Artigos de revistas: "Unskilled labor – united states"

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Rosenbloom, Joshua L. "Occupational Differences in Labor Market Integration: The United States in 1890". Journal of Economic History 51, n.º 2 (junho de 1991): 427–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700039048.

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When labor markets are subject to large demand or supply shocks, as was the case in the late nineteenth-century United States, geographic wage differentials may not be an accurate index of market integration. This article uses a conceptually more appealing measure—the elasticity of local labor supply—to compare the integration of urban labor markets for a variety of occupations in 1890. According to this measure, markets, for unskilled labor and skilled metal-working trades appear relatively well integrated in comparison to those for the skilled building trades.

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Roy, Nalanda. "Immigration and Security—Post 9/11 United States". Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 17, n.º 4 (16 de agosto de 2018): 451–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341488.

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AbstractThis article explores the changing relationship between immigration and security in the post-9/11 United States. When it comes to immigration before 9/11, security was not the overarching concern in the US; rather, the focus was on economic interest, skilled and unskilled labor, family reunification, etc. However, immediately after 9/11, security became indisputably prioritized. In fact, September 11 changed the way Americans started to look at security, and this led to a thickening of the balance between the two.

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Coetzee, Liza (ESM), Hanneke du Preez e Natasha K. Smale. "South African Tax Incentives To Alleviate Unemployment: Lessons From United States Of America Approaches". International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER) 12, n.º 7 (16 de julho de 2013): 769. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/iber.v12i7.7965.

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A quarter of the labour force in South Africa is currently unemployed with the majority of the unemployed being unskilled youth. One of the major causes seems to be the commanding power of trades union resulting in a high minimum wage for unskilled workers, which results in a reduction in the demand for unskilled labour. To reduce the current unemployment rate in South Africa, policy decisions should be focused on youth employment with emphasis on skills development. Policy should also stimulate growth of small, medium and micro enterprises in order to stimulate job creation. A literature review indicates that current tax incentives in South Africa do not incentivise employers to hire unskilled youth labour, and are not applied on a wide enough scale to significantly impact the overall unemployment statistics. The proposed youth wage subsidy will increase the demand for unskilled labour by reducing the cost of labour. However, to have the desired impact, the participation rate must be high. The proposed subsidy was analysed against the successes and failures of subsidies implemented in the USA. It was found that many of the flaws identified in the USA have been avoided.Based on the above, the recommendation is that the proposed youth wage subsidy is plausible in a South African context and should be implemented. The main concern is that newly employed youth would replace workers who do not meet the qualifications of the subsidy. This would have to be taken into account by policy makers.

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McAdam, Peter, e Alpo Willman. "UNRAVELING THE SKILL PREMIUM". Macroeconomic Dynamics 22, n.º 1 (24 de janeiro de 2017): 33–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100516000547.

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For the United States, the supply and wages of skilled labor relative to those of unskilled labor have grown over the postwar period. The literature has tended to explain this through “skill-biased technical change” (SBTC). Empirical work has concentrated around two variants: (1) capital-skill complementarity, (2) skill-augmenting technical change. Our purpose is to nest and discriminate between these two explanations. We do so in the framework of multilevel Constant Elasticity of Substitution (CES) production function, where factors are disaggregated into skilled and unskilled labor, and capital into structures and equipment capital. Using a five-equation system approach and several nesting alternatives, we retrieve estimates of the substitution elasticities and technical changes. Our estimations can produce results in line with capital-skill-complementarity hypothesis. However, those results are outperformed where the only source of the widening skill premium has been skill-augmenting technical change. We also show that the different explanations for SBTC have different implications for projected developments of the premium.

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Shin, Eui Hang, e Kyung-Sup Chang. "Peripherization of Immigrant Professionals: Korean Physicians in the United States". International Migration Review 22, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1988): 609–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791838802200404.

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Using data on the characteristics of 1,043 physicians graduated from a medical school in Korea, we analyze the effects of immigrant status, gender, and year of graduation on their choice of medical practice specialty. The specialty areas are categorized into two groups, “core” and “periphery”, on the basis of the reported median income of practitioners in each specialty. The results of our log-linear model analyses indicate that female physicians were more likely to immigrate to the United States than male physicians, although the general trend of immigration did not notably change over time. In our main equation, immigrant status shows a significant peripherization effect as immigrant physicians were much more likely to practice in peripheral areas than their home-staying counterparts. Gender status is also found to have a significant peripherization effect. When these Korean immigrant physicians are compared with the U.S.-educated physicians in regard to their areas of practice, the same pattern of peripherization is observed among the immigrants. Our findings suggest that, despite their secular image of “success”, immigrant professionals in the United States carry on the same kind of marginal economic activities within the professional labor market as unskilled immigrant workers do within the nonprofessional labor market.

