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ERICSON, DAVID F. "The United States Navy, Slave-Trade Suppression, and State Development". Journal of Policy History 33, n.º 3 (julho de 2021): 231–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0898030621000099.
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AbstractThe mission of the United States Navy expanded significantly because of the presence of the institution of racial slavery on American soil. Most important, both proslavery and antislavery forces favored, for very different reasons, a substantial naval buildup in the late 1850s. The navy had, however, long been engaged in securing the nation’s borders against slave smuggling, an activity that also seemed to have broad support at the time. Finally, somewhat more controversially, the navy had been associated with the American Colonization Society’s Liberian enterprise from its very inception, deciding to deploy vessels to Africa in an otherwise unimaginable time frame. The relationship between the presence of slavery and the pre–Civil War activities of the navy is a largely untold—or, at best, half-told—story of American state development.
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Park, Roberta J. "“Happy and Cheerful in This Fine Camp”: Sports, Recreation, and the United States Army at Fort Ord and Camp Roberts, 1940 to 1945". Journal of Sport History 42, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2015): 21–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/jsporthistory.42.1.21.
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Abstract In the introduction to their recent book Sport and the Military: The British Armed Forces, 1880-1960 (2010) Tony Mason and Eliza Riedi state that sport has been “poorly served in histories of the British armed forces.” This is followed by the assertion: “The study of the roles played by sport in the United States military is somewhat more developed” (pp. 1-3). Given the extensive growth that has occurred since the 1970s/1980s in studying “the history of sport” this lack of attention in both countries seems rather surprising. Although histories of sports and physical fitness programs conducted by the United States Navy during World War II have received at least a modicum of attention, those involving the United States Army barely exist.
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Sokolsky, Joel J. "A One Ocean Fleet : the Atlantic and Canadian Naval Policy". Cahiers de géographie du Québec 34, n.º 93 (12 de abril de 2005): 299–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/022129ar.
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From the beginnings of the Cold War until the present the Canadian Navy has been a one ocean fleet, postured primarily to supply anti-submarine warfare (ASW) forces to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in the Atlantic. Various plans, including the 1987 White Paper on defence, to give the Navy more balance in terms of its areas of operation, mix of forces and missions, have been largely unsuccessful. The main reason for this is that the NATO maritime role has been directly related to the long-standing Canadian foreign policy objective of participating in this multilateral Alliance. In addition, forces earmarked for NATO's Atlantic Command (ACLANT) could also be used for North American maritime roles in cooperation with the United States Navy (USN) and for non-military sovereignty protection tasks. Recent dramatic changes in the international security environment combined with domestic budgetary pressures are likely to result in a continuation of this Atlantic orientation in Canadian naval policy.
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Bratiotis, Christiana. "Community hoarding task forces: a comparative case study of five task forces in the United States". Health & Social Care in the Community 21, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2012): 245–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/hsc.12010.
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Millett, Richard L. "The United States and Latin America’s Armed Forces: A Troubled Relationship". Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 39, n.º 1 (1997): 121–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/166500.
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When Commodore David Porter resigned from the US Navy to accept the post of commander-in-chief of Mexico’s nascent naval forces, he began a tradition of US involvement with Latin American armed forces that has endured to the present day. Porter’s decision was supported by President John Quincy Adams, who hoped that it would both strengthen the US influence in Mexico and act as a curb on possible Mexican efforts to seize Cuba, a prize which the president coveted himself (for details, see Long, 1970). These objectives signaled another enduring heritage: efforts by the United States to use ties with Latin American military institutions to promote agendas that were frequently unrelated to, or even at variance with, national interests in Latin America. This would be especially true whenever the United States perceived itself as competing with other nations for influence in the region. In 1826, the rival was Great Britain; in this century, it was first Germany and then the Soviet Union, but, in all cases, the bottom line was the same: a determination to make Washington’s influence paramount.
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Гуменюк, О. "АНАЛІЗ ПРОЦЕСУ ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЇ ТЕХНІЧНОГО СТАНУ ЗРАЗКА ВІЙСЬКОВОЇ ТЕХНІКИ ДЛЯ ПІДРОЗДІЛІВ ЗБРОЙНИХ СИЛ УКРАЇНИ НА ПРОТЯЗІ ЙОГО ЖИТТЄВОГО ЦИКЛУ". Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy, n.º 20 (14 de novembro de 2023): 26–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2023.20.26-33.
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The analysis of the existing methods of determining the effectiveness of the maintenance and repair system of new and newest types of weapons and military equipment entering service in the units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine showed that each of the existing approaches has its advantages and disadvantages. The article considers the application of adequate models for determining changes in the technical condition indicator in the form of a normalized residual resource of samples of weapons and military equipment. The proposed method of extrapolation makes it possible to determine the trend of changes in the technical condition of samples of military equipment of units of the Armed Forces of Ukraine or its development by the time of operation. This approach to modeling the processes of changes in the technical state of samples of weapons and military equipment contributes to the quantitative analysis and forecast of the dynamics of changes over time in their important parameters, namely, the characteristics of quality, condition and prospects for updating their fleet. The use of the proposed methods of assessing changes in the technical condition of a sample of weapons and military equipment during its operation will allow timely forecasting of the process of development of changes in the technical condition of a sample of weapons and military equipment and will allow to increase the readiness of samples of weapons and military equipment to perform tasks as intended. at a given level of reliability of these samples. The presented proposed method makes it possible to determine the moment in time at which the indicator of the technical condition of a sample of weapons and military equipment reaches a given or critical level and is a real step in the research of issues of quantitative determination of the level of the indicator of the residual normalized resource of new and newest samples of weapons and military equipment and in solving the task high-quality (sustainable) between-repair functioning of such samples. Keywords: sample of military equipment, technical condition, indicator of technical condition, residual normalized resource, model. extrapolation method, trend assessment.
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Lesták, Tamás. "The Most Significant Technical Challenges for the US Naval Forces at the South China Sea". Hadtudomány 33, n.º 4 (12 de março de 2024): 13–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17047/hadtud.2023.33.4.13.
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The United States of America’s Naval Forces constantly prepare for operations againstpotential adversaries, most notably the military threat posed by the People’s Republicof China. Chinese developments over the past decades have successfully reduced thetechnological and procedural gap compared with the US Navy in some areas, and insome cases they have already demonstrated certain advantages. In my study, I willexamine the US response to these challenges in the recent past, with regard to theNavy and the Marine Corps.
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Abdulhameed, Attarid Awadh. "Russian Federation and the United States of America: geostrategic directions to manage the Ukrainian crisis". Tikrit Journal For Political Science, n.º 16 (2 de julho de 2019): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/poltic.v0i16.143.
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Ukrainia Remains of huge importance to Russian Strategy because of its Strategic importance. For being a privileged Postion in new Eurasia, without its existence there would be no logical resons for eastward Expansion by European Powers.
As well as in Connection with the progress of Ukrainian is no less important for the USA (VSD, NDI, CIA, or pentagon) and the European Union with all organs, and this is announced by John Kerry.
There has always ben Russian Fear and Fear of any move by NATO or USA in the area that it poses a threat to Russians national Security and its independent role and in funence on its forces especially the Navy Forces.
There for, the Crisis manyement was not Zero sum game, there are gains and offset losses, but Russia does not accept this and want a Zero Sun game because the USA. And European exteance is a Foot hold in Regin Which Russian sees as a threat to its national security and want to monopolize control in the strategic Qirim.
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Altschul, Jeffrey H. "The Society for American Archaeology’s Task Forces on Landscape Policy Issues". Advances in Archaeological Practice 4, n.º 2 (maio de 2016): 102–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/2326-3768.4.2.102.
