Bibliografias temáticas / Violence of History

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Violence of History"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 14 de dezembro de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Violence of History"

Assayag, Jackie. "Violence de l'histoire, histoires de violence Abderrahmane MOUSSAOUI, De la violence au djihâd". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 49, n.º 6 (dezembro de 1994): 1281–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1994.279328.

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Si le discours sur la violence est presque aussi dérisoire que celui qu'on dirige vers ceux qui sont violents, c'est précisément parce que la violence proprement dite se situe hors de tout discours. La fascination indéniable qu'elle exerce la situe du côté du négatif, cet au-delà de la raison une fois franchies les frontières du discours. De fait, une force qui discute, une puissance qui cherche à argumenter, une volonté qui se veut persuasive, renoncent à la violence aussi longtemps qu'elles requièrent l'assentiment. Mais la raison s'achoppe bien souvent à la contrainte physique qui la violente et la nie. La violence, quelles que soient ses expressions, excède par définition la raison.

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Finch, Andrew. "Women and violence in the later Middle Ages: the evidence of the officiality of Cerisy". Continuity and Change 7, n.º 1 (maio de 1992): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000001442.

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La registre de l'officialité de Cerisy contient une immense quantité de données concernant les crimes violents. La principale utilité de ce matériel se situe dans l'aire des agressions. Dans ce domaine des descriptions détaillées permettent de reconstituer le ‘profil’ de la violence mâle ou femelle. Elles démontrent que les femmes étaient capables des mêmes actes de violence envers les hommes, mais que leur exposition à violence était plus limitée ou, en fait, différente. Les femmes étaient particulièrement exposées aux violences sexuelles et ménagères: les suspicions d'avortement et d'infanticide leurs sont invariablement imputées. Les témoignages ne fournissent néanmoins pas un lien évident (et prévu) entre la femme et la violence verbale.

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Oyarzún, Pablo. "Law, Violence, History". Critical Times 2, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2019): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/26410478-7708387.

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Abstract This article offers a reading of the concluding paragraph of Walter Benjamin's “Toward the Critique of Violence.” It discusses Benjamin's assertion that only a philosophical-historical approach can provide the key to a critique of violence in light of his essay's discussion of legal violence, and in light of his discovery of radically different types of violence. Benjamin argues that the legal order remains enclosed in a cycle of law-positing and law-preserving violence. Moreover, the legal order inherits the essential trait of myth and of mythic violence: ambiguity. This article shows that guilt is the destiny of those subjected to mythic (and legal) forms of violence. The fateful cycle of legal violence can be undone only by the irruption of an absolutely heterogeneous type of violence, which Benjamin calls divine violence. Its peculiarity consists in the fact that, in deposing legal violence (and the legal order as a whole), divine violence also deposes itself as violence. Although divine violence cannot be attested to as a fact or as a force unequivocally acting in the profane—that is, the human—context, it is nevertheless immanent to the profane world. Its immanence is the immanence of the messianic.

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Fritsch, Matthias. "History, Violence, Responsibility". Rethinking History 5, n.º 2 (julho de 2001): 285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13642520110052666.

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Barras, Colin. "History of Violence". New Scientist 241, n.º 3223 (março de 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(19)30557-3.

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Guerra Manzo, Enrique. "Rostros del habitus violento en Michoacán: los distritos de Coalcomán y Apatzingán, c. 1930-1980". Estudios de Historia Moderna y Contemporánea de México, n.º 56 (4 de outubro de 2019): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iih.24485004e.2018.56.63790.