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Iskander, Natasha N. "On Detention and Skill: Reflections on Immigrant Incarceration, Bodying Practices, and the Definition of Skill". American Behavioral Scientist 63, n.º 9 (21 de março de 2019): 1370–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002764219835257.

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The use of detention as a tool of immigrant enforcement has grown in the United States and around the world. In this article, I examine the practices used to structure the physical detention of immigrants and explore the role that carceral immigrant control plays as a form of labor market governance. I argue that the same security and detention practices that equate being out of status with criminality are also used to tag immigrants as unskilled. Through the delineation of skill categories, which are vested with certain political rights, I posit that this carceral enforcement of skill categories shapes how immigrants are able to navigate the labor market, with particular attention to the implications for recipients of DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals) protections.

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Claudia Sadowski-Smith. "Unskilled Labor Migration and the Illegality Spiral: Chinese, European, and Mexican Indocumentados in the United States, 1882–2007". American Quarterly 60, n.º 3 (2008): 779–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/aq.0.0037.

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Dinopoulos, Elias, e Paul Segerstrom. "A Schumpeterian Model of Protection and Relative Wages". American Economic Review 89, n.º 3 (1 de junho de 1999): 450–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.89.3.450.

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This paper presents a dynamic general equilibrium model of R&D-based trade between two structurally identical countries in which both innovation and skill acquisition rates are endogenously determined. Trade liberalization increases R&D investment and the rate of technological change. It also reduces the relative wage of unskilled workers and results in skill upgrading within each industry when R&D is the skilled-labor intensive activity relative to manufacturing of final products. Time-series evidence from the United States and simulation analysis support the empirical relevance of the model, which offers a North–North trade explanation for increasing wage inequality. (JEL F10, F12, F13, D32, D41)

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Fairchild, Amy L. "The Rise and Fall of the Medical Gaze: The Political Economy of Immigrant Medical Inspection in Modern America". Science in Context 19, n.º 3 (setembro de 2006): 337–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269889706000962.

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ArgumentIn this paper I examine the mass medical inspections of immigrants to the United States from the 1890s through the 1920s. I show how, framed as it was not only by nativism and eugenics but also by national industrial imperatives and priorities, scientific medicine served dual purposes. On the one hand, the medical exam was a tool for managing cultural and biological threats to the nation. There were regional variations in medical inspections that reflected the politics of race. On the other hand, the medical exam played an important role in the process of building an unskilled, highly mobile labor force. The industrial demands of the nation provided a rationale for drawing and absorbing millions of European immigrants into the labor force. It was thus a distinct product of the political economy of immigration. It was this second function that characterized the exam for the majority of immigrants entering the nation.

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Tsai, Yi-Chan, C. C. Yang e Hsin-Jung Yu. "Rising skill premium and the dynamics of optimal capital and labor taxation". Quantitative Economics 13, n.º 3 (2022): 1061–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/qe1326.

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With capital‐skill complementarity, the secular decline in the price of capital equipment due to equipment‐specific technological progress (ESTP) keeps pushing up the demand for skilled relative to unskilled labor and raising the skill premium. This paper quantitatively characterizes the dynamics of optimal taxation in response. Two main results emerge, regardless of whether the Ramsey (1927) or the Mirrlees (1971) approach is adopted. First, a tax on capital equipment corrects the “pecuniary externalities” caused by ESTP. The correction prescribes a downward or an upward adjustment of tax rates over time, depending on whether ESTP takes place at an accelerated or a decelerated pace. Second, both Ramsey and Mirrlees approaches prescribe an increasing marginal tax rate on labor income over time. Interestingly, we find that the prescribed pattern of optimal taxation resembles the empirical decline in capital taxes and the increase in labor taxes observed in the United States. In particular, despite the significant rise in the skill premium, the welfare gains of tax reform toward optimal Ramsey taxes are modest and small.

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Norton, Michael I. "Unequality". Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences 1, n.º 1 (outubro de 2014): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2372732214550167.

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Who should get what, and what are the consequences? Economic inequality in the United States has been rising for decades, yet only recently have behavioral scientists explored two central questions surrounding the optimal level of inequality. First, what are the effects of increased inequality on citizens’ decisions and behavior? Second, what do citizens believe the “ideal” level of inequality should be? Critical input comes from better understanding increased inequality’s impact on the overall health of the economy—such as labor productivity—and assessing citizens’ preferences for distributing assets—such as income and wealth. Inequality’s impacts and citizens’ preferences inform the likely effects (and likely voter acceptance) of policies that affect inequality, from taxation to spending on education and health care. Research reveals that Americans from all walks of life—rich and poor, liberal and conservative—endorse unequality: unequal outcomes (rich people have more than poor people) but far less inequality than the current state of affairs. For example, the actual pay ratio of CEOs to unskilled workers in the United States is 354:1, but Americans report an ideal ratio of 7:1—unequal, but more equal. Moreover, research shows that increasing inequality often has negative effects: decreasing motivation and labor productivity, impairing decision making, and increasing ethical lapses. In sum, behavioral research supports the benefits of policies aimed at achieving unequality.

