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1
Borzyh, Stanislav. Universality of uniqueness. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1840173.
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The monograph is devoted to the uniqueness and universality of our being, earthly life, complexity, primarily multicellular organisms, intelligence and civilization. Despite the fact that all these phenomena are presented to us and in our person in the singular, their very existence indicates that, on the one hand, they obey the logic that runs through them all, and on the other hand, they observe certain universal rules for the implementation of something like this. That is, they are unique in their local representation, but they are constructed according to a template that applies to all such cases. The monograph consistently examines the multiplicity of hypostases of these realities and formulates the conclusion that, no matter how many of them there are, they must all fit into the mainstream of two principles — the embodied and the functional. Local conditions determine their final appearance, but the imperatives are the same for them all, and therefore these epithets do not contradict each other, but, on the contrary, are mutually complementary.
It is intended both for specialists in the field of epistemology, ontology and philosophy of life, and for the general public interested in real issues.
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Levinson, Joseph David. The hidden face of Purim: Judaism's critique of religious universalism. Jerusalem: Joseph Levinson, 2011.
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Katholizität der Inkarnation: Christliches Leben und Denken zwischen Universalität und Konkretion "nach" dem II. Vaticanum = Catholicite de l'incarnation : vie et pensee chretiennes entre universalite et concretion (d')apres Vatican II. Münster: Aschendorff Verlag, 2016.
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Jean-Nöel, Bezançon, e Institut supérieur de pastorale catéchétique., eds. Enracinement et universalité: La catéchèse face aux nationalités, aux cultures et aux religions. Paris: Desclée, 1991.
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The Selma awakening: How the Civil Rights movement tested and changed Unitarian universalism. Boston: Skinner House Books, 2014.
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1939-, Sitter-Liver Beat, e Hiltbrunner Thomas, eds. Universality, from theory to practice: An intercultural and interdiscplinary debate about facts, possibilities, lies and myths : 25th Colloquium (2007) of the Swiss Academy of Humanities and Social Sciences. Fribourg: Academic Press, 2009.
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Kanasaka, Kiyonori. Isabella Bird and Japan. Traduzido por Nicholas Pertwee. GB Folkestone: Amsterdam University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/9781898823513.
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This book places Bird's visit to Japan in the context of her worldwide life of travel and gives an introduction to the woman herself. Supported by detailed maps, it also offers a highly illuminating view of Japan and its people in the early years of the 'New Japan' following the Meiji Restoration of 1868, as well as providing a valuable new critique on what is often considered as Bird's most important work. The central focus of the book is a detailed exploration of Bird's journeys and the careful planning that went into them with the support of the British Minister, Sir Harry Parkes, seen as the prime mover, who facilitated her extensive travels through his negotiations with the Japanese authorities. Furthermore, the author dismisses the widely-held notion that Bird ventured into the field on her own, revealing instead the crucial part played by Ito, her young servant-interpreter, without whose constant presence she would have achieved nothing. Written by Japan's leading scholar on Isabella Bird, the book also addresses the vexed question of the hitherto universally-held view that her travels in Japan in 1878 only involved the northern part of Honshu and Hokkaido. This mistaken impression, the author argues, derives from the fact that the abridged editions of Unbeaten Tracks in Japan that appeared after the 1880 two-volume original work entirely omit her visit to the Kansai, which took in Osaka, Kyoto, Kobe and the Ise Shrines. Bird herself tells us that she wrote her book in the form of letters to her sister Henrietta but here the author proposes the intriguing theory that these letters were never actually sent. Many well-known figures, Japanese and foreign, are introduced as having influenced Bird's journey indirectly, and this forms a fascinating sub-text.
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Leonard, Richard D. Call to Selma: Eighteen days of witness. Boston: Skinner House Books, 2002.
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Mercati, Flavio. Relativity Without Relativity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789475.003.0007.
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This chapter describes the program, dubbed ‘Relativity without Relativity’, of deriving all the fundamental accepted facts at the basis of modern field theory from relational principles. A best-matching action based on Jacobi’s principle is in fact sufficient to derive the universality of the light cone (Special Relativity), the correct form of Maxwell’s action and its gauge invariance, as well as the Yang–Mills theory. Faraday is credited with the introduction of the concept of field in physics. He found it extremely useful, in particular for the description of magnetic phenomena, to use the concept of lines of force (1830s).
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Banu, Roxana. Universalism Versus Uniformity. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198819844.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the way in which relational internationalists referenced the transnational context of individual interests and how the pursuit of order and uniformity fits within the relational internationalist perspective. It is commonly assumed that all nineteenth-century individual-centered theories, especially Savigny’s, pled for an intransigent pursuit of order and uniformity. However, this chapter argues that this was rather the main motivation of state-centered theories focused on an analogy between PrIL and PublIL, and of individualistic theories focused on individual liberty. By emphasizing how their reconstruction of jus gentium and natural law was placed alongside their insistence on the particularity of each people, this chapter shows that the universalistic ideology of the relational internationalist authors referenced throughout this book is, in fact, considerably more fluid and more restrained than that of state-centric or individualistic authors. Furthermore, this chapter brings the relational internationalist perspective in conversation with twentieth-century German interest jurisprudence.