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El presente artículo analiza las manifestaciones de un habitus agresivo en diversos espacios de las interacciones sociales en los distritos de Apatzingán y Coalcomán, del suroeste de Michoacán. Postula que entre 1930 y 1980 en la región coexistió una violencia instrumental (agraria, delincuencial y la vinculada al trasiego de enervantes) con una violencia expresiva (pistolerismo, vendettas). Ambas clases de violencia estaban vinculadas a la ineficacia del Estado para brindar seguridad en la región. Ese contexto de inseguridad propició la persistencia de un habitus violento así como una cultura del honor y de la autodefensa.This article analyzes the manifestations of the aggressive habitus in divers spaces of the social interactions in the districts of Apatzingán and Coalcomán, southwest of Michoacán, México. Postulate that between 1930 and 1980 in the region coexisted an instrumental violence (agrarian, delinquency, drugs) with a ritual violence (vendettas, pistolerismo). Both kinds of violence were linked to the inefficiency of the Mexican State to offer segurity in the region. That context of insegurity propitiated the persistence of a violent habitus as well as a culture of honor and of the self-defense.

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Minter, Adam. "Machiavelli, Violence, and History". Harvard Review of Philosophy 2, n.º 1 (1992): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/harvardreview1992216.

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Merlin-Kajman, Helene, e Roxanne Lapidus. "Language, Violence, and History". SubStance 32, n.º 1 (2003): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3685691.

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Heyraud, Joyce King. "A History of Violence". Psychological Perspectives 49, n.º 1 (julho de 2006): 156–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00332920600734790.

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Evans, David H. "A History of Violence". Canadian Review of American Studies 38, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cras.38.1.1.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Violence of History"

Kaleba, Casey Dean. "Violent delights a cultural history of media violence debates /". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2130.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Theatre. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Chapman, John. "Predatory War: A History of Violence". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1552.

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This thesis attempts to explain the reasons states choose to prey on other states or territories. A way of testing significance was devised and three variables were produced: Proclivity to violence, winning coalition size, and whether or not a war of conquest took place. The scope for this project was the time period of 1900-1950 and the location was Europe. The European countries were then refined down to a list of 10 states based on power ratings used in the Correlates of War. Then the leaders of each of these states were rated on a scale of 1 – 5 on personal violence, or how inclined they were to act violently. In order to determine this number their biographies were researched and specific traits were used to determine if they were violent individuals. These include military service, criminal history, participation in violent sports, support of military action, participation in a war effort, and any other examples of violent behavior. Second, the winning coalition size of each of these leader’s states was determined as an indicator of the amount of domestic support a leader had. This was ascertained by Bruce Bueno de Mesquita’s rating system. The third variable, the occurrence of a war of conquest, was determined by finding if there was a war of conquest that took place during the tenure of the individual leaders. The hypothesis is that a leader with a high proclivity to violence and a small winning coalition size will have presided over more wars of conquest than leaders with a low proclivity to violence and a large winning coalition. The three variables were compiled at the individual leader level totaling 151 cases and 10 countries. Then they were tested using the SPSS statistical program using a binary logistic regression. The results showed no significance between the variables. When tested individually however the independent variable of proclivity towards violence showed a p-value of .054, making it nearly significant at the .05 level. This finding illustrates a potentially significant correlation between the individual violence level of a leader and whether or not they initiate or continue a war of conquest.
B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science

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Lepp, Annalee E. "Dis/membering the family, marital breakdown, domestic conflict, and family violence in Ontario, 1830-1920". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2001. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/NQ56087.pdf.

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Corke-Webster, James Christopher. "Violence and authority in Eusebius of Caesarea's 'Ecclesiastical History'". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/violence-and-authority-in-eusebius-of-caesareas-ecclesiastical-history(0a139e39-c3da-4079-b1db-a865246765bb).html.

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The first Christian historian, Eusebius of Caesarea, wrote his pioneering Ecclesiastical History in the early 4th century, just after the western emperor Constantine’s “conversion” to Christianity. It was a history born of Eusebius’ present and designed for the future. Reading Eusebius and the Ecclesiastical History within the second sophistic movement, I argue that Eusebius’ picture of Christian history appropriated the past to fundamentally re-imagine the essence of Christian authority. Eusebius’ descriptions of past Christians used them as exemplars of a new model of Christian leadership designed for his 4th century context. Eusebius was writing in the first place for the Christian clergy; elite provincial Christians who shared the mores and stereotypes of their elite non-Christian neighbours. He therefore presented a model of Christian authority not based around the extreme violence of martyrdom and asceticism which had characterised the charismatic heroes of earlier 2nd and 3rd century Christian literature. It was based instead on a traditional elite rhetoric of temperance, learned through paideia and manifested in care for dependents. Around this thread Eusebius built his Empire-wide church.

