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Hirsch, Thomas M. Investigation of the dimensional structure of the P-ACT+. Iowa City: American College Testing Program, 1991.
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Irwin, David A. Michel Foucault's progressive politics: Validity and structure of the archaeological paradigm in the republican discourse of Fianna Fáil. s.l: The Author, 2000.
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1950-, Draijer Nel, ed. Multiple personality disorder in the Netherlands: A study on reliability and validity of the diagnosis. Amsterdam: Swets & Zietlinger, 1993.
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Little, Todd D. The revised Control, Agency, and Means-Ends Interview (CAMI): A multi-cultural validity assessment using mean and covariance structures (MACS) analyses. Berlin: Max-Planck-Institut für Bildungsforschung, 1995.
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Campbell, John. Validity and the causal structure of a disorder. Editado por Kenneth S. Kendler e Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0032.
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There are two aspects to validation: one is establishing the very existence of a disorder, the other is determining how good our methods are of determining the presence of the disorder. Both aspects depend on the conception of the disorder as something with a causal structure implicating the symptoms of the disorder. The symptoms may figure in this structure as effects of a single latent variable, or as homeostatically related merely to one another, or in some more complex structure. But without some such conception of the causal structure of the disorder, we have no idea what we are about trying to validate criteria for the disorder. The problem in psychiatry is that we currently seem to be demanding that those causal structures should involve relations between psychological and physical variables; and we have no idea how to think of those relations in terms of causal processes and causal mechanisms.
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McCleary, Richard, David McDowall e Bradley J. Bartos. External Validity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0009.
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A threat to external validity is any factor that limits the generalizability of an observed result. Unlike all threats to statistical conclusion and internal validities and some threats to construct validity, threats to external validity cannot ordinarily be controlled by design. Nor is there any disagreement on how threats to external validity should be controlled. In most instances, it can only be controlled by replication?—across subjects, situations and time frames. This seldom happens, unfortunately, because the academic incentive structure discourages replication. The contemporary “reproducibility crisis” was spurred by a collaborative group of social scientists attempting to replicate one hundred experimental and correlational studies published in three mainstream psychology journals. Sixty percent of replications failed to reproduce the published effect. Failures to control for threats to external validity that stem from uncontrolled variations in persons, situations, and time frames, parsimosniously explain the failure rate in this replication study.
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McCleary, Richard, David McDowall e Bradley J. Bartos. Statistical Conclusion Validity. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190661557.003.0006.
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Chapter 6 addresses the sub-category of internal validity defined by Shadish et al., as statistical conclusion validity, or “validity of inferences about the correlation (covariance) between treatment and outcome.” The common threats to statistical conclusion validity can arise, or become plausible through either model misspecification or through hypothesis testing. The risk of a serious model misspecification is inversely proportional to the length of the time series, for example, and so is the risk of mistating the Type I and Type II error rates. Threats to statistical conclusion validity arise from the classical and modern hybrid significance testing structures, the serious threats that weigh heavily in p-value tests are shown to be undefined in Beyesian tests. While the particularly vexing threats raised by modern null hypothesis testing are resolved through the elimination of the modern null hypothesis test, threats to statistical conclusion validity would inevitably persist and new threats would arise.
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Kendler, Kenneth S. Introduction to “Validity and the causal structure of a disorder”. Editado por Kenneth S. Kendler e Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0031.
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This chapter presents an introduction to validity and the causal structure of a disorder; as further discussed in the following chapter. It outlines the critique of validation in modern psychiatric nosology; but highlights the importance of gradual processes of iteration.
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Li, Fuzhong. The exercise motivation scale: Its multifaceted structure and construct validity. 1996.
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Konstabel, Kenn. The structure and validity of self- and peer-reported personality traits. 2006.
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McIlroy, Jodi Marian Herold. The effect of using an alternative method to calculate station cut scores in an Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). 2000.
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Repnikov, Georg, e Dominic Murphy. Saving the explananda. Editado por Kenneth S. Kendler e Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0033.
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This chapter presents a commentary on validity and the causal structure of a disorder, as discussed in the previous chapter. It addresses questions about reference to diagnostic terms, syndromes and causal structure as possible referents, successful use of reference, and also outlines an alternative view of validity and validation
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Murphy, Kevin R. Models and Methods for Evaluating Reliability and Validity. Editado por Susan Cartwright e Cary L. Cooper. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199234738.003.0012.
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Tests and structured assessments are used to make inferences and decisions about individuals and groups. In personnel selection, these can range from assessments of the knowledge, skills, and abilities thought to be necessary for successful job performance to evaluations of current and past job performance. This article discusses assessments that range from paper-and-pencil tests of work-related abilities and skills to the measures based on the judgments of an interviewer or a supervisor. Many of the principles of psychometrics were first developed in the context of multi-item written tests of abilities or other enduring characteristics of individuals. In this article, the descriptions of the main models and methods of psychometrics are often framed in terms of specific characteristics of these tests (e.g., the use of multiple test items, in which all items are designed to measure the same characteristic of individuals).