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Vieweg, Klaus. The State as a System of Three Syllogisms. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778165.003.0007.
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Hegel’s theory of the state is the culmination of his practical philosophy that he presents as a philosophy of freedom. However, many substantial contents of the Philosophy of Right remain unexplored unless one draws on the Science of Logic, which constitutes the coordination system of the argument. This chapter examines the fact that Hegel describes the state as a whole of three syllogisms. This does not apply to the structure of internal state law and to the political state (the constitution) only but also elucidates the overall structure of the state. Crucially, the application of the triad of the syllogism is realised in the context of interpreting the state as a single totality, that is as a whole that supplies its own inner logical mediation. So what is at stake is the justification of the individual freedom of all particular actors within the universality of a modern and democratic state.
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Mukherjee, Joia, e Paul Farmer. An Introduction to Global Health Delivery. 2a ed. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197607251.001.0001.
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What has called so many young people to the field of global health is the passion to be a force for change, to work on the positive side of globalization, and to be part of a movement for human rights. This passion stems from the knowledge that the world is not OK. Impoverished people are suffering and dying from treatable diseases, while the wealthy live well into their 80s and 90s. These disparities exist between and within countries. COVID-19 has further demonstrated the need for global equity and our mutual interdependence. Yet the road to health equity is long. People living in countries and communities marred by slavery, colonialism, resource extraction, and neoliberal market policies have markedly less access to health care than the wealthy. Developing equitable health systems requires understanding the history and political economy of communities and countries and working to adequately resource health delivery. Equitable health care also requires strong advocacy for the right to health. In fact, the current era in global health was sparked by advocacy—the activist movement for AIDS treatment access, for the universality of the right to health and to a share of scientific advancement. The same advocacy is needed now as vaccines and treatments are developed for COVID-19. This book centers global health in principles of equity and social justice and positions global health as a field to fulfill the universal right to health.
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Seth, Sanjay. Beyond Reason. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197500583.001.0001.
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The knowledge that for more than a century has been disseminated by universities and mobilized by states to govern populations first emerged in the early modern period in Europe. It subsequently became globalized through colonialism and Western global dominance; despite the historical and cultural specificity of its origins, it was claimed to have transcended these particularities such that, unlike premodern and non-Western knowledges, it could be assumed to be “universal,” that is, true for all times and places. Beyond Reason traverses many disciplines, including science studies, social history, art and music history, political science, and anthropology, to demonstrate that the presuppositions underpinning and enabling modern Western knowledge are under sustained challenge, and that defenses of a singular and universal Reason are no longer persuasive. Drawing upon and deriving its critical energies principally from postcolonial theory, Beyond Reason argues that modern knowledge and the social sciences are a product of Western modernity claiming a spurious universality and that they embody a form of reasoning, rather than Reason itself. It proceeds to focus on history and political science for the further elaboration of its argument. If the social sciences are not explained and validated simply by the fact that they are “true,” it becomes possible to ask what they “do.” Beyond Reason asks what representations and relations with the past and with politics the disciplines of history and political science enable, and what possibilities they foreclose.
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Khader, Serene J. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190664190.003.0001.
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This chapter introduces the central argument of Decolonizing Universalism. The book seeks a way out of the anti-imperialism/normativity dilemma, according to which we face a choice between (a) opposing imperialism and reducing feminism to a parochial Western conceit or (b) opposing gender injustice and embracing Western chauvinism. The solution to this dilemma is a universalism that does not treat Western values and interests as exhaustive of feminist normative possibilities. Nonideal universalism is a position according to which feminism is opposition to sexist oppression and transnational feminisms is a justice-enhancing praxis. This conception of transnational feminisms makes it possible to imagine a genuinely normative feminist position that does not license justificatory or constitutive imperialist intervention—and that does not require commitment to controversial forms of individualism or autonomy or to gender-role eliminativism. The introduction also discusses the book’s methodology and situates the book’s project within contemporary political philosophy and feminist theory.
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Grosby, Steven. National Identity, Nationalism, and the Catholic Church. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935420.013.61.
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This essay examines the relation of the religious universalism of the Catholic Church to nationality, patriotism, and the ideology of nationalism. In the abstract, one expects there to be a tension between monotheism and the existence of nations. However, the teachings of the Church are, in fact, remarkably nuanced, recognizing a natural, legitimate attachment to one’s fatherland or motherland. During the examination, problems of the point of departure and scope of the analysis are taken up, as well as historical examples such as theKulturkampfand the Church’s principle of subsidiarity, including the bearing on the latter on corporate personality and the development of the individual’s image of the self.
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Hardy, Duncan. Documentary Culture and Ritual. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198827252.003.0002.
