Teses / dissertações: "United Nations Organizations"

7

Stein, Sabrina. "United Nations organization : analysis of reform proposals in the areas of budget, secretariat and security council." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2009. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1331.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information. Bachelors Sciences Political Science

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Panyam, Sinta. "The Adoption of Social Media in Nonprofit Organizations : The Case Study of the United Nations Country Team in Thailand." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Medier och kommunikation, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-233748.

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The study examines the role of social media in non-profit organizations using the case study from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in Thailand Country office. As Social media become a significant channel to raise the visibility and promote the work of the organization. The focus of this research examines what drives organizations adopting social media through a model built round four key factors, 1.) The importance of social media, 2.) The impact to image of the organization, 3.) Communication strategies and, 4.) Characteristics of content on social media channels. The research aims to analyze mediums that affect the behavioral transformation of the four factors by integrated with the existing theoretical perspectives. The research was conducted in the UNDP country office social media channels mainly on Facebook from December 2013 to February 2014, using content analysis and interviewing as main methods. With the adoption of social media, the main conclusion of the study: gradually impact of social media in the enhancement of NGOs images, the changes in the construction of the content, the popularity of the themes in social media influenced by the domestic environments in the country and yet a substantial potential of social media in organizational advocacy.

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9

Jensen, Amy. "The Role of International Organizations in the Development of African States." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2007. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/1174.

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This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information. Bachelors Sciences Political Science

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10

Lüdert, Jan. "Conditions apply : non-state actors challenging state sovereignty through Intergovernmental Organizations : an analysis of national liberation movements and indigenous peoples at the United Nations." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59122.

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This dissertation contributes to the study of Intergovernmental Organizations (IGOs), such as the United Nations, and demonstrates their important function to convene multiple actors engaged in normative contestation and change. It achieves this by offering a systematic theoretical and empirical account of how non-state actors (NSAs) challenge the institution of state sovereignty. The argument offered specifically seeks to answer how and under what conditions this challenge is possible, and whether and when states respond by limiting IGOs and/or NSAs. To answer this question, the dissertation analyzes the successes and failures of two sets of non-state actors that have sought to alter prevailing conceptions of state sovereignty: national liberation movements and indigenous peoples. The dissertation’s original contributions to existing knowledge are threefold. First, I build on existing constructivist theory to argue that state sovereignty is despite being resilient and hard to change, also a mutable and variable composite institution. I specify that state sovereignty’s variance finds its clearest expression in three international norms that makes up the institution: territoriality, non-interference and self-determination. Second, I develop and apply the significance of three explanatory factors of non-state actors using IGOs to challenge and change the composite parts of state sovereignty: a) non-state actors require meaningful access and must expand participation capabilities to relevant venues within the nested structure of the IGO; b) non-state actors rely on the often essential role of allies active in the IGO to influence venue constraints and outcomes; c) non-state actors and their allies must find, create and/or be able to change relevant venues in order to advance collective goals through persuasion and social pressure tactics. I identify a particularly critical venue type which is coined sheltered venue. Sheltered venues establish a foot in the door to the IGO through which non-state actors deepen their interaction with states. Finally, I offer a detailed empirical investigation of national liberation movements and indigenous peoples interacting with the UN. No study of these actors in comparison exists to date. I, as such, explore how decisions and outcomes that benefited national liberation movements impacted indigenous peoples’ engagement at the United Nations. Arts, Faculty of Political Science, Department of Graduate

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Bridges, Douglas M. Jr, and Adonis R. Mason. "Exploring of wireless technology to provide information sharing among military, United Nations and civilian organizations during complex humanitarian emergencies and peacekeeping operations." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1141.

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Approved for public release; distribution in unlimited. Natural as well as man-made disasters have become commonalities of daily life in recent decades for a large portion of the world's population. This growing trend reflects the worldwide proliferation in recent years of Complex Humanitarian Emergencies (CHEs) and peace operations. Humanitarian emergencies and peace operations are a complex mix of related activities that require the combined efforts of the UN, military, International Organizations (IOs) and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs). Given the nature and similarities of their missions, there is an ongoing need for these organizations to have access to accurate, current, and comprehensive information about field conditions and each other's movements. In several of the CHEs and peacekeeping operations of recent years, a recurring problem has been poor communication due to inadequate equipment, non-compatibility of equipment and a non-standardized communications infrastructure. This thesis explores the impact and possible benefits that wireless technology can provide to help bridge the communication gap that exists among the UN and the NGOs who participate in CHEs and peacekeeping operations. Lieutenant Commander, Supply Corps, United States Navy Lieutenant, United States Navy

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Hodgin, Gregory. "United Nations Peacekeeping and Non-State Actors: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis of the Conditions Required for Cooperation." Digital Archive @ GSU, 2009. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/political_science_theses/27.

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This paper attempts to determine the theoretical requirements for a non-state actor to give peacekeepers to a Member state of the United Nations, who would in turn give those peacekeepers to the United Nations. The paper examines two case studies, specifically the contract between Blackwater and the United States Department of State and the SHIRBRIG series of treaties. The paper finds that there is some overlap between a Member state’s needs and a non-state actor’s needs and that there is a theoretical possibility of the donation stated above taking place.

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Bridges, Douglas M. "Exploring of wireless technology to provide information sharing among military, United Nations and civilian organizations during complex humanitarian emergencies and peacekeeping operations /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Mar%5FBridges.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003. Thesis advisor(s): Alex Bordetsky, Nancy Roberts. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-71). Also available online.

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Hecht, Catherine Anne. "Inclusiveness and status in international organizations : cases of democratic norm development and policy implementation in the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and the United Nations." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/43509.

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15

Herman, Lyndall, and Lyndall Herman. "'Recreating' Gaza: International organizations and Identity Construction in Gaza." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624515.

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This project addresses the contemporary and competing non-state governmentalities in the Gaza Strip through an analysis of the 1948-1967 period. During this period the American Friends Service Committee (AFSC), the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA), and the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) constructed early notions of non-state 'governance' and quasi-citizenship in Gaza. The majority of this research focuses on these organizations in the 1948-1967 period, however, there is a case study that addresses the way in which these competing models of non-sovereign administration impacted the approaches used since 2007 by Hamas. The distinct histories and experiences of administration under each organization has created competing notions of what components constitute an assembled notion of citizenship in Gaza. Specifically, the bureaucratic categorization preferred by UNRWA conflicts with Hamas' focus on individualized service based on the tradition of shura (consultation) and youth training, in particular. Several approaches to governance in Gaza are common to the three major faith-based organizations discussed here (the AFSC, the YMCA, and the Hamas). Notably, these organizations create sacred spaces and processes as a mechanism of governance, allowing them to exert control over the population. In particular, the manner in which two distinct international organizations – UNRWA and Hamas – came to operate parallel state structures in the Gaza Strip, and the way that these two organizations imbue citizenship like rights and responsibilities on the populations that they serve is of particular interest. In this way governance in the Gaza Strip has completed a circuit: from the faith-based Friends to the faith-based Hamas, with UNRWA as the constant secular parallel authority. Through an examination of organizational archives, memoirs, and interviews this project links these events, arguing that the institutional records of these organizations provide an illuminating path to better understand the situation of governance in Gaza today.

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El-Ghalayini, Yousif. "The Effects of High Performance Work Systems on International Governmental Organizations: A Study of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East Headquarters." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/31867.

