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Bakhramdjanovna, Ishanchayeva Shoirakhan. "THE ESSENCE OF SOCIAL-PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS OF NADIRA, THE PATRON OF SCIENCE AND ENLIGHTENMENT". American Journal Of Social Sciences And Humanity Research 03, n.º 05 (1 de maio de 2023): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/ajsshr/volume03issue05-20.
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In this article, the work of a statesman, a patron of science and enlightenment and a unique creative woman Nodira, the contribution of science and enlightenment to the development of the state. The role of Mohlaroyim's educational-philosophical views in the development of his time and today's society is discussed.
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Ilichenko, E. V. "The Socio-Political Views of P.‑Sh. Leveque (Problem of Russian «Civilization»)". Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 10, n.º 2 (2010): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2010-10-2-53-58.
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In the article deals with socio-political views of one of brightest representatives of the French Enlightenment era, the historian of Russia P.-Sh. Leveque. The great interest is the analysis of the views by Leveque on the most urgent problems of state and public arrangement of Russia of the XVIIIth century: the reign of Peter I and Catherine II. In considering the topic judgments of the French historian with the ideals of the one of the leading philosophers of the Enlightenment era, D. Diderot were compared.
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Fatih, Zakaria. "Peering into the Mosque: Enlightenment Views of Islam". French Review 85, n.º 6 (2012): 1070–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/tfr.2012.0147.
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Isomiddinov, Yuldash Yusubboevich. "PHILOSOPHICAL ANALYSIS OF ABDURAUF FITRAT'S VIEWS ON ENLIGHTENMENT." Theoretical & Applied Science 112, n.º 08 (30 de agosto de 2022): 172–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.15863/tas.2022.08.112.12.
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Azizovna, Akhmedova Zebiniso. "SPIRITUAL AND MORAL VALUES IN THE VIEWS AND ACTIVITIES OF AHMAD DONISH". European International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Management Studies 02, n.º 06 (1 de junho de 2022): 174–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.55640/eijmrms-02-06-34.
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The article discusses the main trends in the development of the social and political enlightenment movement of the Jadids, and in particular the evolution of views on spirituality, morality, culture, education of thinkers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Tuychiyeva Sayyora Suyarkulovna. "VIEWS OF THE THINKER AND THE OWNER ON MANAGEMENT". International Journal on Integrated Education 3, n.º 8 (3 de setembro de 2020): 242–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i8.575.
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There are about seven billion people on earth, and only more than two hundred of them have their own state. The antiquity of the state system is a characteristic feature of the Uzbek people. The well-known figures who created the system of formation, development, improvement and practice of the system of governance testify to the ancient history of this nation. In the effective work of the administration, the enlightenment reforms of the heads of state have certainly made a worthy contribution to the enlightenment of culture and the arts, and this has always been recognized. The unrest, which threatens the peace and tranquility of the country, and the bias in the country's domestic and foreign policies, in turn, have shaped the attitudes of prominent scholars, clerics, poets, and writers about leaders.
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Guozhong, Xing, e Shang Chen. "Light through Time and Space". Dialogue and Universalism 31, n.º 3 (2021): 75–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202131346.
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Chinese Confucianism, which emerged during the Axial Age, has had a profound influence on many intellectual and cultural movements in history, including the European Enlightenment. This article analyzes the influence of Confucianism on the European Enlightenment from four perspectives: human rights, a benevolent government, religion and nature. The humanist spirit propagated by Confucianism was similar to the views expressed by Enlightenment thinkers on reason and human rights and provided a powerful ideological weapon for Enlightenment thinkers to criticize religious theocracy and break through the darkness of the Middle Ages. During this process of learning and absorbing the humanist spirit of Confucianism, French Enlightenment thinkers developed the rational and critical spirit of the Enlightenment and paved the way for intellectual liberation. Today, the world is facing the new challenges of global climate change, artificial intelligence and genetic technology. In the context of these global problems, China and the West can learn from each other and join efforts to gather new ideological resources to carry out a new ideological enlightenment movement on a global scale and achieve sustainable development for all humanity.
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Zellini, Susanna. "Nietzsche, die homerische Frage und die Dialektik der Aufklärung". Nietzsche-Studien 48, n.º 1 (1 de novembro de 2019): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nietzstu-2019-0002.
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Abstract It seems obvious that Nietzsche has influenced the Dialectic of Enlightenment (1947). The extent to which Adorno and Horkheimer base their argument on Nietzsche, however, remains controversial. By analyzing an early draft of the first excursion of the Dialectic of Enlightenment from 1943, this article demonstrates that Nietzsche was more important for the development of its main concepts than has been assumed, in particular his analysis of myth and enlightenment. In the earlier version of the Ulysses-chapter Nietzsche, together with Rudolf Borchardt, is a pivotal point of reference. Indeed, it is the Nietzschean reflection on Homer and on the pre-Homerian epic—and Borchardt’s interpretation of these themes—that Adorno views as the first original form of the dialectics of enlightenment.
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Smirnov, V. N. "Paradoxes of the political romanticism of Kireevsky I.V.: between an universal monarchy and a national state". Solov’evskie issledovaniya, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2021): 17–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.17588/2076-9210.2021.1.017-030.
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The article deals with the political views of Ivan Vasilievich Kireevsky in connection with the history of censorship prohibition of the journal “European” published by him. The text of the report due to which the journal was closed is analyzed. Special attention is paid to the idea of “merging minds together”, interpreted in the text of the denunciation as the basis of Republican beliefs. The author reconstructs Kireevsky's political views in the context of the influence of German romantic ideas on Russian social thought in the first half of the XIX century. The author clarifies Kireevsky's attitude to the ideals of the Great French Revolution and concludes that his views are opposed to the radical vector of the European Enlightenment as a whole. The author demonstrates the historical context in which the views of young Kireevsky are formed, and focuses on the contrast between the Enlightenment and the Romanticism era, which is associated in Russia with the counter-enlightenment reaction of the times of the Holy Union. The author reconstructs Kireevsky's religious and philosophical views, which, following V.S. Solovyov, are characterized as philosophical, romantic Christianity. Kireevsky's ideas are compared with those of representatives of other trends of Russian social thought that were influenced by German Romanticism − theorists of official conservatism, as well as P.Ya. Chaadaev. Their conceptual differences in understanding the relationship between “world” and “national” are revealed. The author demonstrates Kireevsky's socio-political concept, in which the “organic” development of people's life is contrasted with the “violent” establishment of social institutions. It is concluded that the primacy of spiritual unity over political aspirations in Kireevsky's worldview leads him away from both republican beliefs and official imperial conservatism.
