Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "United Nations Indonesia"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "United Nations Indonesia"
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Herviryandha e Asep Kamaluddin Nashir. "PERAN UNITED NATIONS CHILDREN'S FUND (UNICEF) DALAM MENANGGULANGI MASALAH PERNIKAHAN ANAK". Perspektif 1, n.º 3 (11 de janeiro de 2022): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.53947/perspekt.v1i3.115.
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Abstrak Penelitian ini membahas tentang Peranan United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) dalam Penanggulangan Masalah Perkawinan Anak di Indonesia Periode 2014-2017. Salah satu masalah besar yang dihadapi Indonesia adalah isu pernikahan anak masih marak di Indonesia. UNICEF adalah salah satu organisasi internasional yang bergerak dalam melindungi anak-anak dan perempuan di seluruh dunia. Peran UNICEF dalam menangani masalah pernikahan anak di Indonesia telah diangkat sebagai bahan penelitian. Konsep Organisasi Internasional, Teori Peran, dan Perkawinan Anak digunakan dalam edisi ini. Untuk mengatasi masalah pernikahan anak di Indonesia, UNICEF melakukan program kerja sama dengan Pemerintah Indonesia yang diharapkan dapat mengurangi pernikahan anak sehingga anak-anak di Indonesia mendapatkan hak-haknya dengan baik. Dalam menjalankan perannya di Indonesia, UNICEF merupakan organisasi internasional yang berfungsi sebagai instrumen. UNICEF memberikan dukungan dan motivasi kepada Pemerintah Indonesia untuk membantu menangani perkawinan anak untuk memastikan bahwa semua anak di Indonesia, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan, dapat memperoleh haknya dari pendidikan, kesehatan, dan perlindungan. Abstract This research discusses the role of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) in Tackling Child Marriage Problems in Indonesia, Period 2014-2017. One of the major problems faced by Indonesia is that the issue of child marriage is still rampant in Indonesia. UNICEF is one of the international organizations engaged in protecting children and women worldwide. UNICEF's role in tackling the problem of child marriage in Indonesia has been raised as a matter of research. The International Organization, Role Theory, and Child Marriage concepts are used in this issue. To tackle the problem of child marriage in Indonesia, UNICEF conducted a cooperation program with the Government of Indonesia, which is expected to reduce child marriage so that children in Indonesia get their rights well. In carrying out its role in Indonesia, UNICEF is an international organization that functions as an instrument. UNICEF provides support and motivation to the Government of Indonesia to help tackle child marriages to ensure that all children in Indonesia, both men, and women, can get their rights from education, health, and protection.
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Hiariej, Eddy Omar Sharif. "United Nations Convention Against Corruption dalam Sistem Hukum Indonesia". Mimbar Hukum - Fakultas Hukum Universitas Gadjah Mada 31, n.º 1 (2 de maio de 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jmh.43968.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The Indonesian government had ratified the United Nations Convention Against Corruption [’UNCAC’] through Act No. 7 of 2006. However, the Indonesian Act on Anti-Corruption has yet to be synchronized with UNCAC. On one hand, corruption has become a massive issue in Indonesia, but on the other hand, the existing Anti-Corruption Act has yet to be in compliance with the relevant international instrument. Therefore, the implementation of UNCAC has become more urgent. Aside from the need to counter corruption efficiently and effectively, UNCAC calls upon the need for international cooperation against corruption.
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Sumertha, Gede, Herlina Juni Risma Saragih e Sarah Astried. "Indonesian Female Peacekeepers Participation in United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon (UNIFIL) during 2015–2017". ATHENS JOURNAL OF MEDITERRANEAN STUDIES 7, n.º 1 (29 de dezembro de 2020): 29–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/ajms.7-1-2.
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This research is constructed in order to study and to analyze Indonesian female peacekeepers participation in United Nations Interim Forces in Lebanon (UNIFIL) during 2015–2017. The research is using qualitative methods and mechanisms and data were collected through interviews, observations, questionnaires, and documentation studies. The results of the research indicated that Indonesian female peacekeepers participation in Lebanon (UNIFIL) was increasing to deploy every year, but still had limited involvement in United Nations (UN) mission due to some obstacles on recruiting, and posting in area operation. Keywords: female peacekeepers, United Nations, peacekeeping mission, Indonesia, UNIFIL
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Napitupulu, W. P. "PENDIDIKAN KEAKSARAAN DI INDONESIA KE DEPAN". JIV 2, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2007): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/jiv.0202.4.
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Quoting EFA Global Monitoring Report 2006 on literacy for life, this article discusses its implementation in Indonesia. It is believed that the success of the literacy program is closely related to the government policy. Based on the analysis of the condition and problems of illiteracy, the political leaders of the highest level are expected to be committed to take real actions, all nations including Indonesia formulate and implement written and explicit literacy policy in developing access to basic education, conduct continuous literacy program. In conclusion, the article suggests the Indonesian Government, as a member of United Nations, should tightly keep the commitment expressed in a number of UN’s declarations and conferences including to achieve the goals in The United Nations Literacy Decade 2003 – 2012.
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Sesarianto, Kevin Ali. "Whose Governance, Which Legitimacy? Myanmar’s Collective Agency In A Domineering Framework On The Rohingya Crisis". Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 5, n.º 2 (24 de maio de 2021): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v5n2.6.
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July of 2017 is the last time the United Nations special rapporteur was allowed into Myanmar to report on the Rohingya crisis. By contrast, the Foreign Minister of Indonesia was well-received to talk about the same problem in 2017. This article sees the problem as a legitimacy crisis: Myanmar did not see the United Nations intervention framework to report on the Rohingya crisis as legitimate due to the perceived lack of the former’s agency in that framework. This article uses the concept of collective agency to further understand Myanmar’s reception of the United Nations regarding the Rohingya crisis. Myanmar’s rationality – way of seeing things – is seen to be marginalised and even deleted by the United Nations’ internationalist/cosmopolitan rationality through labels such as ‘draconian’ and ‘stagnant’ Indonesia’s approach is more sensitive to Myanmar’s agency. This article concludes that the exclusionist practice by the United Nations makes the framework lose its support-worthiness.
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Kusmayadi, Yadi. "POLITIK LUAR NEGERI REPUBLIK INDONESIA PADA MASA KONFRONTASI INDONESIA-MALAYSIA TAHUN 1963-1966". Jurnal Artefak 4, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25157/ja.v4i1.732.