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AbstractThe management of cultural resources by federal land-managing agencies in the United States is moving in the direction of programmatic approaches that consider archaeological resources on a regional or landscape level. In 2014, the Society for American Archaeology (SAA), in response to meetings with federal agencies, established three task forces on issues related to landscape-scale cultural resource management (CRM). The task forces focused on: (1) survey data quality, durability, and use; (2) incorporating archaeological resources in regional land-use plans; and (3) valuing archaeological resources. Revised reports of the task forces are being published in this issue of Advances in Archaeological Practice. This paper provides the context and history of the task forces, particularly the CRM challenges facing federal land-managing agencies leading to the selection of topics that are subjects of the published articles.
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Shattuck, N. L., e P. Matsangas. "0821 Gender Differences in Sailor Well-Being, Sleep-Related Behaviors, and Psychomotor Vigilance Performance in the United States Navy". Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (abril de 2020): A313. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.817.
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Abstract Introduction Approximately 18% of US Navy sailors are females. Research has shown gender-related differences in the prevalence of sleep disorders in active duty personnel (Foster et al., 2017). Specifically, insomnia, depression, and anxiety are more prevalent in females, while obstructive sleep apnea is more prevalent in males. We have studied the sleep patterns and fatigue levels of crew members on more than 30 US Navy ships. The current study focuses on gender differences in well-being, sleep-related behaviors, and psychomotor vigilance performance of sailors in the US Navy. Methods Using a longitudinal, naturalistic observation paradigm, data were collected from crewmembers on nine USN ships while performing their normal underway duties. Participants (N=1,056) tended to be young (on average 27 years of age), predominantly male (80.6%), and enlisted (84.8%). We assessed average daytime alertness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale), insomnia symptoms (Insomnia Severity Index), mood (Profile of Mood States), and sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index). Sleep was assessed with actigraphy and logbooks. Sailors performed a 3-minute version of the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), which was built into their wrist-worn actigraph. Results Compared to males, female sailors reported more depressive symptoms (p=0.042) and less vigor (p<0.001). Females slept more (daily sleep duration: p<0.001) but their sleep was split into more episodes than their male counterparts (p=0.029). Fewer females reported a regular exercise routine (p=0.033). In addition, females report consuming fewer energy drinks (p=0.007), and using fewer nicotine products (p=0.013). Lastly, consistent with findings from civilian populations, female sailors had slower reaction times on the PVT (p<0.001) and experienced more lapses combined with false starts (p<0.001) than their male counterparts. Conclusion Compared to their male peers, female sailors tend to report higher levels of depression and lower levels of vigor. They experience more pronounced split sleep, are less likely to report having an exercise routine, and have poorer performance on the PVT. Fewer females report using energy drinks and nicotine products. Support This research was supported by the Naval Medical Research Center’s Advanced Medical Development Program, the US Navy 21st Century Sailor Office, and the US Navy OPNAV N1.
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Debra, E. Bardine, F. Wallace Daniel, Udo Goff e Christine Schlichting. "Shipboard Communications: Quantifying Operator Capabilities and Limitations". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 46, n.º 23 (setembro de 2002): 1900–1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120204602307.
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As the United States Navy moves towards a reduction in manning aboard future ships, the number and complexity of tasks the warfighter must perform remains high. One responsibility of the warfighter that is very taxing on his/her audio channel is the handling of voice communications. To determine the “breaking point” in handling these voice communications, researchers used a fully developed scenario to test the capabilities and limitations of typical Navy watchstanders when subjected to a varying number of active communications circuits. Metrics such as accuracy and latency of response were used to measure human performance. In addition, a between-subject experiment was used to determine whether or not a simulated speech-to-text tool would help to improve warfighter performance on a communications task, while not degrading performance on a primary, tactical task. The experiment was performed in the Integrated Command Environment (ICE) lab at NAVSEA Dahlgren, a testbed for future command and control concepts and a vehicle to solicit valuable feedback from members of the fleet.
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Kramnik, I. "Indo-Pacific Rivalry and U.S. Naval Planning". World Economy and International Relations 67, n.º 11 (2023): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-11-127-136.
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The U.S.-China maritime rivalry in recent years has taken on the character of a naval race where the pretender PLA Navy is rapidly increasing its capabilities and already possesses numerical superiority over the U.S. Navy. To some extent, the present situation is similar to previous naval races of the 19th and 20th centuries, between Britain and Germany, between the United States and Japan, and between the United States and the Soviet Union. However, in the past, British and American command of the seas was also confirmed by their advantage in shipbuilding, including commercial one. Now, this advantage has been lost. China, while challenging for sea control, has already gained superiority in shipbuilding. This causes the U.S. to seek means to compensate for the lack of material forces. Nevertheless, the possibility of maintaining sea control in the face of growing numerical superiority of the adversary is questionable. The capability for effective deterrence without an equivalent material basis is also questionable. This situation forces U.S. analysts to search for other solutions, including the change of the naval posture and ship`s classification, which has been established over the decades. So far, these visions have not been incorporated into official strategic guidance. The paper examines the impact of this race on American military planning and its reflection in official strategic guidance. The U.S. strategic guidance hierarchy and the interrelationship of the keystone provisions of its documents as related to military and naval planning are reviewed, as well as the evolution of naval planning in the preceding period. The article considers the key provisions and priorities of the U.S. naval strategy and the criticism of this strategy from the U.S. researchers. It analyses possible further U.S. actions for implementation of the adopted maritime strategy and the limitations on this path.
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McAlister, W. Howard, Jeffrey L. Weaver, Jerry D. Davis e Jeffrey A. Newsom. "Military Optometry from World War I to the Present". Hindsight: Journal of Optometry History 52, n.º 1 (21 de julho de 2021): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.14434/hindsight.v51i3.31044.
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Optometry has made significant contributions to the United States military for over a century. Assuring good vision and eye health of soldiers, sailors, airmen and marines is critical to maximizing the military functions necessary to achieve victory. There was little organization or recognition of the profession in World War I, but optometrists were essential in achieving the mission. Recognition of the profession of optometry was still limited in World War II but it was improving, especially with commissioning as officers occurring in the Navy. Through the Korean and Vietnam Wars, optometry grew in stature and strength with all services eventually commissioning all optometrists, and Army optometrists were assigned to combat divisions. Continuing through the more recent conflicts in the middle east, the profession has continued to make an impact and has become an essential part of the armed forces of the United States. Doctors of optometry are now an integral part of the Department of Defense. The nation cannot field an effective fighting force today without the dedicated performance of these officers.
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Mills, Paillette E., Pam Tazioli, Loreta Holder-Brown, Marion Duncan, Pam Potocik, Lisa Rogers, Armena Taylor e Andrea Lazzari. "Response to PL 99-457, Titles I and II: Issues concerning families residing in rural and remote areas of the United States". Rural Special Education Quarterly 9, n.º 1 (abril de 1988): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/875687058800900106.
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The American Council on Rural Special Education (ACRES) is a national organization dedicated to improving services for rural individuals with disabilities. Within the national organization, a number of task forces focus energy and ability on areas of specific interest and expertise. Task force members contribute ideas and information which are then used to establish priorities and develop effective rural special education strategies and practices. The Early Childhood Task Force is a vital ACRES task force.
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Giamartino, Gary A., Patricia P. McDougall e Barbara J. Bird. "International Entrepreneurship: The State of the Field". Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice 18, n.º 1 (outubro de 1993): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104225879301800103.
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Editor's Note: Periodically, it is helpful to take the pulse of our colleagues and determine what is actually being studied and taught. In 1990, the Academy of Management In the United States formed task forces and charged them with surveying Academy members regarding the Internationalization of various management disciplines. The following article reports the results of the survey of Entrepreneurship Division members of the Academy.
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North, Diane M. T. "California and the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic". California History 97, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2020): 3–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ch.2020.97.3.3.