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KOSLOFSKY, CRAIG. "Suicide and the secularization of the body in early modern Saxony". Continuity and Change 16, n.º 1 (maio de 2001): 45–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026841600100371x.
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A jurisdictional dispute over the burial of suicides in Electoral Saxony in the years 1702–1706 brought into sharp contrast conflicting views of the body in popular belief and Lutheran pastoral theology, and in the secularizing project of the early Enlightenment. The dispute centred on the practical, local implications of territorialism, a theory of church subordination to the state developed in the 1690s by the Saxon jurist Christian Thomasius (1655–1728), the most influential German political philosopher of the early Enlightenment. Considered in its intellectual and institutional contexts, the Saxon dispute illustrates the importance of the body to an understanding of secularization, the early Enlightenment and the history of suicide.
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Akhtamovna, Khimmatova Zarina. "The Work Of Sohfi Allahyar "Sabot Ul - Ojizin" Is In Harmony With Today's Times". American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 02, n.º 12 (19 de dezembro de 2020): 141–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume02issue12-25.
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The article analyzes the solidarity of “Sabot ul – ojizin's” work with the present period, which took an important place in the history of Uzbek enlightenment in the second half of the XVII century and the beginning of the XVIII century in Central Asia, the major representative of the Naqshbandian sect, Sofi Allahyar's "Sabot ul – ojizin". The work of sohfi Allahyar "Sabot ul - ojizin" is a work created due to the spiritual need of his time. The main purpose of the creation of the work is to educate the perfect person, to strive for the perfection of the individual. It is up to the people to start them on the right path by revealing the Enlightenment of the Islamic religion, to encourage them not to fall under the influence of the ideas of the memorization of different currents and fanatic groups. In the article, the work studied the socio – philosophical views aimed at starting the people on the right path, and in turn revealed that at that time for material benefit, he was struggling with enlightenment, occupying the minds of the common people and distributing various superstitious teachings. The article analyzes the ideas put forward in the work" Sabot ul – ojizin", the philosophical views, the solidarity of such enlightened views as leading the people towards perfection with today's times.
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Fry, Richard J. "Smith and Hume on Animal Minds". Journal of Scottish Philosophy 16, n.º 3 (setembro de 2018): 227–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jsp.2018.0205.
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This paper situates Hume's views on animals in the context of the Scottish Enlightenment by contrasting them with the views of Adam Smith. While Smith is more central to the philosophical establishment of the Scottish Enlightenment, their views on morals resemble each other greatly and both think that the analogies between humans and non-human animals are useful for thinking about morals. Their estimation of the nature and extent of those analogies, however, differ widely from one another. This has been historically obscured by the fact that in no single work does Smith precisely detail what he thinks non-human animals are capable of. I argue that Smith thinks non-human animal minds are different in kind from human minds. This is evident from Smith's view of how language facilitates and co-creates certain aspects of human cognition. Hume, by contrast, seems to hold that non-human animal minds differ merely by degree from human minds. After reconstructing Smith's view, I contrast it with Hume's, providing historical context to show how Hume falls outside the mainstream on this issue and Smith within it. Their views on animals reflect, broadly, their standing with respect to the wider Scottish philosophical community.
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Houston, Andrew. "Views and Reviews". Canadian Theatre Review 139 (julho de 2009): 79–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.139.011.
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Jean-François Lyotard is probably best known as a philosopher with an abiding concern with the power of universals – governing stories or metanarratives – and, in particular, how such universals enact certain kinds of controls on our lives. Lyotard has been fiercely critical of the universalist claims inherited by western societies from Enlightenment thinking, and many of his writings serve to undermine the foundational principles that support such thinking. After graduation, Lyotard spent his early years teaching philosophy at the University of Constantine, in French East Algeria, and it was this experience that significantly contributed to his approach to thinking through the problems of interculturalism. Lyotard’s work can offer a useful perspective on intercultural theatre practice because his approach to political philosophy is concerned with the translation of language across cultures, and his focus is less on theory and more on the pragmatics of language; that is, the dramaturgy and performance of language as it becomes crucial to judgement and thought.
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Kuter, Mikhail I., Marina M. Gurskaya e Alexander V. Kuznetsov. "Alexander Galagan: Russian titan of the Enlightenment in the history of accounting". Accounting History 24, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2018): 293–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1032373218761129.
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The purpose of the article is to analyze the characteristic features of the Enlightenment in Russian accounting in relation to the activity of its outstanding representative Alexander Galagan, who followed the motto, proclaimed in the essay “An Answer to the Question: What is Enlightenment?” by Immanuel Kant, “Sapere aude!” (Dare to know!). For the first time in the English language literature, Galagan is spoken about not only as a theorist but as an accounting historian and a teacher. A detailed description of his works and views is presented. The article’s attention is focused on Galagan’s main aim: improving the status of accounting as a science. Following the results of the research, the following hypothesis has been advanced: which period of time should be regarded in Russian accounting as the Enlightenment? It has also been explained why Alexander Galagan can be considered as a model of Enlightenment.
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Sevara, Kurbanova. "THE ESSENCE OF THE REFORMS IN PUBLIC EDUCATION OF THE JADIDS: ON THE EXAMPLE OF TEXTBOOKS AND LITERATURE". 2016-yil, 1-son (95) ANIQ VA TABIIY FANLAR SERIYASI 1, n.º 95 (25 de maio de 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.59251/2181-1296.2023.v2.138.1.1927.
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This article analyzes the creation of textbooks and teaching aids for schools of the new style by modern representatives of Turkestan, as well as their views on enlightenment. Attention is drawn to the views of the Jadids on the teaching of modern science to young people for the socio-economic development of society, national revival and spiritual growth. The futurological aspects of his views on the factors of development of Turkestan through the ideas of patriotism, diligence, literacy, tolerance and innovative thinking were also studied.