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Vaa, Leulu Felise. "The Future of Western Samoan Migration to New Zealand". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 1, n.º 2 (junho de 1992): 313–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689200100206.

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The history of Samoan migration to New Zealand, a demographic profile of the migrants, and the future of such migration are discussed. Migration became a serious phenomenon after independence in 1962, with primarily young, unskilled workers moving to take up jobs in the agricultural and service sectors. Remaining essentially unchanged since 1962, New Zealand's immigration policy gives preferential treatment to Western Samoans and recognizes their valuable labor contribution. The future of migration to New Zealand is discussed in the context of the costs and benefits to Western Samoa. Contrary to some observers, the author argues that emigration has been beneficial rather than deleterious to Western Samoa's development and predicts the continuation of Samoan migration to New Zealand, Australia, United States and other countries, with increased emphasis on family reunion.

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Merrill, Michael. "Even Conservative Unions Have Revolutionary Effects: Frank Tannenbaum on the Labor Movement". International Labor and Working-Class History 77, n.º 1 (2010): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547909990287.

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AbstractFrank Tannenbaum is best known for his studies of Mexican agrarian reform and for his contributions to the comparative history of slavery and slave societies. But as a young man he had made a name for himself as a notorious labor agitator, and he went on to publish two books on the US labor movement, which are worthy of reconsideration as important interpretations of independent trade unionism and political reform. The first volume appeared in 1921 and offered an original perspective on the popular syndicalism that formed such a large, positive element of the philosophy of the International Workers of the World (IWW), to the extent it had one, at the center of which lay the struggle for social recognition on the part of immigrant and (supposedly) unskilled workers. The second appeared thirty years later and provided a thoughtful defense of the private, employment-based welfare and industrial relations system that the New Deal established in the United States. Together the books offer a provocative account of the social and individual radicalism of US-style “pure and simple” trade unionism.

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Puhani, Patrick A. "Transatlantic Differences in Labour Markets: Changes in Wage and Non-Employment Structures in the 1980s and the 1990s". German Economic Review 9, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2008): 312–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00435.x.

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Abstract Rising wage inequality in the United States and Britain and rising continental European unemployment have led to a popular view in the economics profession that these two phenomena are related to negative relative demand shocks against the unskilled, combined with flexible wages in the Anglo-Saxon countries, but wage rigidities in continental Europe (‘Krugman hypothesis’). This paper tests this hypothesis based on seven large person-level data sets for the 1980s and the 1990s. I use a more sophisticated categorization of low-skilled workers than previous studies, which exhibits differences between German workers with and without apprenticeship training, particularly in the 1980s. I find evidence for the Krugman hypothesis when Germany is compared with the United States. However, supply changes differ considerably between countries, with Britain experiencing enormous increases in skill supply explaining the relatively constant British skill premium in the 1990s.

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Rakotoarisoa, Manitra A. "Will Liberalizing the Services Trade between Developing and Developed Countries Solve Employment Problems in a Post-Pandemic Recovery? The Case of ACP-EU Services Trade". SocioEconomic Challenges 5, n.º 4 (2021): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/sec.5(4).74-89.2021.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated the asymmetric employment problems in the global services sector. Would a liberalization of the highly protected services trade between the rich and poorer countries help solve such problems? This paper contributes to answering that question by analyzing the impacts on welfare and employment of an hypothetical liberalization of the services trade between the Africa, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) and their rich partners in the European Union and the United Kingdom (EU+UK). For both the ACP and EU +UK, their service sectors play important role in their economy, especially in providing jobs. The services sectors employ the majority of unskilled labor and the large majority of skilled labor. For instance, in the EU+UK, 67% of employed unskilled and 82% of employed skilled workers are in the service sectors; the respective figures for ACP countries are 54% and 90%. These figures indicate that any change in trade policies for the services sector will affect not just the services but also other sectors such agriculture and manufacturing in ACP and EU countries. To analyze the impacts of services trade liberalization on welfare an employment, I use a Computable General Equilibrium model that takes into account the labor productivity gaps among trading countries. Results show that although ACP services represents only about 24% of ACP’s total exports to and 28% of ACP’s total import from the EU+UK, halving the bilateral tariffs in services trade will generate for the ACP a welfare gain 3.4 times larger than the gain under elimination of bilateral tariffs on goods. Such liberalization of services trade will generate significant endowment effects equivalent to 410,000 new jobs per year, mostly in the services sector. The employment and welfare gains will also reach other sectors, including agriculture, as services trade costs are reduced. The liberalization of services trade will raise wages, especially for ACP’s skilled labor. All these ACP’s gains will increase further if its labor productivity improves. Despite a slight decline in wages for EU+UK’s skilled labor, the EU+UK will gain about 7.8 billion USD in welfare. Overall, liberalization of the services trade between ACP and EU+UK will help solve their employment problems and should not be delayed.

