Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Verona (City). Arena"

AbstractA “table altar,” perhaps one described by Cabrera (1822) almost 200 years ago and since unreported, is the only complete example of a class of four-legged sculptures known at present from Kaminaljuyu. Iconographic similarities between the monument and sculptures from southern piedmont and coastal centers and comparisons with other Kaminaljuyu sculptures suggest an early Late Preclassic date (Late Verbena-Early Arenal, approximately 300-200 B.C.). According to depictions on other southern-area monuments many “table altars” were formal, emblematic seats for rulers, or thrones, which had specific ideologies associated with them Review of monuments, including identification as a four-legged throne of the well-known sculpture, Stela 10, numbers the Kaminaljuyu corpus of thrones to date at a minimum of seven. The presence of thrones as a sculptural class at Kaminaljuyu in the Late Preclassic period provides more evidence of a long throne tradition reaching from Olmec times through the Maya Classic and into the Postclassic. Kaminaljuyu's thrones conceivably also add to other evidence of complex sociopolitics at the city during the Late Preclassic.

In recent years, the number of applications of Multi-Temporal Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (MT-InSAR) techniques for structural health monitoring (SHM) purposes has constantly raised. One of the main advantages that MT-InSAR can provide is the possibility to analyze wide areas, such as entire cities or archaeological sites. Thus, several interferometric algorithms have proven to be particularly valid when applied in urban contexts, considering the high reflectivity provided by the structures. In addition, the growing availability of high-resolution SAR satellite constellations, such as the Italian COSMO-SkyMed and the German TerraSAR-X, allows obtaining significantly accurate measures and detecting high density of Measurement Points (MP). Consequently, sufficiently detailed information on single structures can be recorded, permitting to perform both urban scale and local scale analyses. On the other hand, several drawbacks are still present, mostly related to the hardly post-processing processes needed. Indeed, beside the technical difficulties that can be encountered during the analysis (e.g. geocoding errors and noisiness in the time series), an expert interpretation of the results is still required to avoid misinterpretation of data. Anyway, considering both advantages and disadvantages of the technique, MT-InSAR undoubtedly represents a very cost-effective tool in the structural monitoring field. In this paper, MT-InSAR applications for structural monitoring on the Italian Cultural Heritage context are presented. The analyses have been conducted at both urban and local scale, processing images acquired by COSMO-SkyMed constellation in Stripmap mode (~3 meters resolution). First, spatial interpolation algorithms have been implemented to estimate the overall deformations at urban scale. Subsequently, the attention has focused on some of the main cultural assets of the case-study cities, investigating the MPs detected on the structures themselves. In this work, three cities are presented as case-studies: Verona, Padova (North Italy), and L’Aquila (central Italy). For each city, a specific Cultural Heritage structure has been selected for the local scale analysis, namely the Roman Arena in Verona, the Scrovegni Chapel in Padova, and the Civic Tower in L’Aquila. All these monuments have been monitored by traditional SHM techniques for years, with the possibility to correlate and validate onsite and satellite data.

The history of the Veronese hospitals constitutes one of the most important and interesting chapters of the urban events. St. Zeno in his sermon on the avarice, already praised the Veronese inhabitants for their great availability toward suffering and sick people, to the point that almost every monastery and parishes became a reception centre for pilgrims, distressed and sick people. Population growth implied to improve the health initiatives. The events happened in Verona at the beginning of the twentieth century are a precious proof of the contribution which doctors and wise administrators offered to the Veronese health care system. It is a history intimately related to the munificent charity thanks to which the local protagonists sustained the birth and the development of the hospital complex (bequest of Alessandri, Cressotti Zorzi, Failoni, Roveda, only for quoting some of them). The hospital administration, together with doctors and inhabitants faced with burning and active debates, the transfer of the civil hospital from its seat, situated in the thin urban fabric of the city centre, to a suburb area: Borgo Trento. Borgo Trento is the hospital which the Veronese feel like their own hospital, characterized by a system of pavilions, long tree-lined avenue and luxuriant gardens. A new hospital complex, Borgo Roma Policlinico, was born in the 1970s in the south suburb of the city, offering great town planning and charitable opportunities. The integration of the two hospitals and the constitution of the Azienda Ospedaliera Integrata Verona are most recent history (2010), but seems follow the steps of the union between the Alessandri Children’s Hospital and the Sant’Antonio Civil Hospital, as a prosecution of the troubled hospital history of fusions, transfers and divisions.