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Avazov, Normurod. "TURKESTAN AND MAKHMUDHOJA BEHBUDI". American Journal of Social Science and Education Innovations 5, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 2023): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajssei/volume05issue09-09.
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The author has studied the views of Makhmudhoja Behbudi on the independence of Turkestan. It pays special attention to the question of nation and nationality. Also, the political, economic, spiritual and educational directions of the author Behbudi’s publicism in the Turkestan region are analyzed as the main part of his progressive work. At the same time, it was studied that the introduction of the educational system in a new way, the literacy of the local people, and the promotion of science and enlightenment are among the main issues in the Turkestan region. Basically, it is aimed to convey Behbudi’s views on the need to spread enlightenment through school, press, and stage to the students. It is shown in practice that the main idea in Behbudi’s work is the struggle for the independence of Turkestan and the grief of the nation.
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Popkin, R. H. "New Views on the Role of Skepticism in the Enlightenment". Modern Language Quarterly 53, n.º 3 (1 de janeiro de 1992): 279–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-53-3-279.
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Bubnov, Evgeniy. "The Idea of Miracle in the Enlightenment and Enlightenment in the Idea of Miracle". Dialogue and Universalism 31, n.º 2 (2021): 163–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202131226.
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The article is devoted to the problem of comprehension of the idea of miracle by the encyclopaedists and other enlighteners. The definitions of the concepts we use to designate the miraculous, the amazing and the magic change with the time. This fact may seem trivial at first glance. However, if we draw our sight to the material world we will see that the evolutionary changes taking place with some engineering devices do not affect the functions these devices were invented for. Entirely different is the situation with the semantics of some words denoting abstract concepts. The core function of the word is to convey a certain sense to the addressee. But, as may be seen from the speculations of the miraculous, it is the sense of the word which is gradually changing. The changes mentioned are due to the collisions between different world views at the turn of the epochs. However, the stereotype ideas of the Enlightenment as the period of fighting religious doctrines by means of applying to the reason as the only criterion of the truth, cannot be used to describe the processes in question. Our analysis will also point out at the problem of the periodization of the Age of Enlightenmen
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Zhang, Jiayi. "“Human Condition” Core Concept Analysis and Philosophical Enlightenment". SHS Web of Conferences 148 (2022): 01028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202214801028.
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Hannah Arendt focused on the connection and distinction between Labor, Work and Action in “Human Condition”. This article is based on the philosophical situation to explore the political situation and the human situation, taking the research of the core theory as the entry point, focusing on Arendt’s analysis and views on human characteristics in order to conclude my personal opinion.
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Hwi-Won Kang. "Separation of Church and State in the Christian History: from Biblical Views to Enlightenment Views". THEOLOGICAL THOUGHT ll, n.º 136 (março de 2007): 233–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.35858/sinhak.2007..136.007.
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Krouglov, Alexei N. "Kant’s Concept of Enlightenment and Its Alternatives". Kantian journal 42, n.º 2 (2023): 16–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5922/0207-6918-2023-2-2.
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The modern popularity of the Kantian definition of enlightenment often leads to a distorted notion that his understanding of enlightenment was dominant already during his lifetime, expressing the quintessence of all-European Enlightenment. This turns our attention away from entire layers of philosophical thought, since the Kantian definition of enlightenment in the late eighteenth century was neither the only one nor the preeminent one. The study of alternatives represented in the German philosophy of that period gives a deeper insight into the originality of the Kantian approach with regard to both its merits and demerits. The presentation of the Kantian definition of enlightenment as the standard turns out to be a rather late historical phenomenon. Even Kant’s closest followers did not turn to his interpretation of enlightenment and, indeed, were sharply critical of the phenomenon as a banal and superficial one, opposed to faith. Further transformation of the views on the Enlightenment led to the emergence of the inauthentic terms of “Enlightenment” and Lumières applied post factum to the eighteenth-century philosophy in Europe. As a result, the essence of the enlightenment was defined not so much by the eighteenth-century Enlighteners as by historians and philosophers in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries who constructed a model notion of enlightenment against which philosophical figures were then compared. This approach ignored, first, the authentic definition of enlightenment (in Germany and Russia in the eighteenth century there were authentic terms “Aufklärung” and “prosveshcheniye”, and in France the proto-term “eclairé”) and, second, important national differences in the interpretation of the phenomenon. The emasculate Kantian definition of enlightenment used to legitimise the proposed approach. A closer look at the authentic view of eighteenth-century philosophers and a comparison of the Kantian approach to enlightenment with its alternatives that existed at the time might perhaps demonstrate that the philosophical and heuristic potential of the allegedly overcome and discredited Enlightenment is far from exhausted and is still relevant today.
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OWEN, J. JUDD. "The Struggle between “Religion and Nonreligion”: Jefferson, Backus, and the Dissonance of America's Founding Principles". American Political Science Review 101, n.º 3 (26 de julho de 2007): 493–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003055407070232.
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The prevailing view of both the U.S. Supreme Court and liberal theory in America is that liberal principles are neither essentially religious nor essentially secular, but somehow foundationally neutral, or in the words of the Court neutral between “religion and nonreligion.” This essay challenges the cogency of this view through a comparative examination of two strong defenders of religious freedom from the American revolutionary era: Thomas Jefferson and Isaac Backus. Jefferson, the Enlightenment rationalist, and Backus, the Calvinist-Baptist, may initially seem tailor-made for this foundational neutrality, but closer examination reveals that religious freedom for them was not only an extension of their radically opposed views on religion but also an instrument for the promotion of those views throughout society. The ambiguity of America's founding principles is best understood, not through the notion of neutrality, but as the product of a yet unsettled struggle between devout religion and secular Enlightenment.
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Markuckas, Marius. "The Philosophy of the Enlightenment as a Paradigm of Transhumanism". Problemos 97 (21 de abril de 2020): 186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.15388/problemos.97.15.