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Political actors in Upper Germany interacted with one another through a shared repertoire of formats. Princes, prelates, nobles, and urban and communal governments all employed a similar array of documentary forms and ritualized transactions. The use of writing was characterized by ‘pragmatic literacy’: although by no means all elites could read, their interactions relied heavily on documents and records as means of communicating and supporting their governmental, financial, and judicial claims. In particular, the sealed charter, treaty, or contract (Siegelurkunde) had both symbolic and practical currency as proof of any kind of political or legal status, transaction, or relationship. Transactions and relationships were also legitimized by shared rituals performed during face-to-face encounters. The most important of these was the swearing of oaths, which formalized commitments through a quasi-sacred and universally recognized ceremony.
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Macauley, Robert C. The “Right to Die” (DRAFT). Editado por Robert C. Macauley. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199313945.003.0005.
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Formerly referred to as “passive euthanasia,” forgoing life-sustaining medical treatment came to be accepted in the 1970s based on a patient’s right to privacy. In order to achieve this societal shift, the practice was clearly distinguished from active euthanasia, which was universally rejected. Over the ensuing decades, other permutations of “the right to die”—including receiving intensive pain medication at the end of life and palliative sedation—were considered and accepted to varying degrees. Modern advocates of euthanasia now argue that it is not, in fact, so different from forgoing life-sustaining medical treatment, which endangers the critical consensus that lies at the heart of the patient rights movement. Voluntarily stopping eating and drinking is also discussed, as well as the ethical equivalence of withdrawing and withholding life-sustaining treatment.
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Verbaarschot, Jac. Quantum chaos and quantum graphs. Editado por Gernot Akemann, Jinho Baik e Philippe Di Francesco. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198744191.013.33.
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This article examines the origins of the universality of the spectral statistics of quantum chaotic systems in the context of periodic orbit theory. It also considers interesting analogies between periodic orbit theory and the sigma model, along with related work on quantum graphs. The article first reviews some facts and definitions for classically chaotic systems in order to elucidate their quantum behaviour, focusing on systems with two degrees of freedom: one characterized by ergodicity and another by hyperbolicity. It then describes two semiclassical approximation techniques — Gutzwiller’s periodic orbit theory and a refined approach incorporating the unitarity of the quantum evolution — and highlights their importance in understanding universal spectral statistics, and how they are related to the sigma model. This is followed by an analysis of parallel developments for quantum graphs, which are relevant to quantum chaos.
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Corrigan, John. Religion and Emotions. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252038051.003.0008.
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This chapter is an overview of emotions history in the context of religious studies. It remarks on several kinds of inquiry—including those having to do with popular and official religion; embodiment and objectification; words, knowledge, and feelings; religious meaning; and prospects. As intellectual history of a certain sort, the nearness of emotion to religion in the historical study of ethical thought models the ongoing influence of Christian language and the assumptions of emotional universality that are inscribed on that language. The ongoing resistance to claims for the constructedness of emotion in historical religious settings is less doctrinaire than it was in the mid to late twentieth century, but there is a strong impulse to take religious statements of emotion at face value. The result is some ongoing cultural tension between the scholarly querying of emotion and Christian-inflected thinking about religion.
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Hess, Burkhard, e Ana Koprivica Harvey, eds. Open Justice. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/9783845297620.
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The idea behind open justice, a principle widely recognised as a constituent of the rule of law and vital for the functioning of democratic societies, seems simple and universally accepted: a legal rule that requires courts to conduct their proceedings in public. However, it is less clear how we are to understand and implement this notion today. In the age of information technology, digital media and the transformation of the public sphere, this question merits careful consideration. In the face of the fast-changing landscape of dispute resolution and populist movements threatening to undermine judicial independence, what role should courts play in ensuring the degree of openness necessary to support the rule of law? Against this backdrop, this book seeks new approaches to the requirement for open justice in times of change, and revisits the place and role of courts in ensuring open justice in democratic societies. It offers a unique comparative insight thanks to a variety of approaches adopted by authors from diverse professional and academic backgrounds. Prof. Dr. Dres. h.c. Burkhard Hess is Director of the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law, and a professor at both the Université du Luxembourg and the University of Heidelberg. Ana Koprivica Harvey, LL.M. is a research fellow at the Max Planck Institute Luxembourg for International, European and Regulatory Procedural Law.
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Evans, Bethan, e Charlotte Cooper. Reframing Fatness: Critiquing ‘Obesity’. Edinburgh University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0012.
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Over the last twenty years or so, fatness, pathologised as overweight and obesity, has been a core public health concern around which has grown a lucrative international weight loss industry. Referred to as a ‘time bomb’ and ‘the terror within’, analogies of ‘war’ circulate around obesity, framing fatness as enemy.2 Religious imagery and cultural and moral ideologies inform medical, popular and policy language with the ‘sins’ of ‘gluttony’ and ‘sloth’, evoked to frame fat people as immoral at worst and unknowledgeable victims at best, and understandings of fatness intersect with gender, class, age, sexuality, disability and race to make some fat bodies more problematically fat than others. As Evans and Colls argue, drawing on Michel Foucault, a combination of medical and moral knowledges produces the powerful ‘obesity truths’ through which fatness is framed as universally abject and pathological. Dominant and medicalised discourses of fatness (as obesity) leave little room for alternative understandings.