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ABSTRAKTindakan Indonesia dalam pengunduran diri sebagai anggota PBB pada tanggal 7 Januari 1965 ketika Malaysia dinyatakan menjadi anggota tidak tetap dewan keamanan PBB. Tujuan penulisan ini untuk menganalisi peristiwa terjadinya politik nuar negeri pada tahun 1963-1966. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan historis. Politik luar negeri Indonesia pada masa konfrontasi Indonesia dengan Malaysia tahun 1963-1966 melenceng dari garis politik luar negeri bebas aktif. Namun jika dilihat dari sisi positif, tindakan Presiden Soekarno melakukan konfrontasi kepada Malaysia sangat tepat. Sesuai dengan garis kebijakan politik luar negeri Indonesia yang bebas aktif, Indonesia tidak menghendaki negara tetangganya menjadi antek-antek negara kolonialis dan imperialis. Apabila sebuah negara di Asia Tenggara dapat dikuasai oleh kekuatan kolonialis dan imperialis, maka wilayah tersebut akan dijadikan basis bagi penyebaran pengaruh mereka dan bahkan penguasaan mereka atas bangsa-bangsa dan negara-negara di sekitarnya. Jika dilihat dari sisi negatif, konfrontasi ini telah menyebabkan bangsa Indonesia melenceng dari garis kebijakan politik luar negeri bebas dan aktif. Terbukti pada waktu itu Indonesia menyatakan keluar dari keanggotaan di PBB, dan setelah itu ada kesan bahwa bangsa Indonesia dikucilkan dari pergaulan dunia internasional. Selain itu pula, peristiwa konfrontasi Indonesia-Malaysia ini dimanfaatkan oleh PKI untuk kepentingannya mendekatkan negara Indonesia dengan negara-negara komunis seperti USSR, Korea Utara dan RRC.Kata Kunci: Politik Luar Negeri, konfrontasi Indonesia dan MalaysiaABSTRACTIndonesia's actions in resignation as a member of the United Nations on 7 January 1965 when Malaysia was declared a non-permanent member of the UN security council. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the occurrence of national politics in the year 1963-1966. This research method uses a historical approach. Indonesia's foreign policy during the Indonesian confrontation with Malaysia in 1963-1966 deviated from the line of active free foreign policy. However, if viewed from the positive side, the action of President Soekarno to confrontation to Malaysia is very appropriate. In accordance with the line of active foreign policy of Indonesia, Indonesia does not want its neighbors to be agents of the colonialist and imperialist countries. If a country in Southeast Asia can be dominated by colonialist and imperialist forces, then the region will serve as a basis for the spread of their influence and even their control over the surrounding nations and nations. If viewed from the negative side, this confrontation has caused the Indonesian nation deviated from the line of free and active foreign policy. Evident at that time Indonesia declared out of membership in the United Nations, and after that there is the impression that the Indonesian nation is ostracized from the international community. In addition, Indonesia-Malaysia confrontation event is utilized by the PKI for its interests to bring the country of Indonesia with the communist countries such as the USSR, North Korea, and the PRC.Keywords: Foreign Policy, confrontation of Indonesia and Malaysia
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Gunawan, Kristian, Yopi. "PEMBERANTASAN TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI PASCA RATIFIKASI THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION AGAINST CORRUPTION (UNCAC) DAN PEMBAHARUAN HUKUM PIDANA INDONESIA". Res Nullius Law Journal 2, n.º 1 (16 de março de 2020): 8–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.34010/rnlj.v2i1.2758.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Dalam kenyataannya saat ini, meningkatnya kasus tindak pidana korupsi dari tahun ke tahun telah menimbulkan kerugian negara yang sangat besar yang pada gilirannya dapat berdampak pada timbulnya krisis di berbagai bidang. Di samping itu, mengingat bahwa tindak pidana korupsi di Indonesia terjadi secara sistematik dan meluas serta lingkupnya yang memasuki seluruh aspek kehidupan masyarakat, tindak pidana korupsi tidak hanya merugikan keuangan negara, tetapi juga telah melanggar hak-hak sosial dan ekonomi masyarakat secara luas dan dalam jangka panjang akan membawa bencana bagi kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara pada umumnya. Karena itu semua maka tindak pidana korupsi tidak lagi dapat digolongkan sebagai kejahatan biasa melainkan kejahatan kerah putih yang berdampak luar biasa. Mengingat hal tersebut, muncul kesadaran bahwa pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi perlu dilakukan dengan cara-cara luar biasa. Upaya pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi yang selama lebih dari 60 tahun telah dilakukan, baik pada era Orde Lama dan Orde baru, maupun pada Era Reformasi, serta Era Baru pemerintahan saat ini yakni dengan melakukan berbagai upaya ternyata belum menunjukkan hasil seperti yang diharapkan. Hal ini terbukti dengan hasil survei lembaga rating kaliber dunia berkaitan dengan pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi telah menempatkan Indonesia ke dalam peringkat teratas di Asia atau sekurang-kurangnya ke dalam kelompok sepuluh besar negara terkorup di dunia.
Menanggapi hal ini, sudah tentu hukum harus kembali mengambil peranannya sebagai alat untuk menciptakan masyarakat yang aman, adil, makmur dan sejahtera yakni dengan melakukan penindakan dan pencegahan dilakukannya tindak pidana korupsi. Apabila melihat kebelakang, pada tanggal 18 April 2006 lalu Indonesia telah meratifikasi The United Nations Convention Against Corruption melalui Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 7 Tahun 2006. Namun sangat disayangkan, peratifikasian The United Nations Convention Against Corruption melalui Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2006 tersebut tidak dapat dilaksanakan dengan baik. Hal ini dikarenakan masih banyak prinsip-prinsip yang terdapat dalam The United Nations Convention Against Corruption belum diadopsi oleh peraturan perundang-undangan nasional khususnya peraturan perundang-undangan yang menyangkut pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi yakni Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 31 Tahun 1999 sebagaimana telah diubah oleh Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia No. 20 Tahun 2001 Tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi.
Kata Kunci: Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi, Konvensi PBB menentang Tindak Pidana Korupsi, 2003, Pembaharuan Hukum Pidana.
Abstract
The continual increase of corruption criminal acts from years to years has caused huge losses to the nation which in turns its impact will induce multiple-aspect crisis. Considering that the Indonesian corruption criminal acts occur systematically and extensively in all aspects of people’s lives, corruption acts do not only harm the nation’s monetary, but also violate people’s social and economical rights widely, and in long terms will bring catastrophe to the lives of the people and the nation. Thus, the corruption criminal acts can no longer be categorized as a common crime but a systematic and organized crime. Corruption criminal acts are also performed as a white collar crimes and extra ordinary crimes. This tendency raises awareness that the eradication of corruption criminal acts needs to be extraordinarily treated. The effort to eradicate corruption criminal acts has been performed for more than 60 years during the Old Order, New Order, Reformation Era, and the New Era of the current government. However, the result has not shown the desired outcome. It is proven by the survey from the world-caliber institution that pertains to the eradication of corruption criminal acts. The result places Indonesia in the first place of the most corrupted nation in Asia and in the big ten in the world.
Responding to this issue, laws are supposed to perform its role as an instrument to create a secure, just, prosperous, and flourish society through actions and prevention against the corruption criminal acts. On 18 April 2006, Indonesia has ratified The United Nations Convention against Corruption through the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia Number 7/2006 about the validation of The United Nations Convention Against Corruption. Unfortunately, the ratification of The United Nations Convention Against Corruption through the Constitution No. 7/2006 is not well-enforced as there are still many principles in The United Nations Convention Against Corruption which have not been adopted by the national constitution, in particular the constitution on the eradication of corruption criminal acts in the Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia No. 20/2001 about the Eradication of Corruption Criminal Acts.
Keywords: Eradication On Corruption Criminal Acts, The United Nations Convention Against Corruption, 2003, Penal Reform.
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Arthamevya Zherlindya Putri Darmawan e Ratu Salmazahra Karmilawaty. "PROPOSAL NUCLEAR NAVAL PROPULSION DARI INDONESIA UNTUK PBB SEBAGAI RESPONS ATAS DINAMIKA KEAMANAN DI INDO-PASIFIK". BHUVANA: Journal of Global Studies 1, n.º 1 (17 de março de 2023): 39–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.59408/bjgs.v1i1.46.
