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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Violence"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 28 de setembro de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Violence"

1

Ménabé, Catherine. "LA VIOLENCE DES FEMMES JUDICIARISÉES". Revue québécoise de psychologie 43, n.º 2 (6 de setembro de 2022): 3–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1092105ar.

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La violence des femmes est doublement exceptionnelle, car la violence est majoritairement le fait des hommes et les femmes sont principalement judiciarisées pour des infractions non violentes. Si les femmes ne recourent pas à la violence dans les mêmes proportions que les hommes, leurs actes de violence sont toutefois variés, des homicides et violences volontaires aux violences sexuelles. Cette réalité de la violence des femmes contraste pourtant avec la perception sociale de la violence et amène à questionner les frontières de genre. L’objet de cet article est dès lors de dresser un état des lieux de la violence féminine, dans sa réalité judiciaire et dans sa perception sociale.

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Assayag, Jackie. "Violence de l'histoire, histoires de violence Abderrahmane MOUSSAOUI, De la violence au djihâd". Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 49, n.º 6 (dezembro de 1994): 1281–313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/ahess.1994.279328.

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Si le discours sur la violence est presque aussi dérisoire que celui qu'on dirige vers ceux qui sont violents, c'est précisément parce que la violence proprement dite se situe hors de tout discours. La fascination indéniable qu'elle exerce la situe du côté du négatif, cet au-delà de la raison une fois franchies les frontières du discours. De fait, une force qui discute, une puissance qui cherche à argumenter, une volonté qui se veut persuasive, renoncent à la violence aussi longtemps qu'elles requièrent l'assentiment. Mais la raison s'achoppe bien souvent à la contrainte physique qui la violente et la nie. La violence, quelles que soient ses expressions, excède par définition la raison.

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Finch, Andrew. "Women and violence in the later Middle Ages: the evidence of the officiality of Cerisy". Continuity and Change 7, n.º 1 (maio de 1992): 23–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0268416000001442.

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La registre de l'officialité de Cerisy contient une immense quantité de données concernant les crimes violents. La principale utilité de ce matériel se situe dans l'aire des agressions. Dans ce domaine des descriptions détaillées permettent de reconstituer le ‘profil’ de la violence mâle ou femelle. Elles démontrent que les femmes étaient capables des mêmes actes de violence envers les hommes, mais que leur exposition à violence était plus limitée ou, en fait, différente. Les femmes étaient particulièrement exposées aux violences sexuelles et ménagères: les suspicions d'avortement et d'infanticide leurs sont invariablement imputées. Les témoignages ne fournissent néanmoins pas un lien évident (et prévu) entre la femme et la violence verbale.

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Oussama, Amrani, e El Arbi El Bakkali. "COMMUNICATION DE LA VIOLENCE AU CINÉMA". Conhecimento & Diversidade 15, n.º 39 (6 de novembro de 2023): 451–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18316/rcd.v15i39.11128.

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La violence est inhérente à l’existence de l’homme. Elle est créatrice et destructive. De la violence surgit une vie, une âme et une œuvre d’art. Et c’est la violence qui subvertit l’ordre, sème le chaos et disloque les liens. La violence est la justification d’un acte impétueux. Elle peut en être à la fois la cause et l’effet. Par ailleurs, la violence peut transmettre un message de colère, d’insatisfaction, de rébellion, d’amour et d’autres, comme elle peut être elle-même un message. Cette notion, vu son importance, figure parmi les centres d’intérêt de plusieurs disciplines artistiques et ce depuis l’art rupestre jusqu’à l’art moderne. Le septième art, lui, ne fait pas exception et fait de la violence un sujet à traiter et un moyen pour traiter d’autres sujets. Comme le cinéma est un moyen de communication audiovisuelle, il fait de l’image, des techniques de mises en scènes, et des nouvelles technologies tout un arsenal communicationnel pour attaquer la notion de la violence. Or, quand on entend da la violence au cinéma, on pense en prime abord aux films d’action américains, des films d’horreur ou des films d’aventures épiques qui illustrent le combat entre le bien et le mal à travers les violences physiques, verbales et psychologiques. Ainsi, la communication de la violence dans l’art cinématographique se met devant un heurt : on relie la violence et la contreviolence selon un lien de causalité constituant un cercle vicieux où l’action produit une réaction qui devient à son tour une action stimulant une réaction. Abdelhaï LARAKI dans son film Les Ailes de l’Amour fait de la violence non pas seulement le produit des injustices régnant dans la société, mais aussi un moyen de communication qui fait de l’image, de la musique, du hors-champ, et de l’éclairage des canaux permettant la diffusion du message du réalisateur. Entre la communication violente dans l’intrigue, la communication des violences au sein d’une microsociété représentée par le cadre spatial et le message que communique le réalisateur aux spectateurs ne devons-nous pas nous interroger sur les formes de la communication violente au sein de l’œuvre de LRAKI ? L’image ne transmet-elle pas un message violent au spectateur ? Les différentes crises ne sont-elles pas le produit d’une communication de crise ratée ? Telles sont les questions auxquelles nous tenterons de répondre dans notre intervention intitulée : Communication de la violence au cinéma: Le cas du film les Ailes de l'Amour d'Abdelhaï LARAKI.

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Ndoye, Fatou, Idrissa Bâ, Djibril Diop, Jean Augustin Diégane Tine, Rosalie A. Diop, Mamadou Habib Thiam, Mouhamadou Sall e Babaly Sall. "Drogue, violence et résilience : consommateurs de drogue en cure et anciens délinquants violents à Dakar". Santé Publique 36, n.º 2 (28 de maio de 2024): 119–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/spub.242.0119.