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Mishel, Lawrence. "How automation and skill gaps fail to explain wage suppression or wage inequality". Industrial and Corporate Change 31, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2022): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/icc/dtac004.

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Abstract Wage gaps between “skilled” and “unskilled” earners in the United States are conventionally attributed to U.S. workers’ “skill deficits,” or lack of skills necessary to deal with technological change, particularly automation. This paper argues instead that skills deficit/automation claims have always been a weak explanation for post-1979 trends. Since the mid-1990s all indications are that there is no basis for considering automation to be a significant factor in wage suppression or the growth of wage inequality. Rather, inequality growth has been an outgrowth of developments in the labor market rather than product markets. The key dynamic undercutting the typical worker’s wage growth has been the strengthening of employers’ power relative to their white-collar and blue-collar workers. The cause has not been monopoly firms exercising their power in product markets by charging higher prices to consumers. Monopolization has indeed contributed to wage suppression, but even this factor has largely run through the labor market, as monopoly firms squeezed supplier chain firms which in turn undercut their own workers’ wages while seeing a profit squeeze as well. The paper concludes that what is needed is a better balancing of power in the labor market rather than a perfecting of competition.

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Zheng, Yu. "THE ROLE OF EDUCATION SIGNALING IN EXPLAINING THE GROWTH OF THE COLLEGE WAGE PREMIUM". Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, n.º 3 (6 de junho de 2017): 1247–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000232.

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This paper incorporates an education signaling mechanism into a dynamic model of production and asks if “higher education as a signal” helps explain the simultaneous increase in the supply and price of skilled relative to unskilled labor in the United States since 1980. The key mechanism is that if college degrees serve as a signal of unobservable talent and talent is productive at the workplace, then improved access to college will enable a higher fraction of the population to signal talent by completing college, resulting in degrees being a better signal about talent and a widening skill premium. When I assess the contribution of signaling in the model calibrated to the US economy from 1980 to 2003, I find that about 10% of the increase in the skill premium can be attributed to the signaling mechanism, after adjusting for the potential decline in the quality of college graduates.

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P, P., Hwy-Chang Moon, P. P e P. P. "In Pursuit of Mutual Benefit: Applying the Extended Diamond Model to the US-China Trade Dispute". Academic Society of Global Business Administration 21, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2024): 20–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.38115/asgba.2024.21.2.20.

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This article recalls for cooperation between the United States (US) and China amid their escalating competition. It emphasizes the necessity and possibility of collaboration, advocating for win-win outcomes rather than antagonistic win-lose or lose-lose scenarios. The analysis utilizes the extended diamond model to assess comprehensive national competitiveness, identifying both countries’ comparative advantages across various sub-factors. China’s strengths lie in basic sub-factors: unskilled labor supply, market quantity, infrastructure availability, and competitive stability. On the other hand, the US excels in advanced sub-factors: skilled labor supply, market quality, synergy creation, and competitive dynamics. The contrasting but complementary strengths and weaknesses highlight the multifaceted nature of their competitive strengths. Recognizing and leveraging these respective advantages can lead to collaborative synergies, fostering mutual benefits. Such an approach enables both nations to enhance their national competitiveness and achieve mutual prosperity. This study specifically underscores the potential for the US and China to contribute synergistically to each other’s growth by capitalizing on their unique strengths. The findings also provide implications for multinational corporations (MNCs) in choosing the locations for their overseas operations, particularly in the US and China.

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O'RYAN, RAÚL, CARLOS J. DE MIGUEL, SEBASTIAN MILLER e MAURICIO PEREIRA. "The Socioeconomic and environmental effects of free trade agreements: a dynamic CGE analysis for Chile". Environment and Development Economics 16, n.º 3 (3 de agosto de 2010): 305–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355770x10000227.

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ABSTRACTThis paper undertakes a quantitative analysis of the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of different trade agreements for Chile. A dynamic general equilibrium model is used to compare the consequences of unilateral liberalization and trade agreements with the European Union (EU) and the United States (USA). The results show that economic gains under the trade agreements are only significant if foreign investment increases or value added taxes are modified. Winners and losers depend on the agreement; however, unskilled labor-intensive sectors always progress. Consequently, these agreements seem to be good for the poorest groups. Some natural resource intensive sectors significantly increase their production with the EU and the US agreements, also increasing the environmental pressures. CO2 and PM-10 emissions are not very different under these agreements as compared to business as usual – under which environmental pressures increase significantly. The results show the importance of economy-wide analysis of trade agreements in developing contexts.