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In the works devoted to the phenomenon of transhumanism, it is widely recognized that philosophy of the Enlightenment had a great intellectual influence on the formation of transhumanism. Yet, this article states that the ideas of Enlightenment philosophy can be reasonably treated as not only consisting the conceptual transhumanism core but also as being a source of its internal contradictions. The paper defends the position that transhumanism in general is an intrinsically controversial project and introduces the premises for this contradiction – the basic anthropological views inherited from philosophy of the Enlightenment. Finally, the article questions the status of transhumanism as a techno-scientific program and states it to be an ideologically engaged project in anthropological engineering, which, in its turn, is devoid of any clear theoretical and practical outline.
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SHADURI, George. "The Puritan and Enlightenment Elements in the Mindset of Main Ideologists of American Revolution". Journal in Humanities 7, n.º 2 (18 de março de 2019): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31578/hum.v7i2.379.
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For years, there have been different views regarding the nature of ideology preceding the American Revolution: one of those asserted that Puritanism was the main ideologicalsource pre-conditioning the Revolution, while another stated that it was religion-neutral Enlightenment, which prepared minds of people for the great changes. Both of these ideaswere in different ways reflected in the mindset of leading intellectuals of colonial America, who played the crucial role in preparation of national American consciousness. The articlesets its task to discuss which stream – Puritanism or Enlightenment – was more important for these intellectuals and public figures in shaping collective pre-revolutionary Americanconsciousness. Or, was it that both of these elements had equal share in the success of the objective they had set.Keywords: American Revolution, Enlightenment, Franklin, Jefferson, Paine, Puritanism
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Zhurin, Andrey N. "DIALECTICS OF THE PHILOSOPHICAL AND AESTHETIC COMPONENTS OF THE NATIONAL STYLISTICS IN RUSSIAN ARCHITECTURE OF THE 18th – THE FIRST THIRD OF THE 19th CENTURY". Russian Studies in Culture and Society 6, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2022): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2576-9782-2022-3-40-52.
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The purpose of the study is to examine the characteristics of Russian architecture of the 18th–the first third of the 19th century in the context of the dialectical nature of the philosophical and aesthetic views of the Russian Enlightenment era. The study of philosophical and aesthetic sources of the origin of the Russian national style in architecture during the 18th–the first third of the 19th century is relevant in the time of postmodernism with its stylistic diversity and desire to develop the national component of Russian architecture. In the process of the study the dialectical approach was used, on the basis of which philosophical and aesthetic views and works of architecture are examined from the position of the principle of dialectical contradiction. The dialectical duality of the philosophical and aesthetic views of the Russian Enlightenment was expressed in the union of opposites of the universal and the individual, in emphasizing the importance of the national component in art, which was reflected in the Russian architecture of the 18th – the first third of the 19th centuries, in which were combined the universal stylistic characteristics of baroque and classicism and traditional original national features.
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Rothschild, Emma. "Condorcet and the conflict of values". Historical Journal 39, n.º 3 (setembro de 1996): 677–701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00024493.
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ABSTRACTCondorcet has been seen since the 1790s as the embodiment of the cold, rational Enlightenment. The paper explores his writings on economic policy, voting, and public instruction, and suggests different views both of Condorcet and of the Enlightenment. Condorcet was concerned with individual diversity; he was opposed to proto-utilitarian theories; he considered individual independence, which he described as the characteristic liberty of the moderns, to be of central political importance; and he opposed the imposition of universal and eternal principles. His efforts to reconcile the universality of some values with the diversity of individual opinions are of continuing interest. He emphasizes the institutions of civilized or constitutional conflict, recognizes conflicts or inconsistencies within individuals, and sees moral sentiments as the foundation of universal values. His difficulties call into question some familiar distinctions, for example between French, German, and English/Scottish thought, and between the Enlightenment and the ‘counter-Enlightenment’. There is substantial continuity, it is suggested, between Condorcet's criticism of the economic ideas of the 1760s (of Tocqueville's ‘first’ French revolution) and the liberal thought of the early nineteenth century.
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Gordienko, Natalia N. "Enlightenment activities of modern mass media". Vestnik of Kostroma State University 28, n.º 1 (20 de abril de 2022): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.34216/1998-0817-2022-28-1-123-128.
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The enlightenment activity of the media is aimed at raising the cultural level of people, is associated with the dissemination of information, knowledge, norms and values from the field of intangible production. The purpose of the article is to describe the main directions of enlightenment activities of the media. It talks about the importance of the enlightenment function of journalism and how to implement it. Informing consists in familiarising society with any facts or results of intellectual activity – politics, philosophy, religion, science, culture, art. These data contain socially significant knowledge, norms, values and correspond to humanistic tendencies of social development. Popularisation means the presentation of information in a form accessible to a mass audience. Media criticism is considered in the article as the ability to evaluate, analyse, interpret media content. Propaganda as a type of enlightenment activity is aimed at spreading knowledge and other information in order to form certain views, ideas, principles. The materials published in the weeklies “Rossiyskaya Gazeta” (Russian Gazette), “Argumenty i Fakty” (Arguments and Facts), “Literaturnaya Gazeta” (Literary Newspaper) are involved in the research. The main attention is paid to the current state of enlightenment in the press, its impact on the social role of journalism.
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Houston, Andrew. "Views and Reviews". Canadian Theatre Review 128 (setembro de 2006): 112–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/ctr.128.016.
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In the spring of 2006, when Sir Paul McCartney came to New foundland to protest the seal hunt , the whole event seemed all too familiar. Hadn’t these battle-lines been drawn many times before? This division between an international class of celebrity do-gooders and a class of workers doing some god-awful job in the service of survival; this divide between a lobby of influential elites and a community of people in a remote part of the world - haven’t we seen all of this before? Here was a conflict replete with differences in politics, economics, culture and power over the media circus engendered by the battle. While the media focused on the obvious passions being inflamed by the event - the impoverishment in a rural Newfoundland community, the way the doomed seals tend to look just like the family pet or the way the celebrity (rock star, film actor, etc .) tends to look heroic as he or she apparently puts his or her own life at risk in the service of saving the world - I wondered more about what the staging of this conflict said about deeply perceived notions of enlightenment as they relate to one’s location in the world or simply to one’s place in Canada.