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Au Sénégal, nous constatons une augmentation des actes de délinquance violente et de la consommation de drogues illicites. L’étude se focalise sur deux groupes distincts : les consommateurs de drogues (CDs) en cure et les anciens délinquants violents (DVs). La méthodologie adoptée comprend une étude quantitative auprès de la population générale (n=1009), suivie d’une enquête qualitative auprès de 15 participants, dont 8 CDs en traitement au Centre de Prise en charge Intégrée des Addictions de Dakar (CEPIAD) et au Centre Jacques Chirac de Thiaroye, ainsi que 7 anciens DVs du quartier de Grand Yoff. Ce quartier, connu pour sa violence, est juxtaposé à HLM Grand Yoff, un quartier résidentiel également touché par ces manifestations violentes. L’objectif de l’étude est d’établir le lien entre consommation de drogues et violence en analysant les récits de vie de jeunes adultes sevrés de cette consommation et de la délinquance, puis d’identifier les facteurs de résilience. L’enquête a révélé que la violence chez les jeunes n’est pas systématiquement liée à la consommation de drogue ; elle en constitue plutôt un facteur encourageant. Les liens entre drogue et violence dépendent des prédispositions individuelles, du type de drogues utilisées et de la dépendance. La résilience résulte d’une interconnexion de facteurs individuels, socioculturels et environnementaux, se manifestant comme un processus avec des succès, des échecs et parfois des rechutes.

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von Trotha, Trutz. "Mondialisation violente, violence mondialisée et marché de la violence". Déviance et Société 29, n.º 3 (2005): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/ds.293.0285.

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Zavaleta Betancourt, José Alfredo. "Socialización en escenarios de violencia y oportunidades de resiliencia y pacificación desde la perspectiva disposicional". Clivajes. Revista de Ciencias Sociales, n.º 12 (10 de fevereiro de 2020): 22–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.25009/clivajes-rcs.v0i12.2576.

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Este trabajo utiliza elementos básicos de la sociología disposicional de Bernard Lahire, con el propósito de pensar la socialización de los jóvenes en procesos de violencia social y experiencias de pacificación en la socialización primaria y secundaria. Para tal efecto, distingue entre la teoría de los campos de Pierre Bourdieu y la sociología disposicional de Lahire, para interrogarnos acerca de cómo las/los jóvenes aprenden a ser violentos o pacíficos en la familia, la escuela, el barrio y en sus interacciones con funcionarios gubernamentales en espacios microsociales.En tales circunstancias, se propone un análisis de la violencia a escala individual que supone revisar habitus en la pluralidad de disposiciones hacia la violencia y como los jóvenes, constreñidos o autoconstruidos, entre la socialización primaria y secundaria, con la reducción implícita de su experiencia en entornos de vulnerabilidad y violencia, enfrentan la adversidad y desarrollan prácticas violentas y resilientes, de mediación y construcción de paz, en sus entornos inmediatos.Palabras clave: Socialización, Disposiciones, Pasado incorporado, Violencia social Socialization in scenarios of violence and opportunities for resilience and pacification from the dispositional perspectiveSummaryThis work uses basic elements of the dispositional sociology of Bernard Lahire, with the purpose of thinking about the socialization of young people in processes of social violence and experiences of pacification in primary and secondary socialization. To this end, it distinguishes between the theory of the fields of Pierre Bourdieu and the dispositional sociology of Lahire, to ask us about how young people learn to be violent or peaceful in the family, school, neighborhood and in their interactions with Government public servants in microsocial spaces.In such circumstances, an analysis of violence on an individual scale is proposed, which involves reviewing habitus in the plurality of dispositions towards violence and as young people, constrained or self-constructed, between primary and secondary socialization, with the implicit reduction of their experience in environments of vulnerability and violence, facing adversity and developing violent and resilient practices of mediation and peace building in their immediate environments.Keywords: Socialization, Regulations, Past incorporated, Social violence Socialisation en scénarios de violence et opportunités de résilience et pacification à partir de la perspective dispositionnelleRésuméCe travail utilise des éléments basics de la sociologie disposisionnelle de Bernard Lahire dans le but de penser à la socialisation des jeunes dans des procès de violence sociale et expériences de pacification dans la socialisation primaire et secondaire. Pour ce faire, il distingue entre la théorie des champs de Pierre Bourdieu et la sociologie dispositionnelle de Lahire pour nous interroger sur comment les jeunes apprennent à être violents ou pacifiques dans la famille, à l’école, dans le quartier et dans leurs interactions avec des fonctionnaires du gouvernement dans des espaces microsociaux.Dans telles circonstances, on propose une analyse de la violence à échelle individuelle qui suppose de réviser des habitus dans la pluralité des dispositions envers la violence et comment les jeunes forcés ou auto construits, entre la socialisation primaire et secondaire, avec la réduction implicite de leur expérience dans des entourages de vulnérabilité et violence, affrontent l’adversité et ils développent des pratiques violentes et résilientes, de médiation et construction de paix, dans leurs entourages immédiats.Mots clés: Socialisation, Dispositions, Passé incorporeé, Violence sociale

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Miranda-Pérez, Fabiola, e Anne-Claire Sanz-Gavillon. "La compréhension des violences faites aux femmes comme problème public dans un contexte post-dictatorial : étude comparée des cas espagnol et chilien". Enfances, Familles, Générations, n.º 22 (9 de junho de 2015): 114–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1031121ar.

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Depuis la fin des dictatures, en Espagne et au Chili, une importance croissante a été accordée aux politiques d’égalité, notamment à la faveur de l’action des mouvements féminins et féministes qui ont apporté de nouveaux outils permettant d’analyser la réalité sociale. Dans ce contexte, les violences envers les femmes ont pu être conceptualisées comme un problème public et la lutte contre ce phénomène s’est peu à peu convertie en un des axes principaux de l’action publique en matière d’égalité hommes-femmes. La prise en charge de cette question, par les deux États étudiés, s’est traduite par une série de négociations impliquant les différents acteurs du jeu politique. Il en a résulté l’adoption de deux lois reflétant deux lectures différentes du phénomène qui se sont matérialisées dans les expressions de « violence de genre » (violencia de género) et de « violence intrafamiliale » (violencia intrafamiliale). Dans cet article, nous chercherons à analyser les contextes qui ont influencé la compréhension du problème de la violence envers les femmes en Espagne et au Chili. Nous interrogerons les deux approches qui ont été retenues – soit la violence de genre et la violence intrafamiliale – et la portée de ces choix.

