Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Utilisation des sols changement de l'occupation des sols"
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Maanan, Mehdi. "Impact des changements de l'occupation des sols sur l'état de l'environnement dans des écosystèmes côtiers : cas des lagunes d'Oualidia et de Moulay Bousselham (façade atlantique marocaine)". Nantes, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013NANT3042.
Texto completo da fonteBonsu, Kofi. "Urban hierarchy and the analysis of spatial patterns : towards explicit fractal modelling". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Gustave Eiffel, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UEFL2021.
Texto completo da fonteThe thesis aims to explore the potential of empirical results in identifying urban centers and subcenters by utilizing built-up data extracted from freely-available remote sensing images and fractal analyses. It addresses the challenge of data unavailability in this context. While various methods have been employed in literature, such as minimum cut-off point, spatial statistical methods, and hedonic price method, these are predominantly based on the local context of developed nations, with limited studies focused on developing nations due to data scarcity. This research seeks to fill this gap by investigating the effectiveness of fractal geometry in explicitly identifying urban centers and subcenters, characterizing their spatial organization for urban growth analysis, and delineating urban growth patterns based on the spatial arrangement of urban centers, subcenters, and primary transportation networks. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for informed urban planning and infrastructure decisions. Using the Greater Accra Metropolitan Area (GAMA) as a case study, freely available satellite images spanning from 1991 to 2022 were downloaded and classified using various techniques including random forest, support vector machine, and simple linear iterative cluster (SLIC) with K-Means to extract built-up patterns. A longitudinal analysis was conducted to assess the impact of urban growth on biodiversity, revealing shifts in land cover composition with built-up areas increasingly dominating over vegetation, leading to habitat fragmentation. Land cover and landscape patterns for 2030 were successfully predicted, emphasizing the importance of landscape connectivity and habitat fragmentation in evaluating ecological processes and urban development impacts. Furthermore, multi-radial fractal analysis and mathematical morphology were employed to identify urban centers and subcenters from remote sensing data, based on fractal dimensions and spatial organization. A conceptual urban growth model was developed to visualize expected urban expansion patterns. These findings contribute significantly to the identification and spatial organization of urban centers and subcenters, particularly in cities lacking adequate statistical or geospatial data, especially in developing countries. Replicating this methodology could contribute to a more comprehensive global database on cities
Corgne, Samuel. "Modélisation prédictive de l'occupation des sols en contexte agricole intensif : application à la couverture hivernale des sols en Bretagne". Rennes 2, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00005478.
Texto completo da fonteIn intensive agricultural regions, winter vegetation covering is a key indicator of water transfer processes. Its prediction can help local decision making for restoring water quality. The objective of this work is to develop a reproducible method to predict the land cover distribution for the following winter season for the two hypotheses "Bare soils" and "Covered soils". The selected modelling approach is based on an expert model using the Dempster-Shafer rule. Results are ambivalent according to the studied hypothesis. The prediction scores are good at the watershed scale but present limits for allocating the land class at a field scale, especially for the "Bare soils" class. The Dezert-Smarandache theory is then applied and increases the prediction scores for the "Bare soils" class. The reproductibility of the modelling approach is then evaluated in applying the model on another study site. The "Bare soils" class remains well evaluated with both fusion rules, but the spatial allocation of the land class at a field scale is still not well managed, that indicates the need to integrate new sources of information in the model to better predict the future land allocation
NACEUR, MOHAMED SABER. "Fusion de donnees satellitales pour la cartographie et l'occupation des sols en milieu semi-aride". Nice, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NICE5343.