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The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic remains the deadliest influenza pandemic in recorded history. It started in the midst of World War I and killed an estimated 50–100 million people worldwide, many from complications of pneumonia. Approximately 500 million, or one-third of the world's population, became infected. In the United States, an estimated 850,000 died. The exceptionally contagious, unknown strain of influenza virus spread rapidly and attacked all ages, but it especially targeted young adults (ages twenty to forty-four). This essay examines the evolution of four waves of the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, emphasizes the role of the U.S. Navy and sea travel as the initial transmitters of the virus in the United States, and focuses on California communities and military installations as a case study in the response to the crisis. Although the world war, limited medical science, and the unknown nature of the virus made it extremely difficult to fight the disease, the responses of national, state, and community leaders to the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic can provide useful lessons in 2020, as the onslaught of COVID-19 forces people worldwide to confront a terrible illness and death.
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ZHURAVEL, VALERY P. "NEW THREATS TO RUSSIA’S NATIONAL SECURITY IN THE ARCTIC: PROBLEMS OF COUNTERACTION". Scientific Works of the Free Economic Society of Russia 226, n.º 6 (2020): 85–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.38197/2072-2060-2020-226-6-85-98.
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The article reveals real and potential threats to the national security of the Russian Federation in the Arctic region by the NATO. According to the author, these include: the strengthening of the military presence in the Arctic of the Arctic Ocean coastal States and other NATO countries; the increase in the combat capabilities of groups of coalition and national Armed Forces (Navy) of the United States and NATO; the development of naval-based missile defences and early warning systems; the expansion of the United States military satellite constellation to the Arctic; increased activity by the special services of foreign states in conducting intelligence activities in the Arctic and in the frontier territory of the Russian Federation; conduct of multinational military exercises and transfer of combat training areas to the Arctic; the desire of a number of foreign countries to give the Northern Sea Way the status of an international transport highway, and of the Norwegian leadership to change the status of Spitsbergen, to reduce and eventually completely displace the Russian Federation from the archipelago; increasing attempts to discredit the activities of the Russian Federation in the Arctic. The article discusses the measures of the Russian Federation to strengthen the defensive capability in the Arctic direction, paying special attention to the protection of its sovereignty and territorial integrity.
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Trunov, Philipp O. "Features and Perspectives of NATO`s Strategic Penetration into the Arctic: The Norwegian Dimension". Arctic and North, n.º 54 (18 de março de 2024): 117–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37482/issn2221-2698.2024.54.117.
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Military-strategic penetration into the Arctic is becoming one of the key attributes of global capability for influential international players. The point applies not only to the most powerful states, but also to NATO as main keeper of military tools of the West. The article tries to identify and explore the scheme of NATO`s strategic penetration into the Arctic Ocean. It is noted that the role of its support is assigned to Norway, the reasons for the consensus on this issue between the United States and the leading NATO member states in Western Europe are identified. The paper assesses the strengths of Norway’s armed forces and identifies the bottlenecks that require support from NATO partners as they attempt multilateral penetration into the Arctic. Functionally, the Alliance’s anchoring scheme consists of three main elements. The first one is a section of the Russian Federation’s “containment” system in Finnmark. Here, the key role is assigned to the main forces of Norwegian troops with the practice of their operational reinforcement by the troops of NATO partners. In turn, the latter are ready to take an increased load in strengthening the second element. This is the coastline from Trondheim in the south to Tromsø, with the support of bases on which the strategic penetration into the Arctic Ocean (the third element) is carried out. This is ensured by the growing co-operation between the Norwegian Navy and interested NATO member states.
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Kocsi, János Gyula. "The Significance of the Establishment of the United States Indo-Pacific Command for U.S.–China Relations". Hadmérnök 17, n.º 1 (17 de junho de 2022): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32567/hm.2022.1.12.
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An essential element of U.S. foreign policy strategy is an active presence in Asia. China’s economic strengthening and the American–Chinese trade war have also given America a greater emphasis on projecting military forces into the region. One key element of this is the establishment of the United States Indo-Pacific Command (USINDOPACOM). In this article, I detail the reasons for setting up the headquarters, its task and its area of responsibility. I describe the military factors that affect U.S.–China foreign policy relations.
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Keiser, Heidi N., Cory M. Moclaire, Kenneth M. King, Noelle L. Brown, Cyrus K. Foroughi, Ciara Sibley e Joseph T. Coyne. "Updating the Direction Orientation Task: An Aviation Selection Tool". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 63, n.º 1 (novembro de 2019): 1414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1071181319631451.
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Military branches rely on selection and placement testing to help identify individuals who will be well-suited for jobs that they likely have little exposure to or experience with. The goal for this research was to update the Direction Orientation Task (DOT), which is used by both the United States Navy and Air Force as part of their aviation selection batteries. The current version of DOT has limitations such as ceiling effects in some populations and a restriction of range within test scores. We created a new version (DOT2) that attempted to increase the difficulty and variance of the test (among other things discussed in the paper). Ninety-five student Naval Aviators completed an experiment where they completed DOT1, DOT2, and the operation span. Results showed that DOT2 was significantly more difficult and had increased variance compared to DOT1. Scores on DOT1 were highly related to scores on DOT2, both were similarly unrelated to scores the operation span, and both were similarly related to the number of math errors made on the operation span. These preliminary data suggest that DOT2 may be a viable upgrade to DOT1.
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Alic, John A. "The Origin and Nature of the US “Military-Industrial Complex”". Vulcan 2, n.º 1 (23 de junho de 2014): 63–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22134603-00201003.
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This paper makes three primary claims. First, the so-called military-industrial complex (MIC) has its roots in the United States during World War I, when the army and navy turned to private firms for design of aircraft, and not, as some analysts have proposed, in the latter part of the nineteenth century. Second, theMICtook on its current shape during the 1950s. President Dwight D. Eisenhower’s famous warning, in effect, expressed recognition of and perhaps something like dismay at his own creation. Finally, despite the broad shift in responsibility for design, development, and production of military systems from government to industry in the middle of the last century, the armed forces remain the dominant partner in theMICby reason of their control over the technical requirements that shape and constrain weapons system design. This leaves the defense industry a junior partner.
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Muthu, Yega. "Supporting Evidence from the DSM and ICD Classifications to Better Understand Traumatic Experiences, PTSD in Law". Journal of Politics and Law 14, n.º 3 (7 de março de 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v14n3p22.
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This paper will discuss the recognition of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) in legal cases based on the historical development of the Diagnostic Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders (DSM). Further the discussion will draw on the diagnostic relationship between the DSM and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). It is important to understand how the courts received evidence in relation to a person’s traumatic experience and to define the limits of liability for psychiatric illness cases. In tort law, the courts had been cautious to permit recovery to underserving litigants. Interpreting traumatic experiences from psychiatry to law, at times, do not succeed in a claim for compensation. Belanger-Hardy opined ‘Tort Law has always viewed mental harm with caution, not to say scepticism’. Historically, compensation for PTSD claims have always been awarded on ad hoc basis in tort law for fear of opening the floodgates. In Saadati v Moorhead , Brown J acknowledged the requirement of a psychiatrist to diagnose a psychiatric disorder by referring to DSM and ICD classifications. The diagnostic manual is a guide book and should be used with caution. The DSM Manual also explains the concept of malingering and practitioners should be cautious when preparing an expert report to assist the court.
It is argued the courts are trying to play catch up with psychiatry, however, in its deliberations pronouncing inappropriate policy decisions, hampering recovery for a deserving claimant in tort law. Ultimately, Judges control the goal posts for awarding damages in trauma related cases.
Historically, PTSD was defined as railway spine, shell shock, traumatic neurosis, accident neurosis and fright neurosis. Medical science established there is a relationship between the mind and body and the mind can only function in the body. Therefore, if the mind is affected by an external factor, the psyche may become muddled to develop post traumatic symptoms.