Military fortifications have always played a key role in territorial defense. Their location and visibility often depended on strategic military choices, such as shape. The geometric development of the latter is the result of centuries of refinement of construction techniques concerning the evolution of warfare, the architectural consistency of the fortified area, and adaptation to the orography of the territory. A final common aspect is their history, often marked by transformations that have determined the architecture's level of preservation and use. These architectures can be perfectly preserved, destroyed, or fallen into disuse. Of the latter, many examples are scattered throughout the territories, a fascinating constellation of vestiges that have lost their visibility and importance. The instruments of surveying, drawing, and representation can support the virtual rediscovery of the ancient role of architecture. This research project focuses on the Fort of Santa Caterina in Verona. Originally called Werk Hess, it is a fortification located south of Verona and built between 1848 and 1856. Only a few small traces remain today, but the Fort of Santa Caterina was an architecture of remarkable beauty because of its naturalistic and environmental inclusion, an architectural and perspective cornerstone of the fortified city due to its dominant position. Through a comprehensive course of source analysis, the survey of the existing territory, and representation in plan and space, the research project aims to give a virtual shape to this military marvel, laying the groundwork for more complex multi-disciplinary analyses of the artifact and the surrounding area.

There are two new persons born each and every second on Earth, persons that will need space to live, just as we do. Should we build new cities, then, without question? The “population of a single day” is going to require territory, which, according to today’s standards, equals the area of France or Ukraine (Zipser). Therefore villages, cities and especially metropolises require much more space for expansion. Things become problematic when metropolises are faced with a lack of space to expand Metropolises behave like cancerous tumors – they try to possess or occupy any urban structure within their reach, including agricultural lands and forests. Is it even possible to plan such a rapid growth? Certain cases point to the fact that it is indeed possible, while others – that it is not possible at all. Thus, we are faced with the question of what should we do when the development of metropolises outpaces even the fastest planning processes? In these cases, metropolitan authorities need to anticipate problems related to infrastructure, transportation, as well as unemployment and rising crime rates. The metropolitan way of life causes not only spatial, but also social problems as well. The subdivisions within the social structures of metropolises are transformed in accordance with the quality of their spatial structures and vice versa. The question as to who “owns” the public spaces of metropolises is more important than the real ownership of the land they are built upon. Public spaces become an expression of their respective metropolises through the image of their urban and architectural forms. The inhabitants and people “that are coming in” can only identify themselves with and respect the rules of the space that they live, work and relax in only under the condition of the existence of spatial order. Contrary to those metropolitan areas that have been abandoned or are underused, the social aspect of reusing land that has once been converted from an agricultural form of use, or any other for that matter, plays an important part in the appropriate creation of social and spatial balance in the development of public spaces, as well as modern metropolises, oriented towards innovative technologies.

Se investiga e indaga sobre los rasgos geográficos y urbanos que determinan la distribución de las temperaturas de emisión superficial en el Área Metropolitana de Valparaíso, la cual presenta topoclimas en su interior que afectan notablemente el campo térmico de la ciudad. Entre dichos rasgos destacan los referidos a la mayor o menor influencia que ejercen sobre las temperaturas la proximidad oceánica, la posición altitudinal, la exposición de laderas, la humedad de suelo, la presencia de áreas verdes, la reflectividad del suelo y las construcciones, los cuales son correlacionados con las temperaturas a través de modelos de regresión múltiple por pasos. La consideración de las estaciones astronómicas de invierno y verano permite establecer notables diferencias entre cómo los factores modifican las temperaturas en ambos periodos del año. Las oscilaciones máximas al paso del satélite Landsat evidencian diferencias de temperatura de emisión superficial de hasta 17,4ºC en verano, mientras que ellas se reducen a 8,8ºC en invierno. En verano los factores que explican mejor la distribución de las temperaturas corresponden a la humedad, reflectividad de suelo, cercanía al mar y las áreas verdes (estas últimas medidas a partir del índice normalizado de diferencias vegetales, NDVI), quedando las comunas de Quilpué y Villa Alemanas sometidas a mayores temperaturas al conformar una macro isla de calor urbana de superficie (ICUs), mientras que el resto de la ciudad se muestra más fría que dicha zona, con excepción del barrio puerto de Valparaíso y Las dunas de Concón; las áreas más frescas de la ciudad coinciden con grandes áreas verdes y naturales situadas en Viña del Mar (Club de Golf Granadilla, Sporting Club y sobre la laguna Sausalito y el Club Naval) y las cumbres de los cerros porteños. Durante el invierno, los factores más representativos de las temperaturas son la reflectividad de suelo, exposición de laderas y densidad de población, concentrándose las ICUs principalmente en el centro de Valparaíso, Concón y los barrios de exposición norte de Viña del Mar (destacando el barrio Gómez Carreño) quedando las comunas de Quilpué y Villa Alemana menos cálidas que el resto de la ciudad. The geographic and urban characteristics are investigated that determine the distribution of the temperatures of superficial emission in the Metropolitan Area of Valparaíso, the one that presents/displays topoclimatology in its interior which they remarkably affect the thermal field of the city. Between the characteristics they emphasize the referred ones to the greater one and smaller influence than exerts on the temperatures the proximity to the sea, the elevation, the aspect, the ground humidity, the presence of green areas, the reflectivity of the ground and the constructions, those that are correlated with the temperatures through models of multiple regression stepwise. One analyzes in the astronomical stations of winter and summer, and significant differences between the factors settle down that modify the temperatures in both periods of the year. The maximum amplitude of urban temperature according to the Landsat satellite demonstrate until 17,4ºC in summer and 8,8ºC in winter. In summer the factors that explain better the distribution of the temperatures correspond to the humidity, the green reflectivity of ground, proximity to the sea and areas (these last measures from the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI), being the zones of Quilpué and Villa Alemana put under greater temperatures when conforming a Surface Urban Heat Island (SUHI), and the rest of the city are colder than this zone, with exception of the district port of Valparaíso and the dune fields of Concón; the freshest areas of the city agree with the green and natural areas located in Viña del Mar (Club of Golf Granadilla, Sporting Club, Sausalito lagoon and the Naval Club) and summits of hills. During the winter, the most representative factors of the temperatures are the ground reflectivity, aspect and density of population, concentrating themselves the SUHI mainly in the center of Valparaíso, Concón and the districts of North exhibition of Viña del Mar (emphasizing the district Gómez Carreño) being the zones of Quilpué and Villa A lemana less warm than the rest of the city.