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Alexandrowicz, C. H. Some Problems in the History of the Law of Nations in Asia (1963). Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198766070.003.0006.
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This chapter considers problems in the study of the history of the law of nations in Asia. It argues that international lawyers have focused their attention on the legal aspects of contemporary problems of international relations and politics, and on the operation of tribunals and quasi-tribunals and the case law they produce. Writers of present day treatises of international law devote just a few introductory pages to the history of the subject and these short chapters are often based on similar introductions in nineteenth-century treatises. The chapter discusses some of the elements of legal change in which European–Asian relations played a significant role; the gradual elimination of the natural law outlook by growing European positivism; the principle of universality of the law of nations and the principle of identity of de facto and de jure State sovereignty; and the use of capitulations to delay the ‘entry’ of Asian States into the family of nations.
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Stich, Stephen, Masaharu Mizumoto e Eric McCready, eds. Epistemology for the Rest of the World. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190865085.001.0001.
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Anglophone epistemologists have devoted a great deal of attention to the English word “know” and to English sentences used to attribute knowledge. Many contemporary epistemologists, including contextualists and subject-sensitive invariantists, are concerned with the truth-conditions of “S knows that p,” or the proposition it expresses. However, there are over 6,000 languages in the world. Thus, it is not clear why we should think that subtle facts about the English verb “know” have important implications for epistemology. Are the properties of the English word “know” and sentences of the form “S knows that p” shared in their translations into most or all other languages? This, what has been termed the universality thesis, raises many novel questions in the field of epistemology, whether it turns out to be true or false. The essays collected in this volume discuss these questions and related issues, and aim to contribute to the important new field of cross-cultural epistemology, as well as to epistemology in general.
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Lekson, Stephen H. Narrative Histories. Editado por Barbara Mills e Severin Fowles. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199978427.013.3.
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Southwest archaeology is oddly ahistorical. Since the turn of the nineteenth century, the development of the field led away from history and toward process: first, the anthropological processes by which the ethnographic Pueblos evolved; and second (with New and Processual archaeology), the processes evident in the Southwest that could, shorn of historical background clutter, apply universally. For most of the twentieth century, attempts at narrative history were dismissed as “just-so stories.” It is now recognized that the Southwest in fact did have history—a narrative specific to the Southwest, with many events having little to do with ethnographic Pueblos. The derision of history as “just-so stories” seems hard to shake, while residual scientism imposes inappropriate and impossible standards of proof. This chapter reviews the checkered history of history in Southwest archaeology, and suggests some ways to understand the narrative history of the pre-Hispanic Southwest.
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Bishop, Stephen L. Scripting Shame in African Literature. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800348431.001.0001.
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- Shame is one of the most frequent underlying emotions expressed throughout sub-Saharan African literature, yet studies of such literature almost universally ignore the topic in favour of a focus on the struggle for independence and the postcolonial situation, encompassing a search for individual, national, and ethnic identities and questions of corruption, changing gender roles, and conflicts between so-called tradition and modernity. Shame, however, is not antithetical to these investigations and, in fact, the persistent trope of shame undergirds many of them. This book locates these expressions of shame in sub-Saharan African literature and shows how its diverse literary representations underscore shame’s function as a fulcrum in the mutual constitution of subject and community on the continent. Though shame research is dominated by Western definitions and theories, this study emphasizes the centrality of African conceptions of shame in ways that notions of Western subjectivity dismiss or cannot capture.
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Everet Emmett B. 1811 Guild. Universalist's Book of Reference: Containing All the Principal Facts and Arguments, and Scripture Texts, Pro and con, on the Great Controversy Between Limitarians and Universalists. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2021.
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Guild, Everet Emmett. Universalist's Book of Reference: Containing All the Principal Facts and Arguments, and Scripture Texts, Pro and con, on the Great Controversy Between Limitarians and Universalists. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Universalist's Book of Reference: Containing All the Principal Facts and Arguments, and Scripture Texts, Pro and con, on the Great Controversy Between Limitarians and Universalists. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.
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Heiner, Prof, Bielefeldt, Ghanea Nazila, Dr e Wiener Michael, Dr. Part 5 Cross-Cutting Issues, 5.4 Defenders of Freedom of Religion or Belief and Non-Governmental Organizations. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198703983.003.0031.