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Violence Risk Assessment in Schools: Exploring the Predictive Validity of the Structured Professional Judgment Model. VDM Verlag, 2008.
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d’Argent, Pierre. Sources and the Legality and Validity of International Law. Editado por Samantha Besson e Jean d’Aspremont. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198745365.003.0026.
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This chapter argues that, from the perspective of a theory about the sources of international law, what matters is not so much to determine whether international law is really law, but, rather, what makes law ‘international’. It first recalls the structural reasons inherent to international law that explain the specificity and the crucial character of the issue of sources—understood as a process of legal identification—in that legal order, as opposed to sources in domestic law. The chapter then contextualizes Article 38 of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) Statute by recalling its specific purpose; that is, determining and delimiting international legality. Finally, the chapter questions whether and to what extent a theory of sources really achieves its objective of determining what unequivocally counts as international law. The chapter thus brings to light the awkward fact that international legality is not necessarily normatively exclusive.
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Hoyle, Rick H. Applications of structural equation modelling in clinical and health psychology research. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780198527565.003.0020.
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This chapter discusses applications of structural equation modelling (SEM, or causal modelling) in clinical and health psychology research. It outlines path diagrams, measurement models, structural models, the inclusion of latent variables, validity (factorial and construct), and measurement invariance. Structural hypotheses are also explored, along with caveats for the use of SEM.
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Sibbald, Debra J. Impact on the psychometric properties of an Objective Structured Clinical Exam for third year pharmacy students: Using first year students as standardized patients. 2001.
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Widiger, Thomas A., ed. The Oxford Handbook of the Five Factor Model. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.001.0001.
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The Five-Factor Model (FFM) is arguably the predominant model of general personality structure. There is a considerable body of research supporting its construct validity and practical application. There have been a few books specifically concerning the FFM, but to date there has not yet been a text that brings together in one location all that is known about the FFM. The book begins with an overview chapter on the FFM, followed by in-depth discussions regarding the nature, etiology, importance, and mechanisms of each of the FFM domains. The vast body of research concerning the construct-validity support for the FFM is then provided, including its robustness, factor analytic support, childhood antecedents, cross-language presence, cross-species presence, behavior and molecular genetics, and brain structure and function. The text then provides considerable discussion of the importance and application of the FFM across diverse social concerns, including personality assessment, business and industry, health psychology, marital-family therapy, adult psychopathology, child psychopathology, and clinical utility. There is no comparable text with this much information concerning the validity and utility of the FFM. The text concludes with a final overview chapter.
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Berman, Joshua A. Source Criticism and Its Biases: The Flood Narrative of Genesis 6–9. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190658809.003.0014.
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The division of the Genesis flood account is one of the most celebrated achievements of modern biblical criticism. This chapter takes a critical look at the source-critical paradigm and examines its hermeneutics. Historical-critical scholarship applies a series of double standards that all work in concert to support the source-critical aims and results. Moreover, it consistently suppresses evidence adduced from cognate materials—particularly from the Mesopotamian version of the flood story contained in Tablet XI of the Giglamesh epic—that threatens its validity by simply ignoring it, or otherwise negating the validity of that evidence through unwarranted means. Attention is given to the chiastic structure of the account, and to the parallel structure of the six days of creation and the drying of the earth after the flood. All in all, eight methodological flaws are detected in the source-critical approach to the story.
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Ananth, Padmanabhan. Part VI Rights—Structure and Scope, Ch.32 Rights: breadth, scope, and applicability. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0032.
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This chapter examines the constitutional framework for fundamental rights in India. It considers three key issues raised by Part III: the application of fundamental rights to private actors (the ‘actor’ question); the applicability of fundamental rights to personal laws and to constitutional amendments (the ‘form’ question); and the effect of unconstitutionality on the validity of a law (the ‘effect’ question). The chapter focuses upon how the Supreme Court has interpreted the meaning of ‘State’ under Article 12, highlighting the structuralist understanding that it has provided, and also considering the contentious question of whether the judiciary should be regarded as ‘State’ for the purposes of Part III of the Constitution. It also examines the meaning of ‘law’ in Article 13 of the Constitution and concludes with an analysis of the doctrine of severability and the doctrine of eclipse.
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Surya, Deva. Part VI Rights—Structure and Scope, Ch.35 Saving Clauses: the Ninth Schedule and Articles 31A–C. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198704898.003.0035.
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This chapter examines the drafting history, nature, scope, (mis)use, and relevance of the so-called ‘saving clauses’ of the Indian Constitution: Article 31A, Article 31B read with the Ninth Schedule, and Article 31C. They are designed to protect laws aimed at agrarian reforms or at implementing certain Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSPs) from a potential constitutional challenge on the ground of violating fundamental rights (FRs), andexceptionally allow certain laws to override FRs. This chapter offers an alternative reading of the saving clauses and discusses the Ninth Schedule, arguing that, despite being misused in the past, it might not be abused in the future, and that the Basic Structure doctrine is inappropriate to test the validity of laws inserted in the Ninth Schedule. It also suggests that the judiciary misconstrued their role with respect to the right to property as a FR, as well as the value of DPSPs relative to FRs.
