Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Vaccum Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy with synchrotron radiation"

A high-precision XYZ translator was developed for the microanalysis of electronic structures and chemical compositions on material surfaces by electron spectroscopy techniques, such as photoelectron spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy, utilizing the vacuum ultraviolet and soft X-ray synchrotron radiation at an undulator beamline BL-13B at the Photon Factory. Using the high-precision translator, the profile and size of the undulator beam were estimated. They were found to strongly depend on the photon energy but were less affected by the polarization direction. To demonstrate the microscopic measurement capability of an experimental apparatus incorporating a high-precision XYZ translator, the homogeneities of an SnO film and a naturally grown anatase TiO2 single crystal were investigated using X-ray absorption and photoemission spectroscopies. The upgraded system can be used for elemental analyses and electronic structure studies at a spatial resolution in the order of the beam size.

Since spring 2019 an experimental setup consisting of an electron spectrometer and an ion time-of-flight mass spectrometer for diluted samples has been available for users at the FinEstBeAMS beamline of the MAX IV Laboratory in Lund, Sweden. The setup enables users to study the interaction of atoms, molecules, (molecular) microclusters and nanoparticles with short-wavelength (vacuum ultraviolet and X-ray) synchrotron radiation and to follow the electron and nuclear dynamics induced by this interaction. Test measurements of N2 and thiophene (C4H4S) molecules have demonstrated that the setup can be used for many-particle coincidence spectroscopy. The measurements of the Ar 3p photoelectron spectra by linear horizontal and vertical polarization show that angle-resolved experiments can also be performed. The possibility to compare the electron spectroscopic results of diluted samples with solid targets in the case of Co2O3 and Fe2O3 at the Co and Fe L 2,3-absorption edges in the same experimental session is also demonstrated. Because the photon energy range of the FinEstBeAMS beamline extends from 4.4 eV up to 1000 eV, electron, ion and coincidence spectroscopy studies can be executed in a very broad photon energy range.

We report absolute photoabsorption cross sections for gas-phase 2- and 5-bromopyrimidine in the 3.7–10.8 eV energy range, in a joint theoretical and experimental study. The measurements were carried out using high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet synchrotron radiation, with quantum chemical calculations performed through the nuclear ensemble approach in combination with time-dependent density functional theory, along with additional Franck–Condon Herzberg–Teller calculations for the first absorption band (3.7–4.6 eV). The cross sections of both bromopyrimidines are very similar below 7.3 eV, deviating more substantially from each other at higher energies. In the 7.3–9.0 eV range where the maximum cross-section is found, a single and broad band is observed for 5-bromopyrimidine, while more discernible features appear in the case of 2-bromopyrimidine. Several π* ← π transitions account for the most intense bands, while weaker ones are assigned to transitions involving the nitrogen and bromine lone pairs, the antibonding σ*Br orbital, and the lower-lying Rydberg states. A detailed comparison with the available photo-absorption data of bromobenzene is also reported. We have found significant differences regarding the main absorption band, which is more peaked in bromobenzene, becoming broader and shifting to higher energies in both bromopyrimidines. In addition, there is a significant suppression of vibrational structures and of Rydberg states in the pair of isomers, most noticeably for 2-bromopyrimidine.

Context. Absorption lines of H2 and HD molecules observed at high redshift in the line of sight towards quasars are a test ground to search for variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio μ. For this purpose, results from astronomical observations are compared with a compilation of molecular data of the highest accuracy, obtained in laboratory studies as well as in first-principles calculations. Aims. A comprehensive line list is compiled for H2 and HD absorption lines in the Lyman (B1Σu+ − X1Σg+) and Werner (C1Πu − X1Σg+) band systems up to the Lyman cutoff at 912 Å. Molecular parameters listed for each line i are the transition wavelength λi, the line oscillator strength fi, the radiative damping parameter of the excited state Γi, and the sensitivity coefficient Ki for a variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio. Methods. The transition wavelengths λi for the H2 and HD molecules are determined by a variety of advanced high-precision spectroscopic experiments involving narrowband vacuum ultraviolet lasers, Fourier-transform spectrometers, and synchrotron radiation sources. Results for the line oscillator strengths fi, damping parameters Γi, and sensitivity coefficients Ki are obtained in theoretical quantum chemical calculations. Results. A new list of molecular data is compiled for future analyses of cold clouds of hydrogen absorbers, specifically for studies of μ-variation from quasar data. The list is applied in a refit of quasar absorption spectra of B0642–5038 and J1237+0647 yielding constraints on a variation of the proton-to-electron mass ratio Δμ/μ consistent with previous analyses.