Texto completo da fonteBalestrat, Maud. "Système d'indicateurs spatialisés pour la gouvernance territoriale : application à l'occupation de sols en zone périurbaine languedocienne". Thesis, Montpellier 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON30021/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn France, suburbanization phenomena impose to think the conditions for sustainable urban development. In the Languedoc region, in a context of a strong demographic attractiveness, fast and uncontrolled urbanization happens at the expense of the most productive farmland in the region, on the coastal plain. The evolution of social demands, as well as issues around food security on a world scale, raise the question how suburban planning policies deal with the agricultural land issue. In order to objectify discussions and support the decisions, the agricultural authorities have expressed an urgent need for spatial indicators. The objective of this thesis is to propose an approach to co-build a system of indicators so as to monitor the land urbanization process. Systems modeling and iterative consultation were chosen as the appropriate approaches to lead the making up process and the selection of indicators. This research revisits the DPSIR model by adapting it to the concept of territorial system and proposes to organize the participation of stakeholders to ensure legitimacy for the use of indicators. The method application, part of the operational requirements, covers the production and availability online of a structured set of 141 spatial indicators linking the evolution of land assets and the one of the languedocian “artificialized patch”
Pelletier, Charlotte. "Cartographie de l'occupation des sols à partir de séries temporelles d'images satellitaires à hautes résolutions : identification et traitement des données mal étiquetées". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30241/document.
Texto completo da fonteLand surface monitoring is a key challenge for diverse applications such as environment, forestry, hydrology and geology. Such monitoring is particularly helpful for the management of territories and the prediction of climate trends. For this purpose, mapping approaches that employ satellite-based Earth Observations at different spatial and temporal scales are used to obtain the land surface characteristics. More precisely, supervised classification algorithms that exploit satellite data present many advantages compared to other mapping methods. In addition, the recent launches of new satellite constellations - Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 - enable the acquisition of satellite image time series at high spatial and spectral resolutions, that are of great interest to describe vegetation land cover. These satellite data open new perspectives, but also interrogate the choice of classification algorithms and the choice of input data. In addition, learning classification algorithms over large areas require a substantial number of instances per land cover class describing landscape variability. Accordingly, training data can be extracted from existing maps or specific existing databases, such as crop parcel farmer's declaration or government databases. When using these databases, the main drawbacks are the lack of accuracy and update problems due to a long production time. Unfortunately, the use of these imperfect training data lead to the presence of mislabeled training instance that may impact the classification performance, and so the quality of the produced land cover map. Taking into account the above challenges, this Ph.D. work aims at improving the classification of new satellite image time series at high resolutions. The work has been divided into two main parts. The first Ph.D. goal consists in studying different classification systems by evaluating two classification algorithms with several input datasets. In addition, the stability and the robustness of the classification methods are discussed. The second goal deals with the errors contained in the training data. Firstly, methods for the detection of mislabeled data are proposed and analyzed. Secondly, a filtering method is proposed to take into account the mislabeled data in the classification framework. The objective is to reduce the influence of mislabeled data on the classification performance, and thus to improve the produced land cover map
Valin, Hugo. "Changements d'usage des sols, marchés agricoles et environnement". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0011/document.
