are faced with a propitious scenario for its mass diffusion. Currently, with more than six million Virtual Reality headsets, (Head Mounted Display) sold throughout the world, the main challenge lies in content creation. As has happened with other communication technologies, such as film or television, from this moment on, creativity and design should be the ones that enhance the consolidation of the RV. The review of the state of the art shows that they are factors such as presence (the feeling of being "really there", within the virtual environment) or comfort (not suffering from cybersickness while using an RV device) which make a VR experience based on HMD more or less satisfactory. Similarly, extrapolating to specific areas, such as education, they are also shown as determining factors when it comes to creating deeper and more persistent learning. This research aims to study how different decisions related to interaction design can influence the experience that users have within the virtual environment, increasing or decreasing their comfort, their sense of presence, etc ... To do this, focusing on one of the most relevant interactions, navigation, the implications of two different metaphors are evaluated for the first time through the three dimensions of presence: subjective, behavioral and physiological. Additionally, both a workflow and two software tools designed to collect, process and visualize user interaction data within a Virtual Reality environment are detailed. The main novelty lies in the use of a Geographic Information System for the visualization section, which provided unprecedented flexibility to analyze behaviors and behaviors. Finally, a brief guide to the design of gamified learning environments in VR based on the theory of embodied cognition is presented, with the aim of helping designers and developers in building the learning experiences of the future.
[CA] La Realitat Virtual (RV) s'ha vingut mostrant com un mitjà emergent i transgressor des de fa dècades. Encara que actualment continua el seu calmat però imparable ascens, segueix sense constituir una plataforma massiva, al contrari del que ocorre amb uns altres dispositius com les consoles o els telèfons mòbils. En qualsevol cas, el seu enorme potencial per a generar emocions en els usuaris a través d'una exposició sensorial més intensa i profunda, s'ha explotat especialment en alguns sectors, com el de l'educació i la formació o el de la salut, entre altres. Una vegada que els avanços tecnològics han permés el desenvolupament de dispositius de Realitat Virtual amb una alta qualitat visual i a un preu assequible, ens trobem enfront d'un escenari propici per a la seua difusió massiva. Actualment, amb més de sis milions de cascos de Realitat Virtual (HMD de les seues sigles en anglés, Head Mounted Display) venuts al llarg del món, el desafiament principal resideix en la creació de continguts. Igual que ha succeït amb altres tecnologies comunicatives, com el cinema o la televisió, a partir d'aquest moment hauran de ser la creativitat i el disseny les que potencien la consolidació de la RV. La revisió de l'estat de l'art mostra que són factors com la presència (la sensació d'estar "realment ací", dins de l'entorn virtual) o la comoditat (el no patir cibermaretjos, o "cybersickness" seguint la terminologia anglesa, mentre s'usa un dispositiu de RV) els que fan que una experiència de RV basada en HMD siga més o menys satisfactòria. De la mateixa manera, extrapolant a àmbits específics, com l'educatiu, també es mostren com a determinants a l'hora d'originar aprenentatges més profunds i persistents. Aquesta investigació té com a objectius estudiar com a diferents decisions relatives al disseny d'interacció poden influir en l'experiència que els usuaris tinguen dins de l'entorn virtual, augmentant o disminuint la seua comoditat, la seua sensació de presència, etc... Per a això, posant el focus en una de les interaccions més rellevants, la navegació, s'avalua per primera vegada les implicacions de dues metàfores diferents a través de les tres dimensions de la presència: la subjetiva, la conductual i la fisiològica. Addicionalment, es detallen tant un flux de treball com dues eines programari destinades a recollir, tractar i visualitzar les dades d'interacció d'un usuari dins d'un entorn de Realitat Virtual. La principal novetat recau en la utilització d'un Sistema d'Informació Geogràfic per a l'apartat de visualització, el qual proporcionada una flexibilitat sense precedents per a analitzar comportaments i conductes. Finalment, es presenta una breu guia de disseny d'entorns ludificats d'aprenentatge en RV basats en la teoria de la cognició corporitzada, amb l'objectiu d'ajudar a dissenyadors i desenvolupadors a l'hora de construir les experiències d'aprenentatge del futur.
Soler Domínguez, JL. (2020). Influencia del diseño de interacción sobre la experiencia de usuario en entornos de aprendizaje en Realidad Virtual: un estudio centrado en las metáforas de navegación [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/149393
TESIS

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Gaspar, Gisele de Lourdes Friso Santos. "A privacidade do consumidor e a responsabilidade da empresa no espaço virtual: uma análise sob a ótica da eficácia direitos fundamentais nas relações privadas e da funcionalização do direito na responsabilidade da empresa". Universidade Nove de Julho, 2014. http://bibliotecadigital.uninove.br/handle/tede/1234.