A comparative study has been made for the non-catalyst based few layer graphene (FLG) and Fe-catalyst based multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). Magnetic and electronic properties of FLG and MWCNTs were studied using magnetic M-H hysteresis loops and synchrotron radiation based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements. Structural defects and electronic and bonding properties of FLG/MWCNTs have been studied using Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS). The work functions of FLG and MWCNTs are 4.01 eV and 3.79 eV, respectively, obtained from UPS (He-I) spectra. UPS (He-II) results suggest that the density of states (DOS) of MWCNTs is higher than FLG and is consistent with Raman spectroscopy result that shows the defect of MWCNTs is higher than FLG. The magnetic coercivity (Hc) of the MWCNTs (~750 Oe) is higher than FLG (~85 Oe) which could be used for various technological magnetic applications.

Experimental characterization of the structural, electronic and dynamic properties of dilute systems in aqueous solvents, such as nanoparticles, molecules and proteins, are nowadays an open challenge. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is probably one of the most established approaches to this aim as it is element-specific. However, typical dilute systems of interest are often composed of light elements that require extreme-ultraviolet to soft X-ray photons. In this spectral regime, water and other solvents are rather opaque, thus demanding radical reduction of the solvent volume and removal of the liquid to minimize background absorption. Here, we present an experimental endstation designed to operate a liquid flat jet of sub-micrometre thickness in a vacuum environment compatible with extreme ultraviolet/soft XAS measurements in transmission geometry. The apparatus developed can be easily connected to synchrotron and free-electron-laser user-facility beamlines dedicated to XAS experiments. The conditions for stable generation and control of the liquid flat jet are analyzed and discussed. Preliminary soft XAS measurements on some test solutions are shown.

AbstractThe electronic state spectroscopy of 2(5H)-thiophenone, C4H4OS, has been investigated by high-resolution vacuum ultraviolet photoabsorption in the 3.76–10.69 eV energy range using synchrotron radiation, together with novel quantum chemical calculations performed at the equation of motion coupled cluster singles and doubles (EOM-CCSD) level of theory. The major electronic transitions have been assigned to valence and Rydberg character, with relevant C=O, C=C and C–C stretching vibrations across the entire absorption spectrum. Photolysis lifetimes in the Earth’s atmosphere (0–50 km altitude) have been estimated from the absolute photoabsorption cross-sections, indicating that solar photolysis can be expected to be a strong sink mechanism. Graphical abstract

Illumination stress (IS) and negative bias under illumination stress (NBIS) cause considerable device instability in thin-film transistors based on amorphous In–Ga–Zn–O (a-IGZO). Models using in-gap states are suggested to explain device instability. Therefore, to provide reliably their density of states (DOS), this study investigated the valence band, conduction band, and in-gap states of an a-IGZO thin film. The DOS of in-gap states was directly determined in a dynamic range of six orders of magnitude through constant final state yield spectroscopy (CFS-YS) using low-energy and low-flux photons. Furthermore, light irradiation irreversibly induced extra in-gap states near the Fermi level and shifted the Fermi level to the vacuum level side, which should be related to the device instability due to IS and NBIS. Hard x-ray photoemission spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation observed the large DOS of in-gap states near the Fermi level as in previous works. Here, we reveal that they are not intrinsic electronic states of undamaged a-IGZO, but induced by the intense measurement light of synchrotron radiation. This study demonstrates that CFS-YS is useful for determining the reliable DOS of the in-gap states for samples that are sensitive to light irradiation. The absorption spectrum measured through photothermal deflection spectroscopy is interpreted based on DOS directly determined via photoemission spectroscopies. This indicates that the line shape in the energy region below the region assigned to the Urbach tail in previous works actually roughly reflects the DOS of occupied in-gap states.