This paper will examine the method adopted by practitioners and judges in interpreting the manual. This is seen from a methodological assessment of diagnostic concordance in the light of inherent problems of psychiatric classifications and malingering. This assessment will ultimately relate to psychiatric classification of individual patients who are subjected to an intense trauma resulting in fear and helplessness. Hence, unable to relate to what had taken place and subsequently not able to realize that the psyche is muddled or disorganized. In the absence of an actual physical lesion, the courts have become sceptical and wary of extending the defendant’s liability to cover alleged damage such as psychiatric illness. The inherent fears are that evidence can be confabulated and based on false premise. Hence, the courts make a linguistic interpretation in view of the struggle between the law and psychiatric illness.
Furthermore, the discussion will capture the essence of PTSD which was introduced in the 1970’s and adopted in DSM-III in 1980 by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). In 1992, PTSD was recognised as a diagnosis in the International Classifications of Diseases (ICD-10) in Europe under the rubric of Neurotic, Stress-related and Somatoform Disorders by the World Health Organization (WHO). The DSM is a guidebook for mental health practitioners. However the origins of PTSD lie further back than the twentieth century. The history can be traced through the experience of the American Civil War, First World War, Second World War and the Vietnam War where veterans who returned home suffered trauma because of devastating exposure to war. Their traumatic experiences were documented and translated as symptoms which were eventually associated with PTSD, as described in DSM-III. These traumatic experiences were observed in the civil and forensic setting.
Moreover, this paper will contain a summary of the historical development of the ICD and DSM classifications depicting war associated syndromes as they played a dominant role in shaping the early diagnostic thinking of WHO and APA. From 1840 to 1921, in the United States, data was collected by gathering statistical information across mental hospitals in order to produce a nationally acceptable psychiatric nomenclature. In particular, a notable physician called Da Costa in the American Civil War gave the name ‘irritable heart’ to the symptoms suffered by some soldiers.
Consequently, the statistical information was broadened to take account of and incorporate outpatient presentations from World Wars I and II veterans. This was known as ‘shell shock’ and ‘war neurosis’. War neurosis was further refined following World War II and the Vietnam War in terms of ‘trauma’. Contemporaneously in 1948, WHO adopted the Armed Forces categorisation based on Army, Navy and Veteran experiences in World War I and II, when it integrated mental disorders into the sixth revision of the ICD depicting an European model. Mental disorders were not introduced into the ICD until its sixth edition, published by WHO in 1948, and therefore it is not pertinent to discuss ICD classifications from 1 to 5 editions for the purposes of mental illness.
Besides, this paper will explore the development of trauma as defined in the current understanding of PTSD. This development is necessary to show how the term ‘trauma’ was transformed into PTSD. Evidence is also drawn from the courts as to how PTSD is used in a legal setting. As was the case for DSM-I where a category called ‘gross stress reaction’ was recognized in 1952 and a diagnosis called ‘transient situational disturbance’ or ‘anxiety neurosis’ was declared in DSM-II in 1968. The development of DSM-III was coordinated with the ninth revision of ICD. In 1980, DSM-III introduced PTSD for the first time. DSM-III made major changes in which the diagnosis of PTSD was formally introduced. DSM-III did not prescribe duration of the symptoms.
Similarly, ICD-9 did not include diagnostic criteria to specify mental categories and facilitate the collection of basic health statistics. In view of the incompatibility between ICD-9 and DSM-III, APA suggested that modifications to be made to ICD-9 for its use in the United States. The result was ICD-9-CM.
In 1987, DSM-III-R was introduced to refine the duration of symptoms.
In 1992, WHO introduced the diagnosis of PTSD in ICD-10 and consequently the APA formed a task force to develop the DSM-IV in 1994. At the time, WHO was ready to publish ICD-10. The U.S. was under a treaty to maintain systems consistent with WHO and there was a desire to build a better empirical foundation, using 13 groups of researchers in field trials. Research in natural environment diagnoses in the United States and Canada used DSM-IV, whilst most countries officially use ICD-10 and now ICD-11adopted in 2019. In DSM-IV-TR of 2002, there was still doubt by psychiatrists as to whether PTSD is an anxiety disorder or a disorder in its own category. Refinement of DSM-IV-TR was undertaken in the current DSM-5 following research.
In addition, issues related to malingering and methodology for the detection of malingering are explored. Such methodology will confirm evidence as to whether an individual malingers or not.
In conclusion, this paper will look at the latest developments in the DSM Manual and by discussing how such a manual should be utilised effectively by the courts and psychiatrists.
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Manush, Hristov. "Development of the Concepts for Providing Close Air Support". International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 26, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2020): 64–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2020-0010.
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AbstractThe main objective of the study is to trace the perceptions of the task of an aviation component to provide direct aviation support to both ground and naval forces. Part of the study is devoted to tracing the combat experience gained during the assignment by the Bulgarian Air Force in the final combat operations against the Wehrmacht during the Second World War 1944-1945. The state of the conceptions at the present stage regarding the accomplishment of the task in conducting defensive and offensive battles and operations is also considered. Emphasis is also placed on the development of the perceptions of the task in the armies of the United States and Russia.
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Radojevic, Slobodan. "NATO naval forces in the Mediterranean". Medjunarodni problemi 69, n.º 1 (2017): 50–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/medjp1701050r.
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The NATO area covers more water than land. The Atlantic ocean, the Mediterranean, the Baltic and the Black Sea geographically and strategically unite the allies. NATO is a maritime alliance because almost all Member States have a maritime orientation and are highly dependent on maritime trade. To protect its interests on the seas and oceans NATO countries built up and maintained strong naval forces. Twenty of the 28 Member States of the Alliance has its own Navy - naval forces. Also, the Alliance has developed a highly-trained naval capacity for immediate response - Standing NATO naval forces consisting of naval ships of Member States. The use of naval power is more frequent, while more than 80 percent of local interventions and wars were conducted from the sea and over the sea. After the Cold War, NATO has dominated in the global maritime domain with robust naval forces and conducted several key naval operations to project the power and influence events on the ground. NATO naval operations have been conducted from the Balkans to the South Asia and North Africa. In the post-Cold War security environment, the Mediterranean is an area of central geopolitical and geostrategic interest to NATO. Also, NATO has a strong economic and energy interests in the Mediterranean. In that region, the naval component of the Alliance is extremely active. NATO maritime activities began during the early 1990's. NATO conducted out of area operation - Operation Sharp Guard, a naval blockade of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Significant naval forces, including attacks from the distance from the sea, participated in Operation Allied Force in Yugoslavia. After the terrorist attacks on the United States, NATO has increased the capacity of naval forces in the Mediterranean and established Operation Active Endeavour. This naval operation today transformed in Operation Sea Guardian and NATO with naval forces exercised full control and supervision of all maritime activities around the Mediterranean. Today, NATO has the Standing NATO Maritime Groups 1 (SNMG 1) and Standing NATO Maritime Groups 2 (SNMG 2), Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group (SNMCG 1) and Standing NATO Mine Countermeasures Group (SNMCG 2). NATO's Standing Naval Forces are no longer associated with a single area, but they must be ready for use anywhere. At present, NATO naval forces in the Mediterranean conduct maritime security operations and provides assistance in dealing with refugees and the migration crisis in the Aegean Sea. Today, NATO is a maritime alliance in action, actively preparing for the maritime century.
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Rafael, Vicente L. "Welcoming What Comes: Sovereignty and Revolution in the Colonial Philippines". Comparative Studies in Society and History 52, n.º 1 (24 de dezembro de 2009): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417509990363.
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After more than three hundred years of colonial rule, Filipinos began a revolution against the Spanish empire in August of 1896. By June of 1898, revolutionary forces had managed to overwhelm the Spaniards who were already reeling from the destruction of their navy in the initial days of their war with the United States and had been fatally weakened by the decade-long revolution in Cuba. In the Philippines, a Revolutionary government was formed under the dictatorship of Emilio Aguinaldo. It declared independence, convened a convention to write a constitution and briefly succeeded in forming a Republic led by the wealthiest men of the archipelago by January of 1899. But by February, Filipinos were engulfed in a new war against an emergent U.S. empire that was to last through much of the first decade of the twentieth century, leading to U.S. colonization of the Philippines until 1941.