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O'Connell, Ashanti. "Children's memories of political violence". Thesis, University of Ulster, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.268561.

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Hall-Patton, Joseph. "Pacifying Paradise: Violence and Vigilantism in San Luis Obispo". DigitalCommons@CalPoly, 2016. https://digitalcommons.calpoly.edu/theses/1594.

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San Luis Obispo, California was a violent place in the 1850s with numerous murders and lynchings in staggering proportions. This thesis studies the rise of violence in SLO, its causation, and effects. The vigilance committee of 1858 represents the culmination of the violence that came from sweeping changes in the region, stemming from its earliest conquest by the Spanish. The mounting violence built upon itself as extensive changes took place. These changes include the conquest of California, from the Spanish mission period, Mexican and Alvarado revolutions, Mexican-American War, and the Gold Rush. The history of the county is explored until 1863 to garner an understanding of the borderlands violence therein.

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Crawford, Sarah Jean. "Intra-Familial Violence in England, 1300-1600". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12556.

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Violence was both a hallmark of social and political order, when rightly exercised, and a corruptor of this order, when inappropriately perpetrated, in medieval and early modern society. The perceived line between legitimate and illegitimate violence shifted throughout the fourteenth to sixteenth centuries. Social attitudes towards violence within the family is the focus of this thesis. Rightly exercised, the correction of wives, children, wards, servants, and apprentices guaranteed the hierarchical order of society. Wrongly implemented, household violence had the potential to undermine the social and political basis of society, which was the family. The proper place for every person in medieval and early modern society was within a family, either under the control of a paterfamilias or being the head of a household. In England throughout the late-fifteenth and sixteenth centuries social attitudes towards the perpetrators of intra-familial violence hardened and levels of violence previously accepted by the community became increasingly unacceptable. On the basis of records from common law, equity, and ecclesiastical courts social attitudes towards acceptable and unacceptable household violence can be discerned. The legal evidence increasingly suggests that people were taking cases of household violence to a variety of courts and jurisdictions and therefore were expecting legal involvement and solutions on matters that had previously been familial concerns resolved through informal dispute resolutions. Litigants involved in suits alleging unacceptable levels of intra-familial violence believed that the courts were an appropriate avenue to address these issues and that the court personnel would share their understandings of acceptable/unacceptable violence. The structure of the court systems gave significant discretion to juries, for common law civil and criminal cases, presiding officers, for Church court cases, and the chancellor or council, for equity court cases, when making their decisions. This allowed social attitudes towards household violence to influence both the types of cases brought before a court and the way decisions were made in cases alleging unacceptable family violence. Excessive intra-familial violence undermined the claims to authority made by men who controlled households. Household violence had the potential to disrupt social and political structures which used the hierarchical nature of the family to validate hierarchies embedded in society. Thus enforcing appropriate levels of chastisement was a way of ensuring social and political stability.

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Larocque, Noel Leigh. "Conjoint therapy for couples with a history of domestic violence". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ51738.pdf.

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Zimmerman, Andrea Luka. "Secreting history : the spectral and spectacular performance of political violence". Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436787.

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Araújo, Arthur Filipe Barbosa de. "Films and destination image: when violence is based on history". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/10186.