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Freedom of religion or belief has long depended on advocates and human rights defenders to ensure its normative development and its protection. Human rights defenders serve as an essential counterpart to States in advancing freedom of religion or belief by operating within charities, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) or international non-governmental organizations (INGOs), faith-based organizations, interfaith organizations, or community associations. Though the 1981 Declaration and the 1998 Declaration on the Right and Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms are silent on their contributions, their role has been welcomed by numerous freedom of religion or belief mechanisms and mandate-holders. Yet, their contributions are hampered by reprisals against human rights defenders and intimidation against mandate-holders, in sharp contrast with the Standard Terms of Reference for Fact-Finding Missions. Ombudspersons, faith-based organizations, INGOs, and NGOs have an important role to play regarding freedom of religion or belief and need to ensure non-discrimination in their activities.
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Christoff, Kalina, e Kieran C. R. Fox, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Spontaneous Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190464745.001.0001.
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Where do spontaneous thoughts come from? It may be surprising that the seemingly straightforward answers, “from the mind” or “from the brain,” are in fact an incredibly recent, modern understanding of the origins of spontaneous thought. For nearly all of human history, our thoughts—especially the most sudden, insightful, and important—were almost universally ascribed to divine or other external sources. Scientific understanding of spontaneous thought has progressed by leaps and bounds in recent years, but big questions still loom: What, exactly, is spontaneous thought? How does the human brain generate, elaborate, and evaluate its own spontaneous creations? And why do spontaneous thoughts feature so prominently in mental life? This volume brings together views from neuroscience, psychology, philosophy, history, education, contemplative traditions, and clinical practice in order to begin to address the ubiquitous, yet still mysterious, spontaneous workings of the mind. The Oxford Handbook of Spontaneous Thought is the first book of its kind to bring such highly diverse perspectives to bear on answering the what, why, and how of spontaneous mental phenomena.
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White, Stephen K. Contemporary Continental Political Thought. Editado por George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0027.
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“Continental philosophy” is generally understood as a contrast term for “Anglo-American analytic philosophy.” On its face, we seem to have a distinction rooted in geography, the continent in question being Europe. What is the relationship between Continental philosophy and Continental political philosophy—more frequently called Continental political thought (CPT)? There is the common postulation that modern Western social life, despite its many achievements, carries within it a certain “malignancy.” A tool frequently used by CPT is a skepticism of Enlightenment universalism in relation to ethical and political life. Given CPT's postulation of some sort of malignancy in modern Western society, it is hardly surprising that there is usually also sustained attention given to the possibility of some transformation that will overcome or at least combat more effectively the danger or harm that malignancy carries with it.
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Guitton, Clement. Reliance on Judgement. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190699994.003.0003.
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What constitutes an authoritative judgment for attribution? Is that the same thing as a sound and universally true judgment? Furthermore, what are the political implications of acknowledging that attribution relies on judgment? Taking account of political judgment brings an important contribution to the debate on attribution by displacing the usual focus on technical constraints to a focus on political ones. It transpires that political judgment for attribution is neither good nor bad; it is fallible but inescapable. Attribution is a process that constantly evolves and is never perfect, due to its inherent reliance on judgment. This reliance on judgment in order to attribute cases threatening national security explains a useful trend: attribution is always possible, but with differing degrees depending on the authority and trust conferred on the entity expressing the judgment. In fact, though, the veracity of the judgment expressed is only secondary to its authoritative value: the role of attribution is primarily to convince an audience that its consequences were called for. Technical forensic evidence for attribution is therefore important; but so is the extent to which the public will be convinced of the guilt of the alleged instigator.
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Hitlin, Steven, e Sarah K. Harkness. Affect Control Theory. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465407.003.0007.
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This chapter draws on the theoretical and methodological insights from Affect Control theory (ACT), a theory with decades of research and empirical support, to set up our cross-cultural analyses examing our theory of societal inequality. ACT is a formal mathematical theory used to examine how the various facets of social events (such as the identities and emotions) shape ongoing social action. ACT distills the representation of these various facets to their simplest, most universally recognized dimensions of meaning: evaluation (good vs. bad), potency (powerful vs. weak), and activity (fast vs. slow). ACT then provides a way of understanding and modeling social interactions so that it is possible to empirically compare the likely emotions resulting from the same types of interactions in various cultures. The chapter gives a broad overview of the theory so that the reader understands why it is useful and provides justification for the empirical analysis used in the book.
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Arase, David. Foreign Aid. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.181.
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As a policy tool, aid has not been confined to the roles that foreign and economic policy theorists have prescribed for it. Foreign aid attracts controversy because it structures how global poverty will be addressed. Aid’s proponents believe that it can eradicate absolute poverty and close the income gap between rich and poor countries, but its critics believe it holds out only false hope and obscures the real nature of the problem. The unrequited transfer of wealth from a weak nation to a stronger one is an ancient tradition, but the notion that it would be powerful nations transferring wealth to advance the economic development of weaker ones was virtually unheard of until the post-World War II era, particularly during the highly polarized Cold War climate. During this time, aid was used as a means of competition between the United States and the Soviet Union for influence over Third World countries. Aid also became a tool for opening up the markets of the developing world and integrating them into the global economy. The fact that foreign aid has come to mean development assistance since has raised a series of questions debated in the scholarly literature. Moreover, it is universally acknowledged that donors use aid to achieve objectives other than development and poverty reduction.