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Maiden, Martin. The Romance languages and the Romance verb. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199660216.003.0003.
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In the first part of the chapter the Romance languages are defined, and the (largely negative) significance of the distinction between a language and a dialect for the morphological data is discussed. The sources for the data on verb morphology are reviewed, and some criteria for assessing the validity of these data are examined. Finally, a comparative–historical structural sketch of the morphology of the Latin and Romance verb is given.
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Levin, Frank S. Spin ½ and the Periodic Table. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808275.003.0011.
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Some major quantal developments are described in Chapter 10. The Stern-Gerlach experiment is encountered first, wherein a beam of silver atoms is deflected by a magnetic field, leading to a pair of traces on a detecting plate. Next is the proposal that electrons have a new attribute known as spin, used to explain the Stern-Gerlach result, thereby confirming the validity of this new attribute. To account for the structure of the periodic table, the central-field approximation is introduced. In it, electrons in an atom are treated like those in hydrogen, except that they have four not three quantum numbers, the fourth related to spin. The Pauli Exclusion Principle requires that no four can be the same for any electron in the atom, a feature that explains the occurrence of shells in the periodic table. The electronic structure of various atoms is stated, with silver being a giant spin ½ system.
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Blanchard, Adam J. E., Catherine S. Shaffer e Kevin S. Douglas. Decision Support Tools in the Evaluation of Risk for Violence. Editado por Phillip M. Kleespies. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352722.013.21.
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Professionals often utilize some form of structured approach (i.e., decision support tool or risk assessment instrument) when evaluating the risk of future violence and associated management needs. This chapter presents an overview of decision support tools that are used to assist professionals when conducting a violence risk assessment and that have received considerable empirical evaluation and professional uptake. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the two main approaches to evaluations of risk (actuarial and structured professional judgment) are discussed, including a review of empirical findings regarding their predictive validity. Following a summary of commonalities among the tools, this chapter provides a brief description of 10 decision support tools focusing on their applicability and purpose, content and characteristics, and available empirical research. Finally, the chapter concludes with a discussion of several critical considerations regarding the appropriate use and selection of tools.
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Ovodenko, Alexander. Regulating Under Constraints. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190677725.003.0007.
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This chapter concludes the book by summarizing the validity of the hypotheses tested in the empirical chapters, assessing the overall explanatory power of the markets theory, identifying the theoretical and empirical contributions of the book, and outlining specific avenues for future research on international institutions and global environmental politics. It situates the theoretical and empirical contributions in the literatures on environmental regulation and collective action, reiterating the many impacts of market structures on global regime design. Scholars of global environmental politics should draw from research on American politics to understand institutional design and should focus on policy schemes that would mitigate pollution from competitive sectors, especially in developing countries.
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Rosenthal, Michael A. Spinoza’s Political Philosophy. Editado por Michael Della Rocca. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195335828.013.016.
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This article argues that Spinoza is a modern republican political philosopher. He combines Machiavelli’s idea of liberty with Hobbes’s version of the social contract. This claim has four basic elements. First, Spinoza rejects Hobbes’s view that the individual must alienate his natural rights to form a state through a contract. Rather, the contract’s validity depends on a continuous and dynamic transfer of power from its citizens, which is defined as participation in public life. Second, the stability of a state depends on how effectively the regime can foster participation in the state. Spinoza uses his theory of the imagination and passions to explain how the state can overcome free-rider problems in the social contract. Hence the republican ideal of government is expressed not so much in any particular constitutional form of the state but in how well each form can foster participation. Although democracy expresses the highest degree of participation—and hence stability—aristocracy and even monarchy can be also optimized. Third, the participation of the individual in the state is not an end in itself but the means to the individual’s own freedom. So, although participation in the state is a necessary condition of individual well-being, it is certainly not sufficient to become virtuous. Fourth, the participation of individuals in the state, the quality and structure of state stability, as a well as the freedom of the state and individual, all depend on the degree of rationality manifest in both the individual and in the institutional structures of the state.
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Thomassen, Jacques, e Carolien van Ham. A Legitimacy Crisis of Representative Democracy? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198793717.003.0001.
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This chapter presents the research questions and outline of the book, providing a brief review of the state of the art of legitimacy research in established democracies, and discusses the recurring theme of crisis throughout this literature since the 1960s. It includes a discussion of the conceptualization and measurement of legitimacy, seeking to relate legitimacy to political support, and reflecting on how to evaluate empirical indicators: what symptoms indicate crisis? This chapter further explains the structure of the three main parts of the book. Part I evaluates in a systematic fashion the empirical evidence for legitimacy decline in established democracies; Part II reappraises the validity of theories of legitimacy decline; and Part II investigates what (new) explanations can account for differences in legitimacy between established democracies. The chapter concludes with a short description of the chapters included in the volume.