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Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom set up AUKUS defense technology cooperation in 2021. In this collaboration, the United States and the United Kingdom show commitments to help Australia have nuclear-powered submarines. The nuclear-powered submarine development program triggered Indonesia to submit an Indonesian paper entitled Nuclear Naval Propulsion during the Non-Proliferation Treaty conference at the United Nations headquarters in 2022. The paper contains Indonesia’s proposal to bridge countries that support AUKUS and countries that protest against AUKUS. In the Indonesian paper, Indonesia stated that the country agreed on the development of nuclear energy, but it should be for peaceful purposes, not for the development of nuclear weapons. This study aims to analyze why Indonesia proposed the Nuclear Naval Propulsion. This study uses a qualitative methodology and Graham Allison's rational actor theory to explain the advantages and disadvantages of a policy. This research found that Indonesia submitted the Indonesian paper because Indonesia saw the indecisiveness of the articles in the Non-Proliferation Treaty. Through the Indonesian paper, Indonesia seeks to maintain state sovereignty and security, fill the legal vacuum regarding nuclear powered submarines, and protect the Indonesian marine environment from the threat of nuclear weapons.
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Lukman, Muhammad Zuhal. "Indonesia's Foreign Policy Post-Reform in the United Nations Security Council". Ilomata International Journal of Social Science 4, n.º 2 (12 de abril de 2023): 143–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.52728/ijss.v4i2.666.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Indonesia has a national interest in carrying out the constitutional mandate in terms of maintaining active involvement to affirm that independence is the right of all nations and colonialism is contrary to the arguments of humanity and justice. Therefore, through United Nations Security Council, Indonesia rejects all forms of colonialism, including issues between Israel and Palestine. This research focuses on Indonesia's foreign policy and its capacity as a Non-Permanent Member of the UN Security Council. The method used is a qualitative method with a literature study that is validated through an explicit confirmation process at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, while the analytical framework used is a comparative foreign policy perspective to map the factors that influence the process of making Indonesian foreign policy in different terms of office, that is president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono 2007-2008 and Joko Widodo 2019-2020. The findings of this study indicate that consideration of enacting Indonesia's foreign policy on Palestine is a sustainable policy with the roots of the constitutional mandate and Indonesia's commitments in the past, that’s why almost no major changes can be found even though they have gone through the presidential transition process. Palestine also can be has a vital position for Indonesia considering that Palestine is the only conflicting country that has always existed in a formal discussion of Indonesian state documents. The difference can be found in how each reign reacts to external factors such as the invasion or blockade that Israel has done.
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Sugito, Sugito. "Analisis Terhadap Misi Peacebuilding United Nations Transition Administration in East Timor (Untaet)". Jurnal Hubungan Internasional 2, n.º 1 (2013): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.18196/hi.2013.0026.48-55.
Texto completo da fonteTeses / dissertações sobre o assunto "United Nations Indonesia"
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Boer, Henry. "Governing Forests and Carbon: Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Indonesia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367788.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Since 2005, negotiations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) have focused on deforestation in developing countries. These negotiations led to the global initiative Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), an incentive based program to provide finance and technical support to developing countries for mitigation initiatives in the Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use sector. REDD+ has rapidly evolved into a complex array of policy reforms, initiatives and demonstration projects in approximately 60 countries across Asia, Latin America and Africa, funded primarily from multilateral climate funds and bilateral development assistance. Under UNFCCC rules and funding agreements, participating countries are required to develop national REDD+ strategies and actions, design funding and benefit distribution mechanisms, and develop robust measurement, monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) systems. In addition, governments should implement social and environmental safeguards, such as engaging with local communities and resolving tenure issues, improving governance in the forest sector, and protecting biodiversity. However, the international REDD+ framework is incomplete and it remains at the discretion of participating countries to initiate policies and activities that address local drivers of deforestation, and meet domestic priorities.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
Full Text
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Pettersson, Tobar Rebecka. "A more sustainable Palm oil industry : A case study on the Government in Indonesia achieving SDGs number 8 and 13 with the help of the palm oil industry". Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-98037.
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In 2015, the United Nations adopted 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) and 169 dub-goals, for all United Nations member countries. The goals are referred to as Agenda 2030 which aims to be guidelines for the countries as well as deepen the commitments of implementation.This paper aims to identify opportunities for how the palm oil industry can, through a more sustainable way, help to achieve objectives of UN ́s goals number eight and thirteen, by examining how the government in Indonesia works. Goal number eight: Decent work and economic growth, and goal number thirteen: Climate action.The analysis has been conducted through a qualitative case study based on scientific articles and various documents.The method used is A political economic approach together with an stakeholders analysis, where all stakeholders seek to be identified. The Government of Indonesia is working towards more sustainable production of palm oil and is undertaken by several stakeholders on the way, for example, the implementation of Indonesian Sustainable Palm oil (ISPO), which the government of Indonesia has installed to make the palm oil industry somehow contribute to meeting the SDGs.
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Vice, President Research Office of the. "Mercury Rising". Office of the Vice President Research, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2768.
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ISMAWARTI, CARROLINE AYUNINDYA, e 李美琳. "Triple Bottom Line Towards Achieve Compliance with United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals – Case Study in Indonesia". Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/07042436576022919187.
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碩士逢甲大學
國際經營管理碩士學位學程
105
With the continual expansion of the global population, demand for goods and services has risen logarithmically. With this in mind, it is necessary for leaders to weigh the needs of today against those of the future generations. Sustainable development is a concept designed to achieve the fulfillment of both short-term and long-term demand requirements. The United Nations (UN) has launched 17 goals of sustainable development with the intent of transforming the world. And sustainable development is one of big challenge in this time. Triple Bottom Line (TBL) is a concept comprised of three factors (economic, social, and environment) which same aimed at sustainable development. TBL can answer the challenge of sustainable development by executing TBL approaches. Case studies of two Multinational Enterprises (MNE) in Indonesia which have applied TBL theory will be analyzed for lessons which can be applied to other business. The research will provide an effective TBL framework for other business in Indonesia as the application of the concept represents the tremendous potential to enhance the sustainable capabilities of Indonesian commerce. Keywords: Triple Bottom Line, TBL, Sustainable Development, Indonesia, Sustainability.