AbstractCerium doped Gd3Ga3Al2O12 (GGAG) single crystals as well as GGAG:Ce single crystals co-doped by divalent (Mg2+, Ca2+) and tetravalent (Zr4+, Ti4+) ions have been studied by means of time-resolved luminescence as well as the excitation luminescence spectroscopy in vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) and soft X-ray (XUV) spectral range. Tunable laser excitation was applied for time-resolved experiments in order to obtain luminescence decay curves under excitations in Ce3+, Gd3+ and excitonic absorption bands. The influence of the co-dopant ions on the Ce3+ luminescence decay kinetics is elucidated. The fastest luminescence decay was observed for the Mg2+ co-doped crystals under any excitation below bandgap energy indicating the perturbation of the 5d states of Ce3+ by Mg2+ ions. Synchrotron radiation was utilized for the luminescence excitation in the energy range from 4.5 to 800 eV. Special attention was paid to the analysis of Ce3+ excitation spectra in VUV and XUV spectral range where multiplication of electronic excitation (MEE) processes occur. Our results demonstrated that GGAG:Ce single crystals co-doped by Mg2+ ions as well as the GGAG:Ce crystal annealed in vacuum reveal the most efficient excitation of Ce3+ emission in VUV-XUV excitation range. The role of intrinsic defects in MEE processes in the co-doped as well as in the annealed GGAG:Ce single crystals is discussed.

AbstractSince the early 1980s, the Antarctic environment has served as a natural field laboratory for researchers to investigate the effects of stratospheric ozone depletion, which has resulted in increased surface ultraviolet radiation levels. However, its effective threats still present gaps. We report new pieces of evidence of increased ultraviolet radiation impacting West Antarctica sea salt aerosols. Salt aerosols, particularly in the Southern Ocean Sea, play an important role in the radiative earth balance. To disclose the molecular details of sea salt aerosols, we used a synchrotron-based multi-element microscopic speciation of individual microparticles (Scanning Transmission X-ray Microscopy with Near-Edge X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy combined with Computer-Controlled Scanning Electron Microscopy). Here we identified substantial abundances of chlorine-enriched aerosols in sea salt generated by photolytic products, whereas ice core records revealed increased chlorine depletion from the onset of ozone depletion. Our findings reveal that modern sea salt modification has no Holocene precedent.

AbstractIn this paper, we present research results that explore the basic molecular structure, orientation, and electrical properties of the conjugated polymer poly(2-methoxy-5- (2,9-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene) (MEH-PPV). The bandgap structure of MEH-PPV was investigated through optical absorption and emission spectra, and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy (UPS). Based on the optical absorption of MEH-PPV, the π-π* bandgap energy is 2.14eV. The emission spectrum of ITO/MEH-PPV/Al light emitting diode has a peak at 590nm in wavelength which corresponds to photon energies of 2.1eV. By using ultraviolet synchrotron radiation to investigate the highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMO) of the MEH-PPV, the relative change in photoemission cross-section for various electron states was measured. The HOMO to Fermi level gap obtained from UPS spectra is about 3eV. The UPS measurements include angle-resolved and incident energy dependent spectra. Some indication of bulk film orientation was inferred by dispersion of incident energy dependent UPS. Disparities in these spectra imply some role for defect states, extrinsic carrier involvement, or Fermi-level pinning.

The evolution of charge carriers in photoexcited room temperature ZnO nanoparticles in solution is investigated using ultrafast ultraviolet photoluminescence spectroscopy, ultrafast Zn K-edge absorption spectroscopy, and ab initio molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The photoluminescence is excited at 4.66 eV, well above the band edge, and shows that electron cooling in the conduction band and exciton formation occur in <500 fs, in excellent agreement with theoretical predictions. The x-ray absorption measurements, obtained upon excitation close to the band edge at 3.49 eV, are sensitive to the migration and trapping of holes. They reveal that the 2 ps transient largely reproduces the previously reported transient obtained at 100 ps time delay in synchrotron studies. In addition, the x-ray absorption signal is found to rise in ∼1.4 ps, which we attribute to the diffusion of holes through the lattice prior to their trapping at singly charged oxygen vacancies. Indeed, the MD simulations show that impulsive trapping of holes induces an ultrafast expansion of the cage of Zn atoms in <200 fs, followed by an oscillatory response at a frequency of ∼100 cm−1, which corresponds to a phonon mode of the system involving the Zn sub-lattice.