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In the last three decades, a growing body of research has suggested that using a mix or system of human resources management (HRM) practices can lead to superior organizational performance. These practices (such as selective recruitment and hiring procedures, performance-based compensation systems, employee participation, and training and development) have been referred to as high performance work systems (HPWS) and originated from the study of strategic human resource management (SHRM), where researchers have examined the impact of these systems on organizational performance outcomes. The relationship between HRM and organizational performance has received increasing interest from scholars and practitioners in the field of public administration. Scholars strive to identify the effects of HRM practices on organizational performance based on the notion that these practices will lead to enhanced attitudinal outcomes, such as organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and motivation, which will have positive impacts on organizational performance. This study contributes to further our understanding of the impact of management on performance in public organizations through empirical evidence drawn from theories of HRM. The growing interest among scholars in understanding the effects of management on performance presumes that the adoption of best practices will lead to improvements in organizational performance. The purpose of this mixed-methods study is to examine the effects of HPWS practices on individual worker attitudes in international governmental organizations (IGOs) by reporting the results of a staff survey and follow-up interviews conducted on a cross-section of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) employees. The UNRWA is an international relief and human development Agency with a quasi-governmental role, delivering essential public services to over five million registered Palestinian refugees. UNRWA services include education, healthcare, social services, and emergency aid. In 2006, the UNRWA began a comprehensive reform program to strengthen its management capacity. Accordingly, one of the main achievements of the reform process is the deployment of new HRM systems that included recruitment strategies, performance appraisals, training and development, and compensation and rewards systems. The underlying message of the reform process has been adopting HPWS practices, which is the object of this study. Since the 1990s, the UNRWA has become increasingly interested in policy analysis and organizational research. Especially because of recent changes in the Agency’s management style, the UNRWA has become more focused on integrating knowledge and management research into its work. Therefore, when the researcher sought permission to examine the effects of the newly adopted HPWS practices on employee attitudes, the staff and upper management were very collaborative and co-operative. Surveys and interviews were conducted with program administrators, operations directors, and field staff, representing employees from different countries with varying lengths of service as well as an extensive range of levels of education and professional backgrounds. A total of 505 questionnaires were distributed in seven service departments and a total of 234 usable responses were obtained. In addition to questionnaires, a total of 10 face-to-face interviews were conducted to explore the data obtained from questionnaires and to understand further the implications of applying HPWS practices in an IGO context. Statistical analysis of the survey data and interviews provided a representation of the effects of four bundles of HPWS adopted by the organization (independent variables), on four worker attitude measures (dependent variables). The four independent variables are the HPWS practices that are the most common and most accepted in the HRM literature: staffing and recruitment, compensation and rewards, performance appraisal, and training and development. The four dependent variables are employee commitment, job satisfaction, motivation, and intention to quit. Preliminary statistical analysis consisted of descriptive statistics for all study variables, as well as Cronbach’s alpha for measuring the internal consistency reliability coefficients for all the survey subscales to examine its internal consistency. Four research hypotheses were tested using multiple regression analyses and Pearson correlation coefficients in an attempt to estimate the net effect of each of the independent variables and understand the relationship between study variables. The bivariate relationships between the dependent and independent variables have shown that the relationships are in the anticipated directions. One of the main conclusions regarding the effects of specific HPWS practices in an IGO context is that some practices, such as training and development, outperform other practices, such as staffing and recruitment. These findings are consistent with previous research on multinational corporations operating in different national contexts, and other studies comparing the effects of HPWS in different industries. The results also indicated that HPWS practices have synergistic and complementary effects on each of the employee attitudes that exceed their individual effects. Therefore, in order to expand our understanding of the effects of HPWS on organizational performance, different variables need to be considered such as national context, industry, and other organizational factors may moderate the HRM–performance relationship. The findings of this study support previous studies in this stream of research. The qualitative data were used to verify quantitative data and provide insights that were difficult to gain from surveys alone. The qualitative data indicated that more effective implementation and administration of HPWS practices would lead to better employee outcomes. In other words, the newly announced austerity measures negatively influence perceptions towards the newly implemented HPWS, which may also have influenced employee attitude outcomes.

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Muhammad, Razeq Zarlasht. "The Business of Policy Innovation: The Transformation of the United Nations Development Programme’s Engagement with the Private Sector (1997-2008)." Thesis, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/24009.

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Recently, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs) have adopted policies that engage the private sector in the implementation of their development mandates. Despite the implications of these changes, the subject is among the least conceptualized. By applying a theory-guided process-tracing (TGPT) methodology, this paper examines the process of change at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It advances a constructivist argument and evaluates whether this change could be viewed as a norm-driven change, where norms of corporate social responsibility (CSR), in the process of interaction and learning, have obtained an intersubjective quality and redefined the role of the private sector in the context of organization’s objectives. The paper evaluates this argument in light of the alternative assumptions of the principal-agent model, the bureaucratic culture literature, and rational choice institutionalism. It highlights the implications of this research in empirical, analytical, and theoretical terms for further studies and concludes that, without a due assessment of the intervening effect of norms on policies, the causal claims of other theories are seriously challenged.

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Maertens, Lucile. "Quand le Bleu passe au vert : la sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU." Thesis, Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0032.

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Depuis plusieurs décennies, l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) – ses Etats membres, ses programmes officiels et ses fonctionnaires – s’intéresse aux connexions entre environnement et sécurité. Pourtant, l’inscription des problématiques environnementales dans l’agenda sécuritaire onusien n’a pas fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. De même, la littérature sur la construction sociale des enjeux de sécurité ne propose pas un éclairage exhaustif sur les fonctions des organisations internationales dans le processus de sécurisation. La présente thèse vise à combler ces vides. S’appuyant sur des enquêtes d’inspiration ethnographique – observations participantes, entretiens semi-directifs –, elle examine, de l’intérieur, l’intégration de l’environnement dans la définition et la gestion de la sécurité à l’ONU. La recherche a ainsi montré que, ancrés dans des intentionnalités multiples – stratégies gouvernementales, organisationnelles et individuelles –, les efforts de sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU s’articulent autour de quatre modalités principales : sécurisation par le langage, sécurisation par l’intégration institutionnelle, sécurisation par la technique, sécurisation inversée. Les manœuvres de sécurisation sont confrontées à des obstacles relevant tant de contraintes imposées par les Etats membres que de rivalités internes. Toutefois, même si peu d’effets ont été observés sur le système de gouvernance globale de l’environnement, les manœuvres de sécurisation ne sont pas sans conséquence : elles favorisent le changement institutionnel pour les acteurs sécurisants et participent à la construction d’un « ordre symbolique » constitué d’obligations et d’interdépendances For decades, the United Nations (UN) – its member states, its programs and its personnel – have been concerned with how the environment and security are linked. However, academic research does not offer an extensive analysis of the ways environmental issues have been promoted within the UN security agenda. Likewise, the literature on the construction of security issues does not provide comprehensive insight on the role of international organizations in the securitization process. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps. Based on a grounded theory approach and ethnographic methods – participant observations, semi-structured interviews – it investigates the integration of the environment into the definition and management of security within the UN, from the inside. First, research has revealed governments, organizations and individuals have multiple and sometimes competing motives. Second, at the UN, environmental securitization occurs through four main modalities: discursive securitization, institutional securitization, technical securitization, reverse securitization. Efforts to promote securitization may be opposed by the member states or competing UN agencies if such moves are counter to their interests. However, although few effects were observed on the global environmental governance system, securitizing moves are not inconsequential: they promote institutional change for securitizing actors and participate in building a "symbolic order" consisting of obligations and interdependence

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Khedr, Wessam. "Expatriate adjustment revisited : an exploration of the factors explaining expatriate adjustment in MNCs and UN organizations in Egypt." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/8690.