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Uzoigwe, Dennis Chiekweiro. "Economic development in Nigeria through the agricultural, manufacturing and mining sectors : an econometric approach". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25398.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
In the 1960s, Nigeria was on a par, in terms of aspirations to attain a very high level of economic growth and development, with its fellow-oil producing and exporting countries such as Malaysia and Indonesia, but has since failed to keep pace with them. Nigeria’s agricultural, manufacturing and mining and quarrying sectors have played a continuous and significant role in the development of the country’s economy. The approval of the millennium development goals (MGDs) by the United Nations General Assembly therefore raises three pivotal questions for Nigeria. 1) Why is Nigeria still an underdeveloped and lowincome country? 2) What should the country do to make rapid economic and social progress? and 3) How can it attain a high level of economic development and growth?. This is the background of this study, which is an empirical investigation into the factors affecting Nigeria’s bid to achieve sustainable economic growth and development with particular reference to such sectors as agriculture, manufacturing and mining and quarrying (solid minerals) over the period of 1970-2005. This involves the analysis of the relevance of the health care and education sectors and examination of impediments to past economic development, a development model applicable to Nigeria, the efforts made and the challenges facing the country in achieving the MDGs, and the role of foreign development partners in complementing Nigeria’s development efforts. The methodology adopted for this study is sectoral-econometric modelling, using the Engle- Yoo (1991) model, which contributes to bridging the gap seen in empirical studies in the application of a multivariate dynamic econometric cointegration model on the effect of domestic and foreign financial resources investment for the development of the growth sectors in the Nigerian economy. The model captures the essential linkages between the growth sectors and the country’s efforts to achieve a high level of economic development. The results from the simulations are broadly consistent with findings described in theoretical and empirical literature. There is a strong positive relationship between the gross output of the agricultural, manufacturing and mining and quarrying sectors and labour input and public capital expenditure for the growth sectors. Also there is a strong positive relationship between the agricultural credit guarantee scheme, fertiliser and the gross output of agriculture. Furthermore, the findings show a positive impact of the structural adjustment programme with the agricultural and manufacturing production. Dynamic simulation of results was undertaken to assess the path of the 10 percent dynamic adjustment (shocks) on the relevant exogenous variables and the response properties show remarkable and positive significant impact due to the shocks. The estimated actual and forecast values of the equations in the model show notable increase in the amount and growth of the gross domestic product of the real sectors in Naira billion from 2005 to 2008. The study calls to question rigid government control over the mining and quarrying sector. The importance of mining and quarrying in accelerating the pace of economic growth in Nigeria should rather motivate the government to deregulate and reform the sector. This will enable the government to attract investors into the sector, while effectively planning to encourage the proliferation of small-scale artisan, medium-scale and large-scale miners. The deregulation of the mining and quarrying sector will boost production, growth and development through employment creation, increased income of household miners and upliftment of the social and economic status of the vast majority of Nigerians. Some of the reasons identified for Nigeria’s poor economic performance include: the serious effect of “Dutch disease”, reflected in the country’s inability to manage and diversify its oil wealth to transform and achieve dynamic industrial (manufacturing), agricultural, mining, health and educational and other growth sectors. Nigeria also suffers the effects of a troubled political history, during which military rule persisted for extended periods. This study shows the importance of improving the knowledge base for policymaking, where intersectoral linkages between economic and social factors can be identified, and direct and indirect macroeconomic policy effects discerned. This distinguishes the study from earlier work in Nigeria on development policy. Achieving a high level of economic development through transforming the country’s real sectors will not only reduce poverty by providing food security, increased agricultural and industrial exports, increased per capita income and consumption, but will also bring about improved literacy and a healthy workforce and foster peace and security in Nigeria. In addition, success in transforming the real sectors will strengthen and broaden the productive base of the country, which currently relies heavily on the petroleum sector as the major earner of foreign exchange. In order to achieve a high level of economic development and growth, attention should be concentrated on channelling global financial resources to the above-mentioned sectors because of their strong linkages with and powerful value-added effect to the rest of the economy. Under the new democratic dispensation, there ought to be large investment into the growth and support sectors from domestic and external sources if the country is to attain the international growth target of achieving a high and sustainable level of economic development. Therefore, with a strong will to become a patriotic civil society, stable and prosperous, and enough wisdom to elect leaders with good will and fairly good knowledge of the country’s economy, great prospects lie before the Nigerian economy.Thesis (PhD (Economics))--University of Pretoria, 2008.
Economics
unrestricted
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Lamchek, Jayson. "Myth-making and Reality: A Critical Examination of Human Rights-Compliant Counterterrorism in the Philippines and Indonesia". Phd thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/110180.
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This thesis explores the relationship between counterterrorism and human rights. Its primary contention is that the promotion of the ideal of human rights-compliant counterterrorism has undermined rather than strengthened human rights. Drawing on fieldwork-based case studies in the Philippines and Indonesia, the thesis demonstrates that greater recognition for the role of human rights in achieving security has not prompted a positive transformation of counterterrorism practices. Instead, proponents of counterterrorist action have been able to frame their action as a necessary, human rights-sensitive, and rational response to unnecessary, human rights-insensitive and irrational political violence. The challenge therefore is how to devise strategies to resist human rights abuses in the name of counterterrorism that do not entangle human rights in the perpetuation and legitimation of the counterterrorism agenda. The thesis proceeds in eight chapters besides the Introduction. Chapter 1 sets the stage for analysis, introducing the normative discourse of human rights-compliant counterterrorism at the international level, and proposing a theoretical framework for analysing this discourse that draws from the insights of Critical Terrorism Studies and critical approaches to international law and human rights. Utilising this theoretical framework, I examine the extent to which counterterrorism practices undermined rather than advanced human rights in two case studies: the Philippines and Indonesia. Chapters 2, 3 and 4 develop the Philippine case study. Chapter 2 presents the local counterterrorism discourse during the government’s alignment with the United States’ “War on Terror”, showing that the government characterised complex armed struggles as “terrorism” with devastating consequences for human rights. Chapter 3 analyses the responses of local human rights advocates to this counterterrorism discourse, describing how their resistance strategies cannot be reduced to a clamour for human rights-compliant counterterrorism. Chapter 4 shows how official policies have incorporated human rights-friendly rhetoric; and why despite this, they are failing to transform the practices of security forces that lead to extrajudicial killings and other serious abuses. Chapters 5, 6 and 7 develop the Indonesian case study. Chapter 5 reviews the local counterterrorism discourse developed during the Suharto regime, showing that the threat of Islamic “terrorism” was likely fostered by it, benefiting the regime at the expense of human rights. Chapter 6 shows how, after the Bali bombing of 2002, Indonesia’s approach to counterterrorism has incorporated human rights, much more than in the Philippines, and how local human rights advocates have accordingly adjusted their perception of the Islamic “terrorist” threat and the acceptability of counterterrorism. Chapter 7 analyses how Densus 88, the main counterterrorism actor, enjoys impunity for extrajudicial killings, demonstrating that the legal framework has failed to restrain serious abuses and in fact inoculated the counterterrorism agenda from further scrutiny. Chapter 8, the concluding chapter, brings together the main findings of the thesis and emphasises the need for more critical human rights scholarship and advocacy that are disentangled from the counterterrorism agenda.
Livros sobre o assunto "United Nations Indonesia"
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Programme, United Nations Development, ed. United Nations Development Programme in Indonesia: Project profiles. [Jakarta]: UNDP, 1992.
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Soemarno, ed. Kontingen Garuda Indonesia dalam operasi pemeliharaan perdamaian PBB =: Garuda Contingent of Indonesia in the United Nation's peacekeeping operations. [Jakarta: s.n., 1998.
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Programme, United Nations Development, ed. List of United Nations personnel in Indonesia, 1 January 1992. Jakarta: United Nations Development Peogramme, 1992.
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Dewi, Retno Gumilang. Indonesia second national communication under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Jakarta: Ministry of Environment, Republic of Indonesia, 2010.
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United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Republic of Indonesia. United Nations Development Assistance Framework for the Republic of Indonesia, 2002-2005. Jakarta: United Nations Indonesia, 2002.
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Sunarwondo, Edy. Kontingen Garuda Biru Indonesia: Amanah UUD 1945. Jakarta: Smart Institute, 2008.
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Djamaluddin, Dasman. Misssion Accomplished: Catatan Rais Abin Panglima Pasukan Perdamaian PBB Di Timur Tengah 1976-1979. Jakarta,Indonesia: Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2012.
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Indonesia. Tentara Nasional. Pusat Misi Pemeliharaan Perdamaian. TNI dan misi pemeliharaan perdamaian: Peran PMPP TNI dalam menyiapkan Kontingen Garuda = The Indonesian National Defence Forces (TNI) and peacekeeping missions : the role of PMPP TNI in preparing Garuda Contingents. [Jakarta]: Markas Besar Tentara Nasional Indonesia, Pusat Misi Pemeliharaan Perdamaian, 2011.