Abstract As a new class of multi-principal component oxides with high chemical disorder, high-entropy oxides (HEOs) have attracted much attention. The stability and tunability of their structure and properties are of great interest and importance, but remain unclear. By using in situ synchrotron radiation X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, and ex situ high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, here we show the existence of lattice distortion in the crystalline (Ce0.2La0.2Pr0.2Sm0.2Y0.2)O2−δ HEO according to the deviation of bond angles from the ideal values, and discover a pressure-induced continuous tuning of lattice distortion (bond angles) and band gap. As continuous bending of bond angles, pressure eventually induces breakdown of the long-range connectivity of lattice and causes amorphization. The amorphous state can be partially recovered upon decompression, forming glass–nanoceramic composite HEO. These results reveal the unexpected flexibility of the structure and properties of HEOs, which could promote the fundamental understanding and applications of HEOs.

The spectroscopy of highly charged ions (HCI) is of great significance for astronomical observation, astrophysical model establishment, and test of quantum electrodynamics (QED) theory. However, the transitions of HCI are mostly in the extreme ultraviolet or even X-ray range, the excitation spectra of HCI measured by laser spectroscopy in laboratory are very limited due to lack of the suited light source. Up to now, only few experiments on spectroscopy of HCIs performed on synchrotron radiation, free electron laser or heavy-ions storage ring were reported, which are summarized in this work. With development of attosecond technology, several attosecond light source facilities such as Extreme Light Infrastructure Attosecond Light Pulse Source (ELI-ALPS), Synergetic Extreme Condition User Facility (SECUF) have been constructed, which provide a new opportunity for the study of HCI spectroscopy and ultra-short lifetime of energy level in laboratory for its high photon energies and ultra-short pulse durations in the extreme ultraviolet and even soft X-ray range. Electron Beam Ion Traps (EBIT), Electron Cyclotron Resonance (ECR), and heavy-ion storage ring are usually used to generate ions target. But it is difficult to combine the attosecond laser source with large scale facility of HCI for there is not a laboratory have both these two facilities now. Thus, two possible experimental schemes for attosecond spectroscopy of HCIs are proposed in this work. One scheme is that an EBIT can be designed as one terminal of attosecond laser facility, such as ELI-ALPS, SECUF, which can output different laser beams with high photon energy, ultra-short pulse duration or high flux. Another scheme is that a table-top HHG system pumped by all-solid-state femtosecond laser or fibers femtosecond laser with high power can be combined with heavy-ion storage ring, such as ESR, CSRe, HIAF and FAIR. Thanks to high energy of ions in storage ring, the measurable energy levels of HCIs can even be extended to keV by the Doppler shift. Three different measurement methods:fluorescence detection, ions detection and attosecond absorption spectroscopy can be used to obtain the HCI spectroscopy. Finally, a preliminary experimental setup for attosecond laser spectroscopy of HCI is proposed. The proposal on combining extreme ultraviolet attosecond light source with HCI targets is discussed, and the feasibility of attosecond time-resolved precision spectral for HCI is analyzed according to the typical parameters of attosecond light sources and the known excitation cross-sections and detection efficiency, which can provide a new platform for ion level structure calculation, QED theory high-precision test and astronomical spectroscopic observation. It can be used to measure the ultra-short lifetime, low excitation cross-section ionic energy level, and even some transitions with large energy interval. We hope this work can provide a reference for experiments of HCI spectroscopy and ion energy level lifetime measurement in future.