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Katz, David L. The Integrative Preventive Medicine Approach to Obesity and Diabetes. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190241254.003.0018.
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This chapter addresses the underlying causes, and potential remedies, of pandemic diabesity, a term coined to capture the expanse, and causal pathway, from excess body fat, to insulin resistance, to type 2 diabetes. The case is made that to be effective, clinical approaches must emphasize both prevention and holism, salient principles of integrative preventive medicine. More importantly, if lifestyle is the requisite medicine to alleviate this malady—and the case is made that it is—then the constraints of clinical encounters may constitute a spoon too small to deliver this medicine effectively and get it to go down universally. This chapter concludes with the proposition that lifestyle is the right medicine for obesity and type 2 diabetes alike, and that all of culture must be the spoon that delivers it. This, too, is concordant with an integrative perspective of care, and a focus on prevention.
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Longuenesse, Béatrice. The First Person in Cognition and Morality. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198845829.001.0001.
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The book is the revised version of two lectures presented, in the spring 2017, as the Spinoza lectures in the University of Amsterdam. Both lectures explore the contrast and collaboration between two types of standpoint on the world, each of which finds expression in a specific use of the first-person pronoun “I.” One standpoint is the particular standpoint we have on the world insofar as we are spatially and temporally located, biologically unique, socially and culturally determined individuals. The other is the universally communicable standpoint we share or can hope to share with all other human beings, whatever their particular biological, social, or cultural determination. The book explores the degree to which using the first-person pronoun “I” is the expression of one or the other standpoint. The first lecture explores this question in relation to the exercise of our mental capacities in abstract reasoning and knowledge of objective facts about the world. The second lecture explores this question in relation to what we take to be our moral obligations.
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Hejduk, Julia. The God of Rome. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190607739.001.0001.
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Inspiring reverence and blasphemy, combining paternal benignity with sexual violence, transcendent universality with tribal chauvinism, Jupiter represents both the best and the worst of ancient religion. Though often assimilated to Zeus, Jupiter differs from his Greek counterpart as much as Rome differs from Greece; “the god of Rome” conveys both Jupiter’s sovereignty over Rome and his symbolic encapsulation of what Rome represents. Understanding this dizzyingly complex figure is crucial not only to the study of Roman religion, but to the whole of literary, intellectual, and religious history. This book examines Jupiter in Latin poetry’s most formative and fruitful period, the reign of the emperor Augustus. As Roman society was transformed from a republic or oligarchy to a de facto monarchy, Jupiter came to play a unique role as the celestial counterpart of the first earthly princeps. While studies of Augustan poetry may glance at Jupiter as an Augustus figure, or Augustus as a Jupiter figure, they rarely explore the poets’ richly nuanced treatment of the god as a character in his own right. This book fills that gap, demonstrating how Jupiter attracts thoughts about politics, power, sex, fatherhood, religion, poetry, and almost everything else of importance to poets and other humans. It explores the god’s manifestations in the five major Augustan poets (Virgil, Horace, Tibullus, Propertius, and Ovid), providing a fascinating window on a transformative period of history, as well as a comprehensive view of the poets’ individual personalities and shifting concerns.
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Loewenthal, Naftali. Hasidism Beyond Modernity. Liverpool University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781906764708.001.0001.
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The Habad school of Hasidism is distinguished today from other hasidic groups by its famous emphasis on outreach, on messianism, and on empowering women. This book provides a critical, thematic study of the movement from its beginnings, showing how its unusual qualities evolved. Topics investigated include the theoretical underpinning of the outreach ethos; the turn towards women in the twentieth century; new attitudes to non-Jews; the role of the individual in the hasidic collective; spiritual contemplation in the context of modernity; the quest for inclusivism in the face of prevailing schismatic processes; messianism in both spiritual and political forms; and the direction of the movement after the passing of its seventh rebbe, Rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson, in 1994. Attention is given to many contrasts: pre-modern, modern, and postmodern conceptions of Judaism; the clash between maintaining an enclave and outreach models of Jewish society; particularist and universalist trends; and the subtle interplay of mystical faith and rationality. Some of the chapters are new; others, published in an earlier form, have been updated to take account of recent scholarship. This book presents an in-depth study of an intriguing movement which takes traditional Hasidism beyond modernity.
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Kellner, Menachem. Maimonides' Confrontation with Mysticism. Liverpool University Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781904113294.001.0001.