Cellular automata (CA) models are used for simulating land use change for more than two decades. These models have a simple structure based on a cellular partition of space, considering a finite set of cell states (or land uses) and their interaction within a given neighborhood area, changing throughout time under a set of transition rules. Transition rules are based on more or less sophisticated measures of state transition: they can be more complex rules that try to incorporate the different drivers of land use change or they can be purely probabilistic rules that take into account only the states of neighboring cells. This last approach is often based on a measure of a transition potential that establishes a rank for state transition for every cell. There are many drivers of land use change and accessibility is acknowledged as being one of the most important ones. At the same time, transportation systems (thus accessibility) are also influenced by land use change. This suggests that CA models are potentially good tools to simulate these phenomena by considering the cross-interdependences between both. In this presentation, we make a reflection on how accessibility can be measured, incorporated, and used to improve CA transition rules based on transition potentials towards more representative models of land use change. We address not only modeling requirements but also the potential of using CA models to evaluate both the impacts of transportation policies in land use change, and vice versa.

Nowadays, the increasing density and expansion of urban areas make cities as complexes with massive activities. The new input of the upgrating urban functions brings uncertainty to the transformation of downtown. Previous to the urban design, to visualize and assess the land value, and evaluate the possible density of the urban development supported by the public transport, a GIS platform is required. During the project of urban renewal design for the 13 km2 area of downtown Baotou (China), our GIS work as advanced territorial analysis tools, helps to provide the technological support for the decision of the urban spatial plan. The overall project site has been divided into a 20x20m grid, and in each cell a specific value for each factor deems relevant for this design stage was assigned. The factors include topographical morphology (sun exposure, elevation, slope or flat terrain), the positive ones are the accessibility, proximity to public transport stops, to waterfront or park, to attractive places (cultural and commercial facilities), and so on. While the traffic congestion, pollution and noise are considered as Negative factors. For some important urban facilities like shopping mall, theater or symbolic buildings the calculation of “visibility” is also a crucial factor. This process allows us to derive new information from the existing data and to analyze complex spatial relationships. The public transport service provides great support for the future construction. Based on the capacity of public transport modals and the estimated frequency, the PTAL (Public Transport Accessibility Level) map, produced by GIS as well, reflects the acceptable passengers and hence shows the support to the density of the future development, the PTAL level is direct related to modal share and quantify the usage of private car. In this sense the 3D PTAL map can be regarded as the visualization of the city’s skyline. Vice versa, if the density estimated by PTAL could not meet the requirement of official plan the increase of certain capacity and frequency of public transport vehicles can be accordingly suggested. In a word, the maps of land value and development density could help the urban plan to utilize the land portion or find suitable locations for main urban attractors in a more reasonable way. In addition, in some cases the renewal design of some important urban areas requires the modification of traffic flows. Does the new project meet the necessary of urban livability in term of traffic generation? Or would it improve the organization of traffic flows? The traffic simulation could assess and visualize the effect. Our project for Piazza Santa Croce (Parma) demonstrates this solution.