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Anbinder, Tyler, Cormac Ó Gráda e Simone A. Wegge. "“The Best Country in the World”: The Surprising Social Mobility of New York’s Irish-Famine Immigrants". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 53, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2022): 407–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/jinh_a_01869.

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Abstract Historians generally portray the Irish immigrants who came to the United States, fleeing the Great Famine of the mid-nineteenth century, as hopelessly mired in poverty and hardship due to discrimination, a lack of occupational training, and oversaturated job markets in the East Coast cities where most of them settled. Although the digitization of census data and other records now enables the tracking of nineteenth-century Americans far more accurately than in the past, scholars have not utilized such data to determine whether the Famine Irish were, in fact, trapped on the bottom rungs of the American socioeconomic ladder. The use of a longitudinal database of Famine immigrants who initially settled in New York and Brooklyn indicates that the Famine Irish had far more occupational mobility than previously recognized. Only 25 percent of men ended their working careers in low-wage, unskilled labor; 44 percent ended up in white-collar occupations of one kind or another—primarily running saloons, groceries, and other small businesses.

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Winters, Jeffrey. "The Sunshine Solution". Mechanical Engineering 130, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2008): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2008-dec-1.

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This article discusses the innovative programs of Ausra, a solar power company based in Palo Alto, California, to convert sunshine into electricity. The team is trying to use the best tools available to design a renewable energy system that can be put together by largely unskilled labor and do it cheaply enough to be profitable. The paper also highlights that instead of using one parabolic surface, Ausra divides its mirrored reflectors into strips, each of which concentrates light into a set of pipes mounted 40 feet overhead. A single square mile of mirror field like this one near Bakersfield can generate as much as 80 MW. The Ausra manufacturing plant in Las Vegas is a garden-variety factory, using robotic welders and hard-hatted workers to build the trusses that support the mirrors. According to researchers, a look at a solar radiation map of the United States shows that finding sunshine ought not to be a problem. While the eastern half of the country has too many partly cloudy days to make much use of solar thermal power, the Southwest is one of the best locations in the world for it.

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Singh, Ruchi, e Ibrahim Sirkeci. "Editorial: Focus on Indian migrations". Migration Letters 18, n.º 3 (16 de maio de 2021): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ml.v18i3.1453.

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In this issue, we have brought together articles focusing on Indian and South Asian migration experiences and patterns. India has been a major player in international migration, including remittances flows, but also a major scene of internal migrations. This is to an extent perhaps expected as the second largest population in the world residing across a vast geography rich with ethnic, religious and linguistic diversity. The 2018 United Nations World Migration Report states that the Indian diaspora is the largest in the world, with over 15.6 million people living outside the Sub-continent. International migration from India can be traced back even before indentured labour flows initiated under the British colonialism. India is a leading country of origin and a major supplier of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled work force. These migration flows from India has attracted significant interest among scholars of migration studies. In this editorial, we are offering some insights and an overview of Indian migrations since the British era.

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Campuzano, Laura Restrepo, Gustavo Adolfo Hincapié Llanos, Jhon Wilder Zartha Sossa, Gina Lía Orozco Mendoza, Juan Carlos Palacio e Mariana Herrera. "Barriers to the Adoption of Innovations for Sustainable Development in the Agricultural Sector—Systematic Literature Review (SLR)". Sustainability 15, n.º 5 (1 de março de 2023): 4374. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15054374.

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In this article, we focused on studying the current barriers to implementing innovations in order for the agricultural sector to become more sustainable. Through a systematic literature review (SLR), 73 scientific articles were obtained with a search equation in SCOPUS. Of these, 48 were analyzed because of the mention of an obstacle preventing the sector from implementing innovations towards sustainability. Information related to the publication year, abstract, authors, keywords, innovation, innovation type, relationship with Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR), identified barrier, nature of the barrier (internal/external), agricultural subsector, country, and methodology of each article was identified, and with VantagePoint software, a technological surveillance technique was applied as a quantitative analysis of the information. The United States is the country with the most publications related to the subject. The most mentioned keywords were “Sustainable Agriculture”, “Agroecology”, “Climate Change”, “Innovation”, and “Organic Farming”. Additionally, a qualitative analysis showed 43 types of innovations, 16 of them related to technology. “Organic Agriculture” is the most mentioned innovation, followed by “Genetic Engineering” and “Precision Agriculture”. In addition, 51 barriers were identified, 28 external to farmers and 23 internal. “Lack of policies that promote that innovation Innovative Practices” is the most mentioned barrier, followed by “Epistemic Closure”, “Unfavorable Regulation”, Climate-Smart Agriculture, and “Unskilled Labor”. This article is intended not only to show trends in the barriers to innovation that prevents the achievement of sustainability that the agricultural sector needs, but also to serve as an input for the development of policies that provide solutions to these impediments. It was shown that 17 out of the 28 external barriers are related to topics that could be solved by formulating policies, laws, incentives, guidelines, and regulations.