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This research aims to study the fundamental right to privacy in cyberspace, especially in consumer relations. It analyzes the effectiveness of fundamental rights in relations between individuals and the social function of company liability that is related of off-balance sheet consumer detriment. This analysis is made from punitive damages perspective. The traditional point of view states that fundamental rights are effective only in opposition to the State. However, from the 1950s this view has changed, going to check the effectiveness of these rights in relations between individuals. From another hand, the phenomenon of functionalism of the law has been growth, since the institutes of law are seen today not only by their structure but by their external relationship. By merging of these two current law visions it is possible to notice that the liability has a social function - especially when facing injuries to the right to privacy of the consumer, which is the vulnerable part of the legal relationship. The Internet revolution promoted in society is well known as well as the way people exchange information and data, facilitating communication. However, in the same way it has facilitated the relationships between people, it caused problems not previously encountered such as high privacy exposure of the consumers. The high growth electronic commerce, in larger proportions than the old means of trade, also caused the multiple problems, especially in how consumer data is protected (or exposed) in cyberspace. Due to these issues, the challenges of this research is to reconcile the right to privacy in cyberspace consumer relations as well as to determine, in accordance with current legislation, the corporate responsibility regarding the safety of consumer data. In case of injury to the consumer, this work analyses how the social function of civil liability – as a negative sanction - is able to generate positive behavioral changes, especially focused to prevent further injury.
Esta pesquisa tem por finalidade o estudo do direito fundamental à privacidade no espaço virtual, especialmente nas relações de consumo. Analisa-se a eficácia dos direitos fundamentais nas relações entre particulares e a função social da responsabilidade civil da empresa em relação a danos extrapatrimoniais causados ao consumidor, sob a ótica dos danos punitivos. A visão tradicional é de que os direitos fundamentais têm eficácia apenas em oposição ao Estado. Entretanto, a partir da década de 1950, essa visão modificou-se, passando-se a verificar a eficácia desses direitos nas relações entre particulares. Por outro ladp, o fenômeno da funcionalização do direito vem ocorrendo de forma crescente, posto que os institutos de direito são hoje vistos também por sua função – relação externa – e não apenas por sua estrutura. Conciliando essas duas visões atuais do direito, pode-se verificar que a responsabilidade civil possui uma função social, especialmente quando se está diante de lesões ao direito à privacidade do consumidor, que é a parte vulnerável na relação jurídica. É de conhecimento notório a revolução que a Internet promoveu na sociedade e na forma como as pessoas trocam informações e dados, facilitando a comunicação. Entretanto, da mesma forma que facilitou as relações entre pessoas, trouxe problemas antes não enfrentados, como a extrema exposição da privacidade das dos consumidores. Também o aumento vertiginoso do comércio eletrônico, em proporções maiores do que os antigos meios de comércio, fez com que os problemas se multiplicassem, sobretudo na forma como os dados dos consumidores são protegidos (ou expostos) no espaço virtual. Em razão dessas questões verificadas, o desafio proposto nesta pesquisa é conciliar o direito à privacidade nas relações de consumo ocorridas no espaço virtual e apurar, de acordo com a legislação vigente, a responsabilidade da empresa em relação à segurança dos dados dos consumidores. Havendo lesões ao consumidor, analisa-se a forma como a função social da responsabilidade civil, sendo uma sanção negativa, é capaz de gerar mudanças positivas de comportamento, especialmente para prevenir novas lesões.

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49

Bradlow, Daniel David. "Doctoral degree by virtue of publications : international development law". Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/23630.

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Esteban, Millat Irene. "Flujo y comportamiento del consumidor en línea: un anàlisis empírico de las experiencias de consumo de productos formativos". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/129808.

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Proposem i provem empíricament un model integral de flux en un entorn virtual d’aprenentatge amb una orientació del consumidors. El nostre objectius és aclarir les ambigüitats i inconsistències existents a la literatura sobre la conceptualització i operacionalització de flux en contextos de navegació i de consum en general. El model, contrastat a través d’un qüestionari en línia amb una mostra de 2.574 estudiants, inclou un nou determinant de flux (personalització) i noves relacions entre les variables relacionada amb el flux. D’altra banda, es demostren dues conseqüències positives directes de flux (afecte positiu i aprenentatge). Aquest treball de recerca llança llum sobre els processos de navegació en línia i per tant, en un disseny més adequat per als entorns virtuals d’aprenentatge.
Proponemos y probamos empíricamente un modelo integral de flujo en un entorno virtual de aprendizaje con una orientación del consumidor. Nuestro objetivo es aclarar las ambigüedades e inconsistencias existentes en la literatura sobre la conceptualización y operacionalización de flujo en contextos de navegación y de consumo en general. El modelo, contrastado a través de un cuestionario en línea con una muestra de 2.574 estudiantes, incluye un nuevo determinante de flujo (personalización) y nuevas relaciones entre las variables relacionada con el flujo. Por otra parte, se demuestran dos consecuencias positivas directas de flujo (afecto positivo y aprendizaje). Este trabajo de investigación arroja luz sobre los procesos de navegación en línea y, por lo tanto, en un diseño más adecuado para los entornos virtuales de aprendizaje.
We propose and empirically test an integral flow model in a virtual learning environment with a consumer orientation. We aim at clarifying the ambiguities and inconsistencies existing in the literature regarding the conceptualization and operationalization of flow in general browsing and consumption contexts. The model, tested through an online questionnaire with a sample of 2,574 students, includes a new determinant of flow (personalization) and new relationships between the variables related to flow. Furthermore, two direct positive consequences of flow are proved (positive affect and learning). This research work sheds light on the processes of online browsing and, thus, on a more suitable design for virtual learning environments.

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