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This thesis aims to understand the relative influence of institutional, cultural and organizational factors on the adjustment of the United Nations’ (UN) and multinational companies’ expatriates in Egypt. The research makes a contribution to the field of expatriate research through its application of the institutional lens in examining the factors impacting on adjustment; and through testing a traditional adjustment model in an under-researched host context. As a result of the research this thesis proposes a new framework for understanding the factors impacting on adjustment which adopts a contingency perspective and incorporates a stronger focus on institutional determinants and the organisational infrastructure supporting the management of expatriates. The study relies, for its theoretical basis, on certain cultural and organizational factors borrowed from the expatriate literature, in addition to introducing other factors (mainly institutional factors) which have not been previously examined in the literature as predictors of adjustment. The research questions the utility of these organizational, cultural and institutional factors, especially those from traditional models, when applied to relatively new national and organizational contexts, the Egyptian national context and the United Nations organizational context. Both contexts are under-researched areas in the expatriate adjustment literature and in the international human resources management literature in general. The Arab cultural context introduces many differences to the Anglo-Saxon and European context, more traditionally the subject of research studies and thus it provides an opportunity for testing the wider application of expatriate models. Equally the UN is a highly multicultural organisational context with a socio-political mission which is highly distinct from the ‘for profit’ based multinational. Thus both these contextual factors offer fertile ground for the further development of a framework for understanding expatriate adjustment during contemporary times. In addition, the novelty of the context brings to the fore the opportunity for examining the utility of institutional theory as an alternative or complement to cultural theory as a way of understanding the factors influencing expatriate adjustment. In terms of the method, the research relies mainly on quantitative data obtained by surveying expatriates in multinational and United Nations organizations working in Egypt. In addition a qualitative technique (interviews) was used to aid questionnaire development and data contextualization. The results highlight the role of institutional measures in explaining expatriate adjustment. The evidence suggests that the institutional variables provide additional explanatory power beyond that provided by traditional factors studies. However, the research also demonstrates that the institutional measures do not replace the cultural measures and therefore there is not a substitution factor at work. Rather, we would argue that the institutional lens provides additional understanding and is tapping into other factors not already captured through measures of culture. The research puts forward a contingency model incorporating additional organisational and institutional variables which are often overlooked or underemphasised in some of the traditional organisational focused models.

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Baines, Erin K. "The elusiveness of gender-related change in international organizations, refugee women, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees and the political economy of gender." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp02/NQ60663.pdf.

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21

Radice, Luke C. "Evolving Conceptions of Sovereignty as Applied to Membership in International Organizations." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2147.

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In the current international climate, both nations and individuals increasingly question both the validity and necessity of international organizations. This paper seeks to answer some of those questions, and to determine why countries choose to surrender significant portions of the national power that they are afforded under traditional perceptions of “Westphalian sovereignty”. This question is answered through an analysis of historical political thought on the concept of Sovereignty, then is applied to two case studies: the United Nations and the European Union, in which the benefits and downsides of surrendering sovereignty are discussed. Ultimately, this thesis concludes that the concept of Westphalian sovereignty is weakening in the modern world, as the international system gradually adopts new ideas about what national power allows, and reapplies old concepts that had long fallen out of use. Additionally, many of the problems faced by humanity in the present day are too large and complicated to be solved by singular nations, and require concerted international action. Together, these evolving conceptions of sovereignty and increasingly complex global problems have greatly contributed to the growth and empowerment of international organizations.

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Weeks, Monica. "The Effectiveness of Nongovernmental Organizations and their Impact on the Status of Women in Nicaragua." FIU Digital Commons, 2012. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/615.

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The purpose of this study was to identify the role of nongovernmental organizations in Nicaragua and their impact on the status of women. The study analyzed the status of women at the beginning of the revolution, starting in 1980. The study then examined the evolution of non-governmental organizations deriving from the original group named the Luisa Amanda Espinosa Association of Nicaraguan Women (AMNLAE). It then described the impact of non-governmental organizations on policy making and building civic societies. Ultimately, this study analyzed the status of women thirty years after the revolution and demonstrates through institutionalism that because of the effect of non-governmental organizations on society, the status of women has improved. It then concluded that nongovernmental and intergovernmental organizations are necessary for building civic societies wherein gender equality is accepted.

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Sunderland, Sheri D. "An Examination of Types of Peacekeeping Operations and their Effectiveness." Diss., Temple University Libraries, 2015. http://cdm16002.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p245801coll10/id/364366.

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Political Science Ph.D. The current scale and scope of peacekeeping missions is unprecedented and with this increasing reliance on peacekeeping as a tool to manage threats to peace and security come questions about who should keep the peace. Is it, as many assume, the United Nations? Is it a regional organization, such as the African Union? Or is it an individual state? Each of these different types of peacekeeping operations have different strengths and weaknesses associated with them in terms of legitimacy, institutional capacity, local and regional awareness, resources, and military effectiveness. This dissertation analyzes types of peacekeeping operations to determine which is the most effective in restoring peace and stability and why. I use a structured, focused comparative case study methodology to examine eight cases of peacekeeping, across two countries, the Democratic Republic of Congo and Sierra Leone, each of which has been subject to all three types of peacekeeping operations. This approach allows me to hold a number of control variables constant, providing a clear test of the impact of the type of intervention. I found that the type of PKO makes a difference to the success or failure of that mission. PKOs run by lead states are more likely to be successful because they are more willing to use force and they are more likely to have the resources and capabilities necessary to implement that force. Further, I found that two types of PKOs working together can use their strengths to compensate for each other’s weaknesses. I also present a quantitative study with a larger sample size that both substantiates my findings and allows me to generalize them to a wider universe of cases. Temple University--Theses

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Vergna, José Daniel Gatti. "O novo sistema do tribunal administrativo da ONU." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2135/tde-08122015-084902/.

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O presente trabalho propõe-se a discutir sobre os Tribunais Administrativos de Organizações Internacionais, sua dimensão jurídica no contexto da expansão do Direito Internacional contemporâneo, seus objetivos jurisdicionais, suas características específicas, seus procedimentos internos e seu conceito, a partir da análise dos fundamentos e elementos jurídicos que preenchem o conteúdo dos tribunais internacionais. Nesse sentido, o estudo remonta ao exame do vínculo existente entre as organizações internacionais, os órgãos de organizações internacionais, os funcionários internacionais que prestam serviços laborais às organizações internacionais e os Tribunais Administrativos. Por fim, será apresentado o novo sistema administrativo de solução de controvérsias da Organização das Nações Unidas, de modo a revelar o significado e as consequências que a sua reforma introduz para o futuro dos Tribunais Administrativos e para a evolução do Direito Internacional na proteção dos indivíduos. The following essay intends to discuss the International Administrative Tribunals of International Organizations, their legal dimension in the context of contemporary International Law expansion, its jurisdictional goals, their detailed characteristics, their internal procedures and its concept, by analyzing the reasons and legal aspects that fulfill the content of the international tribunals. To this end, the study relies on the examination of the existing connection between international organizations, the organs of international organizations, the international officials who render labor services to international organizations and the Administrative Tribunals. Finally, an approach in the new administrative dispute resolution system of the United Nations will be done, aiming to reveal the meaning and the consequences that the reform introduces to the future of the Administrative Tribunals and to the evolution of the International Law on the protection of individuals.

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Maertens, Lucile. "Quand le Bleu passe au vert : la sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015IEPP0032.