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Susilo, Ignatia Bintang Filia Dei, e Dian Pujiatma Vera Subchanifa. "ASEAN LABOR MARKET INTEGRATION AND ITS SOCIAL EFFECTS FOR UNSKILLED LABOR MIGRATION". Jurnal Economia 12, n.º 1 (12 de setembro de 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/economia.v12i1.8227.

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Abstrak: Integrasi Pasar Tenaga Kerja ASEAN dan Dampak Sosial Terhadap Migrasi Tenaga Kerja Tidak Terampil. Sebagian besar negara–negara anggota ASEAN membutuhkan tenaga kerja profesional dan tenaga kerja yang tidak terampil. Tenaga kerja profesional memiliki hak–hak khusus, fasilitas, dan berbagai keuntungan, sedangkan tenaga kerja tidak terampil hanya memiliki sedikit hak dan lebih jarang menjadi topik utama kerjasama integrasi antar negara. Artikel ini akan membahas dampak sosial integrasi, terutama bagi tenaga kerja tidak terampil, dengan mengaitkan hubungan antara migrasi dan remittance di ASEAN, sektor tenaga kerja, dan pengelolaan imigrasi yang dilakukan pemerintah. Sebagian besar negara anggota ASEAN harus meningkatkan standar kinerja dan gaji, menyediakan pelatihan, dan meningkatkan tingkat pendidikan. Terdapat beberapa dampak sosial yang muncul. Namun, beberapa dampak tersebut akan dapat ditangani apabila pemerintah memiliki komitmen dalam menerapkan kebijakannya. Kata kunci: integrasi ekonomi, remittance, pekerja migran, tenaga kerja tidak terampil Abstract: ASEAN Labor Market Integration and Its Social Effects for Unskilled Labor Migration. Member states of ASEAN mainly needed two criteria of foreign labor: highly skilled professionals or its counterpart, unskilled workers. High-skilled professionals are provided with some rights and benefits. Unskilled migrants are equipped with very limited rights and hardly subject to integration approaches. This paper will discuss the social effect of integration, notably the unskilled labor, by linking migration and remittance in ASEAN, labor based on sectored pattern, and immigration governance. Countries need to improve working conditions and wages, provide professional training and improve education for every level of workers. There are some social effects but can be managed if the governments committed to their policy. Keywords: economic integration, remittance, migrant worker, unskilled labor

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Hall, Mitchell. "United States Labor History". Michigan Historical Review 24, n.º 1 (1998): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20173724.

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Wood, Adrian. "How Trade Hurt Unskilled Workers". Journal of Economic Perspectives 9, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1995): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.9.3.57.

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This paper argues that the main cause of the deteriorating economic position of unskilled workers in the United States and other developed countries has been expansion of trade with developing countries. In the framework of a Heckscher-Ohlin model, it outlines the evidence in support of this view, responds to criticisms of this evidence, and challenges the evidence for the alternative view that the problems of unskilled workers are caused mainly by new technology. The paper concludes with a look at the future and at the implications for public policy.

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Bustamante, Jorge A. "Mexico-United States Labor Migration Flows". International Migration Review 31, n.º 4 (1997): 1112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2547426.

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Bustamante, Jorge A. "Mexico-United States Labor Migration Flows". International Migration Review 31, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1997): 1112–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839703100413.

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Greenwood, Michael J., Gary L. Hunt e Ulrich Kohli. "The factor-market consequences of unskilled immigration to the United States". Labour Economics 4, n.º 1 (março de 1997): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0927-5371(96)00020-6.

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Makhlouf, Hany H. "The Labor Movements In The United States And The United Kingdom". Review of Social Sciences 1, n.º 4 (25 de abril de 2016): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.18533/rss.v1i4.28.

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The rise of the labor movements in the United Kingdom in the 17th century and in the United States in the 19th century, their growth through most of the 20th century, and their steady decline since the 1970s reflect several similarities and differences in their experiences, strategies, tactics, and goals. Both movements faced many early challenges that threatened their survival, and went through growth periods, followed by the current decline phase in which they are struggling to prove their worth and relevance in changing economies and new labor market realities. This article examines the similarities and differences in these labor movements’ experiences, and in their past and current environments. It argues that labor unions are not likely to face the destiny of the dinosaurs, but they may have to continue to evolve, adjust, and innovate to stop their decline and appeal to a changing labor force. Their bread and butter focus, however, is likely to remain as the core of their existence.

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Freeman, Joshua B. "The Leading Labor Historian in the United States". International Labor and Working-Class History 82 (2012): 30–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547912000269.