Texto completo da fonteLand use change is estimated to have generated 17% of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions in the 2000s, a large part coming from deforestation. The main driver of these emissions is expansion of agricultural activities, for the need of local development in tropical regions. However, they have also been caused by the dynamics of globalisation which has stimulated agricultural trade flows. Thus, today, there are new concerns with respect to how agricultural policies are influencing land use changes in other parts of the world through international market responses. In this work I consider three concrete illustrations of where these effects can be of significant magnitude: i) agriculture intensification in developing countries, ii) trade agreements, and iii) biofuel policies. I find that for each of these policies, market responses are likely to play a significant role in the final greenhouse gas emission balance. Mitigation of emissions through agricultural intensification could have quite beneficial outcomes, but the rebound effect on the demand side would offset a large part of greenhouse gas emission savings attributable to the land sparing effect. With the example of a possible EU-MERCOSUR trade agreement, I also show the adverse effect of liberalising certain specific agricultural products closely connected to land use change dynamics without adequate accompanying measures. Last, the indirect land use change effect of biofuels is likely to offset a large part of their alleged GHG emission savings. Land use change responses depend on many behavioural parameters, however, and providing precise estimates constitutes a challenge. I use different modelling approaches to quantify their magnitude and extensively explore the level of confidence on the basis of current state of econometric findings.New approaches should be elaborated to take account of this externality in public policy assessments, together with an appropriate consideration of the uncertainty ranges associated with these effects
Boisier, Juan Pablo. "Évaluer les impacts robustes du changement d'usage des sols sur le climat des 150 dernières années et sur le climat projeté pour le siècle prochain". Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2012. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/78/79/72/PDF/Manuscrit_final_these_Boisier.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteLand-use change (LUC) is an important climate forcing due to the underlying alterations of the properties of the soil-vegetation system. However, the knowledge of these biogeophysical impacts of LUC is middling, notably due to the large number of processes involved. By means of model intercomparison and other approaches specifically developed, this study aims to identify the robust climate signals of LUC as well as to assess the associated uncertainties. LUC since the preindustrial period has led to extensive deforestation in the northern temperate regions and therefore to increases in surface albedo. The amplitude of this impact and the role of the non-radiative effects in summer are still quite uncertain within the model results. These uncertainties respond (1) to the way LUC is implemented in land surface models (LSMs) and (2) to the intrinsic model sensitivities to LUC. We show that the second point could explain more than 50% of the inter-model dispersion in key variables for the surface climate such as the evapotranspiration. We therefore developed statistical tools to reconstruct the impacts of LUC on the surface albedo and the evapotranspiration using present-day observations and the land-cover maps prescribed in the LSMs here assessed. The analyses carried out here show that current uncertainties in the climate impacts of LUC are in major part the result of the land-surface parameterizations used in climate models and, hence, could be reduced with a more thoroughly evaluation of LSMs
Boisier, Juan Pablo. "Évaluer les impacts robustes du changement d'usage des sols sur le climat des 150 dernières années et sur le climat projeté pour le siècle prochain". Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00787972.
Texto completo da fonteDa, Costa Gomes Eduardo Jonas. "Modéliser l'occupation du sol au prisme des intentions des agriculteurs : une approche à base d'agents". Thesis, Paris 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA01H044.
Texto completo da fonteLand Use and Cover Change (LUCC) occurs as a consequence of both natural and human activities, causing impacts on biophysical and agricultural resources. In enlarged urban regions, the major changes are those that occur from agriculture to urban uses. Urban uses compete with rural ones due among others, to population growth and housing demand. This competition and the rapid nature of change can lead to fragmented and scattered land use development generating new challenges, for example, concerning food security, soil and biodiversity preservation, among others. Landowners play a key role in LUCC. In peri-urban contexts, three interrelated key actors are pre-eminent in LUCC complex process: 1) investors or developers, who are waiting to take advantage of urban development to obtain the highest profit margin. They rely on population growth, housing demand and spatial planning strategies; 2) farmers, who are affected by urban development and intend to capitalise on their investment, or farmers who own property for amenity and lifestyle values; 3) and at a broader scale, land use planners/ decision-makers. (…) To model LUCC a CA-Markov, an ANN-multilayer perceptron, and an ABM approach were applied. Our results suggest that significant LUCC will occur depending on farmers’ intentions in different scenarios. The highlights are: (1) the highest growth in permanently irrigated land in the A1 scenario; (2) the most significant drop in non-irrigated arable land, and the highest growth in the forest and semi-natural areas in the A2 scenario; and (3) the greatest urban growth was recognised in the B0 scenario. To verify if the fitting simulations performed well, statistical analysis to measure agreement and quantity-allocation disagreements and a participatory workshop with local stakeholders to validate the achieved results were applied. These outcomes could provide decision-makers with the capacity to observe different possible futures in ‘what if’ scenarios, allowing them to anticipate future uncertainties, and consequently allowing them the possibility to choose the more desirable future