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Depuis plusieurs décennies, l’Organisation des Nations Unies (ONU) – ses Etats membres, ses programmes officiels et ses fonctionnaires – s’intéresse aux connexions entre environnement et sécurité. Pourtant, l’inscription des problématiques environnementales dans l’agenda sécuritaire onusien n’a pas fait l’objet d’une étude détaillée. De même, la littérature sur la construction sociale des enjeux de sécurité ne propose pas un éclairage exhaustif sur les fonctions des organisations internationales dans le processus de sécurisation. La présente thèse vise à combler ces vides. S’appuyant sur des enquêtes d’inspiration ethnographique – observations participantes, entretiens semi-directifs –, elle examine, de l’intérieur, l’intégration de l’environnement dans la définition et la gestion de la sécurité à l’ONU. La recherche a ainsi montré que, ancrés dans des intentionnalités multiples – stratégies gouvernementales, organisationnelles et individuelles –, les efforts de sécurisation de l’environnement à l’ONU s’articulent autour de quatre modalités principales : sécurisation par le langage, sécurisation par l’intégration institutionnelle, sécurisation par la technique, sécurisation inversée. Les manœuvres de sécurisation sont confrontées à des obstacles relevant tant de contraintes imposées par les Etats membres que de rivalités internes. Toutefois, même si peu d’effets ont été observés sur le système de gouvernance globale de l’environnement, les manœuvres de sécurisation ne sont pas sans conséquence : elles favorisent le changement institutionnel pour les acteurs sécurisants et participent à la construction d’un « ordre symbolique » constitué d’obligations et d’interdépendances For decades, the United Nations (UN) – its member states, its programs and its personnel – have been concerned with how the environment and security are linked. However, academic research does not offer an extensive analysis of the ways environmental issues have been promoted within the UN security agenda. Likewise, the literature on the construction of security issues does not provide comprehensive insight on the role of international organizations in the securitization process. This dissertation aims to fill these gaps. Based on a grounded theory approach and ethnographic methods – participant observations, semi-structured interviews – it investigates the integration of the environment into the definition and management of security within the UN, from the inside. First, research has revealed governments, organizations and individuals have multiple and sometimes competing motives. Second, at the UN, environmental securitization occurs through four main modalities: discursive securitization, institutional securitization, technical securitization, reverse securitization. Efforts to promote securitization may be opposed by the member states or competing UN agencies if such moves are counter to their interests. However, although few effects were observed on the global environmental governance system, securitizing moves are not inconsequential: they promote institutional change for securitizing actors and participate in building a "symbolic order" consisting of obligations and interdependence

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26

González, González Verónica. "“Lo indígena" tratado por les organizaciones internacionales : Los casos de la UNESCO y de la FAO." Thesis, Paris 3, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA030018.

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Les activités menées au sein de l’ONU, ainsi que de son prédécesseur, la Société des Nations, ont jouées un rôle fondamental dans la détermination de la position qu’occupent actuellement les “peuples autochtones” dans le champ politique international. En adoptant une approche constructiviste, l’auteure montre que le comportement des organisations internationales face aux peuples autochtones relève de processus anciens, qui sont désormais codifiés dans les “identités” de ces institutions. Elle explique en suite comment l’interaction entre un tel héritage et des conjonctures historiques et politiques particulières (le système colonial, la décolonisation et le scénario postcolonial contemporain) a généré une “pensée institutionnelle sur les peuples autochtones”, définie comme un ensemble de catégories, de connaissances et de normes que ces organisations associent aux peuples autochtones, et qui déterminent leur relation institutionnelle avec eux. A l’aide des outils méthodologiques et conceptuels propres à l’anthropologie politique et au droit international, l’auteure analyse en perspective historique l’évolution de la “pensée institutionnelle sur les peuples autochtones” au sein de l’UNESCO et de la FAO. Jusqu’aux années quatre-vingt-dix, ces organisations ont établi une relation avec les peuples autochtones qui reproduisait la domination exercée sur eux dans le cadre du système international westphalien. Cette recherche démontre que la relation institutionnelle entre ces agences spécialisées et les peuples autochtones change graduellement, sous l’influence du développement des “questions autochtones” au sein de l’ONU et notamment après l’adoption de la Déclaration des droits des peuples autochtones en 2007. Si les initiatives prises par les deux agences en réponse aux nouveaux contextes ne réfléchissent qu’un premier stade de transformation institutionnelle, elles ouvrent tout de même une fenêtre d’opportunités pour que les peuples autochtones jouent un rôle dans la construction de leur réalité et, par conséquent, dans la concrétisation de leurs aspirations politiques au niveau national et international The activities of the United Nations, and its predecessor, the League of Nations, has been fundamental to determining the position which the collectivities recognized today as “indigenous peoples” have occupied in the international political field. Adopting a social constructivist approach, this thesis posits that the behaviour of international organizations vis-à-vis indigenous peoples is rooted in processes which date back centuries and which have been codified in the “identities” of these institutions. This historical baggage has subsequently been remolded in different historical and political contexts (the colonial system, the decolonization era, and the contemporary postcolonial scenario), transforming the set of categories, knowledge, and norms which these organizations have associated with indigenous peoples, and which we refer to as “lo indígena”, into an object which has had distinct meanings and connotations throughout the years.With the assistance of tools borrowed from the disciplines of political anthropology and international law, this thesis analyzes, from a historical perspective, the manner in which UNESCO and FAO have treated “lo indígena”. Until the nineties, these organizations had, in the main, constructed a relation with indigenous peoples which reproduced the domination the State exerted over them in the context of the Westphalian system. The thesis illustrates that today, encouraged by the institutionalization of indigenous issues in the UN, in particular following the adoption of the Declaration on the rights of indigenous peoples in 2007, this relation is gradually changing. The initiatives being implemented by these specialized agencies, in order to satisfy the expectations which this new international context has given rise to, reflect an initial step in institutional transformation. They nevertheless open a window of opportunity for indigenous peoples to have a role in the construction of their own realities and, in doing so, to realize their political aspirations at national and international levels El trabajo realizado por la ONU, así como el de su predecesora, la Sociedad de Naciones, ha sido fundamental en la determinación del lugar que las colectividades que hoy día se reconocen como “pueblos indígenas” han ocupado en el campo político internacional. Partiendo de un enfoque constructivista social, consideramos que el comportamiento de las organizaciones internacionales frente a los pueblos indígenas encuentra sus raíces en procesos que remontan a muchos siglos y que se han codificado en sus “identidades”. Ese bagaje ha interactuado con coyunturas históricas y políticas precisas (el sistema colonial, la descolonización y el escenario postcolonial contemporáneo), volviendo lo indígena (un conjunto de categorías, conocimiento y normas que esas organizaciones han asociado a los pueblos indígenas) un objeto que ha tenido significados diferentes a lo largo de los años. Con la ayuda de herramientas de antropología política, así como de derecho internacional, analizamos en perspectiva histórica el tratamiento de lo indígena en la UNESCO y la FAO. Hasta los años noventas, esas organizaciones construyeron una relación con los pueblos indígenas que reproducía la dominación que sobre ellos recayó en el marco del sistema internacional westfaliano. Demostramos que actualmente esa relación cambia de manera gradual, en el marco de la institucionalización de las “cuestiones indígenas” en la ONU y, de modo particular, tras la adopción de la Declaración de los derechos de los pueblos indígenas en 2007. Si las iniciativas de esos organismos especializados para satisfacer las expectativas del nuevo contexto reflejan aún los primeros estadios de una transformación institucional, éstas abren una ventana de oportunidad para que los pueblos indígenas tengan un rol en la construcción de su realidad y, por lo tanto, para que concreticen sus ambiciones políticas, a nivel nacional e internacional

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Orchard, Philip. "A right to leave : refugees, states, and international society." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/1261.