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潘, 星月. "On the Contemporary Enlightenment of Marx and Engels’ Views on Youth". Advances in Education 12, n.º 08 (2022): 3000–3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ae.2022.128457.
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Kemper, Steven, e Rebecca Cypess. "Can Musical Machines Be Expressive? Views from the Enlightenment and Today". Leonardo 52, n.º 5 (outubro de 2019): 448–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/leon_a_01477.
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Zhao, Jialin. "Enlightenment Thinkers on Marriage". Journal of Critical Studies in Language and Literature 4, n.º 3 (8 de abril de 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jcsll.v4i3.200.
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Two centuries after Montaigne's reflective discussion of marriage in the sixteenth century, Enlightenment thinkers also expressed their views on the issue of marriage. In his Letters to the Persians, Montesquieu expressed his desire for a "marriage of the heart", a contract in which the marriage should be based on the unity of the couple's temperament, and therefore the marriage should be dissolved if the temperament is not compatible. In addition, marriage is a matter of social welfare and interest, so the secular and religious powers should reconcile their handling of marriage matters and avoid conflicts between civil and religious laws as much as possible. Voltaire, on the other hand, fully supported the secularization of marriage and demanded a strict distinction between the content and the form of marriage, contract and sacrament. He claimed that the Church's interference in marriage matters would threaten the secular authority and lead to the disruption of the laws of the state. Secular authority should prevail, and religious law should not undermine civil law. Rousseau, on the other hand, saw good marriage as a necessary condition for the formation of political citizens. Marriage is not a "natural" situation, but rather it is related to the obligations and nature of the state, and thus the marriage relationship is essentially political. Although each of the three Enlightenment thinkers had a distinctive view of marriage, they also showed a striking consensus, especially in linking marriage to society, which was different from the individualistic view of marriage in the Renaissance. The purpose of this paper is to explore the conceptions of marriage by Enlightenment thinkers to better understand the changes in the concept of marriage since the Renaissance and the issues of marriage before and after the French Revolution that underlie them.
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Mozharova, Marina A. "“Literacy, Process of Reading and Writing is Harmful”: L.N. Tolstoy and K.S. Aksakov in Dispute on the Books for the People". Bibliotekovedenie [Russian Journal of Library Science], n.º 5 (1 de novembro de 2012): 56–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25281/0869-608x-2012-0-5-56-61.
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The article deals with the concepts of “enlightenment” and “literacy”. The author compares the views of K.S. Aksakov, I.V. Kireyevsky and A.S. Khomyakov with L.N. Tolstoy's position on the dispute about the books for common people. The analysis is based on the articles, letters, diaries of L.N. Tolstoy and his contemporaries.
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Akhmedova, Z. A. "REFORMIST VIEWS OF AHMAD DONISH (NINTH AND TWENTIETH CENTURIES)". Oriental Journal of Education 02, n.º 01 (1 de março de 2022): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/supsci-oje-02-01-26.
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The relevance of this article lies in the fact that it analyzes the whole spectrum of the system of pedagogical views in the analysis of the stages of creative activity and life of the great thinker and pedagogue of the recent past Ahmad Donish. his biography and rich heritage are a model worthy of imitation and a great school of human education in the context of the formation of a new society. Ahmad Donish’s conceptual positions include humanistic views, enlightenment ideas, calls for the development of science and crafts, protection of human rights, development of family law norms and solving family problems, and labor education. , which has played an invaluable role in improving the upbringing of the new generation. In the works of Ahmad Donish, the philosophy of upbringing is clearly reflected and plays an important role in the preparation of a well-rounded person in society.
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Kryshtop, L. E. "Religious Pluralism Concept of M. Mendelssohn and Its Theoretical Foundation". RUDN Journal of Philosophy 24, n.º 3 (15 de dezembro de 2020): 328–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2302-2020-24-3-328-341.
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The article consider the concept of religious pluralism by M. Mendelssohn and some aspects of his theory of knowledge and linguistic theory, lying in the foundation of the pluralism concept. The article shows that Mendelssohn expressed views that are far ahead of his time. His theory of knowledge repeats some lines of Hume's philosophy, which he praised highly, what was not characteristic of the German Enlightenment as a whole. By virtue of this, Mendelssohn can be considered as Kant's predecessor in a positive assessment of Hume. Some of Mendelssohns ideas are further developed in phenomenology. The author argues that Mendelssohns views on the interaction of religions, although they have a number of features that make this thinker related to other thinkers of the Enlightenment, also have a fundamental difference with them. As a result, his religious pluralism concept is close to the modern understanding of religious pluralism. The author also attempts to reveal the reasons why Mendelssohn, despite his great significance for both German philosophy and Jewish culture, was almost forgotten for a long time.
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AHNERT, THOMAS. "ENTHUSIASM AND ENLIGHTENMENT: FAITH AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE THOUGHT OF CHRISTIAN THOMASIUS". Modern Intellectual History 2, n.º 2 (agosto de 2005): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244305000387.
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“Enthusiasm” has been described as the intellectual opposite of the Enlightenment, its “anti-self”. It stood for a religion of the “heart” rather than the “head”, and was associated with the extreme, millenarian sects on the fringes of established Protestantism. The relationship between religious enthusiasm and enlightened philosophy, however, could be closer than is often thought. Here I focus on the example of the jurist and philosopher Christian Thomasius (1655–1728), who is considered to be one of the first and most influential representatives of the early Enlightenment in Protestant Germany. Usually, Thomasius is described as a sort of classical enlightened thinker who separated the question of religious truth from the pursuit of secular philosophy, and it is implied that the interpretation of Thomasius's religious beliefs contributes little, if anything, to the understanding of his philosophical views. His religious views, however, not only were regarded by contemporaries as an example of religious “enthusiasm”. These “enthusiastic” religious beliefs were also more important to his philosophy than is often argued. They were part of a programme for religious and intellectual renewal and reform which, Thomasius believed, would prepare the reform of Lutheran philosophy from the obsolete, “scholastic” intellectual traditions it had inherited from the papal church. This essay examines the often complex development of Thomasius's religious views in their historical context and their significance for his wider “enlightened” intellectual interests.