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Di Segni, Silvia. "Violencias. Sexos, géneros, sexualidades. / Violence. Sexes, genders, sexualities." Revista Liminales. Escritos sobre Psicología y Sociedad 5, n.º 09 (1 de abril de 2016): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54255/lim.vol5.num09.281.

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En este texto se intenta desplegar lo que subyace a un concepto de Preciado que invierte la cuestión de violencia de género sosteniendo que el género mismo es la violencia. Se analizan también otras derivaciones de ese modo de pensar la realidad: que la definición de sólo dos sexos, es violencia; que la heteronormatividad procreativa es violenta. Todo esto en el marco de una psiquiatría que ha patologizado a las víctimas (mujeres y población LGBTIQ) ocultando lo discriminatorio de esa práctica “normalizadora”. Se consideran también los necesario cambios legales y educativos que apunten a igualar derechos y eliminar diferencias desigualadas que sostienen la violencia. This text aims to unfold the underlying implications of Preciado´s concept that inverts the question of gender violence by holding that gender itself is violence. Other derivations of this way of conceiving reality are also analyzed as follows: that defining only two sexes is violence and that procreating heteronormativity is violent. These notions are framed within a psychiatric conception that has patologized its victims (women and the LGBTIQ population) by hiding how discriminatory this “normalizing” practice can be. The text also considers the necessary legal and educational changes that will lead to equal rights and to suppression of unequal differences that are the basis of violence itself.

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Di Segni, Silvia. "Violencias. Sexos, géneros, sexualidades. / Violence. Sexes, genders, sexualities." Revista Liminales. Escritos sobre Psicología y Sociedad 5, n.º 09 (1 de abril de 2016): 57–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54255/lim.vol5.num09.281.

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En este texto se intenta desplegar lo que subyace a un concepto de Preciado que invierte la cuestión de violencia de género sosteniendo que el género mismo es la violencia. Se analizan también otras derivaciones de ese modo de pensar la realidad: que la definición de sólo dos sexos, es violencia; que la heteronormatividad procreativa es violenta. Todo esto en el marco de una psiquiatría que ha patologizado a las víctimas (mujeres y población LGBTIQ) ocultando lo discriminatorio de esa práctica “normalizadora”. Se consideran también los necesario cambios legales y educativos que apunten a igualar derechos y eliminar diferencias desigualadas que sostienen la violencia. This text aims to unfold the underlying implications of Preciado´s concept that inverts the question of gender violence by holding that gender itself is violence. Other derivations of this way of conceiving reality are also analyzed as follows: that defining only two sexes is violence and that procreating heteronormativity is violent. These notions are framed within a psychiatric conception that has patologized its victims (women and the LGBTIQ population) by hiding how discriminatory this “normalizing” practice can be. The text also considers the necessary legal and educational changes that will lead to equal rights and to suppression of unequal differences that are the basis of violence itself.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Violence"

1

Sewell, Regina. "Violent politics and the politics of violence: The criminalization of anti-lesbian/gay violence /". The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487945320759.

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Sousa, Ramayana Lira de. "Violent imagens and the images of violence". reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSC, 2012. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/93075.

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Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Comunicação e Expressão, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras/Inglês e Literatura Correspondente, Florianópolis, 2009
Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-24T16:09:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 270783.pdf: 7460448 bytes, checksum: 94de8f69c8a92d5acb8ec8c519b10292 (MD5)
This dissertation proposes study of contemporary Brazilian films focusing on the portrayal of violence in urban spaces in a number of films set in different cities, namely Estorvo, Cidade de Deus, Carandiru, O Invasor, Amarelo Manga, Cidade Baixa and Tropa de Elite. The problem to be discussed in these films concerns the possibility of understanding violence as a political force that destabilizes notions such as unified self, representation, agency, nationality and class. The films analyzed suggest a tension between images of violence, mimetic, coagulated, normalized violence, and violent images, violence as dissemination, irradiation, fragmentation, explosion. Following the recent theorizations about biopolitics and community (which include the thought of Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito, Jean-Luc Nancy and Jacques Rancière), this work explores how this tension suggests a (re)configuration of ways of living together.
Esta tese propõe um estudo de filmes brasileiros contemporâneos, com ênfase na apresentação da violência e sua relação com o espaço urbano representado, em uma série de obras que se passam em diferentes cidades, a saber, Estorvo, Cidade de Deus, Carandiru, O Invasor, Amarelo Manga, que se passam em diferentes cidades Cidade Baixa e Tropa de Elite. O problema a ser discutido diz respeito à possibilidade de entender a violência como uma força política capaz de desestabilizar noções como self, representação, agência, nacionalidade e classe. Os filmes analisados sugerem uma tensão entre imagens da violência, violência mimética, coagulada, normalizadas, e imagens violentas, violência como disseminação, irradiação, fragmentação, explosão. Tendo como base teorizações recentes sobre biopolítica e comunidade (incluindo o pensamento de Giorgio Agamben, Roberto Esposito, Jean-Luc Nancy e Jacques Rancière), este trabalho explora como essa tensão sugere uma (re)configuração do modos de viver junto.

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Mccreery, Gregory Richard. "Violence and Disagreement: From the Commonsense View to Political Kinds of Violence and Violent Nonviolence". Scholar Commons, 2016. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/6542.