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Pertahanan-Keamanan, Indonesia Departemen, ed. ABRI dan PBB. Jakarta: Departemen Pertahanan Keamanan, Republik Indonesia, 1995.
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Gunn, Geoffrey C. East Timor and the United Nations: The case for intervention. Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1997.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "United Nations Indonesia"
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"Indonesia". In Permanent Missions to the United Nations, 144–46. United Nations, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789213585009c079.
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"Indonesia". In Permanent Missions to the United Nations, 145–47. United Nations, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210018289c079.
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"Indonesia". In Permanent Missions to the United Nations, No. 309, 147–50. United Nations, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210056755c079.
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"Indonesia". In Permanent Missions to the United Nations No.301, 127–28. United Nations, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210544207c078.
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"Indonesia". In Permanent Missions to the United Nations No.300, 123–24. United Nations, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210543668c078.
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"Indonesia". In Permanent Missions to the United Nations No.299, 122–24. United Nations, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9789210558693c078.
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"No. 26553. France and Indonesia". In United Nations Treaty Series, 331–43. UN, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9535e92a-en-fr.
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"No. 26560. Finland and Indonesia". In United Nations Treaty Series, 215–48. UN, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/9778fac9-en-fr.
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"No. 43334. Germany and Indonesia". In United Nations Treaty Series, 173. UN, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/98482db4-en-fr.
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"No. 43333. Germany and Indonesia". In United Nations Treaty Series, 171. UN, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/4a8c2d70-en-fr.
Texto completo da fonteTrabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "United Nations Indonesia"
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Norlyanti, Nia. "24. Indonesia Non-Permanent Member of United Nations Security Council". In 5th International Conference on Social and Political Sciences (IcoSaPS 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icosaps-18.2018.24.
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Wirajaya, Asep, Bani Sudardi, Istadiyantha Istadiyantha, Warto Warto e Miftah Nugroho. "Representation of Multiculturalism In "Syair Nasihat" As an Alternative to Strengthen the United Nations". In Proceedings of the 4th BASA: International Seminar on Recent Language, Literature and Local Culture Studies, BASA, November 4th 2020, Solok, Indonesia. EAI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.4-11-2020.2314151.
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Widyarta, Mohammad. "Foreign Aid and Modern Architecture in Indonesia: Intersecting Cold War Relations and Funding for the Fourth Asian Games, 1962". In The 38th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. online: SAHANZ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a4014p90ju.
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Between 1950 and 1965, foreign aid played a crucial role within the Indonesian economy. With the Cold War as a backdrop, this aid came from both Western and Eastern blocs with the intention of drawing Indonesia into their spheres of influence. The aid also played a crucial role in the development of architecture in the archipelago. A major endeavour within this period was the construction of buildings and venues for the Fourth Asian Games to be held in Jakarta in 1962 which involved a new stadium, an international-standard hotel and a large by-pass road around part of the city. Financial and technical aid from the Soviet Union, Japan and the United States was obtained to realise these projects. All the while, the Asian Games, along with the modern structures constructed for the event, provided Indonesia an opportunity to advance its own agenda, which was to construct a sense of self-confidence and national pride and to situate itself as a leader among decolonised nations. Nevertheless, foreign financial and technical aid played an important role in the realisation of these projects. The availability of foreign aid was intrinsically tied to President Ahmad Sukarno’s ability to play the interests of all sides. This paper examines plans and preparations for the Fourth Asian Games as a case of engagement between the two Cold War blocs with Indonesia in the middle. By focusing on the key building projects for the Games, the paper reveals the role of foreign aid in the development of architecture in Indonesia during a critical period in its post-war and post-independence formation. This development took place through the interaction of different interests—those of the Western Bloc, the Eastern Bloc, and Indonesia—in the midst of the Cold War and decolonisation period. A glimpse into the interaction may suggest a case of competition. However, examination of the three projects indicates that it was a case of multipolar collaboration instead.
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Goldie, Stephan E. "Two Thousand New, Million-Person Cities by 2050 – We Can Do It!" In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/ysfj6819.
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In 1950 three quarters of a billion people lived in large towns and cities, or 30% of the total world population of over 2.5 billion. By 2009 this had grown to 3.42 billion, just over half of a total population of over 6.8 billion. The United Nations Secretariat currently forecasts that in 2050 6.4 billion, 67% of a total of almost 9.6 billion people will live in urban areas. Just over a third of that growth, around one billion people, is expected to be in China, India and Nigeria, but the remaining two billion will be in the countries around those countries: a massive arc stretching across the world from West Africa through the Middle East, across Asia and into the Pacific. In these other countries, an additional two billion urban residents over thirty years translates into a need to build a new city for a population of one million people, complete with hospitals, schools, workplaces, recreation and all the rest, at a rate of more than four a month: 2000 cities, in countries with little urban planning capability! In addition, the United Nations’ sustainable development goals (SDGs) include goal 11: Sustainable Cities & Communities "Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”, so these new cities should demonstrate a level of planning competence and city management ability that many towns and cities in the world are struggling to achieve. Notwithstanding the scale of the problem, the size and cost of the planning effort is demonstrated to be feasible, provided that action is swift and new technologies are developed and applied to the planning and approvals processes. Of course, taking these plans to construction is a much bigger effort, but the economy of cities is strongly circular, meaning that the initial cash injection generates jobs that pay wages that are spent on rent and goods within the city, which then generate profits that fund developments that generate jobs, etc. However, this requires good governance, a planning consideration that must also be addressed if the full benefits of planning, designing and building 2000 cities in the Third World are to be enjoyed by the citizens of those cities. Finally, failure is not an option, because “If we don't solve this equation, it is not that people will stop coming to cities. They will come anyhow, but they will live in slums, favelas and informal settlements” (Arevena, 2014), and we know that slums the world over produce crime, refugees and revolution, and then export these problems internationally, one way or another. The world most certainly does not want more refugees or another Syria, so planners must rescue us from that future, before it happens!
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Widiyanto, Anugerah, Seizo Kato e Naoki Maruyama. "Optimizing Selection of Appropriate Power Generation Systems in Indonesia by Using Distance Based Approach Method". In 2002 International Joint Power Generation Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2002-26167.
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A deterministic quantitative model has been developed for use to compare the technical, economical and environment feature of various electric power generating plants. The model, which is based on matrix operations, is used in evaluating the various aspects of energy sources available for the electricity generation systems in a developing country. Several energy sources are chosen which could be considered for production of electricity to meet current and future electricity demands. A complete set of energy sources will include fossil fuel fired power plants, nuclear power plants, and natural-renewable energy power plants. A customized computer code is developed to evaluate the overall function for each system from the performance corresponding to the selected energy attributes includes five area of concerns; energy economy, energy security, environmental protection, socio-economic development and technological aspects for the electric power generations. The model developed in this study is applied to the Indonesian’s electric power sector development. Most of the data required for the model application are obtained from various sources related to power industry in Indonesia, such as the Electricity Generating Authority of Indonesia (Perusahaan Listrik Negara, PLN), Government of Indonesia, World Bank, Asian Development Bank, United Nations, and other sources, both in published and public domains. The optimization technique is kept flexible so that it can accommodate other attributes that will be found to be important according to the decision maker’s preference. By so doing, the model virtually can be used to attack any decision problem with various different attributes to reach an optimal decision concerning the selection of energy sources for electricity generation. The result of this study will be a rank of energy sources for Indonesia power generation systems based on the composite distance of each alternative to the designated optimal source of energy.