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Gelfert, Axel. "Kant and the Enlightenment's Contribution to Social Epistemology". Episteme 7, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2010): 79–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1742360009000823.
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ABSTRACTThe present paper argues for the relevance of Immanuel Kant and the German Enlightenment to contemporary social epistemology. Rather than distancing themselves from the alleged ‘individualism’ of Enlightenment philosophers, social epistemologists would be well-advised to look at the substantive discussion of social-epistemological questions in the works of Kant and other Enlightenment figures. After a brief rebuttal of the received view of the Enlightenment as an intrinsically individualist enterprise, this paper charts the historical trajectory of philosophical discussions of testimony as a source of knowledge, via such philosophers as C. Thomasius, C. A. Crusius, J. M. Chladenius, G. F. Meier, and finally Kant. Building on recent work on Kant's epistemology of testimony, the paper considers Kant's broader contributions to social epistemology. This includes an analysis of Kant's comments on the social basis of contingent epistemic standards, e.g. in the sciences, as well as on problems arising from the management of what Kant calls the growing ‘volume of knowledge’. Special attention is paid to the relation between Kant's views and contemporary problems arising both in the context of education and from our increased reliance on scientific experts.
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Malhotra, Ashok Kumar. "Appraisal of Steven Pinker’s Position on Enlightenment". Dialogue and Universalism 31, n.º 2 (2021): 263–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/du202131231.
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Steven Pinker presents four ideals of Enlightenment in his popular book Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress. He argues his case brilliantly and convincingly through cogent arguments in a language comprehensible to the reader of the present century. Moreover, whether it is reason or science or humanism or progress, he defends his position powerfully. He justifies his views by citing 75 graphs on the upswing improvement made by humanity in terms of prosperity, longevity, education, equality of men and women, health, political freedom and medical breakthroughs. Though Pinker makes an excellent case for the positive contributions of Enlightenment; however he ignores the negative aspects that are responsible for causing a great schism between the white race and others who are black and brown. The paper highlights some of these negative comments made by such Enlightenment thinkers as Montesquieu, Voltaire, Chambers, Down and Down and others. Through their literary and scientific writings, these scholars and researchers downgraded the black and brown races, thus causing a rift that led to slavery, colonialism and apartheid. The paper reveals these negative aspects ignored by Pinker in his otherwise well-researched book on Enlightenment. Since Pinker presents a one-sided case by including only the positive contributions of Enlightenment, I recommend that he should write a sequel to his present work outlining the negative aspects responsible for numerous political, social and environmental problems facing humanity today. By using dialectical logic in place of logic of contraries, he might be able to synthesize both the positive and negative aspects of Enlightenment. He can then argue that humanity might be propelled to make progress more efficiently at a faster pace toward humanism and world peace.
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KULTAIEVA, Mariia. "European Vector of Hryhorii Skovoroda’s PHilosophy: Resonance of Media Transformations in XVIII century". Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, n.º 4 (21 de dezembro de 2023): 103–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2023.04.103.
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The article proposes the consideration of Skovoroda’s philosophical heritage in the complex contexts of the European philosophical thought in its historical dimension. This complexity was caused through the secular tendency of the Enlightenment ideology with its explanation patterns for human being and social life. The mediological method developed of R. Debray and A. Koschorke is used for analyzing of Skovoroda’s attitudes towards the Enlightenment innovations in cultural and political life. The contemporary narratives of the First, the Second and the Third Enlightenment are applied as pattern for explanation of Skovoroda’s attitude towards the secular trends in the culture and education caused of the Enlightenment ideology. Skovoroda is balancing on the edge of the First and Second Enlightenment: as a philosopher of freedom he makes human responsible for his way of life, but as philosopher of morality he defended the idea of God using the neo-platonic approach. The resurrection of Epicureanism in the Age of Enlightenment was a theoretical challenge for Skovoroda with resonance reactions because his ethical views were based on Epicurus concept of necessity as regulative principle for successful life which can be got without any effort. The religious anthropology developed of Skovoroda is considering in its anthropological-technical aspect. The central ideas of the First Enlightenment — omnipotence of education, disenchanting of religion and project of a new human are rethinking by Skovoroda from the perspective of his religious anthropology with imperatives of self-knowing and making distinction between visual and invisible thereby the way to the eternal truth is possible only possible by the new hermeneutic of the Bible. The semantics and heuristic metaphors in Skovoroda’s works are analyzed, which have a resonance effect with Protestantism and Freema sons ideas, some of which are actualized today.
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Sajnóg, Tomasz. "„Mimo tak wielkiej płci naszej zalety, my rządzim światem, a nami kobiety”. Męski i kobiecy punkt widzenia w poezji oświeceniowej". Prace Literackie 57 (12 de julho de 2018): 25–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0079-4767.57.3.
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“Despite such great virtues of our sex, we rule the world but we are ruled by women.” The male and female points of view in Enlightenment poetryThe article, the title of which includes Ignacy Krasicki’s aphorism “Despite such great virtues of our sex, we rule the world but we are ruled by women.”, deals with a different — from the one assumed by the traditional Enlightenment poetics — view on poetry, seen not only from the male, but also from the female point of view. As part of apreliminary investigation of Enlightenment writings from agender perspective, the author discusses two poems presenting very different views on literary oeuvres of women.The analysed texts constitute acontribution to the discussion about the place of women’s poetry in the deeply patriarchal society of eighteenth-century Poland. Anna Chreptowicz’s piece shows that awoman, in addition to being a wife and amother — an image firmly rooted in the Church and society — is also capable of writing poetry. She also stands up to the patriarchal moral system of her time, asystem that favoured male superiority and domination, as is expressed in the piece by her opponent in the discussion, Andrzej Chreptowicz.Both eighteenth-century texts presented here demonstrate that in such apatriarchal society, in which writers were predominantly men, there was nevertheless room for poetry written by women, who sought to the change the perception of the world, hitherto seen only from the perspective of patriarchal domination. Anna Chreptowicz’s poem is one of the first attempts in Poland to oppose such patriarchal views.