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David Montgomery, the leading labor historian in the United States, died on December 2, 2011, at age eighty-four. His many articles and books, especially Beyond Equality: Labor and the Radical Republicans, 1862–1872; Workers' Control in America: Studies in the History of Work, Technology, and Labor Struggles; and The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925, profoundly reshaped our understanding of the history of American workers.

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Chung, Yongkyun. "Labor Hoarding and SRIRL Pardox: Some Evidences from United Kingdom and United States". International Area Review 1, n.º 1 (dezembro de 1997): 175–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/223386599700100111.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the significance of the labor hoarding phenomenon in explaining the SRIRL paradox, or procyclical productivity. Accordingly previous work in these areas is particularly important. First, the direct measurement of labor hoarding shows how prominent the labor hoarding phenomenon is in various industries. Second, evidences of SRIRL at business cycle frequencies are mixed. Third, recent literature on labor hoarding tests indicates that labor hoarding is an indispensible ingredient to explain SRIRL or procyclical productivity among competing hypotheses.

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Farrell, Amy, Katherine Bright, Ieke de Vries, Rebecca Pfeffer e Meredith Dank. "Policing labor trafficking in the United States". Trends in Organized Crime 23, n.º 1 (28 de maio de 2019): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12117-019-09367-6.

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Barenberg, M. "Labor federalism in the United States: lessons for international labor rights". Journal of International Economic Law 3, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2000): 303–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jiel/3.2.303.

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Cohn, Raymond L., e Simone A. Wegge. "Overseas Passenger Fares and Emigration from Germany in the Mid-Nineteenth Century". Social Science History 41, n.º 3 (2017): 393–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.16.

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Mid-nineteenth-century German immigrants who settled in the United States and other faraway destinations faced the formidable hurdle of crossing an ocean and coming up with the resources to pay for it. Using new data from German emigrant newspapers we provide more concrete information on the fares to various international ports, and how they varied seasonally and by method of transport (sail or steam). We do not observe fares declining in the late 1840s and 1850s. Unskilled German workers could not easily afford such a voyage, providing perspective on why German immigration to the United States was positively self-selected.

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Le, Kien T., Stacy Pancratz e Abdoulaye Diop. "Labor Camp Surveys in GCC Countries: Group Quarter Subsampling". Field Methods 31, n.º 1 (7 de janeiro de 2019): 76–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1525822x18815416.

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The Gulf Cooperation Council is a regional cooperation of six Middle Eastern countries—Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Bahrain, and Oman. A common feature of these countries is the existence of many group quarters, usually called labor camps, a term used to refer to housing accommodations for unskilled migrants where nonrelated people live together. The camp size ranges from a few people to a few thousand people from many different countries who speak dozens of languages. Also, the camp size and the composition of residents inside the camps change relatively quickly as people move in and out of the camps as their labor contracts expire or project needs change. This article presents one way to subsample this dynamic population inside such labor camps. The technique was used in one survey conducted in Qatar, where more than half of the country’s population resides in labor camps.

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Rosenfeld, Jake. "US Labor Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Understanding Laborism Without Labor". Annual Review of Sociology 45, n.º 1 (30 de julho de 2019): 449–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022559.

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In recent years, labor studies has flourished even as labor unions in the United States have continued their long-term downward trajectory. One strain of this research has situated the labor movement, and its decline, at the center of economic inequality's rise in the United States. Another has explored the labor movement's interconnections with political dynamics in the contemporary United States, including how labor's demise has reshaped the polity and policies. This body of scholarship also offers insights into recent stirrings of labor resurgence, ranging from the teachers’ strikes of 2017 to the Fight for 15 minimum wage initiatives. Yet the field's reliance on official union membership rates as the standard measure of union strength, and on official strike statistics as the standard measure of union activism, prevents it from fully understanding the scope and durability of worker activism in the post-Wagner age.

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Stern, Robert N., e Ronald Filippelli. "Labor Conflict in the United States: An Encyclopedia." Industrial and Labor Relations Review 45, n.º 1 (outubro de 1991): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2524712.

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Marshall, Lydia Wilson. "Women, Slavery, and Labor in the United States". Journal of African Diaspora Archaeology and Heritage 11, n.º 2 (4 de maio de 2022): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21619441.2022.2102835.

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Dao, Mai, Davide Furceri e Prakash Loungani. "Regional Labor Market Adjustments in the United States". IMF Working Papers 14, n.º 211 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9781498302715.001.

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Martin, Philip. "Labor Standards in the United States and Canada". American Journal of Agricultural Economics 88, n.º 4 (novembro de 2006): 1119–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2006.00921_4.x.

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Brooks, Tequila, Richard N. Block, Karen Roberts e R. Oliver Clarke. "Labor Standards in the United States and Canada". Industrial and Labor Relations Review 57, n.º 4 (julho de 2004): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4126690.