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Ulfah, Maharani, Supriyadi Hari Respati e Bhisma Murti. "Determinants of Immunization Completeness of Infant in Karanganyar, District, Central Java". In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.115.
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ABSTRACT Background: Indonesia launched the Expanded Program for Immunization (EPI) in 1977. However, immunization coverage remains far below the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF) and World Health Organization (WHO) target of 80%. The purpose of this study was to investigate determinants of immunization completeness of infant in Karanganyar, District, Central Java. Subjects and Method: A cross sectional study was carried out at 21 community health centers in Karanganyar, Central Java, from January to March 2020. A sample of 200 mothers who had children adged 12-23 months was selected by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was immunization completeness. The independent variables were intention, attitude, subjective norm, perceived barrier, perceived benefit education, and knowledge. The data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by path analysis run on Stata 13. Results: Infant immunization completeness was directly increased by high perceived benefit (b= 2.98; 95% CI= 1.50 to 4.47; p<0.001), positive attitude (b= 3.12; 95% CI= 1.58 to 4.66; p<0.001), strong intention (b= 3.55; 95% CI= 1.98 to 5.12; p<0.001), and supportive subjective norm (b= 2.95; 95% CI= 1.48 to 4.42; p<0.001). Infant immunization completeness was directly decreased by high perceived barrier (b= -2.01; 95% CI= -3.20 to -0.81; p= 0.001). It was indirectly affected by education and knowledge. Conclusion: Infant immunization completeness is directly increased by high perceived benefit, positive attitude, strong intention, and supportive subjective norm. Infant immunization completeness is directly decreased by high perceived barrier. It is indirectly affected by education and knowledge. Keywords: immunization, completeness, health belied model, path analysis Correspondence: Maharani Ulfah. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret. Jl. Ir. Sutami 36A, Surakarta 57126, Central Java. Email: maharaniulfahh@gmail.com. Mobile: +628213558003557. DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.03.115
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Chanden, Mysore Chandrashekar, J. S. Aadithyaa, P. S. Prakash e Haridas Bharath. "Machine learning for building extraction and integration of particle swarm optimization with sleuth for urban growth pattern visualization for liveable cities". In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/pukd9844.
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Rapidly increasing population and migration from rural areas to nearby urban agglomerations develop tremendous pressure on system of the existing cities without compromising socioeconomic and cultural linkages. Policy interventions, both at global and local scale, have created newer avenues for the researchers to explore real-time solutions for problems world-wide. For instance, the outcome of 2015 United Nations agenda for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by the year 2030 primarily focuses on urbanization issues and probabilistic modelling of future scenarios to obtain a robust alternative for resource utilization and further for maximizing sustainability through land use pattern analysis. This is the clear indication toward the very important role of “ever dormant” urban planning, especially in the case of a rapidly developing country such as India. Remote sensing and geo informatics along with Machine learning can provide extremely relevant information about the pattern change in cities and as input to visualize the future growth pockets. In this context, potential of cellular automata (CA) in urban modelling has been explored by various researchers across the globe. In the recent past, models have been drawing majority of the attention along with geographic CA processes about urban growth and urban sprawl studies. Most recent approaches include optimization of transition rules based on machine learning techniques and evolutionary algorithms that follow nature-inspired mechanism such as Genetic Algorithm, Ant colony optimization, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), simulated annealing, Grey Wolf optimizer etc. Irrespective of any modelling technique, model calibration remains one of the challenging and most crucial steps towards obtaining realistic results. This research communication tries to demonstrate a novel idea of integrating PSO with SLEUTH post calibration of the spatial-temporal footprint of urban growth from the year 1990 to 2017 for Kolkata, a historical megacity of Eastern India. Results were evaluated and validated using statistical fit measuresreveals PSO-SLEUTH performed substantially better compared to traditional Brute Force calibration method (BFM). Another significant development was in terms of computation time of optimized values from days (BFM) to hours (PSO). The study identifies Kolkata region to be sensitive to spread and road gravity coefficients during calibration procedure. Results indicate growth along the transport corridors with multiple agents fuelling the growth. Further, with the aid of high spatial resolution data, buildings were extracted to understand the growth parameters incorporating neural networks. Using the results, renewable energy aspects were explored to harness and provide a suitable local solution for energy issues in energy gobbling cities. Pattern of landscape change, development of better process of modeling and extraction of building from machine learning techniques for planning smart cities with self-sustaining energy is presented in this research work.
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Ayyıldız, Fatih Volkan. "The Relationship Between Economic Freedoms and Growth: The Case of MIKTA Countries". In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c15.02765.
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The economic freedom index measures whether the factors that enable the realization of economic activities prevent or help the realization of these activities. In the literature, there is a dominant view that countries that are less exposed to restrictions in economic activities will have higher economic growth tendencies. Despite this, discussions about the direction of the relationship between economic freedoms and economic growth variables continue. In this study, it is aimed to measure whether there is a relationship between economic freedoms and growth in the sample of countries in the period of 1995-2021 and to measure the direction of a possible causality between the variables. In the study, data on economic growth were obtained from UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development), and data on economic freedoms were obtained from the Heritage Foundation website. For the purpose, cross-section dependency test, unit root tests, homogeneity test, panel cointegration test, long-term coefficient estimation test and causality tests were performed respectively. As a result of the estimation of the long-term coefficients with the random coefficients model (RCM), it was found that a 1% increase in economic freedoms increased economic growth by 0.6% in MIKTA (Mexico, Indonesia, South Korea, Türkiye and Australia) countries. According to the results of the Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel causality test, it was found that there is bidirectional causality between economic freedom and growth variables. Therefore, it is recommended that policy makers include policies that expand and encourage property rights, judiciary, government integrity, financial health, government expenditures, business, labor, trade, investment and financial freedoms.
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Green, David, Sulaiman Al Rashad, Paul Knight e Nicolo Cammelli. "A 21th century national ordinance. Planning the physical disposition and use distribution of a Nation". In 55th ISOCARP World Planning Congress, Beyond Metropolis, Jakarta-Bogor, Indonesia. ISOCARP, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.47472/elok5289.
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This paper outlines the implementation of a National Ordinance across the country of Kuwait. The ordinance is a platform that is based on a seximal system of measurement for spatial and data driven planning. This system simultaneously provides a spatial framework for optimized connectivity as well as an analytical platform for projecting and tracking development across an entire nation. The national master plan for the country of Kuwait, the Fourth Kuwait Master Plan 2040, utilizes a National Ordinance that serves as the planning and development platform for the country. The ordinance is based on the Land Ordinance of 1785, Jefferson’s plan for most of the United States, however, it is restructured to address changes in context, technology and operation. In this case the Ordinance provides parallel Geographic Information Systems for both spatial implementation and data analytics. The intention is to use the Ordinance to address the difficulty in planning for the future of a complex system such as an entire country. This paper provides 1) a brief introduction to the idea of an Ordinance, 2) the historical context for the idea of a national planning platform, or ordinance, 3) historic examples and analyses, 4) the underlying concepts and methodology for the proposed ordinance, and 5) a detailed analysis of the proposed Kuwait National Ordinance.
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Satoto, Endro, e Boy Nurdin. "Authority Of The Indonesian National Army To Guarantee The Sovereignty Of The United States Of The Republic Of Indonesia". In Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Law, Social Science, Economics, and Education, ICLSSEE 2023, 6 May 2023, Salatiga, Central Java, Indonesia. EAI, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.6-5-2023.2333599.