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Mestrado em Gestão
O presente trabalho visa aferir os efeitos de filmes com roteiros negativos na imagem dos destinos neles mostrados. Para isto, o caso do filme “Cidade de Deus” e da imagem do Brasil enquanto desitno foi adotado. De modo a cumprir tal objetivo, o filme foi exibido em sessões fechadas, nas quais os participantes foram solicitados preencher um questionário antes e um depois de assití-lo. Os resultados demonstram que os efeitos do filme na imagem do destino são maioritariamente negativos. Porém, o filme aumentou as intenções de visita para pequeno grupo de participantes, casos nos quais as paisagens mostradas foram o elemento mais relevante. Conclui-se que filmes com roteiros negativos tendem a tornar as avaliações dos espectadores sobre o destino em geral mais negativas, inclusive nos aspetos não diretamente relacionados ao filme. A idéia de que mesmo filmes com com conteúdo negativo podem ser vantajosos para a atração de segmentos específicos também é corroborada. Os resultados também demostram a necessidade de mais estudos empíricos sobre a influencia de filmes com roteiros negativos nos destinos mostrados, como o seu efeito de longa duração na imagem destes destinos.
The present work aimed to assess the effects of films with negative plots on the image of the destinations they depict. For that purpose, the case of City of God and the image of Brazil were adopted. In order to fulfill that goal, the film was screened in closed sections in which participants were solicited to fill out one questionnaire before and one after seeing the film. The results show that the film’s effect on the destination’s image was mostly negative. However, for a group of viewers the film increased intentions to visit the country, in which cases the landscapes depicted were the most relevant factor. It is concluded that negative plot films tend to turn viewers’ evaluations generally more negative, including on the aspects not directly related to the film. Also, the idea that even films with negative plots may be advantageous in attracting certain specific segments was corroborated. The results also call for more empirical studies within the influence of films with negative plots on the depicted destinations, like their long-lasting effect on the destination image.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Violence of History"

Bourke, Joanna. Rape: Sex, violence, history. Emeryville, CA: Shoemaker & Hoard, 2007.

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John, Wagner. A history of violence. New York: Vertigo Crime, 2011.

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John, Wagner. A history of violence. New York: Paradox Press, 1997.

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John, Wagner. A history of violence. New York: Paradox Press, 1997.

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1938-, Armstrong Nancy, e Tennenhouse Leonard 1942-, eds. The Violence of representation: Literature and the history of violence. London: Routledge, 1989.

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Singh, V. V. Communal violence. Jaipur: Rawat Publications, 1993.

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Colin, Wilson. A criminal history of mankind. New York: Carroll & Graf, 1990.

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Hofmeyr, Agnes Leakey. Beyond violence. Johannesburg: Grosvenor, 1990.

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Hofmeyr, Agnes Leakey. Beyond violence. Nairobi, Kenya: Jomo Kenyatta Foundation, 1990.

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Martschukat, Jürgen, e Silvan Niedermeier, eds. Violence and Visibility in Modern History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137378699.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Violence of History"

Wainwright, A. Martin. "Violence and Oppression". In Virtual History, 184–209. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315157351-9.

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Guidotti-Hernández, Nicole M. "Violence". In The Routledge History of American Sexuality, 378–91. New York, NY : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315637259-34.

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Basannavar, Nick. "Attraction/Violence". In Genders and Sexualities in History, 25–53. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-83148-6_2.

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Nevitt, Lucy. "History and canonical violence". In Theatre & Violence, 40–49. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-30228-1_6.

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Jones, David Martin, e M. L. R. Smith. "History Restarted: Jihadist Terror and Liberal Democracy". In Sacred Violence, 7–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137328069_2.

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Joyner, Bridget, e Kevin M. Beaver. "Life History Theory: Fast Life History Strategy and Violence". In Encyclopedia of Domestic Violence, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85493-5_2037-1.

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Brockopp, Jonathan E. "Jihad and Islamic history". In Religion, Terror and Violence, 144–59. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003416739-16.

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Kaposi, Dávid. "Engagements with History". In Violence and Understanding in Gaza, 56–70. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137439505_4.

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Duff, SE. "Politics and Violence". In Children and Youth in African History, 155–89. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11097-9_7.

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Gray, Rowena. "Crime and Violence". In An Economist’s Guide to Economic History, 159–65. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96568-0_19.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Violence of History"

"DUAL PATHOLOGY AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IN PATIENTS CONSIDERED NOT GUILTY BY REASON OF INSANITY. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY". In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021p124s.