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This book presents Maimonides against the religious background that informed his many innovative and influential choices. The book not only analyses the thought of the great religious thinker but contextualizes it in terms of the ‘proto-kabbalistic’ Judaism that preceded him. The book shows how the Judaism that Maimonides knew had come to conceptualize the world as an enchanted universe, governed by occult affinities. It shows why Maimonides rejected this and how he went about doing it. The book argues that Maimonides' attempted reformation failed, the clearest proof of that being the success of the kabbalistic counter-reformation which his writings provoked. It shows how Maimonides rethought Judaism in different ways. It is in highlighting this and identifying Maimonides as a religious reformer that this book makes its key contribution. Maimonides created a new Judaism, ‘disenchanted’, depersonalized, and challenging; a religion that is at the same time elitist and universalist. The book's analysis also shows the deep configuration of Judaism in a new light. If Maimonides was able to reform so many aspects of rabbinic Judaism single-handedly, to enrich it by importing such dramatically different concepts, it shows that the profound structures of this religion are flexible enough to allow the emergence and success of astonishing reforms. The fact that, great as Maimonides was, he did not overcome the traditional forms of proto-kabbalism shows that the dynamic of religion is much more complex than subscribing to authorities, however widely accepted.
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Taiz, Lincoln, e Lee Taiz. Flora Unveiled. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490263.001.0001.
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Sex in animals has been known for at least ten thousand years, and this knowledge was exploited during animal domestication in the Neolithic period. In contrast, sex in plants wasn’t discovered until the late seventeenth century. Even after its discovery, the sexual “theory” continued to be hotly debated for another 150 years, pitting the “sexualists” against the “asexualists.” Why was the idea of sex in plants so contentious for so long? In answer, Flora Unveiled offers a deep history of perceptions concerning plant gender and sexuality, from the Paleolithic to the nineteenth century. Evidence suggests that an obstacle far beyond the mere facts of pollination mechanisms stymied the discovery of two sexes in plants, and then delayed its acceptance. This was a “plants-as-female” paradigm. Flora Unveiled explores the sources of this gender bias, beginning with women’s roles as gatherers, plant-textile makers, crop domesticators, and early horticulturists. In myths and religions of the Bronze and Iron Ages, goddesses were strongly identified with flowers, trees and agricultural abundance. During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, this tradition was assimilated to Christianity in the person of Mary. The one-sex model of plants continued into the Early Modern Period, and staged resurgences during the eighteenth century Enlightenment and in the Romantic movement. Not until the nineteenth century, when Wilhelm Hofmeister demonstrated the universality of sex in the plant kingdom, was the controversy over plant sex finally resolved. Flora Unveiled chronicles how persistently cultural biases can impede discovery and delay the acceptance of scientific advances.
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McLaren, Margaret A. Women's Activism, Feminism, and Social Justice. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190947705.001.0001.
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Informed by practices of women’s activism in India, this book proposes a feminist social justice framework to address the wide range of issues women face globally, including economic exploitation; sexist oppression; racial, ethnic, and caste oppression; and cultural imperialism. The feminist social justice framework provides an alternative to mainstream philosophical frameworks that analyze and promote gender justice globally: universal human rights, economic projects such as microfinance, and cosmopolitanism. These frameworks share a commitment to individualism and abstract universalism that underlie certain liberal and neoliberal approaches to justice. Arguing that these frameworks emphasize individualism over interdependence, similarity over diversity, and individual success over collective capacity, McLaren draws on the work of Rabindranath Tagore to develop the concept of relational cosmopolitanism. Relational cosmopolitanism prioritizes our connections, while acknowledging power differences. Extending Iris Young’s theory of political responsibility, McLaren shows how Fair Trade connects to the economic solidarity movement. The Self-Employed Women’s Association and MarketPlace India empower women through access to livelihoods as well as fostering leadership capabilities that allow them to challenge structural injustice through political and social activism. Their struggles to resist economic exploitation and gender oppression through collective action show the importance of challenging individualist approaches to achieving gender justice. The book concludes with a call for a shift in our thinking and practice toward reimagining the possibilities for justice from a relational framework, from independence to interdependence, from identity to intersectionality, and from interest to sociopolitical imagination.
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Lieberman, Lauren J., Michelle Grenier, Ali Brian e Katrina Arndt. Universal Design for Learning in Physical Education. Human Kinetics, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781718235199.