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This dissertation investigates regime-based efforts by states to cooperate in providing assistance and protection to refugees since 1648. It argues from a constructivist perspective that state interests and identities are shaped both by other actors in the international system - including norm entrepreneurs, non-governmental organizations, and international organizations - and by the broader normative environment. Refugees are a by-product of this environment. Fundamental institutions - including territoriality, popular sovereignty, and international law - formed a system in which exit was one of the few mechanisms of survival for those who were religiously and politically persecuted. This led states to recognize that people who were so persecuted were different from ordinary migrants and had a right to flee their own state and seek accommodation elsewhere. States recognized this right to leave, but did not recognize a requirement that any given state had a responsibility to accept these refugees. This contradiction creates a dilemma in international relations, one which states have sought to solve through international cooperation. The dissertation explores policy change within the United States and Great Britain at the international and domestic levels in order to understand the tensions within current refugee protection efforts. Three regimes, based in different normative understandings, have framed state cooperation. In the first, during the 19th century, refugees were granted protections under domestic and then bilateral law through extradition treaties. The second, in the interwar period, saw states taught by norm entrepreneurs that multilateral organizations could successfully assist refugees, though states remained unwilling to provide blanket assistance and be bound by international law. These issues led to the failure of states to accommodate Jewish refugees fleeing from Germany in the 1930s. The third, since the Second World War, had a greater consistency among its norms, especially recognition by states of the need for international law. Once again, this process was shaped by other actors, including the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). This regime has been challenged by increased refugee numbers and restrictions on the part of states, but its central purpose remains robust due to the actions of actors such as the UNHCR.

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Costa, Nara Shirley de Sousa. "A ONUDI – Organização das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento Industrial e o desenvolvimento econômico global." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2013. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/5079.

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Submitted by Claudina Moraes (camclaudina@gmail.com) on 2016-06-24T19:32:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Nara Shirley de Sousa Costa.pdf: 2174581 bytes, checksum: 75f5a6a68bc82870b5cafabce8751b96 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-07-11T14:58:28Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Nara Shirley de Sousa Costa.pdf: 2174581 bytes, checksum: 75f5a6a68bc82870b5cafabce8751b96 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2016-07-11T14:59:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Nara Shirley de Sousa Costa.pdf: 2174581 bytes, checksum: 75f5a6a68bc82870b5cafabce8751b96 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T14:59:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Nara Shirley de Sousa Costa.pdf: 2174581 bytes, checksum: 75f5a6a68bc82870b5cafabce8751b96 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-26 CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior The goals of this paper is to analyze how international organizations act as agents for promoting the transnationalization of capital. The approach has hypothesized mechanisms structuring legal, political and economic aimed at engendering global development. The treatment of the problem has as object the UNIDO-United Nations Industrial Development Organization. UNIDO is an international intergovernmental organization linked to the United Nations system, created on November 17, 1966, aiming to promote indutrialização developing countries and economies in transition. The organization emerged in the context in which economic development was seen as synonymous with industrialization (LUKEN, 2009), in this context UNIDO has emerged as a mechanism for discussing the development of developing countries - developing countries and, over time came to play an important role as one of the promoters of private capital in the global economy and relations between developed and developing countries to promote economic development through industrial activities, as well as the introduction of alternative production less harmful to the environment, in trade capacity building, normalization and quality. The goal is to offer developing countries, LDCs - Least Developed Countries and SMEs-Small and Medium Enterprises, conditions inserting them in global markets. To understand their participation in the global development agenda, part is the analysis of their annual reports since 1985, the year he became a specialized agency of the United Nations. The empirical basis of the documentary sources produced by UNIDO prioritized their annual reports, as they bring the synthesis of its activities during the year, although other documents, such as resolutions and reports from the UN and some of its specialized agencies were used. The research encountered several agents and actions through the work of UNIDO sought to unveil its recommendations for countries in the process of industrialization as well as abstracting converges in the midst of a discourse which directs the overall development. By reason of being an organization which originated and is integral to the United Nations, the research highlighted how the development issues were taking up space in the United Nations, contemplating their changes over time has incorporated its meaning other factors, which pervade the purely economic aspects, converging in the last decades of the twentieth century in HDI-Human Development Index, measured by the UNDP-United Nations Development Programme and the turn of the twenty-first century in the MDGs - Millennium Development Goals are objectives that aim to combat extreme poverty by 2015, were highlighted by several organizations, among them the UNIDO. Based on context which originated and is integral and relations with various actors, including nation states, corporations and other private, can be said that UNIDO is participating agents adjustments political, legal, economic and regulations that aim to convergence to global development. O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar como organizações internacionais atuam como agentes de promoção para a transnacionalização do capital. A abordagem tem como direcionamento a estruturação de mecanismos jurídicos, políticos e econômicos que visem o engendramento do desenvolvimento econômico global, deste modo, a problemática traz como objeto a ONUDI- Organização das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento Industrial. A ONUDI é uma organização intergovernamental internacional ligada ao sistema das Nações Unidas, criada em 17 de novembro de 1966, seu objetivo é promover a indutrialização dos países em desenvolvimento e economias em transição. A organização surgiu no contexto em que o desenvolvimento econômico era visto como sinônimo de industrialização (LUKEN, 2009), neste âmbito, se tornou como um mecanismo de discussão sobre o desenvolvimento dos países em desenvolvimento e, com passar do tempo passou a desempenhar um papel importante, como um dos agentes promotores do capital privado na economia global e das relações entre países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento para a promoção do desenvolvimento econômico por meio das atividades industriais. Para compreensão de sua participação na agenda do desenvolvimento global, parte-se à análise de seus relatórios anuais a partir de 1985, ano em que se tornou uma agência especializada das Nações Unidas. A base nas fontes documentais produzidas pela ONUDI priorizou seus relatórios anuais, pois trazem a síntese das atividades realizadas durante o ano, entretanto outros documentos, como resoluções e relatórios da ONU e de outras agências especializadas foram utilizados. Assim, a pesquisa se deparou com atuação de vários agentes, e por meio da ONUDI procurou-se desvelar suas recomendações para os países no processo de industrialização, e abstrair como se converge em meio a um discurso que direciona ao desenvolvimento econômico global. Deste modo, os três pilares os quais guiam suas ações, como a redução da pobreza, meio ambiente e comércio, procuram introduzir alternativas de produção menos nocivas ao meio ambiente, capacitação comercial, adequação normalizações internacionais e gestão da qualidade nos processos industriais. O objetivo é oferecer aos países em desenvolvimento-PEDs, países menos avançados-PMAs e pequenas e médias empresas- PMEs, condições de inseri-los nos mercados globais. Em razão de ser uma organização integrante do sistema das Nações Unidas, a pesquisa procurou compreender como as questões relativas ao desenvolvimento foram tomando espaço nas Nações Unidas, contemplando alterações que, ao longo do tempo incorporou ao significado do desenvolvimento outras abordagens, que perpassam os aspectos meramente econômicos, convergindo nas últimas décadas do século XX em problemáticas que envolvem a sustentabilidade, IDHs- Índices de Desenvolvimento Humano; e na virada para o século XXI nos ODMs – Objetivos do Milênio que visam o combate à extrema pobreza até 2015 e foram sublinhados por várias organizações, dentre elas a ONUDI. Com base no contexto o qual se originou e é integrante e das relações com vários agentes, entre eles Estados nacionais, empresas e outros agentes privados, pode se dizer que a ONUDI é dos agentes participantes de ajustamentos técnicos, políticos, jurídicos, econômicos que visam à convergência ao desenvolvimento econômico global.