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This dissertation argues that there is an agreed upon commonsense view of violence, but beyond this view, definitions for kinds of violence are essentially contested and non-neutrally, politically ideological, given that the political itself is an essentially contested concept defined in relation to ideologies that oppose one another. The first chapter outlines definitions for a commonsense view of violence produced by Greene and Brennan. This chapter argues that there are incontestable instances of violence that are almost universally agreed upon, such as when an adult intentionally smashes a child’s head against a table, purposefully causing harm. It is also claimed that, because political, ideological distinctions between kinds of violence arise from the creation of moral equivalences to the commonsense view of violence, political ideology is the source of disagreement. The second chapter argues that the concept of violence and of the political are essentially contested concepts. Gallie’s criteria for what counts as an essentially contested concept are utilized in order to argue that violence is an essentially contested concept at the level of the political, though not at the level of the commonsense view of violence. In fact, the paradigmatic cases that the commonsense view of violence pertains to serve as the core cases that are then interpreted as kinds of violence at the ideological level. To define violence as altogether wrong, or to define kinds of violence as acceptable and others as wrong is itself a politically ideological move to make, such as when liberalism defines its own uses of violence as justified and legitimate, and its enemy’s violence as unjustifiable and illegitimate. The World Health Organization and Bufacchi’s definitions for violence are presented, as are the definition for terroristic violence defined by Nagel. Erlenbusch’s critique of a liberal view, such as that of Nagel and the World Health Organization, is addressed as a reflection on the fact that, beyond the commonsense view of violence, violence is an essentially contested concept for which an ideologically, politically non-neutral definition is unlikely. The third chapter outlines numerous definitions produced by various philosophers, historians, and theorists, such as Machiavelli, Arendt, Hobbes, Kant, Treitschke, Weber, Bakunin, Sorel, Žižek, and Benjamin. The definitions produced by each demonstrates that person’s political ideological assumptions. Their definitions demonstrate an ongoing disagreement, in the sense of Rancière’s formulation for what counts as a disagreement in that each theorist defines kinds of violence under the yoke of their own political ideology. They all might agree that a single act is violent, under the commonsense view of violence, but they disagree concerning what kind of violence it is. So, though they may point to the same events and actions as examples of violence, what they mean fundamentally differs, and this means that they disagree. Their disagreement arises due to their respective political ideologies. This disagreement shows that there is no neutral justification for the neutrality of a state, particularly if a neutral state must defend itself. The state is instead defined in historically contextual terms of how the state relates to kinds of violence, and the distinctions between kinds of violence are not themselves politically, ideologically neutral. So, the concept of violence, beyond the commonsense view, is an essentially contested concept for which a non-neutral definition is unlikely. Beyond the commonsense view, political ideology is inextricably bound up within distinctions between kinds of violence. The fourth chapter then examines arguments on the question of whether nonviolence counts as a kind of violence. If distinctions between kinds of violence are essentially contested and non-neutrally defined, and nonviolence is defined as distinct from violence, then it follows that nonviolence is an essentially contested concept for which no non-neutral definition is possible, at least beyond a commonsense view of nonviolence. A commonsense view of nonviolence is defined as the assumption that nonviolence is not violent in the way that the commonsense view defines violence. That is, nonviolence occurs when there is no action or event that most people would define as a violent one. Definitions for nonviolence, civil disobedience, nonviolent political actions, and nonviolent direct actions are then outlined. These definitions aim at showing that the doctrine of nonviolence does not merely refer to nonviolent acts, but to a strategy that is a means to defeating violence. Given that what counts as the nonviolence that defeats violence is ideologically a matter of disagreement, nonviolence, in this sense, can count as a kind of violence. The fifth chapter concludes, raising questions concerning how violence can be valued, the degree to which a state cannot neutrally justify its neutrality, and the degree to which, beyond the commonsense view of violence, there ever could be agreement concerning what counts as kinds of violence. 1 In this dissertation, I draw on a number of ideas/passages that appeared earlier in my paper “The Efficacy of Scapegoating and Revolutionary Violence," in Philosophy, Culture, and Traditions: A Journal of the World Union of Catholic Philosophical Societies, ed. William Sweet, 10(2014), 203-219. I am grateful to the editors of the journal for permission to draw on this material here.

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4

Siddiqui, Hannana. "Violence against minority women : tackling domestic violence, forced marriage and 'honour' based violence". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2014. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/64295/.

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This commentary outlines how my published works have contributed to knowledge on violence against black and minority ethnic (BME) or minority women in the UK, particularly in relation to domestic violence, forced marriage and so called 'honour' based violence (HBV). They help to define and enhance our understanding of these issues. In addition, they have critiqued multiculturalism and influenced, advocated and developed the former Home Office Minister, Mike O'Brien's concept of 'mature multiculturalism' (Parliamentary Debates, 1999; also cited in Home Office, 2000:10), and utilised the theoretical framework of intersectionality (Crenshaw, 1989 and 1991) to address these problems. I have also located my works within the framework of violence against women and girls (VAWG), secularism, equalities and human rights. My publications have reflected upon and influenced policy, practice and research, and as such, contributed to documenting the history and achievements of black feminism.

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Kaleba, Casey Dean. "Violent delights a cultural history of media violence debates /". College Park, Md. : University of Maryland, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1903/2130.

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Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Maryland, College Park, 2004.
Thesis research directed by: Dept. of Theatre. Title from t.p. of PDF. Includes bibliographical references. Published by UMI Dissertation Services, Ann Arbor, Mich. Also available in paper.

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Guilbert, Sébastien René Charles. "Sports et violences approche sociologique des representations de la violence en sport". Université Marc Bloch (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000STR20009.