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Widiger, Thomas A. Introduction. Editado por Thomas A. Widiger. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199352487.013.9.
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This book concerns the Five Factor Model (FFM) of general personality structure. It brings together much of the research literature on the FFM and demonstrates its potential applications across a wide range of disciplines and concerns. The book is organized into four sections: the first section explores the FFM and its domains, the second focuses on matters and issues concerning the construct validity of the FFM, the third discusses applications of the FFM to a variety of social and clinical issues, and the fourth summarizes the book’s interesting points and considers potential implications. Topics range from Neuroticism and Extraversion to Openness, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness. The book also considers the universality of the FFM, the factor analytic support, childhood temperament and personality, animal personality, behavior and molecular genetics, personality neuroscience, personality disorders, adult psychopathology, and child psychopathology.
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Lassiter, Daniel. Scalar goodness. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198701347.003.0007.
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This chapter turns to deontic concepts. I argue that goodness is an interval scale, and consider two interactions with disjunction that would enforce the validity of the Disjunctive Inference: maximality (à la Lewis and Kratzer) and intermediacy. I identify a number of empirically problematic consequences of maximality, concluding that goodness is intermediate: a disjunction can be strictly worse than one of the disjuncts. I propose, as one way to flesh out the scale further, that goodness has the formal structure of expected value, and show that this proposal makes intuitively reasonable predictions about the puzzle cases for maximality as well as a wide variety of instances in which probabilistic information influences the relative goodness of outcomes. Finally, I discuss several possible schemata for the interpretation of the positive form good in light of the sensitivity of this item to prosodic focus and the non-synonymy of its positive and superlative forms.
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Appelbaum, Paul S. DSM-5.1: Perspectives on continuous improvement in diagnostic frameworks. Editado por Kenneth S. Kendler e Josef Parnas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198796022.003.0047.
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Since the mid-twentieth century, the DSM has guided psychiatrists in categorizing disorders. Revisions have taken years, with work groups considering changes to the entire manual. A more timely and efficient approach to updating the DSM would involve continuous improvement of particular diagnostic categories, when and if supported by advances in the field. The aim is to avoid the delays in the incorporation of new knowledge that are inherent in updating at intervals of a decade or more. The American Psychiatric Association has therefore established a structure by which evidence-based proposals for changes to the DSM can be considered and adopted on an ongoing basis. This chapter describes how proposals will be considered and the standards to be applied to proposed modifications. Challenges include calibrating optimal rigor of the review process, pruning diagnoses that lack validity or clinical utility, and subjecting the process itself to iterative improvement.
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Galynker, Igor. Suicide Crisis Syndrome. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190260859.003.0007.
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Research has shown that the suicide crisis syndrome (SCS) is a suicide-specific diagnosable condition that is associated with imminent suicidal behavior. This chapter proposes Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders criteria for SCS and provides a detailed description of its proposed structure and symptoms. Discussion of long-term versus short-term suicide risk and of suicide warning signs is followed by a discussion of the lack of predictive validity of self-reported suicidal ideation and intent with regard to imminent suicidal behavior. The core of the chapter consists of detailed description of the SCS main components: entrapment, affective disturbance in its many forms (emotional pain, anhedonia, frantic anxiety, and depressive turmoil), loss of cognitive control in several forms (ruminations, cognitive rigidity, thought suppression, and ruminative flooding), and altered arousal. The chapter concludes with the SCS assessment algorithm, representative case descriptions, and a test case.
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Wilde, Elisabeth A., Kareem W. Ayoub e Asim F. Choudhri. Diffusion Tensor Imaging. Editado por Andrew C. Papanicolaou. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199764228.013.10.
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Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a method of specifying and visualizing the functional integrity of white matter tracts that contribute to the functional and structural connectivity among different brain regions through the examination of water diffusion through tissue. It has gained rapid popularity in the past two decades, particularly for elucidating the process of normal white matter development and the effects of aging on it, as well as providing some insights into the possible neuroanatomical correlates of numerous psychiatric and neurologic disorders. This chapter outlines the instrumentation and the procedures employed in deriving estimates of the functional integrity of anatomical connections in the brain, and issues regarding the reliability and validity of the different DTI procedures are systematically addressed.
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Petrova, Svetlana. Introduction to Part I. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0002.
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This chapter provides an overview of the diachronic development of the left periphery in German. It introduces the OV/V2 asymmetry as a basic property of continental West Germanic syntax, as well as the components of the verb-second rule. On this basis, it surveys the rise of verb-second, elaborating on state-of-the-art in the beginning of the attestation, on the relation between V2 and the emergence of complementizers in Germanic, as well as on the role of Germanic sentence particles in the left periphery of the clause. In addition, orders challenging the validity V2 in German—such as verb-first, verb-third, and verb-final orders—are discussed. The chapter also discusses the role of information structure in movement to the left periphery, as well as the emergence of a special class of adverbial connectives, which develop from low adverbs and acquire a special status with respect to the left periphery.