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The practice of universal design―of making a product or environment accessible to all individuals―has been around for a long time. But, until now, that practice has never been explored in depth in the field of physical education. This groundbreaking text provides a much-needed link between universal design and physical education, extending boundaries as it offers physical educators a systematic guide to create, administer, manage, assess, and apply universal design for learning (UDL). Universal Design for Learning in Physical Education is for all physical educators―those who are or are preparing to become general PE teachers as well as those who are in the field of adapted physical education. This resource offers the following: Ready-to-use curricular units for grades K-12, with 31 universally designed lessons that demonstrate how teachers can apply UDL in specific content areas (teachers can also use those examples to build their own units and lessons)Rubrics for the 28 items on the Lieberman–Brian Inclusion Rating Scale for Physical Education (LIRSPE) to help teachers follow best practices in inclusionTables, timelines, and paraeducator training checklists to ensure that UDL is effectively delivered from the beginning of the school year Universal Design for Learning in Physical Education approaches inclusion from the macro level, providing a comprehensive conceptual model of UDL and how to incorporate it into curriculum planning and teaching methods for K-12 physical education. Outcomes for Universal Design for Learning in Physical Education are aligned with SHAPE America’s physical education standards and grade-level outcomes. Given that 94 percent of students with disabilities are taught in physical education settings, this text offers highly valuable guidance to general physical educators in providing equal access to, and engagement in, high-quality physical education for all students. Part I of Universal Design for Learning in Physical Education defines universal design and explains how it relates to physical education. It identifies barriers that teachers may face in adapting UDL to their programs and how to overcome these barriers. It also addresses critical assessment issues and guides teachers in supporting students with severe or multiple disabilities. Part I also covers advocacy issues such as how to teach students to speak up for their own needs and choices. Readers will gain insight into where their programs excel and where barriers might still exist when they employ the Lieberman–Brian Inclusion Rating Scale, a self-assessment tool that helps measure physical, programmatical, and social inclusion. Finally, part I reinforces several UDL principles by sharing many examples of how physical educators have applied UDL in their programs. Part II offers a trove of universally designed units and lesson plans for use across grades K-12, with separate chapters on lessons for elementary, sports, fitness, recreation, and aquatics. Universal Design for Learning in Physical Education is the first text to delve deeply into the concept of universal design in physical education. As such, it is a valuable resource for all PE teachers—both those leading general classes and adapted classes—to learn how to successfully implement universally designed units and lesson plans that enrich all their students’ lives. The accompanying web resource provides 40 forms, tables, checklists, and a sample lesson plan from the book, as well as a list of websites, books, and laws. These resources are provided as reproducible PDFs for practical use.
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Rostagno, Massimo, Carlo Altavilla, Giacomo Carboni, Wolfgang Lemke, Roberto Motto, Arthur Saint Guilhem e Jonathan Yiangou. Monetary Policy in Times of Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192895912.001.0001.
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The 20th anniversary of Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) offers an opportunity to look back on the record of the European Central Bank (ECB) and learn lessons that can improve the conduct of policy in the future. This volume charts the way the ECB has defined, interpreted, and applied its monetary policy framework—its strategy—over the years from its inception, in search of evidence and lessons that can inform those reflections. Our ‘Tale of Two Decades’ is largely a tale of ‘two regimes’: one—stretching slightly beyond the ECB’s mid-point—marked by decent growth in real incomes and a distribution of shocks to inflation almost universally to the upside; and the second—starting well into the post-Lehman period—characterized by endemic instability and crisis, with the distribution of shocks eventually switching from inflationary to continuously disinflationary. We show how the most defining feature of the ECB’s monetary policy framework, its characteristic definition of price stability with a hard 2 per cent ceiling, functioned as a key shock absorber in the relatively high-inflation years prior to the crisis, but offered a softer defence in the face of the disinflationary forces that hit the euro area in its aftermath. The imperative to halt persistent disinflation in the post-crisis era therefore called for a radical, unprecedented policy response, comprising negative policy rates, enhanced forms of forward guidance, a large asset purchase programme and targeted long-term loans to banks. We study the multidimensional interactions among these four instruments and quantify their impact on inflation and the macroeconomy.
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Vlahos, Michael. Fighting Identity. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400650925.
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This work highlights a national ethos infused by a sacred narrative of divine mission. This deep association leads to a narrow approach to conflict relationships, built around an Us vs. Them distance from the enemy, in which their submission is achieved through kinetic effects and their subsequent redemption through our good works (reconstruction). Vlahos contends that America's difficult engagement in the Muslim world demonstrates urgently that different operational approaches and tactics (like counterinsurgency) are not enough. Alternative paradigms of strategic engagement are needed, but their very consideration requires deeper cultural rethinking about how we assess world change and other cultures, and how our national ethos makes war. Why are terrorists and insurgents we fight so formidable? Their strength - and our vulnerability - is in identity. Clausewitz knew that geist (spirit) was always stronger than the material: identity is power in war. But how can non-state actors face up to nation states? The answer is in globalization. This is the West's 3rd globalization. Two centuries of intense mixing has torn down old ways of life and created a growing demand for new belonging. There is also a decline in US universalism. America's vision as history's anointed prophet and manager is now competing head-to-head with renewed universal visions. Like Late Antiquity and the High Middle Ages our globalization begins to subside. We may be in the later days of American modernity. We can see this worldwide, as emerging local communities within states and meta-movements find their voice - through conflict and war. Identities struggling for realization are always the most powerful. Add the diffusion of new technology and new practice, and even the poorest and seemingly most primitive group can now make war against those on high. They are successful because of a symbiotic fit between old states and new identities. Increasingly, old societies no longer find identity-celebration in war - while non-state identities embrace the struggle for realization. Hence non-state wars with America become a mythic narrative for them. Our engagement actually helps them realize identity - and we become the midwife. This book offers another path to deal with non-state challenges, one that does not further weaken us.
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Leonard, Richard D. Call to Selma: Eighteen Days of Witness. Skinner House Books, 2001.
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