Работа посвящена микроскопическим синхротронным исследованиям морфологии, атомного и электронного строения массива пор субмикронного размера в слое SiO2 на кремнии, cформированного с использованием ионно-трековой технологии в комбинации с последующим за облучением химическим травлением. Методом исследования являлась фотоэмиссионная электронная микроскопия с использованием синхротронного излучения высокой интенсивности. Метод использовался в двух режимах. Использование химически селективной электронноймикроскопии позволило получить морфологическую информацию об изучаемом массиве пор. Рентгеноспектральный режим спектроскопии ближней тонкой структуры края синхротронного излучения рентгеновского диапазона позволил получить информацию о специфике локального окружения атомов заданного сорта от микроскопических областей нанометровых и субмикронных участков полученных микроскопических изображений. Поры имеют достаточно резкие границы, без переходного слоя. Дном пор является подложка - кристаллический кремний, покрытый естественным оксидом, толщина которого составляет величины около 2-3 нм. Облучение ионами ихимическое травление не оказывают существенного влияния на структурно-фазовые характеристики пористой матрицы оксида кремния. Не наблюдается существенного разупорядочения в кремнии, доступном на дне отдельных пор. Технологические загрязнения отсутствуют. Показана эффективность использования ионно-трековой технологии в комбинации с последующим за облучением химическим травлением для формирования массивов обособленных пор близких размеров субмикронного диапазона. Полученные результаты демонстрируют эффективность в применении метода фотоэмиссионной электронной микроскопии с использованием синхротронного излучениявысокой интенсивности для изучения с высокой точностью и в микроскопическом масштабе широкого ряда объектов композитной структурно-фазовой природы поверхности. ЛИТЕРАТУРА Sinha D., Petrov A., Fink D., Fahrner W. R., Hoppe K., and Chandra A. Tempos structures with gold nanoclusters. Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids. 2004;159(8–9): 517–533. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10420150412331304187 Kaniukov E. Yu., Ustarroz J., Yakimchuk D. V., Petrova M., Terryn H., Sivakov V., Petrov A. V. Tunable nanoporous silicon oxide templates by swift heavy ion tracks technology. Nanotechnology. 2016;27(11): 115305. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/27/11/115305 Ivanou D. K., Streltsov Е. A., Fedotov A. K., Mazanik A. V., Fink D., Petrov A. Electrochemical deposition of PbSe and CdTe nanoparticles onto p-Si(100) wafers and into nanopores in SiO2/Si(100) structure. Thin Solid Films. 2005;490(2): 154–160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2005.04.046 Ivanova Yu. A., Ivanou D. K., Fedotov A. K., Streltsov Е. A., Demyanov S. E., Petrov A. V., Kaniukov E. Yu., Fink D. Electrochemical deposition of Ni and Cu onto monocrystalline n-Si(100) wafers and into nanopores in Si/SiO2 template J. Materials Science. 2007;42(22): 9163–9169. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-007-1926-x Fink D., Alegaonkar P. S., Petrov A. V., Wilhelm M., Szimkowiak P., Behar M., Sinha D., Fahrner W. R., Hoppe K., Chadderton L. T. Electrochemical deposition of Ni and Cu onto monocrystalline n-Si(100) wafers and into nanopores in Si/SiO2 template. Nucl. Instr. Meth B. 2005;236(1–4): 11–20. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.03.243 Mosier-Boss P. Review of SERS substrates for chemical sensing. Nanomaterials. 2017;7(6): 142. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/nano7060142 Jahn M., Patze S., Hidi I. J., Knipper R., Radu A. I., Muhlig A., Yuksel S., Peksa V., Weber K., Mayerhofer T., Cialla-May D., Popp J. Plasmonic nanostructures for surface enhanced spectroscopic methods. Analyst. 2016;141(3): 756–793. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/c5an02057c Turishchev S. Yu., Parinova E. V., Pisliaruk A. K., Koyuda D. A., Yermukhamed D., Ming T., Ovsyannikov R., Smirnov D., Makarova A., Sivakov V. Surface deep profile synchrotron studies of mechanically modifi ed top-down silicon nanowires array using ultrasoft X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy. Scientifi c Reports. 