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La violence est une notion polysemique, subjective et relative. Tout le monde ne partage pas les memes opinions sur la violence. Cela signifie qu'elle peut porter a confusion dans le champ sportif, puisque sous le terme de violence tous les dysfonctionnements du sport peuvent y etre ranges. C'est la raison pour laquelle notre travail cherche a prouver que la violence en sport n'existe pas en soi et qu'elle n'est qu'une production sociale. Autrement dit, le but de cette etude est de montrer que les representations de la violence sont organisees socialement et marquees au coeur meme des sports. Pour ce faire, nous avons interroge quatre cent cinquante competiteurs masculins issus de dix pratiques sportives ainsi que soixante quinze entraineurs et presidents de club de la communaute urbaine de strasbourg. Trois questionnaires ont ete soumis, un pour chacune des positions occupees dans l'espace. Soixante interviews semi-directives ont egalement ete realisees aupres de quelques-uns de ces agents. Il apparait au vu des resultats des sportifs que la violence differe significativement selon les espaces sportifs et selon l'importance des enjeux et des types d'enjeux dans les pratiques sportives. De la meme maniere, il semble que la violence varie significativement selon les investissements sportifs des agents et leurs proprietes sociales. En ce qui concerne les entraineurs et les presidents, les resultats tendent a mettre en exergue d'une part des differences significatives entre pratiques au niveau des representations de la violence en sport et d'autre part que les presidents et les entraineurs sont de possibles gestionnaires de la violence en sport.

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Rouquayrol, Guillemette Leda. "Violence urbaine : l'évolution de la violence à Fortaleza (Brésil) à travers l'étude des crimes violents dans les années 80". Le Havre, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1993LEHA0005.

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Cette thèse présente dans son introduction quelques aspects généraux de la violence et de ses causes, à travers une révision bibliographique succinte. Ensuite, nous citons quelques faits historiques sur le Brésil agricole et son passage à l'état de pays industriel, mettons en relief les aspects de la migration, de l'urbanisation, des sécheresses, la densité démographique et la violence quotidienne spécialement la violence dans la municipalité de Fortaleza à travers les données de recherche effectuées directement à l'institut de médecine légale, avec des informations sur les homicides, les suicides, les viols, les attentats violents a la pudeur et autres violences entre 1980 et 1989
This dissertation in its introduction shows the propositions of several authors on urban violence and its causes. Then, some historic interpretations about the brazilian case are discussed such as migration from rural to urban areas, demographic density, and the drought problem in the northeastern region. The following chapters analyse violence in the daily life, specially in Fortaleza, northeast brazil. General data on its population, education levels and socio-economic statuses are shown. Specific data on homicides, suicides, rapes and other violences, in the years 1980 to 1989 in Fortaleza, are also analysed

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Friederic, Karin. "La Violencia Adentro (Violence in the Interior): Gender Violence, Human Rights, and State-Community-NGO Relations in Coastal Ecuador". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204890.

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Building on research conducted over the last ten years, this dissertation explores how local understandings and manifestations of gender violence are changing as women and men learn about human rights and gain access to state-based forms of justice. Wife abuse in coastal Ecuador is often explained as a result of machismo and an enduring culture of violence. I challenge this conception by demonstrating how political, economic and social processes normalize gender violence, and by showing how transnational human rights discourses are reshaping gender relations, structures of impunity, and the visibility of particular forms of violence. Inhabitants in this historically marginalized region are using alliances with transnational NGOs to negotiate their relationship to the state. Human rights, transnational alliances, and improved access to justice offer powerful openings for local women and families, but their empowering potential is delimited by growing social and economic vulnerability and the discrepancies between rights-based subjectivities and preexisting understandings of the self. Ultimately, I argue that human rights - as concept, as practice, and as discourse - reorganize power in ways that warrant both optimism and critique.

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Lo, Piccolo Giuseppe. "Images violentes et violence de l'imaginaire : le Photolangage comme dispositif de transformation de la violence auprès d'adolescents agresseurs sexuels". Thesis, Lyon 2, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LYO20055/document.

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Dans cette recherche, je me propose d'interroger la méthode Photolangage©, dispositif à médiation thérapeutique, comme outil pour favoriser les processus de lien et de symbolisation dans la situation groupale. L'idée est d'observer à l'œuvre de manière profitable ses fonctions de contenance et transformation de la réalité psychique et, en particulier, la possibilité de double contenance - de la part du groupe et de l'objet médiateur - de mouvements pulsionnels intenses et à leur transformation à travers ce type de dispositif. L'objet de la recherche traite donc des potentialités d'une telle technique thérapeutique et de comment, ce type de dispositif peut contenir et transformer - et éventuellement prévenir - les manifestations agressives, voire violentes, des sujets qui prennent part à l'expérience. Pour ce faire, j’ai participé à la mise en place et la co-animation d’un groupe d'adolescents engagés dans des agirs sexuels violents. Je présenterai ainsi le cas d'un dispositif expérimental et original d'un petit groupe avec des mineurs auteurs de violence sexuelle dont le cadre prévoyait l'alternance de séances de groupe de parole et de séances à médiation Photolangage©. L'observation et l'analyse d'un tel dispositif et d'une telle clinique permettent de mettre en évidence les processus en jeu dans ce cadre singulier et de mettre l'accent sur l'apport de la médiation par la photographie au sein d'une telle prise en charge. Le Photolangage© sera présenté dans sa double fonction de dispositif de soin et de recherche. Le rapport entre image et imaginaire et entre image et affect sera le noyau à partir duquel j'aborderai la question de la transformation de ces mêmes affects et de la violence. Il s'agit alors d'apporter la preuve de la pertinence et de l'efficacité de ces groupes spécifiques et de leur capacité à mieux contenir la violence que les dispositifs individuels, comment de mieux gérer et transformer, en vue d'une meilleure intégration sociale des sujets
This research explores the use of Photolangage© as a therapeutic tool for promoting relational processes and the development of symbolisation in group settings. Its capacity to hold and transform psychic reality is examined, particularly the possibility of dual holding of intense drives - by the group and by the mediating object – and of their transformation through the use of this kind of therapeutic method. The potential of such a therapeutic technique is explored, how it can contain, transform and perhaps even predict aggressive or violent behaviours in participants of the group. To this end, I took part in setting up and co-leading a therapy group for adolescents who engage in violent sexual acts. The case study presents an experimental and innovative small group therapy structure, with sexually aggressive minors, which was organised so that verbal sessions alternated with Photolangage© sessions. Observation and analysis of this method and this clinical practise bring to light the processes at work within this unusual framework, and highlight the role that mediation via photography can play at the heart of therapeutic support groups.This research presents the dual functions of Photolangage© as therapeutic and research methodology. The relationship between image and imagination, and between image and emotion, form the core from which questions about transformation of emotions and violence are broached. The relevance and efficiency of these specific groups and their capacity to contain and hold violence better than individual therapy structures is explored; how to better manage and transform, for improved social integration of our patients