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Jacoby, Dan. "Looking Backward on Labor in the United States". WorkingUSA 3, n.º 5 (janeiro de 2000): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-4580.2000.00027.x.

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Mason, Philip P. "Labor archives and collections in the United States". Labor History 31, n.º 1-2 (março de 1990): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00236569000890021.

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Schrank, Andrew. "Rebuilding Labor Power in the Postindustrial United States". ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 685, n.º 1 (setembro de 2019): 172–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716219868672.

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Workers in the United States have lost their voice (or influence) in Washington and the workplace. Industrial unions are ill-suited to the postindustrial economy, and alternative organs of representation and influence (i.e., “alt-labor”) are trapped in a vicious circle of vulnerability and volatility that limits their likely growth. As a result of this, power is increasingly skewed toward employers and their political allies, who add to labor’s difficulties by eliminating and evading remaining labor protections. The federal government could help to restore a balance of power between workers and employers by establishing and enforcing a robust wage floor: (1) a $15 an hour minimum wage, (2) a nationwide hotline for workers who believe that their rights had been violated (“911 for workers”), and (3) a database that would allow regulatory agencies and worker organizations to rationalize and coordinate labor and employment law efforts. Doing so would produce a positive feedback loop so workers regain their voice on the job and in politics.

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Goldfield, Michael. "Race and Labor Organization in the United States". Monthly Review 49, n.º 3 (6 de julho de 1997): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14452/mr-049-03-1997-07_6.

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Marsh, Derek J. "Understanding and Pursuing Labor Trafficking Cases Collaboratively". Societies 13, n.º 4 (30 de março de 2023): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/soc13040085.

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The disparity between sex and labor federal prosecutions in the United States underscores the significant degree to which labor trafficking investigations and prosecutions have been marginalized since the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) was enacted in 2000 in the United States. This article focuses on the issue of labor trafficking and considers the importance of collaborating with multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional organizations to successfully pursue labor trafficking cases. Labor trafficking in the United States is defined, the importance of executive leadership support is reviewed, and suggestions for stakeholders to proactively identify potential foreign national and domestic labor trafficking cases are explored using the barrier model. A discussion of the trauma experienced by labor trafficking victims is made to further underscore the importance of including service providers in anti-labor trafficking collaborations.

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Liu, Zidi, Jisheng Si e Wei Wang. "Impact of Climate Policies on Occupations in the United States". Advances in Economics, Management and Political Sciences 52, n.º 1 (1 de dezembro de 2023): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2754-1169/52/20230704.

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Climate policies benefit the environment, but they can also incur costs in the economy. This paper examines two climate policies, which are carbon tax and cap and trade, and focuses on the impact of carbon tax and cap and trade on occupations in the United States, since different states in the U.S. implement different climate policies. The study finds that carbon tax and cap and trade benefit green occupations, skilled occupations, and large-sized firms and damage non-green occupations, unskilled occupations, and small and middle-sized firms. By analyzing and comparing the employment rate of occupations in each category, this study determines that climate policies stifle occupations, but not all types of occupations, and when certain premises are met, carbon tax creates occupations. This research paper contributes to the literature by exploring the costs of carbon tax and cap and trade and helps the public to respond to environmental issues more effectively.

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Azoulay, Pierre, Benjamin F. Jones, J. Daniel Kim e Javier Miranda. "Immigration and Entrepreneurship in the United States". American Economic Review: Insights 4, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2022): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aeri.20200588.

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Immigrants can expand labor supply and compete for jobs with native-born workers. But immigrants may also start new firms, expanding labor demand. This paper uses US administrative data and other data sources to study the role of immigrants in entrepreneurship. We ask how often immigrants start companies, how many jobs these firms create, and how firms founded by native-born individuals compare. A simple model provides a measurement framework for addressing the dual roles of immigrants as founders and workers. The findings suggest that immigrants act more as “job creators” than “job takers” and play outsized roles in US high-growth entrepreneurship. (JEL J15, J22, J23, J61, L26, M13)

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Ukolova, A. V., e B. Sh Dashieva. "US farm typology from agricultural census: labor resource analysis". Buhuchet v sel'skom hozjajstve (Accounting in Agriculture), n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 2021): 80–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-11-2111-07.

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This article analyzes the labor resources by farm type in the United States based on the 2017 Agricultural Census. The subject of the research is the system of statistical indicators of the availability and composition of labor resources, the object is the population of farms in the United States. Based on the study of the US experience, it is proposed to expand the program of the agricultural census of the Russian Federation under the section “Labor resources” and the system of groupings of observation units, including typological ones, when publishing the results. The analysis of labor resources by types of farms in the United States showed that there are significant differences in the availability and composition of labor resources.

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