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Laborde, Cécile, e Aurélia Bardon, eds. Religion in Liberal Political Philosophy. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198794394.001.0001.
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In recent years, the notion of religion has received increased salience both in academic and in wider public debate, yet it is still a category that liberal political philosophers are uncomfortable with. This is somewhat paradoxical because key liberal notions (state sovereignty, toleration, individual freedom, the rights of conscience, public reason) were elaborated as a response to seventeenth-century European wars of religion, and the fundamental structure of liberalism is rooted in the Western experience of politico-religious conflict. So a reappraisal of this tradition—and of its validity in the light of contemporary challenges—is well overdue. This book offers the first extensive engagement with religion from liberal political philosophers. The volume analyses, from within the liberal philosophical tradition itself, the key notions of conscience, public reason, non-establishment, and neutrality. Insofar as the contemporary religious revival is seen as posing a challenge to liberalism, it seems more crucial than ever to explore the specific resources that the liberal tradition has to answer it.
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Le Pelley, Mike E., Oren Griffiths e Tom Beesley. Associative Accounts of Causal Cognition. Editado por Michael R. Waldmann. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199399550.013.2.
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Humans are clearly sensitive to causal structures—we can describe and understand causal mechanisms and make predictions based on them. But this chapter asks: Is causal learning always causal? Or might seemingly causal behavior sometimes be based on associations that merely encode the information that two events “go together,” not that one causes the other? This associative view supposes that people often (mis)interpret associations as supporting the existence of a causal relationship between events; they make the everyday mistake of confusing correlation with causation. To assess the validity of this view, one must move away from considering specific implementations of associative models and instead focus on the general principle embodied by the associative approach—that the rules governing learning are general-purpose, and so do not differentiate between situations involving cause–effect relationships and those involving signaling relationships that are non-causal.
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Rubenzer, Steven J. Assessing Negative Response Bias in Competency to Stand Trial Evaluations. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med-psych/9780190653163.001.0001.
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Assessing Negative Response Bias in Competency to Stand Trial Evaluations provides a comprehensive guide to assessing malingering, feigning, poor effort, and lack of cooperation in competency to stand trial (CST) examinations. It draws on both the author’s extensive experience as a CST examiner and the vast, dynamic professional literature from forensic psychology, clinical psychology, and neuropsychology on assessing response style. The assessment process is considered from beginning to report writing and testimony, with tips regarding interview strategies, fact patterns and behaviors suggestive of feigning, testing, and creative and ethical use of collateral data. Every major validity test used by CST examiners is thoroughly and critically reviewed, as are others that are promising and not yet widely adopted. This includes self-report inventories such as the MMPI-2, MMPI-2-RF, PAI, and SIMS; structured interviews like the SIRS, SIRS-2, and M-FAST; performance validity tests like the TOMM, VIP, 15 item Test, and WMT; and CST-specific tests like the ILK and ECST-R Atypical Presentation Scales. A complete chapter is devoted to means to summarize and combine data from different tests and sources, and another to special populations such as defendants who claim amnesia, are intellectually disabled, or are adolescents. Report writing and testimony considerations are discussed in detail, with implications for the assessment and practice. In Chapter 10, CST examiners’ practices, including preferences for tests and collateral sources, are reported along with the perceived prevalence of various invalid presentation styles. Finally, policy implications of feigning and suggestions for cost-effective practice are provided.
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Dompere, Kofi Kissi, e Manzur Ejaz. Epistemics of Development Economics. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216187134.
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The effective use of development economic theories in practice is limited, the authors contend, by the lack of explicit criterion for judging their scientific content. The directional progress of critical research and teaching is also constrained by this deficiency. This study advances a meta-theory designed to assist in evaluating the scientific validity of theories in economic development and how these theories can be improved to assist social practice. Using this model, the study then examines existing theories, dividing them into explanatory and prescriptive theories. The explanatory theories include the stage-based theories of Marx, Schumpeter, and Rostow, and factor-based theories, including capital-based, human-capital-based, and technology-based theories. The prescriptive theories include explanatory-theory-based prescriptions, interventionist prescriptive theories, and theories of economic planning. In conclusion, the authors contend that modern analysis of development economics is plagued with logical ills, misleading notions, and a weak theoretical structure that lacks scientific appeal. Most of the theories, except for those of Marx and Schumpeter, neglect an analysis of the mechanism of change.
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Boski, Pawel. Explorations in Dynamics of Symbolic Meaning with Cultural Experiments. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190879228.003.0006.
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To counterbalance the predominantly verbal measures and psychometric orientation in cross-cultural psychology, this chapter proposes the concept of cultural experiment. It is a method of sampling normative behavioral scripts, exploring their inner structures of meaning, and finally designing reversals, with the expectation of disconfirmation as their ultimate validity test. Pictorial materials (videos) are the preferred methods in this approach as contextualized models of existing cultural arrangements or their modifications. Empirical evidence comes from five cross-cultural research projects spanned over 30 years. These experiments illustrate contrasts in psychological adaptation to congruent and incongruent scenarios. They provide answers when new cultural ways meet with resistance and when novelty is appreciated or tolerated. Three experiments focus on dynamics of gender role prescriptions from Polish and Scandinavian perspectives. Another study investigates person perception of culturally familiar and remote African actors. The last study explores tolerance priming through religious icons from in-group and out-group cultures.