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Yatim, Lilis Asyura M., Zarina Abdul Munir, Norfadzilah A. Razak, Norliza S. Bahry, Azmi Mat e Nur Liana Kori. "Adapting the Shield: Ensuring Military Readiness for Flood Disaster in Malaysia's". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 11, n.º 2.2 (6 de março de 2024): 333–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.112.2.16404.
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The number of disasters is increasing day by day all over the world. In Malaysia, several peninsular states are frequently overwhelmed by flooding during the monsoon season. The military has played an imperative role in disaster management and relief. The Malaysian Armed Forces are well-trained in terms of combat. However, disaster relief is a secondary part of their social responsibilities. Malaysian Armed Forces members still try their best to complete the assigned task with total commitment, even though they have not had any specific training on this matter. There are lots of studies found that relate to the knowledge and attitude of nurses and health providers towards flood disaster management; however, more research needs to be conducted among Malaysian Armed Forces members. Due to this matter, this paper was developed to scrutinize Malaysian Armed Forces members' knowledge, willingness, and attitude toward flood disaster preparedness. This research will be based on a quantitative method distributed to the Malaysian Armed Forces members in the Ministry of Defense. Questionnaires were distributed online to the respondents among Malaysian Armed Forces members in the Ministry of Defense. The study managed to get 264 respondents from Malaysian Armed Forces members in three different services: the Army, Navy, and Air Force. The data is analyzed using descriptive, reliable, and regression analysis using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Apart from that, regression analysis was used to test the hypothesis in this study. The finding found that knowledge of flood disaster preparedness and willingness/attitude is significant towards flood disaster preparedness. The findings imply effective practices and strategies applied by the Malaysian Armed Forces in facing disasters in the future.
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Houser, Dorian. "“Nacho”—A willing and adventurous dolphin with diverse research accomplishments". Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, n.º 3_supplement (1 de março de 2023): A310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018960.
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The bottlenose dolphin, WEN (also known as “Nacho”), worked in the swimmer interdiction system of the United States Navy Marine Mammal Program (MMP) before being transferred to MMP research in the mid-2000s. During his time away from systems work, WEN participated in diverse research projects that benefited our understanding of dolphin hearing, bioacoustics, and auditory physiology. His contributions include several ground-breaking studies: (1) he demonstrated that dolphins could remain vigilant at an acoustic target detection task for days without rest or performance decrement, (2) participated in the first study matching dolphin structural (MRI) and functional imaging (SPECT, PET) with an emphasis on the anatomy of sound-reception and transmission, (3) performed open-ocean work to investigate the target strength of dolphins at depth and the potential for intravascular bubble formation during diving, (4) was instrumental in the development of auditory evoked potential (AEP) methods for use in MMP dolphins, and (5) performed the first direct comparison of AEP and behavioral thresholds to the same acoustic stimulus in a marine mammal. Not only have WEN’s contributions significantly advanced marine mammal science, but with his return to systems work, he continues to contribute to the national security of the United States.
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Ellings, Richard J., Kimberly Rush e Andrew H. Cushman. "Task Force: A Senior Seminar for Undergraduate Majors in International Studies". Political Science Teacher 2, n.º 1 (1989): 6–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896082800000465.
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Task Force is a small group seminar required of all seniors in the Henry M. Jackson School's International Studies Program at the University of Washington. Five or more seminars are offered in the winter quarter, and each focuses on a current policy issue. In recent years, Task Forces have dealt with such topics as strategic arms control, apartheid, United States policy towards Central America, the future of NATO, and United States trade with Japan. The following is an abridged version of the handbook which serves as a general guide for Task Force students, instructors, and evaluators.The International Studies Program at the Jackson School introduces undergraduate students to world affairs through traditional and multidisciplinary coursework. Its curriculum draws on economics, geography, history, political science, sociology, languages and literature, religious studies, and many other disciplines. The program also recognizes that the study of international affairs is rooted in policy issues and processes. It is this notion which underlies the concept of Task Force.The organization and operation of Task Force were inspired by the Policy Conference of Princeton University's Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs. The Policy Conference, which was initiated in 1930, consists of 25-30 people and operates much like a Presidential Commission or other investigative group. Its members explore a policy problem through research and discussions with experts; they debate the merits of policy proposals and arrive at a set of policy recommendations.
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Ali, Barkat, Nazim Rahim e Muhammad Usman Ullah. "GUAM, THE CENTER OF ASIA PACIFIC: A SOURCE OF GEO-STRATEGIC RIVALRY BETWEEN CHINA AND THE US". Global Political Review 3, n.º 2 (30 de outubro de 2018): 52–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2018(iii-ii).06.
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Guam is the U.S. unincorporated territory and military (base), which lies in the western part of the Pacific Islands. Guam serves as the lynchpin for the U.S. influence in the Pacific, is became the flashpoint between two nuclear powers of the region i.e. United States of America and China, due to its strategic geopolitical position. Nevertheless, Guam remained a conducive place for the U.S. naval basing as well as the territory to provide shorten and strategic edge for Washington to sustain her hegemony and influence in the region. The aim of this research paper is that, could the U.S. sustain her hold over Guam while facing the Chinese mesmerizing and clear empirical indicators of its military forces, particularly its navy, air force, missile technology, and its rapidly expanding marine corps, as the arbiters of a new global order—one that stands opposed to U.S. national interests and threat to its close allies in the region.
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Lisovenko, D., e G. Belous. "MILITARY FORCES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF UKRAINE AND NATO AS THE BASIS OF SECURITY AND STABILITY IN THE BLACK SEA REGION". Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 2, n.º 14 (25 de janeiro de 2021): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2020.14.2.51-58.
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The article considers the issue of Cooperation of Ukraine with the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Beginning in 2014, Ukraine is actually improving control with the use of international assistance in the security industry and the relevant reporting on operational and tactical levels. General activities of Ukraine and the Alliance in the direction of security and defence, objectives: transformation and strengthening of the national security and defence sector, in relation to the performance of inherent tasks, according to the interests of the country. To ensure regional, large-scale and stable security; to facilitate and improve the development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine; to involve Ukraine in the performance of tasks in accordance with the requirements of the state defence and participation in international operations; to achieve effective compatibility of the Armed Forces of Ukraine in the context of other component parts of defence and security to ensure the performance of tasks in international operations and exercises. After the annexation of the Crimea by the Russian Federation, the Armed Forces of Ukraine received significant assistance in 2014. The priority of joint activities with NATO is primarily to guarantee the alliance of the principle of collective defence, to preserve and strengthen peace and to ensure the prospect of future security. The Alliance's ability to perform strategic tasks depends on a high degree of coordination and planning of compatible actions at the political level of the defence sector. Analysis of the participation of the Naval Forces of Ukraine and the Alliance during joint international exercises and operations, the events of the war in 2014, the military aggression of the Russian Federation, the construction of relations between Ukraine and the United States during the armed conflict, adaptation of NATO standards and principles – a number of issues for the need for rapid solution in turbo mode. Based on the analysis, the authors conclude that it is legitimate and expedient to use and gain experience in the context of the concept of development of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine. Involvement and participation in multinational military exercises is a set of measures in the context of international military cooperation, which is allowed in conditions as close as possible to combat and real. Comprehensive improvement of the level of combat training of units of the Navy of the Armed Forces of Ukraine during the increase of the level of professionalism, combat readiness and combat ability. The necessity of introduction and application of compatible measures for performance of peacekeeping, humanitarian, search and rescue and other special tasks is the priority of the concept of modern Ukraine. Constant improvement of the combat readiness level in modern conditions is achieved during the international exercises for the necessity and possibility to strengthen the professional experience of partnership, which always fundamentally affects the quality of combat tasks ahead of the number of participants involved in joint activities. Keywords: NATO, Alliance, Ukrainian Navy, Armed Forces of Ukraine, standards, training, security, Charter.