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Brammer, Sara K. Berkel LaVerne A. "Domestic violence offenders' opinions of intimate partner violence". Diss., UMK access, 2006.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--School of Education. University of Missouri--Kansas City, 2006.
"A dissertation in counseling psychology." Advisor: LaVerne Berkel. Typescript. Vita. Title from "catalog record" of the print edition Description based on contents viewed Jan. 26, 2007. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-134 ). Online version of the print edition.

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Mais fontes

Livros sobre o assunto "Violence"

1

1939-, Jesudoss D. W., Gurukul Lutheran Theological College and Research Institute. e Workshop on Violence and Non-Violence (1987 : Madras, India), eds. Violence, non-violence. Madras: Gurukul, 1989.

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2

Colpin, Coordonné par Marie-Thérèse. ENFANCE DE LA VIOLENCE, VIOLENCES DE L'ENFANCE. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, 2000.

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3

Dahl, Gordon Boyack. Does movie violence increase violent crime? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008.

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4

G, Stevenson Robert, e Cox Gerry R, eds. Perspectives on violence and violent death. Amityville, N.Y: Baywood Pub., 2008.

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5

1970-, Scarparo Susanna, e McDonald Sarah, eds. Violent descriptions: Representing violence across cultures. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars, 2006.

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6

Jacqueline, Langwith, ed. Violence. Detroit, MI: Greenhaven Press, 2010.

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7

Lee, Bandy X. Violence. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119240716.

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Miller, Toby. Violence. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2020.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429243110.

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Miller, Andrea B., e Deborah M. Galvin. Violence. Editado por National Clearinghouse for Alcohol and Drug Information (U.S.). Rockville, Md.?]: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1996.

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10

J, Grapes Bryan, ed. Violence. San Diego, Calif: Greenhaven Press, 2001.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Violence"

1

Falke, Cassandra, Victoria Fareld e Hanna Meretoja. "Interpreting Violence, Violent Interpretations". In Interpreting Violence, 1–13. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003188001-1.

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Davis, Colin. "Reading Violence, Violent Reading". In Interpreting Violence, 154–66. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003188001-14.

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Davis, Colin. "Reading Violence, Violent Reading". In Literature, Interpretation and Ethics, 102–16. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003369714-9.

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Vilaseca, Stephen Luis. "Violence". In Anarchist Socialism in Early Twentieth-Century Spain, 97–111. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44677-2_6.

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Hinton, Alexander. "Violence". In A Companion to Moral Anthropology, 500–518. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118290620.ch28.

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Hamberger, L. Kevin, e Bruce Ambuel. "Violence". In Fundamentals of Clinical Practice, 359–80. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-5849-1_16.

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Hillman, Jennifer L. "Violence". In Crisis Intervention and Trauma, 141–69. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-0771-0_7.

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Davis, Leonard. "Violence". In Hong Kong and the Asylum-Seekers from Vietnam, 48–77. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-21701-4_3.

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Peek-Asa, Corinne. "Violence". In Encyclopedia of Women’s Health, 1381–83. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48113-0_461.

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Lemaitre, Julieta. "Violence". In Gender and Sexuality in Latin America - Cases and Decisions, 177–231. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6199-5_6.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Violence"

1

Chandane, Soham, Ajesh Thangaraj Nadar, Mihika Lokhande, Dineshraja Kanthakumar e Rizwana Shaikh. "Violence Detection using Deep Learning". In 2024 International Conference on Innovations and Challenges in Emerging Technologies (ICICET), 1–6. IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icicet59348.2024.10616304.

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Alazab, Seham, e Norah Almosaed. "WHY STAY? SAUDI WOMEN’S ADAPTIONS TO VIOLENCE". In SSHRA 2024 – Social Science & Humanities Research Association International Conference, 07-08 May, Kuala Lumpur. Global Research & Development Services, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/icssh.2024.247248.

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The study investigates the reasons why women continue to live with an abusive husband and examines the relationship between their reasons and a number of variables that support one’s ability to cope with spousal violence. These variables include employment status, educational level, number of children, marriage duration, the social status of the wife's family and the number of violent incidents. A demographic survey and a spousal violence adaption scale were administered to a sample of 114 abused wives. The results revealed that all of the variables and several of the dimensions represented by the violence adaption scale affected the women’s decisions. The impact of these variables was more obvious among nonworking wives and the lesser educated, women with a greater number of children, those who had been married longer, those who senatal families had a low social status, and those who were subjected to violence more frequently. Keywords: adaptation to violence, marital violence, Saudi Arabia, spousal violence, violence against women in Saudi Arabia, why women stay in violent relationships.

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Ćorić, Dragana, e Snezana Knežević. "ULOGA POKRAJINSKOG ZAŠTITNIKA GRAĐANA-OMBUDSMANA U STVARANjU I KOORDINACIJI MREŽOM „ŽIVOT BEZ NASILjA"". In Razvoj i unapređenje institucije ombudsmana u funkciji zaštite ljudskih prava. University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Law, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/ruio23.047c.