2019;9(1): 8066. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-44555-y Liu L., Sham T. K. The effect of thermal oxidation on the luminescence properties of nanostructured silicon. Small. 2012;8(15): 2371–2380. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201200175 Barranco A., Yubero F., Espinos J.P., Groening P., Gonzalez-Elipe A. R. Electronic state characterization of SiOx thin fi lms prepared by evaporation. J. Appl. Phys. 2005;97(11): 113714. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1927278 Паринова Е. В., Федотов А. К., Коюда Д. А., Федотова Ю. А., Стрельцов Е. А., Малащенок Н. В., Ovsyannikov R., Турищев С. Ю. Изучение особенностей формирования композитных структур на основе столбиков никеля в матрице диоксида кремния с помощью синхротронных XANES исследований в режиме регистрации выхода электронов или фотонов. Конденсированные среды и межфазные границы. 2019;21(1): 116–125. DOI: https://doi.org/10.17308/kcmf.2019.21/726 Kleineberg U., Haindl G., Hutten A., Reiss G., Gullikson E.M., Jones M.S., Mrowka S., Rekawa S. B., Underwood J. H. Microcharacterization of the surfaceoxidation of Py/Cu multilayers by scanning X-ray absorption spectromicroscopy. Appl. Phys. A. 2001;73(4): 515–519. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s003390100801 Шмаль Г., Рудольф Д. Рентгеновская оптика и микроскопия. Пер. с англ. М.: Мир: 1987. 464 с. Polishchuk I., Bracha A. A., Bloch L., Levy D., Kozachkevich S., Etinger-Geller Y., Kauffmann Y., Burghammer M., Giacobbe C., Villanova J., Hendler G., Chang-Yu Sun, Giuffre A. J., Marcus M. A., Kundanati L., Zaslansky P., Pugno N. M., Gilbert G. P., Katsman A., Pokroy B. Coherently aligned nanoparticles within a biogenic single crystal: a biological prestressing strategy. Science. 2017;358(6368): 1294–1298. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaj2156 Kalegowda Y., Chan Y-L., Wei D-H., Harmer S. L. X-PEEM, XPS and ToF-SIMS characterisation of xanthate induced chalcopyrite fl otation: Effect of pulp potential. Surface Science. 2015;635: 70–77. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2014.12.012 Турищев С. Ю., Паринова Е. В., Кронаст Ф., Овсянников Р., Малащенок Н. В., Стрельцов Е. А., Иванов Д. К., Федотов А. К. Фотоэмиссионная электронная микроскопия массивов субмикронных столбиков никеля в матрице диоксида кремния. ФТТ. 2014;56(9): 1851–1860. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063783414090297 Турищев С. Ю., Паринова Е. В., Федотова Ю. А., Мазаник А. В., Федотов А. К., Апель П. Ю. Характеризация массивов субмикронных столбиков никеля в матрице диоксида кремния микроскопическими методами. Конденсированные среды и межфазные границы. 2013;15(1): 54–58. Режим доступа: https://journals.vsu.ru/kcmf/article/view/878 Kasrai M., Lennard W. N., Brunner R. W., Bancroft G. M., Bardwell J. A., Tan K. H. Sampling depth of total electron and fl uorescence measurements in Si L- and K-edge absorption spectroscopy. Appl. Surf. Science. 1996;99(4): 303–312. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(96)00454-0 Зимкина Т. М., Фомичев В. А. Ультрамягкая рентгеновская спектроскопия. Ленинград: Изд-во ЛГУ; 1971. 132 c. Stohr J. NEXAFS Spectroscopy. Berlin: Springer, 1992. 403 p. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-02853-7 Brown F. C., Rustgi O. P., Extreme ultraviolet transmission of crystalline and amorphous silicon. Phys. Rev. Let. 1972;28(8): 497–500. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.28.497 Turishchev S. Yu., Terekhov V. A., Parinova E. V., Korolik O. V., Mazanik A. V., Fedotov A. K. Surface modifi cation and oxidation of Si wafers after low energy plasma treatment in hydrogen, helium and argon. Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing. 2013;16(6): 1377–1381. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mssp.2013.04.020 Domashevskaya E. P., Terekhov V. A., Turishchev S. Yu., Khoviv D. A., Parinova E. V., Skryshevskii V. A., Gavril’chenko I. V. Peculiarities of electron-energy structure of surface layers of porous silicon formed on p-type substrates. Inorganic Materials. 2012;48(14): 1291–1297. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0020168512140063