Ndao, Mariétou. "Dynamiques et gestion environnementales de 1970 à 2010 des zones humides au Sénégal : étude de l'occupation du sol par télédétection des Niayes avec Djiddah Thiaroye Kao (à Dakar), Mboro (à Thiès et Saint-Louis)". Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20018/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe “Niayes”, coastal wetlands of Senegal, constitute fragile ecosystems that are rich inbiodiversity while traditionally being gardening areas in the “Sahelien” environment. The bigdrought of the 1970s that struck all the Sahel countries also affected the “Niayes” by an influxof rural populations coming from inside the country in search of livelihood. Besides theextreme drought, mass migration considerably increased the proprietary pressure and at thesame time generated an uncontrolled urbanization, especially around the big agglomerationsand agricultural development: both of them undermine the environmental value of thesecoastal ecosystems. In recent years, we have witnessed particularly rainy seasons. This returneof rainfall involved in urbanized areas causes flooding, accompanied by precarious sanitaryconditions for the most unprivileged populations. The rainfall variability, risk of naturalappearance, is added to anthropogenic risk factors such as the non-mastered regionalplanning, the failure of the regulatory framework, and the pollution from various agriculturaland industrial sources.This thesis, after having introduced the concept of wet zones and having presented the Niayesof the Great Coast in general, and of the three study areas (Pikine, outskirts of Dakar; Mboro,Thies region; and Saint-Louis) in particular, traces their environmental problems and variouspolitical differences. Land use of the Niayes is analysed by using remote sensing data for theperiod 1986-2010 to confront its evolution to the management of the sensible ecosystems andquestion the relevance of the implemented politics in the spirit of sustainable development
Voldoire, Aurore. "Prise en compte des changements de végétation dans un scénario climatique du XXIème siècle". Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30024.
Texto completo da fonteThe main objective of this work has been to run a climate simulation of the 21st century that includes not only greenhouse gases and aerosols emitted by human activity but also land-use and land-cover changes. To achieve this goal, the integrated impact model IMAGE2. 2 (developed at RIVM, The Netherlands) was used, which simulates the evolution of greenhouse gases concentrations as well as land-cover changes. This model has been coupled to the general circulation model ARPEGE/OPA provided by the CNRM. Before coupling the models, sensitivity experiments with each model have been performed to test their respective sensitivity to the forcing of the other. Ultimately, a simulation with the two models coupled together has shown that interactions between climate and vegetation are not of primary importance for century scale studies
Bureau, Jordan. "Nitrous oxide emissions by agricultural soils : effect of temperature dynamics ; up-scaling measurements from the plot to the landscape". Thesis, Orléans, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ORLE2003/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe greenhouse gas N₂O is mainly emitted by soils. Soil emissions are characterized by considerable spatial and temporal variabilities that make their quantification very difficult. While soil N₂O emissions are studied on an agricultural area in the Central France by the UR SOLS since 2008, we specifically studied in the laboratory the effect of temperature on these emissions and also developed a method for upscaling N₂O emissions from the plot to the landscape scales. Surprisingly, N₂O emissions were observed not to increase with temperature. Q₁₀ values, describing N₂O emission sensitivity to temperature, were observed to change over time. The use of acetylene for inhibiting N₂O reduction has revealed that the biological processes involved in the N₂O production and its consumption respond differently to temperature variations. N2O fluxes measured in the field using several methods covering different scales of the landscape gave consistent results. The mean measured N₂O fluxes were 43 μg N- N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ for the eddy covariance mast, 37 μg N- N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ for the fast-box over a similar area, while it was 71 μg N- N₂O m⁻² h⁻¹ by the automatic chambers over a fertilized wheat field. Flux attribution methods were developed to determine both the spatial and temporal variability of the N₂O flux over a 1-km landscape, resulting in original maps of N₂O emissions at the landscape scale. All these results could be further used for developing ecosystem models. Both these ecosystems models and the methodologies hereby proposed for upscaling N₂O emissions will help in soil N₂O emission quantification at large scales, relevant to the inventories and mitigation strategies