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Belmakki, Mohamed. "African sub-regional organizations in peacekeeping and peacemaking : the Economic Community Of West African State (ECOWAS) /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FBelmakki.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2005. Thesis Advisor(s): Karen Guttieri, Letitia Lawson. Includes bibliographical references (p. 71-75). Also available online.

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Rebelo, Tamya Rocha. "A atuação das organizações não governamentais no Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas: os casos das agendas temáticas sobre crianças e mulheres." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-17102017-102739/.

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O objetivo central desta tese é o de analisar a participação de Organizações Não Governamentais (ONGs) internacionais nas políticas e práticas do Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas (CSNU) voltadas às agendas temáticas Crianças e Mulheres. Com base no estudo de duas coalizões, Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict e NGO Working Group on Women, Peace and Security, busca-se examinar o panorama político e normativo que condiciona a atuação das ONGs, bem como as estratégias específicas utilizadas por elas para adentrar no domínio de paz e segurança internacionais. Pretende-se discutir se as ONGs estão presentes nas discussões do órgão e, caso afirmativo, em que medida suas estratégias influenciam as decisões estatais. A metodologia empregada foi a análise dos documentos divulgados pelas coalizões e das resoluções aprovadas pelo CSNU. Além disso, foram realizadas entrevistas com funcionários das coalizões e das missões estatais para entender como funcionam as relações entre as ONGs e o CSNU. A partir das perguntas de pesquisa e da metodologia empregada, o estudo discutiu proposições teóricas sobre a possibilidade de os atores não estatais interferirem nas deliberações intergovernamentais. Sugere-se que o enquadramento das ideias e normas, a formação de coalizões e a mobilização por meio de redes de advocacia criam estímulos que aumentam as chances de os ativistas influenciarem as decisões dos Estados-membros do CSNU. As conclusões desta tese permitem considerar, de um lado, a participação das ONGs num espaço tradicionalmente fechado à sua presença e, de outro, o desenvolvimento do CSNU, com destaque às adaptações que viabilizaram uma maior aproximação com as ONGs. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the participation of international Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in the policies of the United Nations Security Council on Children\'s and Women\'s issues. Based on the study of two coalitions, Watchlist on Children and Armed Conflict and NGO Working Group on Women, Peace, and Security, it seeks to examine the political and normative framework that conditions the performance of NGOs. Furthermore, it looks at specific strategies used by them to enter into the field of international peace and security. The intention is to verify if NGOs are present in the discussions of this body and, if so, to what extent they influence state\'s decisions. From these research questions, the study discusses theoretical propositions about the possibility of non-state actors\' interference in intergovernmental deliberations. It suggests that framing of ideas and norms, the formation of coalitions and the mobilization through advocacy networks increase the likelihood of an impact on the decisions of member states. The conclusions allow us, firstly, to reflect upon the participation of NGOs in a space traditionally closed to their presence and, secondly, to visualize the development of the UNSC, highlighting some adaptations that led to a greater proximity with NGOs.

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Ngamilolo, Loïc-Rodney. "Le rôle de l'ONU et de l'OUA dans la résolution pacifique des conflits armés en République Démocratique du Congo de 1996 à 2002." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2024. https://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/ulprive/DDOC_T_2024_0118_NGAMILOLO.pdf.

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L'accession à la souveraineté internationale de la République du Congo (actuelle République Démocratique du Congo), le 30 juin 1960, a été suivie d'une instabilité politico-sécuritaire de grande ampleur. Après une certaine stabilité retrouvée dès la prise du pouvoir par Joseph MOBUTU en 1965, le pays bascule à nouveau dans un conflit armé. Ce conflit dure de 1996 à 2002 avec l'implication de neuf pays africains ainsi que d'une vingtaine de groupes armés. Ce qui a en fait la plus grande guerre internationalisée de l'histoire des Relations internationales de l'Afrique contemporaine. À côté des pertes humaines considérables, la cruauté et la barbarie des combats ont contraint des millions de personnes à l'exode dans des conditions humanitaires extrêmement précaires. L'ONU et l'OUA se sont fortement mobilisées en vue de trouver une solution négociée, susceptible de rétablir la paix et la sécurité dans le pays.La présente étude avait pour but d'examiner le rôle joué par ces deux organisations, en mettant en exergue la portée de leurs actions de paix au cours de cette période conflictuelle. Elles ont permis une action positive en ce sens que la situation sécuritaire en RDC a connu quelques améliorations à la suite de leur mobilisation qui s'est traduite par une diplomatie structurée autour d'envoyés spéciaux, avec l'organisation de sommets de paix internationaux et la mise en place des mécanismes ad hoc de stabilisation. Toutefois cette stabilisation reste très précaire en raison de la persistance de l'insécurité et de l'instabilité dans ce pays. Celles-ci se poursuivent d'ailleurs jusqu'à nos jours, notamment dans la région orientale The accession to international sovereignty of the Republic of the Congo (now the Democratic Republic of the Congo) on 30 June 1960 was followed by large-scale political and security instability. After a certain stability regained as soon as Joseph Mobutu took power in 1965, the country once again fell into armed conflict. This conflict lasted from 1996 to 2002 and saw the involvement of nine African countries as well as about twenty armed groups. This has in fact the largest internationalized war in the history of contemporary African International Relations. In addition to the considerable loss of life, the cruelty and barbarity of the fighting forced millions of people to flee in extremely precarious humanitarian conditions. The United Nations and the OAU have been strongly mobilized to find a negotiated solution that can restore peace and security in the country. The purpose of this study was to examine the role played by these two organizations, highlighting the scope of their peace actions during this period of conflict. Positive action has been taken in the sense that the security situation in the DRC has improved following their mobilization. It has resulted in diplomacy structured around special envoys, the organization of international peace summits and the establishment of ad hoc stabilization mechanisms. However, this stabilization remains very precarious due to the persistence of insecurity and instability in this country, which continues to this day, particularly in its eastern region

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Kalidou, Ndaw Cheikh. "L'expression 'tous les moyens nécessaires' dans les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité autorisant le recours à la force." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASH007.

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L'expression « tous les moyens nécessaires » est la « formule magique » privilégiée par le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU pour autoriser des États membres à recourir à la force armée. Elle constitue la clé de voûte de la pratique subséquente qui, bien qu'elle soit en phase avec l'esprit de la Charte des Nations Unies, n'en est pas moins une déformation de sa lettre. À ce titre, elle soulève bien des interrogations qui justifient qu'une étude approfondie lui soit consacrée.S'il est établi que le Conseil de sécurité, agissant dans le cadre du Chapitre VII de la Charte de l'ONU, dispose d'un pouvoir d'autoriser le recours à la force des armes, l'imprécision de la formule usitée et, parfois, des mandats conférés laisse, a priori, une marge d'appréciation importante aux États membres et organismes autorisés. La tentation, pour ces derniers, peut alors être grande d'interpréter ultra petita leurs mandats qui, dès lors, doivent être assortis de garanties suffisantes et de mécanismes de supervision adéquats.Dans cette optique, la présente étude s'intéresse à l'étendue du pouvoir discrétionnaire dont bénéficient les États membres et les organismes autorisés, par le Conseil de sécurité de l'ONU, à faire usage de « tous les moyens nécessaires » ; à sa mise en œuvre, à ses limitations, à l'effectivité et à l'efficacité du contrôle dont il doit faire l'objet et, enfin, aux mécanismes de responsabilité internationale qui ont vocation à sanctionner les éventuelles actions et omissions illicites adoptées à l'occasion des interventions militaires autorisées The expression "All Necessary Means" is the "magic formula" favored by the UN Security Council to authorize Member States to use armed force. It is the keystone of the subsequent practice, which, while in keeping with the spirit of the United Nations Charter, is nonetheless a distortion of its letter. As such, it raises several questions justifying to undertake an in-depth study.While it is established that the Security Council, acting under Chapter VII of the UN Charter, has the power to authorize the use of armed force, the imprecision of the formula used and, sometimes, the mandates conferred leaves a wide margin of appreciation to Member States and authorized bodies. The temptation may be strong that they overinterpret their mandates which, therefore, must be accompanied by sufficient guarantees and adequate supervision mechanisms.With this in mind, the present study looks at the scope of the discretionary power enjoyed by Member States and organizations authorized by the UN Security Council to use "All Necessary Means", its implementation, limitations and the effectiveness and efficiency of the control to which it must be subject; and, finally, the mechanisms of international responsibility designed to sanction any illicit actions and omissions adopted on the occasion of authorized military interventions