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The provincial protector of citizens - ombudsman (in the following text PZGO) has noticed the need for a change in the approach of institutions to the problem of domestic violence since its establishment. Working on the complaints of citizens, it became clear that there were omissions in the work of the competent institutions, especially when dealing with cases of domestic violence. The reasons for those omissions and errors in acting of institutions are rather different: inadequate personnel training, attitudes and prejudices of employees in institutions that come from entrenched traditionalist patterns of division of gender roles, to untimely response to deviant behavior in general amid lack of interest in actions and inadequate performance of work tasks in general . The consequences of such bad and inadequate treatment were manifold. One of the more serious consequences is creating an image in the public that committing violence in this sensitive sphere of domestic violenceis acceptable and permissible. The mild penal policy did not contribute to the whole milieu of the problem, nor did the absence of appropriate mechanisms to help and support victims of domestic violence. The vagueness and opposition of the regulations, and the insufficient coverage of various behaviors that qualify as domestic violence, as well as the absence of institutional mechanisms and obligations to respond in such situations, have created an extremely dangerous area, increased distrust in the institutions, and created a climate of fear. In the paper, the authors present an example of good practice, created even before the Law on the Prevention of Domestic Violence from 2016, resulting from the work of the PZGO. It is a network of institutions focused on work and assistance to victims of domestic violence and prosecution of perpetrators of violent crimes, called "Life without violence", which was founded in 2005.

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PARADISO, SERGIO, e LAUREN SCHROCK. "VIOLENCE AND VIOLENT CONFLICTS: VIEWS FROM AFFECTIVE NEUROSCIENCE". In Proceedings of the International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies — 27th Session. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812705150_0069.

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Goto, Shinichi, e Terumasa Aoki. "Violent Scenes Detection Using Mid-Level Violence Clustering". In Fourth International conference on Computer Science & Information Technology. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2014.4224.

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"DUAL PATHOLOGY AND CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR IN PATIENTS CONSIDERED NOT GUILTY BY REASON OF INSANITY. A RETROSPECTIVE STUDY". In 23° Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Patología Dual (SEPD) 2021. SEPD, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17579/sepd2021p124s.

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Objectives Previous studies have reported that substance misuse (including alcohol) was the strongest risk factor for violence among psychiatric diagnoses, and absolute rates of violence perpetration of over 10% in substance misuse have been found, meaning that it is an important adverse outcome for clinicians to consider. However, very few studies exist about differences in individuals considered not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) with only a primary psychiatric diagnosis and those with dual pathology. This study aims to compare these two groups regarding criminal history and violence. Material and Methods We analyzed a sample of 44 inpatients committed under security measure in the Forensic Psychiatry Regional Department of Lisbon’s Psychiatric Hospital Centre, after being deemed NGRI and dangerous. Data regarding previous history of substance use, psychiatric disorder and criminal history was retrospectively collected. Results and conclusions Unlike what is described in literature for other groups, in our sample of NGRI patients, dual pathology was significantly associated to having no previous violent behavior; furthermore, regarding the offense for which they were considered NGRI, patients with dual pathology were not more likely to have committed a violent crime when compared with patients with only a primary diagnosis. This may be explained because the primary illness (and not other psychosocial factors or substance misuse) was considered the primary reason for having committed the offense, and many patients were committed for domestic violence in the context of developmental disorders, an independent risk factor for violence against relatives. There was no difference between the two groups regarding other variables. Our study highlights that drug and substance misuse may be a less important factor regarding violence in the context of insanity than in other types of violence.

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Bellini, Rosanna, Jay Rainey, Andrew Garbett e Pamela Briggs. "Vocalising Violence". In C&T 2019: The 9th International Conference on Communities & Technologies - Transforming Communities. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3328320.3328405.

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MESESAN SCHMITZ, Luiza Iuliana, Ion NEGRILA, Vlad BATRANU-PINTEA, Claudiu COMAN e Ovidiu TODERICI. "PREVENTING VIOLENCE IN THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM". In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on SOCIAL SCIENCES - ISCSS 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscss.2023/s08.36.

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Violence is an evil that surrounds today's society because Humana beings are violent by naturally due to their Needle to protection and defend themselves. Violence in the EDUCATION field is understood as the intentional harmful action or omission carried out between members of the EDUCATION community (students, teachers, parents, administrative staff, others EDUCATION actors) and which takes place in the physical premises of the Educational Unit (school infrastructures), or in other spaces directly related to the school (around the Educational Unit or places where extracurricular activities are carried out). It is a phenomenon that must be jointly assumed by EDUCATION authorities, teachers, parents, and students themselves who have the right to exercise their voice _ _ establish preventive rather than corrections actions. From an early age, children learn that violence is a brave way to resolve various personal conflicts, especially if they have suffered in the home, either as victims of bullying or as witnesses. Violence is gradually becoming the usual way of expressing different emotional states, such as anger, frustration or fear, a situation that is not limited exclusively to the family, but will invariably drink have reflected in the interaction of each family member with society. The teacher in the EDUCATION field shows the opportunity to identify and even preventively risky situations for students, being able to relationship to the child and his family, thus favoring prevention in the EDUCATION community. The family is very important for the prevention of violence in the EDUCATION system because they become role models for their children.

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Silva, Arnaldo V. Barros da, e Luis F. Alves Pereira. "Handcrafted vs. Learned Features for Automatically Detecting Violence in Surveillance Footage". In Seminário Integrado de Software e Hardware. Sociedade Brasileira de Computação - SBC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5753/semish.2022.222887.

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For many years, methods for detecting violence in video data used features designed by humans to extract visual information from input frames for composing feature vectors and then applied machine learning techniques to assign labels to them. Recently, Deep Learning methods are highly evidenced for this task since they can automatically learn image features. Furthermore, they usually overcome the accuracy rates obtained by classical methods based on handcrafted features. This work evaluates learned and handcrafted features for classifying video frames as 'violence' or 'non-violence'. Our results showed that learned features can not always be claimed superior since some violent scenes are only detected by handcrafted features.