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Yin, Fei. "Enlightenment of Jiang Hengyuan’s Views on Youth in the We-Media Era". Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 5, n.º 10 (27 de outubro de 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.26689/jcer.v5i10.2643.
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In the era of science and information technology, various We-Media have come into being. We-Media is becoming an important part of people’s life. It directly affects people’s lifestyles and mindsets, which is particularly obvious in the process of education and teaching reform in colleges. There is no doubt that college students are the impelling force behind We-Media and have made great contributions to promoting the development of We-Media in China. However, consolidated with relevant practical investigations, it has been found that in the mixed We-Media environment, improper behaviors have surfaced among students, such as internet addiction, cyberbullying, and money worship, due to various inducements, thus affecting their physical and mental health. Jiang Hengyuan, a founder of vocational education development in modern China, proposed that it is not only necessary to pay attention to the training of production professions in terms of knowledge and skills, but also to the cultivation of civic morality, service morality, and national spirit while advocating the talent training mode of “double cultivation of spirit and flesh,” which points out the direction for today’s youth education management.
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Skopa, V. A. "Enlightenment Ideas in the Views of M.M. Shcherbatov: Cultural and Philosophical Analysis". Общество: философия, история, культура, n.º 9 (2022): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/fik.2022.9.3.
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Pietilä, Niklas. "Luxury and the diversity of the Age of Enlightenment". Approaching Religion 1, n.º 2 (28 de novembro de 2011): 17–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.30664/ar.67478.
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Economic thought of the eighteenth century has often been interpreted as a unitary whole, which set down the foundations of modern economics.In this essay, Pietilä discusses how the economic thinking of the era was fragmentary and more diverse than traditional overviews of the subject have suggested. Through a brief analysis of David Hume’s essay Of Luxury, published in 1742, Pietilä focuses on the complex concept of luxury as it was discoursed upon in the eighteenth century. Views of Hume and his contemporaries illustrate the level of disagreement in economic discourse during the eighteenth century,and as a conclusion it seems that diverse and wide-ranging arguments were part of the Age of Enlightenment as a whole.
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Bogucki, Peter. "Enlightened Views of the Transition to Agriculture". Archaeological Dialogues 9, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2002): 131–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s138020380000218x.
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Mark Pluciennik has correctly pointed out that many of our current views of social and economic development in prehistory have their roots in the intellectual movement known as the Enlightenment during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. His critique focuses on the assignment of primacy to subsistence change as a way of dividing pre-state societies into meaningful categories. Although he and I probably approach archaeology from very different theoretical positions, I must confess that I have also marveled (privately) from time to time at the amount of attention that archaeologists pay to food-getting and consumption. This may be a bit surprising to the reader, since my research has been focused on early farming societies and my analytical specialty is the study of animal bones. Thus, it would be fair to conclude that I must have some intellectual stake in maintaining the conceptual distinction between foragers and farmers.
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West, John B. "Joseph Priestley, oxygen, and the Enlightenment". American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 306, n.º 2 (15 de janeiro de 2014): L111—L119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajplung.00310.2013.
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Joseph Priestley (1733–1804) was the first person to report the discovery of oxygen and describe some of its extraordinary properties. As such he merits a special place in the history of respiratory physiology. In addition his descriptions in elegant 18th-century English were particularly arresting, and rereading them never fails to give a special pleasure. The gas was actually first prepared by Scheele (1742–1786) but his report was delayed. Lavoisier (1743–1794) repeated Priestley's initial experiment and went on to describe the true nature of oxygen that had eluded Priestley, who never abandoned the erroneous phlogiston theory. In addition to oxygen, Priestley isolated and characterized seven other gases. However, most of his writings were in theology because he was a conscientious clergyman all his life. Priestley was a product of the Enlightenment and argued that all beliefs should be able to stand the scientific scrutiny of experimental investigations. As a result his extreme liberal views were severely criticized by the established Church of England. In addition he was a supporter of both the French and American Revolutions. Ultimately his political and religious attitudes provoked a riot during which his home and his scientific equipment were destroyed. He therefore emigrated to America in 1794 where his friends included Thomas Jefferson and Benjamin Franklin. He settled in Northumberland, Pennsylvania although his scientific work never recovered from his forced departure. But the descriptions of his experiments with oxygen will always remain a high point in the history of respiratory physiology.
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Kryshtop, Ludmila. "J.J. Spalding and Neology in the Context of Disciplinary Formalizing of Philosophical Theology". Philosophy of Religion: Analytic Researches 5, n.º 2 (2021): 130–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/2587-683x-2021-5-2-130-155.
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The article concerns the formation process of philosophical theology. Today, the emergence of philosophical theology is often ascribed only to the 20th century. It is especially popular in this context to recall Wilhelm Weischedel and his fundamental work Der Gott der Philosophen. The author of the article draws attention to the earlier stages of the formation of this discipline, in particular to the work of Friedrich Schleiermacher and the age of German Enlightenment that preceded him. She comes to conclusion that it is in German Enlightenment, namely in the works of representatives of such a philosophical and theological trend as Neology, that one should see those background that later served as the foundation for the formation of philosophical theology. In this regard, the most interesting are the works of Johann Joachim Spalding (1714–1804). Neology in general and the works of Spalding are scarcely studied at the moment. Most of the available researches on this significant thinker consider his anthropological views based primarily on his fundamental work The Destiny of Man, while his other significant works have sliped out of sight. As a result, our knowledge about the philosophical and theological views of Spalding is one-sided and the importance of this thinker for the subsequent development of theology is greatly underestimated. This article examines Spalding from a new perspective – as a forerunner of the emergence of philosophical theology, and thus contributes to clarifying the essence of philosophical theology as such and the history of its formation, as well as to the study of the philosophy and theology of the age of German Enlightenment.
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Khruleva, I. Yu. "Western European Intellectual Practices of a New Type in Russian Everyday Life at Early 18th Century (case of Feofan Prokopovich)". MGIMO Review of International Relations 15, n.º 6 (30 de dezembro de 2022): 166–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2022-6-87-166-178.