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Conroy, Sean F. "Used paper for sale are pacific settlement agreements really worth anything? /." Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA490787.

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Glueck, Rachel Costa Ragoni. "Liderança internacional e a governança global ambiental: o caso do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/101/101131/tde-01082017-184114/.

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Este trabalho se insere nas discussões sobre governança global ambiental e debate o papel dos líderes burocráticos nas organizações para o meio ambiente, em face à condições externas que desafiem o exercício de sua função política, sob a hipótese exploratória de a despeito de um ambiente desafiador, o tipo de liderança e características pessoais e de formação do líder podem contribuir para a criação e fortalecimento do poder de agenda de uma organização. O caso a ser estudado é o do Programa das Nações Unidas para o Meio Ambiente, no qual se analisa a liderança de três Diretores Executivos (Maurice Strong, Mostafa Tolba e Achim Steiner) durante três marcos históricos (Conferência de Estocolmo, Rio 92 e Rio+20). A forma de liderança empregada é estudada através da tipologia de Oran Young. Características pessoais serão analisadas através do conceito de liderança transformacional. Neste estudo, a formação profissional destes líderes também serão consideradas a fim de compreender sua contribuição para o fortalecimento da função politica ou técnica desta organização. A análise tem como base produções acadêmicas sobre o tema, materiais oficiais e relatórios acerca dos momentos históricos, declarações públicas e percepções de personalidades acerca da atuação e formação dos líderes, além de entrevistas realizadas exclusivamente para esta dissertação. This dissertation is inserted in the discussions on global environmental governance and it debates the role of international leadership in international organizations for the environment, under the assumption that in face of challenge external conditions, the kind of leadership and the leaders\' personal characteristics and background can positively impact the power of agency of an organization. The case of study is the United Nations Environment Program, analyzing the leadership of three Executive Directors (Maurice Strong, Mostafa Tolba and Achim Steiner) over three historical milestones (Stockholm Conference, Rio 92 and Rio + 20). The kind of leadership performed by individuals is studied using Oran Young\'s typology. Personal characteristics will be analyzed through the concept of transformational leadership. Besides, in this study, leader\'s professional experiences will, also, be considered in order to understand their contribution in strengthening organizations political or technical function organization. The analysis is based on academic contributions on the subject, official materials and reports on the milestones, public statements and perceptions of individuals about leaders\' performance and professional background, as well as interviews conducted exclusively for this dissertation.

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Kaniut, Eric G. "United Nations reform : the need for legitimacy /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA297104.

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Romero, Yordanka Javib. "Las reformas a la Carta de las Naciones Unidas y las modificaciones que se han llevado a cabo desde su propia práctica." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/300756.

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Aquesta tesi doctoral té per objectiu analitzar els procediments jurídics utilitzats per les Nacions Unides i els seus Estats membres per a reformar o modificar la Carta de les Nacions Unides amb l'objectiu de contribuir a que l'Organització sigui més eficient i eficaç. Iniciem l'estudi pels orígens i característiques de les Organitzacions Internacionals en general i de les Nacions Unides en particular, del seu tractat constitutiu, així com dels diferents intents per reformar la Carta. Seguidament, analitzem les modificacions institucionals que han tingut lloc en els principals òrgans de les Nacions Unides i les modificacions materials que han afectat al principal propòsit de l'Organització: el manteniment de la pau i seguretat internacionals i mostrem exemples fefaents de disposicions de la Carta que s'han modificat a través d'una pràctica constant i uniforme, amb la finalitat d'aportar a l'Organització els mecanismes necessaris per complir amb els seus objectius i propòsits perseguits. This doctoral thesis has as an objective to analyze the legal procedures used by the United Nations and its member states to reform or modify the United Nations chart with the purpose of contributing to the fact that the UN be more efficient and effective. We began the study by the origin and characteristics of the international organizations in general and the UN in particular, its constitutive treaty, as in the different attempts to reform the Chart. We analyze the modifications that have taken place in the main bodies of the United Nations and the material modifications that have affected the principal purpose of the organization: peace keeping and international security and we show irrefutable examples of the rulings of the chart that have been modified through a constant and even practice, with the objective of providing the organization with the necessary mechanisms to accomplish the desired purposes.

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RINALDI, DAVID. "GOVERNANCE AND SELECTIVITY IN MULTILATERAL AID ALLOCATION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1930.

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La tesi si incentra sulle questioni legate alla distribuzione degli aiuti multilaterali allo sviluppo; in particolare due temi sono affrontati: la selettività degli aiuti e la qualità della governance. L’elaborato si basa sulla letteratura concernente l’efficacia e la distribuzione degli aiuti ed unisce quest’ultima alla letteratura sulla political economy delle organizzazioni internazionali e sulla good governance. Attraverso un’analisi econometrica si intende capire se le organizzazioni multilaterali hanno a cuore la qualità della governance del paese ricevente al momento dell’allocazione degli aiuti. Con un modello GMM-Diff che adopera sia strumenti interni che esterni, si evidenzia come l’interesse per la governance da parte delle istituzioni multilaterali non sia solo retorica, come invece appare da uno studio preliminare. Inoltre, attraverso l’analisi di un panel a tre dimensioni, la tesi monitora l’applicazione della selettività degli aiuti. Viene rigettata l’ipotesi di un aumento della selettività e si evidenziano margini per un miglioramento dell’efficacia allocativa degli aiuti. Le agenzie multilaterali devono cercare di distribuire gli aiuti con criteri diversi da quelli di natura geopolitica. The thesis examines the allocation of multilateral aid flows with respect to two current issues of the development agenda: the selectivity of aid and the quality of governance. The dissertation brings together three strands of the relevant literature: firstly, the reference literature relating to aid effectiveness and aid allocation, which is then followed by the literature on good governance and, lastly, on the political economy of international organizations. We carry out an econometric study to understand whether international organizations care about the recipients’ performance on governance. With a GMM-Diff methodology using both internal and external instruments we show that the focus on governance by multilateral bodies is not only rhetoric, as it appears at first glance. Moreover, we explore how the selectivity of multilateral aid varies over time by employing a three-dimensional panel. Our analysis rejects the hypothesis of increasing selectivity and confirms that there is room to improve on the allocation of aid. Multilateral institutions need to strengthen their efforts to allocate aid on criteria other than political-strategic ones.