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Objectives Previous studies have reported that substance misuse (including alcohol) was the strongest risk factor for violence among psychiatric diagnoses, and absolute rates of violence perpetration of over 10% in substance misuse have been found, meaning that it is an important adverse outcome for clinicians to consider. However, very few studies exist about differences in individuals considered not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) with only a primary psychiatric diagnosis and those with dual pathology. This study aims to compare these two groups regarding criminal history and violence. Material and Methods We analyzed a sample of 44 inpatients committed under security measure in the Forensic Psychiatry Regional Department of Lisbon’s Psychiatric Hospital Centre, after being deemed NGRI and dangerous. Data regarding previous history of substance use, psychiatric disorder and criminal history was retrospectively collected. Results and conclusions Unlike what is described in literature for other groups, in our sample of NGRI patients, dual pathology was significantly associated to having no previous violent behavior; furthermore, regarding the offense for which they were considered NGRI, patients with dual pathology were not more likely to have committed a violent crime when compared with patients with only a primary diagnosis. This may be explained because the primary illness (and not other psychosocial factors or substance misuse) was considered the primary reason for having committed the offense, and many patients were committed for domestic violence in the context of developmental disorders, an independent risk factor for violence against relatives. There was no difference between the two groups regarding other variables. Our study highlights that drug and substance misuse may be a less important factor regarding violence in the context of insanity than in other types of violence.

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Tkachenko, N. D. "SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL POLYMODALITY OF THE CONCEPT “PSYCHOLOGICAL VIOLENCE”". In MODERN PHILOLOGY: THEORY, HISTORY, METHODOLOGY. PART 2. Baltija Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-425-2-45.

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Nowalk, N., T. Hotze e P. K. Sarkar. "A History of Violence: Unexpected Endobronchial Foreign Body". In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a4656.

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Pavlov, V. L., Yu V. Pavlov e M. Ya Turchyn. "Violence and war as phenomena of modern society". In GLOBAL SCIENTIFIC TRENDS IN HISTORY, POLITICAL SCIENCE, SOCIOLOGY, AND PHILOSOPHY, 90–94. Baltija Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-490-0-21.

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Gobaud, Ariana. "200 The history of mass shootings". In Society for the Advancement of Violence and Injury Research (SAVIR) 2020 conference abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2020-savir.130.

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Alexandrache, Carmen. "(NON)VIOLENCE AND COMMUNIST EDUCATION- AN ANALYSE OF ROMANIAN HISTORY TEXTBOOKS". In 12th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2019.2850.

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Dzhigerova, Kristina Endrikovna. "PROMOTING THE LAW AGAINST HOME VIOLENCE IN SOCIAL NETWORKS". In Russian science: actual researches and developments. Samara State University of Economics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46554/russian.science-2020.03-1-358/361.

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Hammal, Zakia, Teresa E. Bailie, Jeffrey F. Cohn, David T. George, Jason Saraghi, Jesus Nuevo Chiquero e Simon Lucey. "Temporal coordination of head motion in couples with history of interpersonal violence". In 2013 10th IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face & Gesture Recognition (FG 2013). IEEE, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fg.2013.6553793.

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Cardoso, Carolina Duarte, Rebeca Nascimento Cavalcante de Menezes Silva e Luiza Jane Eyre de Souza Vieira. "Netnographic insights in Twitter posts by women in situations of violence". In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-215.

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There is growing recognition that violence against women is a legitimate concern for governments, violates human rights and is a social and public health problem, with magnitude, complexity and significant impacts on countries' economies. In this scenario, cases of violence against women persist in different cultures, societies and periods of history (PAHO, 2017; WHO, 2018; MAGALHÃES, 2016; KRUG et. al., 2002).

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Omelchenko, Viktoriia. "Gender-based sexual violence during wars: the Ukrainian experience". In Sociology – Social Work and Social Welfare: Regulation of Social Problems. Видавець ФОП Марченко Т.В., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/sosrsw2023.077.