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Skorospelov, Petr P. "“A Special Form of Making Foreign Policy by the Threat of War to Imperialists”. A Case Study of Military-Political Activity of Central Committee Presidium under N.S. Khrushchev, 1953–1964. Part 2". Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, n.º 3 (2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s086919080020574-8.
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The results of Khrushchev's foreign policy can be considered, albeit not in everything and even more modest than planned, on the whole quite successful. To resolve the 2nd Berlin crisis (1958–1963), Khrushchev in 1960 reduced the Soviet ground forces by a third, thereby trying to encourage the United States to reduce its military presence in Europe. However, at the Paris Summit of the heads of the 4 powers (1960), due to the active opposition of France and Germany, he failed to push through an agreement on West Berlin on Soviet terms. Mao Zedong, who himself dreamed of leadership among socialist countries after Stalin's death, took advantage of the convenient situation to start a conflict with Moscow. In such an environment, Khrushchev escalated the Berlin crisis by threatening to conclude a peace treaty with the GDR and block Western powers' access to West Berlin (at the same time he conducts command and staff exercises “Storm”, 5–15.10.1961, together with the armies of the ATS countries). He hoped that the United States would not dare to start a war because of West Berlin, and this, in turn, would help to break off Western European states from NATO, showing them that the United States is not a reliable defender for them. His plan partially succeeded: in 1966, France will withdraw from NATO. In order to divert the attention and forces of the United States from West Berlin, the USSR has been actively creating distracting situations around the world since 1961. One of these situations was the Caribbean crisis, which almost led to a nuclear war (1962) and was a heavy defeat for the USSR, which had to fulfill all the conditions of the United States, but in return received Kennedy's promise to remove missile bases from Turkey. It will be possible to remove them only in 1963 in exchange for Turkey's support in its war with Greece over Cyprus. From Iran, due to the harsh Anglo-American pressure on the Shah, the USSR was able to achieve only an obligation not to deploy foreign missiles on its territory, but not to withdraw from the Baghdad Pact, nevertheless, the latter's activities were paralyzed. Under Brezhnev, despite the rejection of Khrushchev's tactics of nuclear bluff, the main directions and strategic goals of foreign policy remained the same as under Khrushchev: ensuring security on the western and southern borders of the USSR by splitting the opposing military blocs and establishing ties with Western European countries, especially France, improving relations with Turkey, Iran and Pakistan, linking them economically. The program of naval construction and the permanent presence of the Soviet Navy in all oceans, begun in 1959, continued.
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Kim, Jaewook, e Sukjae Jeong. "The first step toward the success of the Korean risk management framework (KRMF)". Journal of Advances in Military Studies 5, n.º 2 (31 de agosto de 2022): 73–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37944/jams.v5i2.151.
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The risk management framework (RMF) applied by the United States combines the concepts of information security and risk management in the product development process. This includes the systematic structure of equipment, parts, other construction systems, facilities, and personnel, as well as the related security of cyberspace. This concept has been a concept that has been systematically applied for the completion of information security from the requirement planning stage to the destruction of the weapon system. The RMF, which should be reflected in the project of power enhancement to ensure the perfect performance of the weapons system that our military will use in the future, is unfamiliar to Republic of Korea Army (ROK). RMF is a step-level field that has not yet been based on detailed research and measures in any ROK military, such as the Army, Navy, and Air Force. However, the USFK, which is stationed in the Republic of Korea during peacetime, and the United States’ wartime reinforcement forces [Flexible Deterrence Option (FDO), Force Module Package (FMP), Time Phased Forces Deployment Data (TPFDD)], which are deployed at the request of the CFC Commander in the event of a crisis situation on the Korean peninsula and under the direction of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, are thoroughly prepared for cyber threats by applying the RMF procedure. Therefore, the military should also create and apply the corresponding procedures during combined and joint operations as soon as possible. This study aims to provide a direction for the development of a categorization system, which is the most basic and important step 1 system in the RMF process, and I hope that it will help in the implementation of the Korean Risk Management Framework (KRMF) that should be applied in the future.
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Green, Terrance. "“We felt they took the heart out of the community”: Examining a community-based response to urban school closure". education policy analysis archives 25 (13 de março de 2017): 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.25.2549.
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Massive school closures are occurring in urban school districts across the United States. Research suggests that school closures are the outcome of racialized neoliberal policies and decades of disinvestment that have left many urban districts with fiscal deficits and declining student enrollments. However, some urban communities have successfully organized against school closures and reopened neighborhood schools. As such, this study examines how leaders in a community-university coalition in the Midwestern United States reopened a high school that was closed by its district. This case study draws on interviews and document data, and describes the forces that promoted school closure and its impacts on the community. Concepts from social capital and social network theories are used to guide the analysis. Findings indicate these leaders leveraged networks to negotiate a community-university social contract, took strategic and socially connected actions, and formed a community-driven education task force. This study offers implications for policy, future research, and communities in similar contexts.
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Hafoka, ‘Esiteli. "Tongan Crip Gang". Art/Research International: A Transdisciplinary Journal 8, n.º 2 (31 de janeiro de 2024): 457–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18432/ari29756.
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This article is an articulation of Tongan angafakafonua (way of the land, culture)as Tongan identity and its (re)makings through religion and gangs in the United States. Based on a section of my doctoral thesis, I examine the influence of the Mormon Church on Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) Act charges.1 This article acknowledges that legislators, driven by their Mormon religio-racial ideology, interpreted the legislation in an exclusive manner. They took liberties to explicitly exclude first-generation Tongan Americans based on their preference for street gangs rather than the fraternal organizations associated with the Church. During the period between the settlement of Utah and the RICO trial of Siale Angilau, American-born Tongans of the first generation modified angafakafonua to address the needs of a growing Tongan community in the United States. In the later years of this transitional period, second-Generation Tongan Americans utilized angafakafonua to counteract excessive surveillance by gang task forces, racial profiling, and discriminatory practices employed by the state.
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Fiszer, Józef. "Will China Take Over the World in the Middle of the 21st Century?" Studia Polityczne 50, n.º 1 (13 de julho de 2022): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.35757/stp.2022.50.1.01.
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The subject of this article is China and the analysis of its chances of gaining the status of the number one superpower in the world by the middle of the 21st century. I try to answer two fundamental questions here: Will China take over the world in the middle of the 21st century and will the United States and its allies allow this to happen? I try to answer these in both theoretical and utilitarian terms. I refer to several research theories, including the theory of equilibrium support and George Modelski’s long cycle theory. Above all, I refer to the theory of the state’s foreign policy, the theory of classical realism and the theory of hegemonic change. I use a comparative method and a critical discourse analysis, among others.The main hypothesis of the article is the conclusion that the United States is slowly losing its position as a global hegemon in the international arena, which strengthens China’s chances of achieving its strategic goal in international politics, which is to take over the world by the mid-21st century.However, this will not be an easy task. It will depend on many factors, including the internal situation in China and the policy of the United States and its allies towards Chinese aspirations, as well as Russia’s position on this issue, which is already competing with China’s growing influence in the world. China may also join forces with Russia and collectively deprive the United States of its hegemonic status. On the other hand, there is a tendency in political science to assume that Russia-China relations are a balancing alliance for the United States. However, this practice may verify the overall Russia-China relations in favour of the United States, thanks to which it will manage to maintain control over the world and defend its status as a hegemon in the international arena.
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Nelson, E. Charles. "The “pedestrian traveller” Maurice Spillard (fl. 1777–1800): botanist in North America?" Archives of Natural History 46, n.º 1 (abril de 2019): 124–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2019.0560.