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The focus of this study is the views of Feofan Prokopovich, a unique Orthodox thinker whose world outlook was shaped by an obvious influence of the ideas of the Protestant and Catholic Enlightenment. Talking about the Enlightenment, modern historiography focuses on the versatility of the phenomenon, preferring to talk about the Enlightenment, including the religious or confessional Enlightenment, aimed at rethinking the role of religion and the church. The Religious Enlightenment was a pan-European phenomenon that embraced Protestantism, Catholicism, Judaism, and Orthodoxy, and grew out of the desire to create an intelligent religion free of superstition and serving society. The intellectual movement of the religious Enlightenment sought to reconcile the natural philosophy of the 17th-18th centuries with a religious worldview, while trying to overcome the extremes of religious fanaticism, on the one hand, and nihilism and godlessness, on the other. The process of forming a new intellectual environment is marked by the coexistence and mutual influence of the most diverse, sometimes poorly compatible traditions, their transformation and modification. Comprehensively arguing the need for unlimited autocracy in Russia, Feofan Prokopovich, nevertheless, actively used the discourse of the Enlightenment in his writings, discussing the problem of the origin of the state, the mode of government, the boundaries of the power of the monarch, the rights and duties of subjects. On the example of Feofan Prokopovich, we can talk about the emergence and rooting of intellectual practices of a new type in Russian everyday life. The integration of Western European ideas and practices into Russian culture was ambiguous, multifaceted and depended on their adaptation to the socio-political space of Russia. Being well acquainted with the works of European authors of the 17th early 18th centuries, he rather took on the formal side of their discussions on socio-political topics, adapted a conceptual glossary that was new for the Russian educated public, which opened up opportunities for talking about politics in a new way.
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Makarova, Elena. "Life and Destiny of Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797): over the Barriers". ISTORIYA 13, n.º 5 (115) (2022): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.18254/s207987840021308-7.
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The author of the article examines the life and work of the English writer and thinker Mary Wollstonecraft (1759—1797), who in the treatise “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman” (1792) argued that women deserve equal rights and education with men. The biographical facts and psychological origins of her views, as well as the stages of their formation reflected in her writings, were studied. Dramatic collisions are highlighted, during which Wollstonecraft's views came into conflict with reality. These collisions are traced in the context of political events in England and France at the end of the 18th century and in the context of Mary's personal life. The correlation of Wollstonecraft's views which were formed within the framework of Enlightenment ideas, with feminism of the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries is studied. The author focuses on the unique personality traits of Mary Wollstonecraft, without which her views and creativity cannot be fully understood.
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Geerlings, Jordy. "Hoe verlicht waren de genootschappen? - De achttiende-eeuwse sociabiliteit in recent historisch onderzoek". Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis 127, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2014): 189–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/tvgesch2014.2.geer.
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The many forms of sociability that flourished during the eighteenth century have long been viewed as vehicles of the Enlightenment. Not only were societies, clubs, and lodges permeated by a spirit of egalitarianism, secularism, and religious tolerance, they were also essential factors in the dissemination of knowledge and new ideas. Additionally, sociability has been associated with the rise of the public sphere and civil society, as various societies provided important platforms for the new bourgeois public to discuss and address the issues of the day. However, recent research has challenged these views. Historians are increasingly finding that many societies were permeable to a variety of worldviews and practices, not all of which can be meaningfully associated with the Enlightenment. New insights also suggest the importance of local restrictions and social conventions influencing many societies, further complicating the traditional understanding of the progressive, enlightened nature of sociability during this period. At the same time, sociability remains an important object of research in its own right, as well as an indispensible window onto an ever increasing variety of historical phenomena. This article explores the ways in which recent research has transformed our understanding of sociability and its place in the Enlightenment.
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Hasanova, Nargiza. "MOTHERHOOD IS THE IMMENSE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE MODERN ORIENTAL WOMAN". JOURNAL OF LOOK TO THE PAST 7, n.º 3 (30 de julho de 2020): 76–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9599-2020-7-11.
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The article presents opinions on education, enlightenment, views on the history of our country, the family, maternal responsibility, as well as the involvement of society and the family in the education and training of girls. At the same time, an analysis of the results of the questionnaire conducted by the author on the topic of the article in the city of Andijan is provided, as well as conclusions and recommendations based on it
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Rashidov, Zaur. "M.F.Akhundzadeh in the studies of Sheydabek Mammadov: critical analysis in the context of the Soviet era". Metafizika Journal 6, n.º 4 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 160–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33864/2617-751x.2023.v6.i4.160-182.
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During the Soviet era, social sciences, especially philosophy, which was one of the most ideologically oriented fields, tried to follow the course of the ruling ideology. Ideologization has significantly undermined the objectivity of ongoing research in philosophy and the history of philosophy. In this sense, the studies of the Soviet historian of philosophy of the ХХ century, Sheydabek Mammadov, devoted to the analysis of the sociophilosophical views of Mirza Fatali Akhundzadeh, is distinguished by its ideological character. Sheydabek Mammadov is trying to show Akhundzadeh the way he wants to see him. Instead of studying the legacy of Akhundzadeh, his research is more focused on modernization and presentation of the great enlightener in the ideological format of the Soviet era. Of course, the ideologically veiled research of Sheydabek Mammadov make exaggerations and distortions inevitable when analyzing Akhundzadeh‟s sociophilosophical views. In all the studies of Sheydabek Mammadov, Akhundzadeh is presented as a militant materialist and a consistent atheist, in the spirit of the Soviet era. Although Sheydabek Mammadov connects Akhundzadeh‟s enlightenment with the French enlightenment, but he does not explain in what issues and how these relations manifest themselves. He is content to mention the role of the French enlighteners in the formation of Akhundzadeh as a “materialist” and an “atheist”. He also does not talk about the subsequent development of the Enlightenment and its criticism in the XX century. However, in the modern era, such moments leave research conducted in Soviet times about representatives of Azerbaijani culture out of relevance. In this sense, constructive criticism of Soviet-era studies, which are an integral part of our philosophical heritage, is important. In the article, when studying the works of Sheydabek Mammadov about Akhundzadeh, this method was applied. Constructive criticism gives new relevance to the research conducted in various fields of philosophy in the Soviet era.