Dupoux, Marion. "Structure of preferences, decision-making and the environment : theoretical and experimental approaches". Thesis, Paris 10, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA100012/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis aims at providing insights on the (objective and subjective) determinants of the heterogeneity of project evaluations. At first, I analyze how (objective) quantities are incorporated in the cost-benefit analysis. The first main chapter deals with the way cost-benefit analysis is affected by the time distribution of impacts considered. Through the example of land use change from biofuel production, I find that decisions regarding projects with non-constant environmental impacts rely on distorted net present values, which may result in the implementation of actually non-desirable projects or the non-implementation of actually desirable projects. This work is both theoretical and numerical.Second, I investigate the role of the structure of preferences, i.e. whether private goods and environmental goods are substitutable or complementary in providing utility, on individual decision-making in an individual framework and a collective framework. At the individual level (second main chapter), we develop a theoretical model which allows either for substitutability or complementarity depending on the context (income and environmental quality). It results that the income elasticity of willingness to pay can be negative in contexts of between-goods substitutability, which contrasts with usual frameworks which only allow for positive income elasticities (thus the environmental good can never be inferior but is always normal). Our framework also affects the way consumption and environmental quality are discounted, which is all the more relevant in the context of income shocks. At the collective level (third main chapter), we use an experimental approach to analyze the effect of the interaction between individuals with different structures of preferences on contributions to the public good. It results that perfect substitutability is associated with more free-riding than complementarity. However, an aversion to advantageous inequality also emerges from individuals whose preferences underlie perfect substitutability towards those whose preferences are based on complementarity
Tudesque, Loïc. "Analyse temporelle et spatiale des composantes chimiques, hydromorphologiques et diatomiques en relation avec les changements globaux". Toulouse 3, 2011. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/1474/.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis aimed at assessing the effect of global changes on aquatic ecosystems. The exploratory analysis of the land cover patterns, physicochemical, hydromorphological, and diatom databases in the Adour-Garonne basin and the diatom flora of streams in French Guyana highlighted: 1) the effect of the global changes on the water quality characterized by the temperature increase and the significant mitigation of eutrophication ; 2) the strongest influence of the land cover patterns at the catchment scale ; 3) the persistence of the diatom flora and the change of community structures facing extreme stress due to gold mining ; These results testified their importance as for their potential transfers towards the fields of "applied research", particularly proposing: 1) a temporal reference frame of the chemical water quality of the Adour-Garonne basin ; 2) to integrate the land cover patterns extracted at the catchment scale in order to improve or develop new biomonitoring tools ; 3) the development of a new generic diatom index appropriate to the French Guyana context based on the diatom motility abilities
Vranken, Isabelle. "Quantifying landscape anthropisation patterns: concepts, methods and limits". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209128.
Texto completo da fonteenvironment has kept on growing so that little or no ecosystem in the world is now
considered as untouched. This induces pressures on ecosystem health and land scarcity.
Africa is of particular concern because it still presents broad undisturbed zones and
key ecosystem services, despite being submitted to increasing anthropogenic pressures.
Landscape ecology appears suitable for the study of such phenomena, thanks to its spacebased
integrative nature and geographical level of focus. It studies the impact of spatial
pattern transformation — especially heterogeneity and its components — on ecological
processes and provides powerful analytical tools of landscape anthropisation.
The main objective of this thesis is to organise the concepts and methods, from
landscape ecology and related disciplines, into a consistent logic, to pinpoint missing
analytical frameworks for response-oriented anthropisation assessment, and to apply them
to African cases to explore the spatial patterns of anthropisation. In order to address
landscape anthropisation, we assemble diverse disciplines into a logical network (DPSIR).
The new theoretical framework is tested on Lubumbashi (DRC). In order to address
spatial patterns, we first evaluate the thermodynamic connection of the term entropy in
landscape ecology: spatial heterogeneity, unpredictability and scale influence. Then, based
on 20 landscapes, we highlight the complex relationship between spatial heterogeneity
and landscape anthropisation. We finally use the modelled relationships to test the
anthropogenic origin of the spatial pattern of a land cover class in Lubumbashi.