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In the 1790s, newspapers in Britain, Ireland and the United States carried brief reports about the activities of Maurice Spillard, described as a “celebrated English pedestrian traveller”. Spillard, who may have been Irish, served in the British forces during the American Revolutionary War in the late 1770s. His exploits as a “pedestrian” were reported to have included botanical and geographical exploration, particularly in eastern and central North America including the Mississippi and Missouri basins, in which he was improbably linked with Lord Edward Fitzgerald. Spillard's botanical collections (including seeds and living plants), if they existed, were reported to have been seized by French privateers, resulting in a decree by the French Minister for the Navy requesting the safe return of this property. Spillard had contacts in London, including with the publisher Cadell & Davies, who paid an advance to Spillard. Said to have died in Dublin in 1800, Spillard reappeared in Paris in 1802, when his claims were refuted by Milfort Tastenagy (Jean-Antoine Le Clerc), and the “pedestrian traveller” was shown up as a fraud.
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Dasari, Arvind, Van K. Morris, Carmen J. Allegra, Chloe Atreya, Al B. Benson, Patrick Boland, Ki Chung et al. "ctDNA applications and integration in colorectal cancer: an NCI Colon and Rectal–Anal Task Forces whitepaper". Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology 17, n.º 12 (6 de julho de 2020): 757–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41571-020-0392-0.
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AbstractAn increasing number of studies are describing potential uses of circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) in the care of patients with colorectal cancer. Owing to this rapidly developing area of research, the Colon and Rectal–Anal Task Forces of the United States National Cancer Institute convened a panel of multidisciplinary experts to summarize current data on the utility of ctDNA in the management of colorectal cancer and to provide guidance in promoting the efficient development and integration of this technology into clinical care. The panel focused on four key areas in which ctDNA has the potential to change clinical practice, including the detection of minimal residual disease, the management of patients with rectal cancer, monitoring responses to therapy, and tracking clonal dynamics in response to targeted therapies and other systemic treatments. The panel also provides general guidelines with relevance for ctDNA-related research efforts, irrespective of indication.
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Middleton, Jennifer, e Emily Edwards. "Detecting child trafficking within the child welfare system: recommendations and best practices for screening and identification protocols in the United States". Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal 9, n.º 1 (5 de abril de 2021): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/frcij.2021.09.00335.
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Child trafficking is a prevalent and serious problem across the United States. The consequences of child trafficking are extremely harmful, and when unidentified and untreated, can have lifelong negative and sometimes fatal results. The issue of unidentified child trafficking is due in part to the lack of awareness of the hidden nature of child trafficking and a lack of effective and evidence-based screening protocols in place throughout the United States.1,2 This study used a comparative analysis approach to analyze qualitative data collected by the research team in order to compare child trafficking screening and identification tools being used in 26 states across the country. Based on interviews conducted with child welfare leaders in 26 states, all but two states (92% of states interviewed) reported having screening protocols in place for identifying potential victims of trafficking. States reported utilizing task forces, work groups, advisory councils, and partnerships with University researchers to inform the selection and/or design of screening tools. Common challenges to implementing screening tools included the length of the tool, lack of inclusive language, and the lack of standardized training of reporters. Implications for selection and use of screening and identification protocols are discussed and include: the use of tools with established statistical reliability and validity, the need for a more expansive range of questions addressing risk and protective factors, indicators, and direct questions, as well as the need to implement an evidence-based, structured decision-making protocol.
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Burkle, Frederick M. "United Nations Charter, Chapter VII, Article 43: Now or Never". Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 13, n.º 4 (25 de abril de 2018): 655–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.43.
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ABSTRACTFor more than 75 years, the United Nations Charter has functioned without the benefit of Chapter VII, Article 43, which commits all United Nations member states “to make available to the Security Council, on its call, armed forces, assistance, facilities, including rights of passage necessary for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.” The consequences imposed by this 1945 decision have had a dramatic negative impact on the United Nation’s functional capacity as a global body for peace and security. This article summarizes the struggle to implement Article 43 over the decades from the onset of the Cold War, through diplomatic attempts during the post–Cold War era, to current and often controversial attempts to provide some semblance of conflict containment through peace enforcement missions. The rapid growth of globalization and the capability of many nations to provide democratic protections to their populations are again threatened by superpower hegemony and the development of novel unconventional global threats. The survival of the United Nations requires many long overdue organizational structure and governance power reforms, including implementation of a robust United Nations Standing Task Force under Article 43. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;13:655–662)
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Tinker, Hugh. "Burma's Struggle for Independence: The Transfer of Power Thesis Re-examined". Modern Asian Studies 20, n.º 3 (julho de 1986): 461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00007824.
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On 3 May 1945, British—Indian forces landed in Rangoon. The Japanese had pulled out. The city was liberated. On 16 June there was a victory parade, though the final victory over Japan was still distant and most of their conquests were intact. Admiral Mountbatten, Supreme Allied Commander, took the salute while detachments representing the one million men under his command passed by in massed array. Famous regiments from Britain, India and Nepal; the Royal Navy; the Royal Air Force; men from the United States Air Force. It was an impressive sight, though the ceremony took place in pouring rain. Amongst them all was a somewhat ragged band representing the Burma National Army which, having been raised by the Japanese, had fought for three months alongside the British. Watching the parade from the central dais was a young man dressed in the uniform of a Japanese Major-General, though he also wore an arm-band with a conspicuous red star. The outfit was incongruously crowned by a pith sun-helmet—a topi. Probably most foreigners present assumed he was a Chinese officer. He was actually Bogyoke Aung San, commander of the BNA.
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Chakravorty, PK. "Sino-Indian War of 1962". Indian Historical Review 44, n.º 2 (dezembro de 2017): 285–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983617726649.
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More than half a century has elapsed since China and India fought a War in October–November 1962. The War saw the Chinese Army coming out with flying colours. India as a nation was shocked and had to strain every sinew to reorganise itself to win the ensuing wars with Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. There are many questions as regards the causes of the War, the events which preceded the conflict and what actually happened that led to the debacle. The article addresses these issues comprehensively and analyses the War in detail. Overall it was a failure to assess the Chinese threat in correct perspective. The Indian government did not expect China to fight a War against India. The obvious question to ask is what is the way ahead? The concluding portion of the article deals with the current situation and measures to be taken to deter China from undertaking a military adventure. There is a need to have a National Security Strategy as also leave no stone unturned to build our Comprehensive National Power. In this, our Armed Forces must be modernised to meet the Chinese forces. The Chinese Navy has of late gained strength and is making forays into the Indian Ocean. We should be prepared for this aspect and build our military diplomacy with the United States, Japan and Vietnam. Last of all to understand China, we must create nodes of excellence in our country.
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West, Lauren G. "Politics in Motion: Change and Complexity in the Contemporary Era". PS: Political Science & Politics 42, n.º 02 (abril de 2009): 424–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049096509210687.
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For the first time in its history, the APSA Annual Meeting and Exhibition will be held outside of the continental United States. Held September 3–6, 2009, in Toronto, this marks the 105th assembly of the world's largest annual gathering of political scientists. The meeting will feature over 800 panels organized by 49 thematic divisions, 66 related groups, APSA committees, and presidential task forces, as well as more than 200 meetings and receptions. In addition to division and related group panels, program chairs Simone Chambers of the University of Toronto and Bruce Jentleson of Duke University will present a series of theme panels and plenary sessions that will focus on the meeting's theme, “Politics in Motion: Change and Complexity in the Contemporary Era.”
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Green, Brendan Rittenhouse, e Caitlin Talmadge. "Then What? Assessing the Military Implications of Chinese Control of Taiwan". International Security 47, n.º 1 (2022): 7–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec_a_00437.