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Simon, Gleeson, e Guynn Randall. Part II The US Resolution Regime, 5 Fundamentals of Resolution Authority. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780199698011.003.0005.
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This chapter looks at the history and fundamental elements of resolution authority as it has been developed and used in the United States. The goal of resolution authority in the United States has been to deal with failed banks and other financial institutions in a manner that stems runs, avoids contagion and preserves critical operations, the same goal as deposit guarantee schemes. First introduced in the United States in 1933 as part of the deposit insurance programme for banks, resolution authority was originally little more than the method by which the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation honoured its obligations to insured depositors before evolving to its current state. Resolution authority, as conceived in the United States, has two principal components—the core resolution powers and the claims process. The core resolution powers consist of the authority to quickly separate the assets and viable parts of a failed bank's business (the good bank) from its capital structure liabilities (the bad bank), so that its critical operations are preserved and runs and contagion are avoided. It is virtually always completed in the United States over a weekend commonly known as resolution weekend. The claims process involves determining the validity and amount of the claims of individual holders of capital structure liabilities in accordance with ordinary principles of due process and distributing the residual value of the good bank to such holders in satisfaction of their claims. The claims process typically takes at least six to nine months to be completed in order to comply with ordinary principles of due process for potential claimants.
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Watson, Jamie Carlin, Robert Arp e Skyler King. Critical Thinking. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350232976.
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‘You shouldn’t drink too much. The Earth is round. Milk is good for your bones.’ Are any of these claims true? How can you tell? Can you ever be certain you are right? For anyone tackling philosophical logic for the first time, here is a practical guide to the skills required to think critically. From the basics of good reasoning to the difference between claims, evidence and arguments, Jamie Carlin Watson, Robert Arp and Skyler King cover the topics found in an introductory course. Now revised and fully updated, this 3rd edition gives you the chance to develop critical thinking skills that can be used in and out of the classroom. Two new chapters on reasoning in the age of conspiracy theories and fake news demonstrate how to apply reason and avoid being dissuaded by the persuasive power of evidence-free emoting. Features include a glossary, chapter goals, more student-friendly exercises, study questions, diagrams, and suggestions for further reading. Chapter topics, organised around real-life examples such as predicting the weather, a murder mystery and the Ouija board, cover: - the structure, formation, analysis and recognition of arguments - deductive validity and soundness - inductive strength and cogency - inference to the best explanation - truth tables - tools for argument assessment - informal and formal fallacies This entertaining and easy-to-follow introduction is a complete beginner’s tool set to good reasoning, analyzing and arguing.
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Alderson, Priscilla. Critical Realism for Health and Illness Research. Policy Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447354550.001.0001.
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Critical realism, a toolkit of practical ideas, helps researchers to extend, clarify and validate their work. Critical realism resolves problems and contradictions between quantitative factual research and qualitative interpretive approaches. It draws on their strengths, overcomes their limitations, and helps to connect research to policy and practice. To meet growing demand from researchers and students, the book shows how versatile critical realism can be in research across the life course and around the world, from small studies to large trials. Healthcare, health promotion and heath inequalities are all addressed. This book is based on the course at University College London, first taught by Roy Bhaskar the founder of critical realism, and later convened by the author. The aim is to help readers who are new to critical realism, or are in the fairly early stages, with their research across the whole range of health and illness disciplines and professions. Chapters consider relations between structure and agency, facts and values, and between visible evidence and mainly unseen powerful influences on health and illness. Using clear definitions, diagrams and examples, this book enables readers to understand and apply valuable critical realist concepts to health and illness research.
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Frechette, Julie D. Developing Media Literacy in Cyberspace. Praeger, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400639609.
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By joining bodies of research in media theory, cultural studies, and critical pedagogy,Developing Media Literacy in Cyberspaceoffers a vision of learning that values social empowerment over technical skills. An inquiry into the existence and range of models equipped to cultivate critical teaching and learning in the Internet-supported classroom, this new study argues that media literacy offers the best long-term training for today's youth to become experienced practitioners of 21st-century technology. Author Julie Frechette helps educators develop and provide concrete learning strategies that enable students to judge the validity and worth of what they see on the Internet as they strive to become critically autonomous in a technology-laden world. Part of this effort lies in developing a keen awareness of the institutional, political, and economic structure of the Internet as a means of communication that is increasingly marketing products and targeting advertisements toward youth. Values on the Internet are discussed constantly both by the major media and by the private sector, with little regard for the pervasive interests and authority of profitable industries staking out their territory in this new global village. Unlike other studies that provide a broad sociohistorical context for the development of theoretical uses of new technologies in the classroom,Developing Media Literacy in Cyberspacelays the groundwork for establishing critical thinking skills that will serve students' interests as they navigate this vast and complicated cyberterritory.