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Background: Wars are always accompanied by various forms of violence. Gender-based violence occupies a special place. Currently, for the first time since the Second World War, the civilian population of Ukraine is facing widespread sexual violence, including rape, by the occupying forces. This situation requires a sociological study of sexual violence that takes into account the Ukrainian experience. Purpose: To identify the goals, as well as general and specific features of sexual violence committed against women during the Russian-Ukrainian war. Methods: Analysis of the memoirs of a victim of gender-based violence during the war; analysis of interviews with experts on sexual violence; method of comparison. Results: The particularity of sexual violence during the Russian-Ukrainian war is the "era of social media", when the relevant information technologies can turn an act of sexual violence into a public event. The primary purpose of various types of sexual violence is to add new "weapons" to the arsenal of war that will help to win. Conclusion: The recent history of Ukraine related to the Russian-Ukrainian war contains a significant amount of empirical data for further research on gender-based sexual violence during wars. Only after the full liberation of the temporarily occupied territories, the scale of sexual crimes committed by the Russian army can be determined, and their goals, forms of manifestation, consequences for the physical and mental health of victims and, accordingly, social consequences can be fully investigated. Keywords: gender-based sexual violence, sexual violence against women, rape culture.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Violence of History"

Ramírez Rodríguez, Santiago. Violence and Crime in Nicaragua: A Country Profile. Inter-American Development Bank, junho de 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006969.

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The Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) conducted an evaluation of a cluster of citizen security projects. The main objective was to identify what factors explained the implementation performance of the projects, and what lessons could be learned from these experiences. This Background Paper presents the results of one of these diagnostics for Nicaragua. Following the introduction, the country profile begins with an overview of the Nicaraguan context in terms of geography, demographics, economy, as well as recent political history (section II). It then builds a diagnostic that covers different forms of violence and crime (section III) as well as main risk and protective factors (section IV), based on available statistics and specialized international and local literature. In section V, the paper reviews the strategy adopted by the Government throughout the last decade to respond to main forms of violence and crime, it describes the budget allocation to citizen security over recent years. Finally, section VI presents the IDB citizen security project part of the comparative evaluation, and summarizes various exercises that OVE undertook to provide additional background information and analysis.

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Boesten, Jan. Violence and Democracy in Colombia The Conviviality of Citizenship Defects in Colombia’s Nation-State. Maria Sibylla Merian International Centre for Advanced Studies in the Humanities and Social Sciences Conviviality-Inequality in Latin America, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46877/boesten.2021.33.

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This essay aims to utilize the concept of conviviality for connecting the coexistence of seemingly contradictory phenomena in Colombia. It argues that while conviviality implies a normative content – a society in which members do not slaughter each other is better than one in which members resort to violence – the meekness of that normative claim suggests that it is better used as an analytical tool that seeks to connect the contradictions that coexist in the real lifeworld. Colombia’s history of violence and democracy is such a contradictory case. Comparativists have situated Colombia’s deficits on the “extra-institutional playing field”, lamenting that it is a “besieged” or “threatened democracy”. Conviviality helps us to specify these “extra-institutional” defects by suggesting impediments exogenous and endogenous to the state-building logic of the Colombian nation-state.

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Титаренко, Дмитро Миколайович, e Таня Пентер. Local memory on war, German occupation and postwar years. An oral history project in the Donbass. Cahiers du monde Russe, Vol. 52, No. 2/3, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31812/123456789/6476.

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This article presents the findings of a small oral history project carried out during the years 2001-2010 in the Eastern Ukrainian Donbass region. We learn from the interviews that loyalties were rather fragile and changed quite frequently during the war. The sharp lines of definition and categorisation which historians have created in dealing with the past do not fit wartime reality. Many people collaborated at one time and participated in Soviet resistance or fought in the Red Army at another. There were no clear lines between collaboration and resistance, but rather moral grey zones. Experiences of the occupation were diverse, and besides, experiences of terror and violence also included cultural and working experiences as well as various personal relationships with the German enemy. Therefore the authors argue for much more integrated research approaches trying to combine the wide range of different wartime experiences.

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Schmidt, Alex P. Defining Terrorism. ICCT, março de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19165/2023.3.01.