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RINALDI, DAVID. "GOVERNANCE AND SELECTIVITY IN MULTILATERAL AID ALLOCATION." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1930.

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La tesi si incentra sulle questioni legate alla distribuzione degli aiuti multilaterali allo sviluppo; in particolare due temi sono affrontati: la selettività degli aiuti e la qualità della governance. L’elaborato si basa sulla letteratura concernente l’efficacia e la distribuzione degli aiuti ed unisce quest’ultima alla letteratura sulla political economy delle organizzazioni internazionali e sulla good governance. Attraverso un’analisi econometrica si intende capire se le organizzazioni multilaterali hanno a cuore la qualità della governance del paese ricevente al momento dell’allocazione degli aiuti. Con un modello GMM-Diff che adopera sia strumenti interni che esterni, si evidenzia come l’interesse per la governance da parte delle istituzioni multilaterali non sia solo retorica, come invece appare da uno studio preliminare. Inoltre, attraverso l’analisi di un panel a tre dimensioni, la tesi monitora l’applicazione della selettività degli aiuti. Viene rigettata l’ipotesi di un aumento della selettività e si evidenziano margini per un miglioramento dell’efficacia allocativa degli aiuti. Le agenzie multilaterali devono cercare di distribuire gli aiuti con criteri diversi da quelli di natura geopolitica. The thesis examines the allocation of multilateral aid flows with respect to two current issues of the development agenda: the selectivity of aid and the quality of governance. The dissertation brings together three strands of the relevant literature: firstly, the reference literature relating to aid effectiveness and aid allocation, which is then followed by the literature on good governance and, lastly, on the political economy of international organizations. We carry out an econometric study to understand whether international organizations care about the recipients’ performance on governance. With a GMM-Diff methodology using both internal and external instruments we show that the focus on governance by multilateral bodies is not only rhetoric, as it appears at first glance. Moreover, we explore how the selectivity of multilateral aid varies over time by employing a three-dimensional panel. Our analysis rejects the hypothesis of increasing selectivity and confirms that there is room to improve on the allocation of aid. Multilateral institutions need to strengthen their efforts to allocate aid on criteria other than political-strategic ones.

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Ziegler, Thomas. "The long war concept using the security cooperation Marine Air Ground Task Force to address irregular threats through shaping and deterrence /." Quantico, VA : Marine Corps Command and Staff College, 2008. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA490846.

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Hlavsová, Aneta. "Role of Small States in International Relations: Comparative Analysis of the Czech Republic and Israel." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-193896.

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This study is titled Role of Small States in International Relations: Comparative Analysis of the Czech Republic and Israel and its main purpose is to analyze a typical small state's behavior in the international arena on the examples of the Czech and Israeli foreign policy. It is divided into four respective sections -- a theoretical framework, historical background, and the two case studies, and it strives to answer a foundational question whether the Czech Republic and Israel can be considered small players in international relations based on the theoretical definition of the notion of a small state as well as the countries' current foreign policy approaches and tools.

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Pitkina, Anastasiya. "Vliv mezinárodních organizací na pozici rozvojových zemí v globální ekonomice." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-75369.

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The aim of this thesis is to find out how developing countries are involved into the global economy, what are the differences in engagement of different regions, and how international organizations (in particular IMF, WB, WTO and UNCTAD) influence the position of developing countries. The thesis also aims to evaluate conditions and possible developmental strategies, as well as causes of unsuccessful engagement. Further, the critical view on functioning of international organizations is brought. The thesis is divided into two parts; each of them consists of four chapters. The first part as a whole deals with the differentiation among developing countries and ways they are involved into the world economy. The second part shows the role of international institutions in the process of integration of developing countries.

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Åslund, Robin. "Organizational resilience and the humanitarioan sector : Exploring Organizational Resilience in Policy and Practice within the United Nations." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-162559.

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The notion of ‘organizational resilience’ has risen exponentially in recent years; it is the ability of an organization to ‘bounce back’ and continue key functions during disruptive events. The rise follows the will to better face the unforeseen and complex adversity that modern times throws at organizations. This study, following a single-case exploratory research design, aims to establish knowledge regarding organizational resilience in the humanitarian sector; by exploring the policy and practice of the United Nations. The author builds an Analytical Framework based on the leading research in the field of organizational resilience, in order to grasp an understanding of the organization's different beliefs, capabilities, and proficiencies necessary to establish and maintain a resilient organization. Concluding with the statement that while there are areas of challenges, the humanitarian sector provides a case not only to scrutinize, but also to learn from.

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Orbovich, Cynthia Biddle. "Cognitive style and foreign policy decisionmaking : an examination of Eisenhower's National Security Organization /." The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu148726514314785.

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Keller, Derek R. "A clash of military traditions meritocracy, modernization, and neo-traditional challenges to United States Foreign Internal Defense (FID) policy." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FKeller.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009. Thesis Advisor(s): Berger, Marcos (Mark T.) ; Sepp, Kalev I. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 27, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Foreign Internal Defense (FID); Military Traditions; Meritocracy; Nation-building; State-Building; Vietnam; El Salvador; Colombia. Includes bibliographical references (p. 57-59). Also available in print.

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Halton, Daniel A. "Learning through experience : the United Nations Secretaries-General and the evolution of peacekeeping." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0020/MQ54992.pdf.

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46

Chang, Lauren Kawehionalani. "Fundamental Failings: Understanding the United Nations as an Organization and the Future of UN Peacekeeping Reform." Thesis, Boston College, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2345/520.

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Thesis advisor: Hiroshi Nakazato This paper is an attempt to study the United Nations through the lens of organizational theory, and in particular, the theoretical framework as outlined by Allison and Zelikow in Essence of Decision, in order to understand the implementation patterns of the UN in regards to the Brahimi Report as reported and analyzed by the Henry L. Stimson Center. The findings of this report conclude that the UN is capable of change as demonstrated by its ability to comply with certain Brahimi Report recommendations, but is resistant to change, due to the structure of the organization. This does not mean, however, that it is fundamentally unable to do so. Attempts at reform must be able to circumvent these obstacles through targeted, direct action, for the Brahimi Report recommendations which received the highest implementation ratings were those incremental organizational reforms that targeted specific aspects of peacekeeping operations. Resistance to change within the UN, be it on behalf of individuals, departments, or Member States, is a huge obstacle to change, further compounding the obstacles to reform that the UN faces simply as an organization. Future reforms must thus be framed in a way that specifically grasps the attention of the groups/members involved in the reform, making the issue as pertinent and sensitive to them as it is for the success of UN peace operations in general Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007 Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences Discipline: International Studies Discipline: College Honors Program

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Eastwood, Lauren Elaine. "The social organization of policy: An institutional ethnography of the United Nations Intergovernmental Forum on Forests." Related electronic resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Russell, Lisa Y. "Where you stand depends on where you sit, Canada and reform of the United Nations organization." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0016/MQ49436.pdf.

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Zwanenburg, Marten Coenraad. "Accountability under international humanitarian law for United Nations and North Atlantic Treaty Organization peace support operations /." Leiden : E.M. Meijers Instituut, 2004. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb402332628.

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Solano, Brian J. "A new United Nations for a new era security, development, and the 'regional solution' (the case of Latin America)." Thesis, Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/theses/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FSolano.pdf.

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Thesis (M.A. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009. Thesis Advisor(s): Berger, Marcos (Mark T.) Second Reader: Greenshields, Brian. "December 2009." Description based on title screen as viewed on January 26, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: United Nations, Security, Development, Nation-State, Regionalism, Regional Organizations, International Relations Includes bibliographical references (p. 81-82). Also available in print.

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