El trabajo que se expone tiene como recorte geográfico tres localidades argentinas en proceso de conurbación: Santa Fe, Monte Vera y Recreo. En los últimos años, la ciudad de Santa Fe como núcleo central, ha cubierto casi la totalidad de su territorio jurisdiccional con usos residenciales y productivos, comenzando a demandar de los asentamientos colindantes el soporte territorial para continuar su desarrollo, dinámica de crecimiento que instala el proceso de metropolización como nuevo marco de ordenamiento. En este contexto de mutación, la producción fruti-hortícola que ha rodeado al área urbana santafesina desde sus orígenes, ha visto considerablemente reducida su área de trabajo en la última década, poniendo en crisis la continuidad de aquella actividad de abastecimiento. Leer el espacio productivo-rural en términos históricos, ambientales y administrativos, nos permite reflexionar sobre la transformación instalada, como así también repensar los posibles instrumentos de planificación acordes a esta coyuntura del cambio de escala. The work described has the geographic frame of three Argentine locations in process of conurbation and its interface: Santa Fe, Monte Vera and Recreo. In the last years, the city of Santa Fe as a central nucleous has covered almost all of its jurisdictional territory with its residential and productive demands. In order to continue its expansive development, the territorial support of neighboring towns is needed. This growing dynamics installs the metropolization process in a new planning frameword. In this mutating context, the historic fruit-horticultural activity that has surrounded the urban area of Santa Fe City has considerably reduced its working area in the last decade. Consequently the continuity of this work is undergoing a crisis. Reading the productive rural space in historical, environmental and administrative terms allows us to reflect upon the installed transformation, as well as rethinking about possible planning instruments appropriate to actual changes in scale.

Coarse typological studies on urban program and density defined by various urban energy conversion technologies in Singapore. Zhongming Shi1,2, Shanshan Hsieh1,2,3, Bhargava Krishna Sreepathi1,2, Jimeno A. Fonseca1,2, François Maréchal1,3, Arno Schlueter1,2 1 Future Cities Laboratory, Singapore-ETH Centre, 1 Create Way, CREATE Tower, 138602 Singapore 2 Architecture and Building Systems, Institute of Technology in Architecture, ETH Zurich, John-von-Neumann-Weg 9, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland 3 Industrial Process and Energy Systems Engineering Group, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland E-mail: shi@arch.ethz.ch, nils.schueler@epfl.ch, hsieh@arch.ethz.ch, sebastien.cajot@epfl.ch, fonseca@arch.ethz.ch, francois.marechal@epfl.ch, schlueter@arch.ethz.ch Keywords: Urban typology, urban form, energy technology, urban program, density Conference topics and scale: Efficient use of resources in sustainable cities Cities consume about three quarters of global primary energy. Compared to the beginning of the Twentieth Century, the urban area is expected to triple by 2030. The future urban energy performance is substantially influenced by how the urban area is planned, designed, and built. New energy technologies have enabled new possibilities of the urban form. For example, a district cooling system can free the building rooftops for more architectural design options, like an infinity pool or a sky garden. Vice versa, to maximize the energy performance, some new energy technologies enforce some specific requirements on the urban forms, like the urban form and density. We apply a Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) formulation to identify the optimal allocation of energy demand density and energy systems (e.g. district cooling network) subject to resource availability and energy (or environmental) performance targets (e.g. renewable share). The optimized energy demand density can be translated into urban program combinations and density ranges and gradients. To build the model, we survey the prevailing energy conversion technologies and their costs. Based on the local standards of Singapore, we derive the energy profiles and demand densities of buildings with different programs. We adopt a real case study in Singapore to test the target energy technologies. Adjacent to the existing central business district, the site, currently a container terminal, has an area around 1,000 hectares. Upon the relocation of the terminal in 10 years, the energy technologies, the density, and the program of the site have a variety of possibilities. This paper builds a series of coarse urban typologies in terms of urban program and density when adopting different urban energy conversion technologies in Singapore. Furthermore, the general density and the density gradient may vary when the size of these energy infrastructures alters. In an integrated urban design process involving energy considerations, the urban designer can refer these urban typologies for rules on the general density, the density gradient, and the urban program combination based on the selected energy technologies. On the other way, these urban typologies can also help on the selection of energy technologies to accommodate the target urban density and program. References (100 words) Ratti, C., Baker, N., and Steemers, K. (2005). Energy consumption and urban texture. Energy Build. 37, 762–776. Salat, S. (2009). Energy loads, CO2 emissions and building stocks: morphologies, typologies, energy systems and behaviour. Build. Res. Inf. 37, 598–609. Seto, K.C., Güneralp, B., and Hutyra, L.R. (2012). Global forecasts of urban expansion to 2030 and direct impacts on biodiversity and carbon pools. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 109, 16083–16088. UN-Habitat (2012). Energy. [Online]. Available: http://unhabitat.org/urban-themes/energy. [Accessed:08-Nov-2016].