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This report summarizes, and builds on, some of the author’s previous conceptual work. It approaches the definition of terrorism from five angles: (i) by focusing on the history of terrorism; (ii) by focusing on the psychology of ‘terror’ (the threat and fear factor); (iii) by focusing on forms of political violence other than terrorist violence; (iv) by focusing on the terrorist act; and (v) by focusing on the terrorist. Subsequently it addresses the question who should have definition power? The author looks at how terrorists, victims of terrorism, religious authorities, mass and social media, national governments, the United Nations, and members from academia have tried to define terrorism. In his conclusion, the author pleads for a narrow definition of terrorism. The main body of the text is followed by a sample of definitions of terrorism and a bibliography of books, book chapters, and articles on the subject.

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Maiangwa, Benjamin. Peace (Re)building Initiatives: Insights from Southern Kaduna, Nigeria. RESOLVE Network, setembro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/pn2021.22.lpbi.

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Violent conflicts and crime have reached new heights in Nigeria, as cases of kidnapping, armed banditry, and communal unrests continue to tear at the core of the ethnoreligious divides in the country. Southern Kaduna has witnessed a virulent spree of communal unrest in northern Nigeria over the last decade due to its polarized politics and power differentials between the various groups in the area, particularly the Christians and Muslims, who are almost evenly split. In response to their experiences of violence, the people of that region have also shown incredible resilience and grit in transforming their stress and suffering. This policy note focuses on the transformative practices of the Fulani and other ethnic communities in southern Kaduna in terms of how they problem-solve deep-seated socio-political rivalries and violent relations by working through their shared identity, history, and cultures of peace. The note explores how peace practitioners and donor agencies could consolidate local practices of sustaining peace as complementary or alternative resources to the state’s liberal system.

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Wafula, Caleb Maikuma. Nomadic Pastoralism and Everyday Peace: Key Evidence and Lessons for Peacebuilding and Conflict Mitigation from Kenya’s Turkana North. RESOLVE Network, julho de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.37805/lpbi2024.2.

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This research report is a case study on local peace practices within pastoralist communities in Kenya’s Turkana North (a subcounty of Kenya’s Turkana County). While significant existing research and analysis has focused on the concern that pastoralist communities across the African continent may contribute to growing violent conflict—and in particular to violent extremism—this report instead situates these communities within the theoretical framework of “everyday peace.” This framework centers on understanding the myriad ways in which ordinary people in conflict-affected contexts engage in small acts of peace and forge pro-social relationships that contribute to peace and stability within their communities. This report explores these everyday practices of peace within pastoralist communities in Kenya’s Turkana County, and Turkana North subcounty, a borderland territory that connects Ethiopia, South Sudan, and Uganda with a long history of conflict around inter-clan livestock raiding and cross-border movement/land access. Informed by a multi-method research methodology that included semi-structured interviews, focus groups, historical profiling, transect walks, and non-participant observational data collected in August 2022, the findings from this study highlight both the existing local systems and resources for peacebuilding and conflict mitigation in pastoralist communities in Turkana, as well as the stressors and challenges that affect them. Lessons from this research contribute to our broader understanding of how policymakers and practitioners can work to better assess and coordinate violence prevention and reduction efforts in light of specific pastoralist needs and everyday practices of peace, particularly in areas impacted by violent conflict and/or violent extremism where pastoralist communities exist.

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Saleem, Raja M. Ali, Ihsan Yilmaz e Priya Chacko. Civilizationist Populism in South Asia: Turning India Saffron. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), fevereiro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/pp0009.

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The 21st century has witnessed a significant shift in how the concept of nationalism is understood. A political marriage between identity politics and populism has resulted in “civilizationism,” a new form of nationalism that entails an emotionally charged division of society into “the people” versus “the Other.” All too often, the divisive discourses and policies associated with civilizationalist populism produce intercommunal conflict and violence. This paper draws on a salient case study, India’s Hindutva movement, to analyze how mainstream populist political parties and grassroots organizations can leverage civilizationist populism in campaigns to mobilize political constituencies. In surveying the various groups within the Hindutva movement and conducting a discourse analysis of their leaders’ statements, the paper shows the central role of sacralized nostalgia, history, and culture in Hindutva populist civilizationism. By analyzing the contours and socio-political implications of civilizationist populism through this case study, the paper contributes to the theoretical understanding of the concept more generally.