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Kaeley, Gurjit S. Use of ultrasound in psoriatic arthritis. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0017.
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Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is much more than just joint disease. Although previous clinical classifications have categorized by pattern of joint involvement and axial disease, imaging techniques such as MRI and ultrasound have demonstrated that not only are many more joints involved but also a wide variety of adjoining tissues. The concept of enthesitis is evolving and high resolution imaging studies are demonstrating involvement of tissues beyond just the enthesis. Many investigators have chosen to use sonographic entheseal systems designed for Spondyloarthritis in general which may not be appropriate and may lead to excess confounding by obesity. Inclusion of entheses that seem more relevant to PsA may improve the validity and specificity of the sonographic outcome tool. Nail affliction is associated with PsA, as well as enthesitis. Sonography is able to demonstrate the nail apparatus. More recent pathoanatomic findings may help explain the close link with enthesitis. Synovitis in PsA is often involved with inflammation and alteration of neighbouring structures such as the extensor tendons, palmar or plantar plates. Some investigators have proposed that inflammation in PsA may start at the entheseal sites and then spread to the joint. Dactylitis epitomizes the concept of multiple tissues involved in the digit giving rise to the clinical appearance of a uniformly swollen digit. Sonography can image many of these tissues in high resolution and offer insights into the pathophysiology of dactylitis.
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Laroque, François. The ‘Science’ of Astrology in Shakespeare’s Sonnets, Romeo and Juliet and King Lear. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474427814.003.0002.
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In chapter 1, François Laroque explores the paradoxical purposes of the science of astrology in two plays, namely Romeo and Juliet and The Tempest, and in his sonnets. The craze for astrology clearly found its way into Shakespeare’s poetry. Take Sonnet 14, for example, where the speaker deliberately poses as a mock-astrologer, or Sonnet 107, where he playfully redefines what ‘poetic’ astrology should be, as his own astrological skills enable him to read the eyes of the young man as if they were two fixed stars. Astrology is therefore taken seriously, even though Shakespeare seeks to enlarge its meaning. In the plays, it can even be a structural device. Laroque argues that, in Romeo and Juliet, the “ancient grudge” of the Montagues and the Capulets is marked right from the beginning by its astrological connotations. Interestingly, Shakespeare kept thinking of the influence of the planets throughout his career, for a much later play like King Lear is similarly concerned with stars and disasters. The vivid opposition between Gloucester and Edmond allows Laroque to demonstrate that the playwright was particularly interested in the controversies that then emerged over the validity of the old science of astrology, even though Shakespeare refuses to take sides.
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Nollkaemper, André, August Reinisch, Ralph Janik e Florentina Simlinger, eds. International Law in Domestic Courts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198739746.001.0001.
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Abstract The Oxford ILDC online database, an online collection of domestic court decisions which apply international law, has been providing scholars with insights for many years. This casebook introduces key court decisions with brief introductory and connecting texts. An ideal text for practitioners, judges, and government officials, as well as for students of international law courses, the casebook explains the theories and doctrines underlying the use by domestic courts of international law and illustrates the key importance of domestic courts in the development of international law. It consists of five parts. Part I discusses the vertical relationship between international law and domestic law, looking at validity and supremacy, the standing of private parties to invoke it, direct effect, as well as avoidance and contestation. Part II focuses on the structural and procedural areas of international law, specifically statehood, jurisdiction, immunities, and international organizations. In Part III, sources of international law are detailed, looking at the law of treaties, customary international law, jus cogens, soft law, and international court decisions. Part IV addresses responsibility and redress, covering international responsibility and private remedies. Finally, Part V reviews substantive and functional areas of international law, including: terrorism, use of force, international humanitarian law, international criminal law, amnesties, economic and social rights.
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Keels, Micere. Campus Counterspaces. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501746888.001.0001.
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Frustrated with the flood of news articles and opinion pieces that were skeptical of minority students' “imagined” campus microaggressions, the author of this book set out to provide a detailed account of how racial-ethnic identity structures Black and Latinx students' college transition experiences. Tracking a cohort of more than five hundred Black and Latinx students since they enrolled at five historically white colleges and universities in the fall of 2013, the book finds that these students were not asking to be protected from new ideas. Instead, they relished exposure to new ideas, wanted to be intellectually challenged, and wanted to grow. However, the book argues, they were asking for access to counterspaces—safe spaces that enable radical growth. They wanted counterspaces where they could go beyond basic conversations about whether racism and discrimination still exist. They wanted time in counterspaces with likeminded others where they could simultaneously validate and challenge stereotypical representations of their marginalized identities and develop new counter narratives of those identities. This critique of how universities have responded to the challenges these students face offers a way forward that goes beyond making diversity statements to taking diversity actions.
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Colón-Ríos, Joel. Constituent Power and the Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198785989.001.0001.