Texto completo da fonteRelatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "United Nations Indonesia"
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Ashton, Weslynne, Andrés Luque e John R. Ehrenfeld. Best Practices in Cleaner Production: Promotion and Implementation for Smaller Enterprises (Appendix 1-Case Summaries). Inter-American Development Bank, janeiro de 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008580.
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This annex contains specific examples of cleaner production (CP) strategies for smaller enterprises including regional overviews of Latin America, Asia and Europe. It contains best practices from: Multinational Umbrella Programs such as Asian Development Bank, Nordic Environmental Finance Corporation (NEFCO), Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) &United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), United States ¿ Asia Environmental Partnership (USAEP), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), World Bank; and Country-Specific Programs such as United States Environmental Protection AgencySmall Businesses & Cleaner Production, National Pollution Prevention Roundtable (NPPR), The CNP+L of Mexico, Individual experiences in Latin-America, Australian Cleaner Production Experiences, Indonesia¿s Cleaner Production Award Model, Cleaner Production in Sri Lankan SMEs, Taiwan¿s Cleaner Production Programs, Cleaner Production in Thailand.
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Chapagain, Saroj, Geetha Mohan e Kensuke Fukushi. Water for Sustainable Development Casebook: Recognising the Value of Water for Sustainable Development. United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53326/pznf3984.
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This casebook presents the outcomes of the Water for Sustainable Development (WSD) research project implemented by the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS) to improve regional environmental and economic policies in the case study countries. The project investigated the role of water in the sustainable development of four locations in Asia: Bali Province, Indonesia; Kaski District, Nepal; Visakhapatnam City, India; and Rayong Province, Thailand. Based on an Input-Output (IO) analysis, the research findings provide a comprehensive matrix of intersectoral dependence, in terms of economy, water consumption, and pollution loads, and offer policy directives for controlling water pollution. The publication is aimed at policymakers, water practitioners, researchers, and students interested in learning and utilising the analytical framework developed by WSD.
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Goode, Kayla, e Heeu Millie Kim. Indonesia’s AI Promise in Perspective. Center for Security and Emerging Technology, agosto de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51593/2021ca001.
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The United States and China are keeping an eye on Indonesia’s artificial intelligence potential given the country’s innovation-driven national strategy and flourishing AI industry. China views Indonesia as an anchor for its economic, digital, and political inroads in Southeast Asia and has invested aggressively in new partnerships. The United States, with robust political and economic relations rooted in shared democratic ideals, has an opportunity to leverage its comparative advantages and tap into Indonesia’s AI potential through high-level agreements.
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Hynd, David, Caroline Wallbank, Jonathan Kent, Ciaran Ellis, Arun Kalaiyarasan, Robert Hunt e Matthias Seidl. Costs and Benefits of Electronic Stability Control in Selected G20 Countries. TRL, janeiro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.58446/lsrg3377.
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This report, commissioned by Bloomberg Philanthropies, finds that 42,000 lives could be saved and 150,000 serious injuries prevented by 2030 if all new cars in seven G20 countries were required to be equipped with an inexpensive crash avoidance technology starting in 2020. Thirteen G20 counties currently adhere to United Nations regulations on electronic stability control (ESC). If the seven remaining countries—Argentina, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa—also mandated ESC in 2020, the report estimates $21.5 billion in economic benefit to those countries from the prevention of deaths and serious injuries. Argentina and Brazil are due to start applying ESC regulations in 2020. The UK-based Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) conducted the independent study of costs and benefits of applying ESC regulation in G20 countries, which are responsible for 98% of the world’s passenger car production. This report comes before the 3rd Ministerial Conference on Road Safety in Stockholm, which is the largest gathering of governments and is a key opportunity for adoption of this UN-recommended standard. According to the World Health Organization’s Global Road Safety Report, the number of road traffic deaths reached 1.35 million in 2016. Of all vehicle safety features, electronic stability control is regarded as the most important one for crash avoidance since it is 38% effective in reducing the number of deaths in loss-of-control collisions. ESC tries to prevent skidding and loss of control in cases of over-steering and under-steering. The technology continuously monitors a vehicle’s direction of travel, steering wheel angle and the speed at which the individual wheels are rotating. If there is a mismatch between the intended direction of travel and the actual direction of travel, as indicated by the steering wheel position, ESC will selectively apply the brakes and modulate the engine power to keep the vehicle traveling along the intended path. The cost of implementing ESC on vehicles that already contain anti-lock braking systems is thought to be as little as $50 per car. And the report finds the benefits are significant: For every dollar spent by consumers in purchasing vehicles with these technologies, there is a US$2.80 return in economic benefit to society because of the deaths and serious injuries avoided. The analysis warns that without regulation of ESC, the seven remaining G20 countries will only reach 44% installation of ESC by 2030. However, if all seven countries implemented ESC regulations this year, 85% of the total car fleet in G20 countries will have ESC by 2030, a figure still below the United Nations target of 100% ESC fleet coverage by 2030.
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David, Raluca. Advancing gender equality and closing the gender digital gap: Three principles to support behavioural change policy and intervention. Digital Pathways at Oxford, março de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-dp-wp_2022/02.
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Worldwide, interventions and policies to improve gender equality or close gender gaps often struggle to reach their targets. For example, women lag considerably behind in use of even simple digital technologies such as mobile phones or the internet. In 2020, the gap in mobile internet use in low- and middle-income countries was at 15%, while in South Asian and Sub-Saharan African countries, it remained as high as 36% and 37% respectively (GSMA, 2021). Use of the internet for more complex activities shows an even wider gap. In Cairo, in 2018, only 21% of female internet users gained economically, and only 7% were able to voice their opinions online (with similar statistics for India, Indonesia, Kenya, Uganda and Colombia, Sambuli et al., 2018). This is despite the fact that empowering women through digital technologies is central to global gender equality strategies (e.g. Sustainable Development Goals, United Nations, 2015), and is believed to facilitate economic growth and industry-level transformation (International Monetary Fund, 2020). Progress is slow because behaviours are gendered: there are stark dissociations between what women and men do – or are expected to do. These dissociations are deeply entrenched by social norms, to the extent that interventions to change them face resistance or can even backfire. Increasingly, governments are using behavioural change interventions in a bid to improve public policy outcomes, while development or gender organisations are using behavioural change programmes to shift gender norms. However, very little is known about how gendered social norms impact the digital divide, or how to use behavioural interventions to shift these norms. Drawing on several research papers that look at the gender digital gap, this brief examines why behavioural change is difficult, and how it could be implemented more effectively. This brief is addressed to policymakers, programme co-ordinators in development organisations, and strategy planners in gender equality interventions who are interested in ways to accelerate progress on gender equality, and close the gender digital gap. The brief offers a set of principles on which to base interventions, programmes and strategies to change gendered behaviours. The principles in this brief were developed as part of a programme of research into ways to close the gender digital gap.
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Sett, Dominic, Christina Widjaja, Patrick Sanady, Angelica Greco, Neysa Setiadi, Saut Sagala, Cut Sri Rozanna e Simone Sandholz. Hazards, Exposure and Vulnerability in Indonesia: A risk assessment across regions and provinces to inform the development of an Adaptive Social Protection Road Map. United Nations University - Institute for Environment and Human Security, março de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53324/uvrd1447.