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Abstract The military implications of Chinese control of Taiwan are understudied. Chinese control of Taiwan would likely improve the military balance in China's favor because of reunification's positive impact on Chinese submarine warfare and ocean surveillance capabilities. Basing Chinese submarine warfare assets on Taiwan would increase the vulnerability of U.S. surface forces to attack during a crisis, reduce the attrition rate of Chinese submarines during a war, and likely increase the number of submarine attack opportunities against U.S. surface combatants. Furthermore, placing hydrophone arrays off Taiwan's coasts for ocean surveillance would forge a critical missing link in China's kill chain for long-range attacks. This outcome could push the United States toward anti-satellite warfare that it might otherwise avoid, or it could force the U.S. Navy into narrower parts of the Philippine Sea. Finally, over the long term, if China were to develop a large fleet of truly quiet nuclear attack submarines and ballistic missile submarines, basing them on Taiwan would provide it with additional advantages. Specifically, such basing would enable China to both threaten Northeast Asian sea lanes of communication and strengthen its sea-based nuclear deterrent in ways that it is otherwise unlikely to be able to do. These findings have important implications for U.S. operational planning, policy, and grand strategy.
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Corrington, Abby, Mikki Hebl, Linnea C. Ng, Ivy Watson, Isabel Bilotta, Shannon K. Cheng e Eden King. "How behavioral science can inform policies to prevent discrimination against the Asian community in the era of COVID-19". Behavioral Science & Policy 6, n.º 2 (outubro de 2020): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/237946152000600213.
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The Asian community in the United States has seen an enormous uptick in discriminatory experiences since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Asian individuals have reported discrimination within their workplaces, in their communities, and against Asian-owned businesses. Many for-profit organizations have failed to acknowledge this surge. We argue that organizations should adopt policies to protect their Asian employees and clientele. On the basis of behavioral science research and knowledge of best practices for promoting diversity and inclusion, we suggest that organizational leaders create crisis task forces to find ways to reduce discrimination against Asian employees and that the leaders more generally reaffirm organizational commitments to diversity and inclusion, communicate those commitments to stakeholders, visibly enact expected organizational norms related to diversity and inclusion, and establish or reassess accountability systems to ensure that policies and norms are followed.
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Jónsson, Már. "Denmark-Norway as a Potential World Power in the Early Seventeenth Century". Itinerario 33, n.º 2 (julho de 2009): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0165115300003077.
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On 2 January 1625, the English ambassador Robert Anstruther met with King Christian IV of Norway and Denmark and requested his participation in a union of Protestant states against Emperor Ferdinand II and the Catholic League in Germany. Within three days, King Christian proposed to contribute five thousand soldiers for one year, as part of an army of almost thirty thousand men. In early June, despite opposition from the Danish Council of State, reluctant to put a huge amount of money into foreign affairs, Christian decided to join what he called “the war for the defence of Lower Saxony”. He then headed an army of mercenaries southwards through Lower Saxony, secured all crossings over the river Weser and prepared to confront the Catholic forces. On 29 November, it was decided that Denmark would be in charge of military operations in Northern Germany, whereas England and the United Provinces would provide a monthly subsidy. The political and military prospects for Denmark were excellent, to say the least. It had the fourth strongest navy in Europe (after Spain and the two new allies), and only a few years before the Danish warships had been described by a French observer as “merveilles de l'océan”. A small standing army of two regiments had recently been established and Denmark was the fourth European state to do so after France, Spain and the neighbouring Sweden.
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BAYIR, Fikret. "REASONS FOR FAILURE OF AFGHANISTAN NATIONAL SECURITY FORCES". SAVSAD Savunma ve Savaş Araştırmaları Dergisi 32, n.º 2 (29 de dezembro de 2022): 217–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.54078/savsad.1081896.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the reasons for the inadequacy of the Afghan National Security Forces (ANSF), formed by the multinational military force under the command of NATO. For this purpose, the security situation of Afghanistan in the last twenty years has been examined in three periods. The first period is ISAF operations from 2001-2010. During this period, ISAF took on the task of both ensuring national security and establishing the ANSF. The second period is the “transition” period between 2011 and 2014, in which security responsibility is transferred. The last period is that ANSF assumed the responsibility of country security. In order to understand the security and establishment/operation processes of the ANSF in all three periods, interviews were conducted with 28 officers (currently retired) assigned to the region by the Turkish Armed Forces (TAF). According to the results, ISAF could not stop the increasing attacks of the Taliban in the first period and could not seize the military initiative. The ANSF, which was formed in this period, entered the transition period before it could gain full operational competence due to the lack of training and equipment. Hearing that the United States of America (USA) started negotiations with the Taliban during the transition period was met with suspicion in the ANSF and negatively affected the operations. In the third period when the ANSF assumed security responsibility, the Taliban attacks continued to increase and as a result, international forces withdrew from the country in September 2021, leaving Afghanistan to the Taliban. Other factors affecting the failure of ANSF is the inability to set law and order in the country, the inability to prevent corruption, the lack of unity and solidarity among ethnic groups, and the lack of "national consciousness".
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Klein, K. K., Danny G. Le Roy e Tatiana Cook. "International water sharing: examining the Montana–Alberta dispute in the context of the century-old Boundary Waters Treaty". Water Policy 14, n.º 2 (16 de outubro de 2011): 358–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2011.054.
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The Boundary Waters Treaty of 1909 set out the terms and conditions by which citizens in Canada and the United States would be permitted to access and use trans-national surface water resources. In 2003, the Governor of Montana claimed that Montanans were not receiving their collective entitlement of the boundary waters that flowed into Alberta and requested the International Joint Commission (IJC) to investigate. After more than eight years of study, meetings, task forces and negotiations, the IJC has successfully cooled emotions but a definitive solution to the dispute has not been found. Although water users in Alberta have been receiving more water than those in Montana, it has been determined that users in both countries have been receiving less water than their legal entitlements. This result has been due more to differences in diversion, conveyance and storage infrastructure on each side of the border than to any inherent unfairness in the treaty itself.
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Gheciu, Alexandra. "NATO, liberal internationalism, and the politics of imagining the Western security community". International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 74, n.º 1 (março de 2019): 32–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020702019834645.
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International Relations scholars often assume that NATO represents the institutional expression of a pre-existing, liberal-democratic Western security community. However, far from simply representing a pre-given community, NATO has always been involved in power-filled processes of constructing “the West.” At the heart of those processes lie practices of collective (re)imagining of the Western world, as well as the representation of internal tensions as feuds within a community united by liberal values. Today, the task of managing internal differences has become particularly complicated due to the rise of radical conservative political forces in several allied states. This has translated into an unprecedented clash between liberal and illiberal interpretations of the Western community. This paper also shows that, contrary to conventional wisdom, middle powers have played important roles both in the construction of the liberal Western security community, and, more recently, in articulating an alternative—radical conservative—vision of the West.
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Fletcher, R. A. "Reconquest and Crusade in Spain". Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 37 (dezembro de 1987): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679149.
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In the summer of 1898 the entire Spanish fleet was destroyed in two successive engagements with the navy of the United States: the most comprehensive, catastrophic and humiliating naval defeats of modern history. Not only did these reverses shear Spain of the last shreds of transatlantic empire: they also inflicted a severe psychological blow to the Spanish nation at large. Already a stranger to most of the invigorating developments in economic, cultural and political life which had transformed western Europe in the course of the nineteenth century, Spain found that her backwardness and feebleness had now been devastatingly exposed to the gaze of the world. Spain had become a laughing-stock among the nations. What had gone wrong? The ‘Generation of ‘98’ was the name given to the group of intellectuals and public men who set themselves to ponder this question. They conceived of their task in large terms. It was not just a matter of diagnosing and treating present and local sickness—to employ the medical imagery of which they were so fond—but of taking account of the whole organism which was so visibly ailing; and this involved examining its early growth. An historical dimension was built into their deliberations from the outset. It is for this reason that 1898 is a significant date for the historian of medieval Spain.
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Lombardo, Robert M., e David E. Olson. "Organizational Approaches to Drug Law Enforcement by Local Police Departments in the United States: Specialized Drug Units and Participation in Multi-Agency Drug Task Forces". Justice Research and Policy 11, n.º 1-2 (dezembro de 2009): 45–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3818/jrp.11.2009.45.
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