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This book examines the place of the concept of constituent power in constitutional history, focusing on the legal and institutional implications that theorists, politicians, and judges have derived from it. It shows that constituent power, even though having historically been associated with extra-legality and violations of the constitutional order, has played important functions in the making of determinations of legal validity. Constitutional courts have employed it to justify their jurisdiction to invalidate constitutional amendments that alter the fundamental structure of the constitution and thus amount to a constitution-making exercise. Some governments have recurred to it to defend the legality of the transformation of the constitutional order through procedures not contemplated in the constitution’s amendment rule but considered participatory enough to be seen as equivalent to ‘the people in action’, and these attempts have sometimes been sanctioned by courts. Commentators and citizens have relied on the theory of constituent power to defend the idea that electors have the right to instruct representatives, and that the creation of new constitutions must take place through extra-legislative entities, such as primary assemblies open to all citizens. Several Latin American constitutions explicitly incorporate the theory of constituent power and allow citizens, acting through popular initiative, to trigger constitution-making episodes that may result in the replacement of the entire constitutional order. Building on these findings, the book ultimately develops a distinction between sovereignty and constituent power and argues that even a constitution-making body can be made legally subject to the conditions arising from a constituent referendum.
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Sonuga-Barke, Edmund J. S. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Editado por Philip David Zelazo. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199958474.013.0022.
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In this chapter I review the literature on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with the aim of providing a developmental synthesis. In the first section I ask: What is ADHD? I conclude that it is a relatively broad construct that, although having validity as a mental disorder dimension and utility as diagnostic category, is frequently comorbid with, but can be distinguished from, other disorders, and is highly heterogeneous. In the second section I ask: What causes ADHD? I conclude that ADHD has a complex set of causes implicating multiple genetic and environmental risks (and their interaction) reflected in alterations in diverse brain systems. The causal structure of ADHD is heterogeneous, with different children displaying different etiological and pathophysiological profiles. In the third section I reflect on developmental considerations. I conclude that ADHD-type problems present in different forms throughout the lifespan from the preschool period to adulthood and that existing data suggest patterns of continuity and discontinuity that support a lifespan perspective both at the level of clinical phenotype and underlying pathophysiology. In the light of this I argue for a developmental reconceptualization of the disorder, grounded in a biopsychosocial framework that would allow the complexity and heterogeneity of the condition to be understood in terms of risk, resilience, and protective factors, as well as mediating and moderating processes. I review the implications of the developmental perspective for nosological and diagnostic formulations of the condition. In the last section I set out priorities for future research in the genetics, imaging, neuropsychology, and treatment of the condition.
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Steane, Andrew. Science and Humanity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198824589.001.0001.
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This volume offers an in-depth presentation of the structure of science and the nature of the physical world, with a view to showing how it complements and does not replace other types of human activity, such as the arts and humanities, spirituality and religion. The aim is to better inform scientists, science educators, and the general public. Many think that science can and does establish that the natural world is a vast machine, and this is the whole truth of ourselves and our environment. This is wrong. In fact, scientific models employ a rich network of interconnecting concepts, and the overall picture suggests the full validity of further forms of truth-seeking and truth-speaking, such as art, jurisprudence, and the like. In fundamental physics, the equations that describe physical behaviour interact in a subtle symbiotic way with symmetry principles which describe overarching guidelines. The relationship between physics and biology is similar, and so is the relationship between biology and the humanities. Darwinian evolution is an exploratory mechanism which allows richer patterns and truths to come to be expressed; it does not negate or replace those truths. The area of values, of what can or should command our allegiance, requires a different kind of response, a response that is not completely captured by logical argument, but which is central to human life. Religion, when it is understood correctly and done well, is the engagement with the idea that we have a meaningful role to play, and much to learn.
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Perkins, Elizabeth C., Shaun P. Brothers e Charles B. Nemeroff. Animal Models for Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Editado por Charles B. Nemeroff e Charles R. Marmar. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190259440.003.0024.
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Animal models of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) provide a wellspring of biological information about this complex condition by providing the opportunity to manipulate trauma exposure and measure biological outcomes in a systematic manner that is not possible in clinical studies. Symptoms of PTSD may be induced in animals by physical (immobilization, foot shock, underwater stress) and psychological stressors (exposure to predator, social defeat, early life trauma) or a combination of both. In addition, genetic, epigenetic and transgenic models have been created by breeding animals with a behavioral propensity for maladaptive stress response or by directly manipulating genes that have been implicated in PTSD. The effect of stressors in animals is measured by a variety of means, including observation of behavior, measurement of structural alterations in the brain and of physiological markers such as HPA axis activity and altered gene expression of central nervous system neurotransmitter system components including receptors. By comparing changes observed in stress exposed animals to humans with PTSD and by comparing animal response to treatments that are effective in humans, we can determine the validity of PTSD animal models. The identification of a reliable physiological marker of maladaptive stress response in animals as well as standard use of behavioral cutoff criteria are critical to the development of a valid animal model of PTSD.