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Sultanova, A. "ENGLISH POLYSEMANTIC IDIOMS NAMING VIOLENCE". In EXPONENTS OF SOCIAL AGGRESSION: GENERAL HUMANITARIAN DISCOURSES. FSBE Institution of Higher Education Voronezh State University of Forestry and Technologies named after G.F. Morozov, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/esaghd2022_115-121.

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Phraseology, being the most expressive part of the language system, accumulates and reflects real or imaginary situations as experiences of a nation, and reveals the peculiarities of the cultural and historical development of a nation. The article describes English polysemantic phraseological units denoting violent actions, and also examines aspects of the formation of these phraseological units, namely the prototypical situations as their source. The article analyzes the role of the components of phraseological units in the formation of their meanings related to the theme of «Violence».

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Violence"

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Dahl, Gordon, e Stefano DellaVigna. Does Movie Violence Increase Violent Crime? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, janeiro de 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13718.

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Buvinic, Mayra, e Andrew Morrison. Basic Facts about Violence. Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008928.

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This document is the first one of a series of technical notes that describe the nature and magnitude of violence in the region, its causes and effects, and how it can be prevented and controlled. The notes provide useful information on designing programs and policies to prevent and deal with violence. This chapter introduces the concept of violence and it limits the scope of its definition. An important characterization to highlight is the difference between violence and a violent crime. Certain violent acts, such as domestic violence, may be against the law in some countries but lawful in other countries. Secondly, because there is a causal relationship between criminal and non-criminal violence. Violence is a learned behavior, and a main school of violence is the home, which, for the most part, is an environment where violent behavior is not viewed as unlawful. Following this line of thought, a series of facts are pointed out: the forms violence can take, who are the perpetrators, figures of violence in the Americas, and which disciplines contribute to the study of violence.

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Buvinic, Mayra, e Andrew Morrison. Controlling Violence. Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008933.

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This document is one of a series of technical notes that describe the nature and magnitude of violence in the region, its causes and effects, and how it can be prevented and controlled. The notes provide useful information on designing programs and policies to prevent and deal with violence. This note focuses on violence control and prevention. The authors hold that it is often thought that control and prevention are quite distinct actions and that consequently, it is simple to categorize actions under one heading or the other. The real world, however, is more gray than black and white. According to the authors, all actions designed to reduce violence form part of a continuum that ranges from prevention on one end of the scale to control on the other end.

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Buvinic, Mayra, e Andrew Morrison. Preventing Violence. Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008932.

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This document is one of a series of technical notes that describe the nature and magnitude of violence in the region, its causes and effects, and how it can be prevented and controlled. The notes provide useful information on designing programs and policies to prevent and deal with violence. This note focuses on preventing violence. The authors hold that because of its multiple causes and consequences, addressing violence requires implementing measures in several different sectors. No single formula can be applied to all situations of violence. A myriad of proposals for action have been put forth, many have been shaped by the author's discipline. These proposals can be divided up into two major groups: actions geared towards violence control and actions geared towards violence prevention.

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Buvinic, Mayra, e Andrew Morrison. How is Violence Measured? Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008929.

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This document is the one of a series of technical notes that describe the nature and magnitude of violence in the region, its causes and effects, and how it can be prevented and controlled. The notes provide useful information on designing programs and policies to prevent and deal with violence. This note focuses on defining the extent of violence as a first basic step toward fully comprehending the phenomenon. Although homicide is not the only indicator of violence, the homicide rate is the measure that is used most often to determine overall levels of violence in a city or country. This is because homicide constitutes the most serious and publicly visible of all violent acts and is usually reported more accurately in statistics on violent crime.

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Buvinic, Mayra, e Andrew Morrison. Causes of Violence. Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008930.

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This document is the one of a series of technical notes that describe the nature and magnitude of violence in the region, its causes and effects, and how it can be prevented and controlled. The notes provide useful information on designing programs and policies to prevent and deal with violence. This note focuses on the causes of violence. The authors hold that violence is a complex phenomenon that has not one but many causes. Hence there is no single solution or response. In order to decrease the incidence of violence, one needs to identify the numerous factors that are associated with the phenomenon and implement a set of solutions designed to address the different root causes. The point of departure in the search for solutions must be an analysis of the factors that promote violence (risk factors) as well as the factors that inhibit violence (protection factors). This is the main task of this document.

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Biehl, María Loreto. Youth Violence Prevention. Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008937.

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This document is one of a series of technical notes that describe the nature and magnitude of violence in the region, its causes and effects, and how it can be prevented and controlled. The notes provide useful information on designing programs and policies to prevent and deal with violence. This technical note discusses youth violence prevention issues. Increasing violence among young people is a particularly alarming problem in the region. Youth are at a higher risk of being victims and perpetrators of violence, including physical injury, sexual abuse, neglect, emotional and verbal abuse. Yet juvenile violence can be prevented and juvenile offenders can be rehabilitated. This technical note calls attention to a growing body of scientifically credible evidence that can be used to implement sound and cost-effective violence prevention programs.

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editorial team, 360info. Tackling football violence. Editado por Shahirah Hamid. Monash University, agosto de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54377/5155-e6ce.

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Alda, Erik. School-Based Violence Prevention. Inter-American Development Bank, fevereiro de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008947.

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School is one of the most important socializing environments for children, since it is where they spend a great deal of time interacting with teachers and peers. However, the persistent spillover of community socioeconomic conditions and violence means that schools and their surroundings are no longer protected places, but share in the day-to-day violence of the urban space. As a result, school violence has increased correspondingly. Although students may handle situations at school through violent behaviors, schools remain a place where they can learn not to make use of such behaviors. What can educators, policymakers, and civil society do to revert or reduce violence in schools? How can schools use their unique potential as a locus for violence prevention? This technical note attempts to shed light on these issues by describing approaches that have proven successful in addressing this problem.

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Barclay, Keith A. Ethnic Violence in Moldolva. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maio de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403991.

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