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Milligan, James. Power-Sharing as a Means of Conflict Resolution. Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2023.40.

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Historical ethnic cleavages transpiring into periods of intense violence and political disarray are features that characterise both Northern Ireland and Cyprus in their recent history. Many similarities about the conflicts in both countries can be observed, yet Northern Ireland has been successful at securing peace and Cyprus has not. This paper aims to explain why this has been the case and if it could be possible for Cyprus to reach an agreement in the future. The approaches used in both countries concerning power-sharing are addressed and a considerable focus is applied to the theory of power-sharing known as consociationalism. The main conclusion taken from the study is that the peace process in Cyprus has been a long and arduous development, that whilst many will consider as a failure, has been successful in agreeing on a framework for the institutional makeup of the country through a bi-zonal and bi-communal federation. The next step for Cyprus is to overcome the external contextual factors holding back a peace agreement and this paper argues that the approach taken in Northern Ireland could be used to influence future negotiations.

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Kenes, Bulent. NMR: A Nordic neo-Nazi organization with aims of establishing totalitarian rule across Scandinavia. European Center for Populism Studies (ECPS), abril de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.55271/op0008.

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Right-wing extremism and national socialism (Nazism) are not a new phenomenon in Sweden. White supremacists or neo-Nazis have a long history in the country. Nordic Resistance Movement (Nordiska motståndsrörelsen, NMR) rests on this century-long history of Swedish Nazi and Neonazi activism. Including racism, antisemitism, anti-immigration, and anti-globalisation stances with violent tendencies, NMR which aims to overthrow the democratic order in the Nordic region and establish a national socialist state, has become the primary force of white power in Sweden and other Nordic countries.

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Avis, William. Refugee and Mixed Migration Displacement from Afghanistan. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), agosto de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.002.

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This rapid literature review summarises evidence and key lessons that exist regarding previous refugee and mixed migration displacement from Afghanistan to surrounding countries. The review identified a diverse literature that explored past refugee and mixed migration, with a range of quantitative and qualitative studies identified. A complex and fluid picture is presented with waves of mixed migration (both outflow and inflow) associated with key events including the: Soviet–Afghan War (1979–1989); Afghan Civil War (1992–96); Taliban Rule (1996–2001); War in Afghanistan (2001–2021). A contextual picture emerges of Afghans having a long history of using mobility as a survival strategy or as social, economic and political insurance for improving livelihoods or to escape conflict and natural disasters. Whilst violence has been a principal driver of population movements among Afghans, it is not the only cause. Migration has also been associated with natural disasters (primarily drought) which is considered a particular issue across much of the country – this is associated primarily with internal displacement. Further to this, COVID-19 is impacting upon and prompting migration to and from Afghanistan. Data on refugee and mixed migration movement is diverse and at times contradictory given the fluidity and the blurring of boundaries between types of movements. Various estimates exist for numbers of Afghanistan refugees globally. It is also important to note that migratory flows are often fluid involving settlement in neighbouring countries, return to Afghanistan. In many countries, Afghani migrants and refugees face uncertain political situations and have, in recent years, been ‘coerced’ into returning to Afghanistan with much discussion of a ‘return bias’ being evident in official policies. The literature identified in this report (a mix of academic, humanitarian agency and NGO) is predominantly focused on Pakistan and Iran with a less established evidence base on the scale of Afghan refugee and migrant communities in other countries in the region. . Whilst conflict has been a primary driver of displacement, it has intersected with drought conditions and poor adherence to COVID-19 mitigation protocols. Past efforts to address displacement internationally have affirmed return as the primary objective in relation to durable solutions; practically, efforts promoted improved programming interventions towards creating conditions for sustainable return and achieving improved reintegration prospects for those already returned to Afghanistan.

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