The main results of this research show that several concepts are used to describe different
aspects of anthropisation and that its quantification strongly depends on the reference states.
Data formats can be combined into a new assessment method ensuring more precision
and comparability, but a good field knowledge is required. As for heterogeneity, the
existing definitions of landscape entropy follow the logic of thermodynamics or information
theory, that are not compatible. Only unpredictability could be properly interpreted in
thermodynamic terms if energy transfer measurements were performed at the appropriate
level. The anthropogenic effects on heterogeneity completely diverge depending on the
amount of already anthropised surface, on the land cover type (natural or anthropogenic),
and on the heterogeneity components.
The aforementioned findings could be adapted to include functional aspects and
better address the relationship between spatial pattern and ecological processes. Such
integration would help designing response actions that can recommend human activities
and spatial patterns that could optimise the use of land to ensure ecological functioning
while supporting human development. /
L’influence croissante de l’homme sur son environnement affecte désormais le monde
entier, ce qui induit des pressions sur la santé des écosystèmes et raréfie les ressources
en terres. L’Afrique présente un intérêt particulier à cet égard car elle contient de vastes
zones quasi vierges et fournit des services écosystémiques importants mais est soumise
à des pressions anthropiques croissantes. L’écologie du paysage étudie ces phénomènes
de façon intégrative au moyen de sa composante spatiale et de son échelle d’intérêt. Elle
étudie l’impact des transformations de la structure spatiale — en particulier l’hétérogénéité
et ses différentes composantes—sur les processus écologiques et fournit de puissants outils
analytiques de l’anthropisation.
L’objectif de cette thèse est d’organiser les concepts et méthodes de différentes disciplines
de façon à mettre en évidence leurs forces et faiblesses pour proposer une nouvelle
quantification de l’anthropisation, orientée vers la gestion, et de la tester sur des paysages
africains pour examiner la structure spatiale de l’anthropisation. Le DPSIR est utilisé pour
assembler les différents concepts. La nouvelle méthodologie est testée sur Lubumbashi
(RDC). Ensuite, le lien entre la thermodynamique et l’utilisation du terme entropie en
écologie du paysage est examiné. Vingt paysages servent alors à mettre en évidence la
complexité de l’impact de l’anthropisation sur l’hétérogénéité du paysage. Enfin, cette
modélisation sert à mettre en évidence l’origine anthropique de la structure spatiale d’une
classe d’occupation du sol à Lubumbashi.
Les résultats principaux de cette recherche sont que pléthore de termes sont utilisés
pour représenter différents aspects de l’anthropisation et que sa quantification dépend de
la définition d’états de référence. Cependant, la combinaison de différents formats de
données peut aboutir à une nouvelle méthodologie plus précise et adaptable, mais cela
nécessite une bonne connaissance de terrain. Les définitions de l’entropie dépendent soit de
la thermodynamique soit de la théorie de l’information, qui ne sont pas compatibles. Seule
l’imprévisibilité pourrait être interprétée thermodynamiquement, si les mesures de transfert
d’énergie étaient effectuées à l’échelle appropriée. L’impact humain sur l’hétérogénéité
diverge selon la quantité de surface déjà anthropisée, le type de couverture du sol pris en
compte ainsi que les composantes de l’hétérogénéité mesurées.
Ces découvertes peuvent être adaptées pour intégrer des aspects fonctionnels de la
structure spatiale et mieux cerner le lien entre celle-ci et le fonctionnement écologique, ce qui
permettrait de proposer des activités humaines et des structures spatiales qui optimiseraient
l’utilisation des ressources en sol pour assurer tant le fonctionnement écologique que le
développement humain.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Fiset, Robert. "Système prototype pour le suivi des changements de l'occupation du sol en milieu urbain fondé sur les images du satellite RADARSAT-1". Thèse, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/17608.
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