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Risk induced by natural hazards and climate change has been accelerating worldwide, leading to adverse impacts on communities' well-being. Dealing with this risk is increasingly complex and requires cross-sectoral action. Adaptive Social Protection (ASP) has emerged as a promising approach to strengthen the resilience of communities by integrating Social Protection (SP), Disaster Risk Management (DRM) and Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) efforts. To inform this integration and thereby support the development of a functional ASP approach, the identification and provision of relevant data and information are vital. In this context, risk assessments are crucial as they establish the groundwork for the design of effective ASP interventions. However, despite the importance of risk information for ASP and the abundance of sectoral assessments, there is not yet a comprehensive risk assessment approach, a reality that also applies to Indonesia. Although the country is one of the international pioneers of the concept and has enshrined ASP at the highest national level in its development plans, this emphasis in policy and practice has been hampered by the absence of more unified assessment methods. The Hazard, Exposure and Vulnerability Assessment (HEVA) presented here takes a unique approach to develop such a cross-sectoral risk assessment and apply it throughout Indonesia. The HEVA brings together different risk understandings of key actors both internationally and domestically within SP, DRM and CCA, as well as identifying commonalities across sectors to establish a joint understanding. The HEVA not only considers risk as an overarching outcome but also focuses on its drivers, i.e. hazards, exposure and vulnerability, to identify why specific communities are at risk and thus customize ASP interventions. Subsequently, risks are assessed for Indonesia’s regions and provinces based on this cross-sectoral risk understanding. Secondary data has been acquired from various existing sectoral assessments conducted in Indonesia, and in total, data for 44 indicators has been compiled to calculate hazard, exposure and vulnerability levels for all 34 Indonesian provinces. Findings of the HEVA suggest that overall risk is high in Indonesia and no single province can be characterized as a low-risk area, demonstrating a strong relevance for ASP throughout the whole of the country. Papua, Maluku, and Central Sulawesi were identified as provinces with the highest overall risk in Indonesia. However, even Yogyakarta, which was identified as a comparatively low-risk province, still ranks among the ten most hazard-prone provinces in the country and has a demonstrated history of severe impact events. This also underlines that the composition of risk based on the interplay of hazard, exposure and vulnerability differs significantly among provinces. For example, in Papua and West Papua, vulnerability ranks as the highest in Indonesia, while hazard and exposure levels are comparatively low. In contrast, East Java and Central Java are among the highest hazard-prone provinces, while exposure and vulnerability are comparatively low. The results provide much more comprehensive insight than individual sectoral analyses can offer, facilitating the strategic development and implementation of targeted ASP interventions that address the respective key risk components. Based on lessons learned from the development and application of the HEVA approach, as well as from the retrieved results, the report provides recommendations relevant for policymakers, practitioners and researchers. First, recommendations regarding risk assessments for ASP are given, emphasizing the need to bring together sectoral understandings and to consider the interconnection of hazards, exposure and vulnerability, including their drivers and root causes, to assess current and future risk. It is also recommended to complement national level assessments with more specific local assessments. Secondly, recommendations regarding ASP option development in general are provided, including the importance of considering side effects of interventions, root causes of risks, the potential of nature-based solutions and barriers to implementation due to local capacities when designing ASP interventions. Third, recommendations regarding focal areas for ASP programmes are outlined for the case of Indonesia, such as prioritizing interventions in risk hotspots and areas characterized by high readiness for ASP solutions. At the same time, it is vital to leave no region behind as all provinces face risks that potentially jeopardize communities’ well-being.
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Jameel, Yusuf, Paul West e Daniel Jasper. Reducing Black Carbon: A Triple Win for Climate, Health, and Well-Being. Project Drawdown, novembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55789/y2c0k2p3.
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Black carbon – also referred to as soot – is a particulate matter that results from the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and biomass. As a major air and climate pollutant, black carbon (BC) emissions have widespread adverse effects on human health and climate change. Globally, exposure to unhealthy levels of particulate matter, including BC, is estimated to cause between three and six million excess deaths every year. These health impacts – and the related economic losses – are felt disproportionately by those living in low- and middle-income countries. Furthermore, BC is a potent greenhouse gas with a short-term global warming potential well beyond carbon dioxide and methane. Worse still, it is often deposited on sea ice and glaciers, reducing reflectivity and accelerating melting, particularly in the Arctic and Himalayas. Therefore, reducing BC emissions results in a triple win, mitigating climate change, improving the lives of more than two billion people currently exposed to unclean air, and saving trillions of dollars in economic losses. Today, the majority of BC emissions stem from just a handful of sectors and countries. Over 70% of BC comes from the residential and transportation sectors, with the latter being the dominant source in high-income countries and the former driving emissions in low- and middle-income nations. On a country-level, China and India are the biggest emitters accounting for one-third of global BC emissions. When combined with Brazil, Indonesia, and Nigeria, these five countries alone emit 50% of all BC. While BC emissions trends over the past 20 years have been inconsistent globally, there has been a notable decline in Europe, North America, and China. Conversely, emissions have been rising in regions like Africa, South Asia, and Central Asia. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change recommends deep reductions in BC emissions by 2030 to achieve the Paris Climate Agreement goal of limiting warming to below 1.5°C, yet very few countries have addressed BC in their climate plans. Fortunately, solutions that can rapidly reduce BC emissions by the end of this decade are readily available. By implementing the right policies, deploying targeted interventions in hotspots, and redirecting climate finance, policymakers and funders can mitigate the climate effects of BC while saving millions of lives and trillions of dollars. Below are key recommendations to achieve these aims based on the findings of this report: Urgently implement clean cooking solutions Providing clean cooking fuels and technologies in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, especially in the hotspots of the Indo-Gangetic Plains, Nigeria, and Uganda, can significantly reduce BC emissions. Countries with low penetration of clean cooking fuel must urgently develop policies that make clean cooking a priority for health and climate. Target transportation to reduce current – and prevent future – emissions Retrofitting older diesel engines with diesel particulate filters can remove up to 95% of BC. Countries around the world must implement policies to phase out polluting vehicles, set emission standards, and accelerate the uptake of EVs and hybrids, especially in urban regions where transportation demand is growing rapidly. A successful shift to EVs demands national investments complemented with international financing and private capital. Multilateral development banks need to play a pivotal role in this transition, with strategies like concessional finance to fast-track key projects and stimulate private sector investment. Reduce BC from the shipping industry BC emissions from the shipping industry must be urgently reduced to protect the Arctic ecosystem. Shifting shipping away from heavy fuel oil and equipping ships with diesel particulate filters is a cost-effective approach that would quickly and significantly reduce emissions. Regulate air quality Stringent emissions standards, clean air laws, baselines, and mandatory monitoring programs can effectively reduce BC emissions. Such policies have already resulted in large reductions in Europe, North America, and, more recently, China. However, several low- and middle-income countries have no legal protection for ambient air quality and lack legislatively-mandated standards. Implementing strong and legally binding policies can result in a large decrease in BC emissions, particularly across the transportation and industry sectors. Include BC in nationally determined contributions and the UNFCCC Only 12 countries have explicitly addressed BC in their nationally determined contributions (NDCs). This limited focus on BC is partly due to its omission from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change’s (UNFCCC) list of climate pollutants, an oversight that should be reconsidered given that reducing BC would save countless lives and slow global warming. As nations review their NDCs by 2025, they must incorporate BC reduction efforts to meet climate and well-being targets. Improve BC measurements and estimates BC estimates are plagued by uncertainties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more accurate inventories in order to develop better emission reduction plans. Stakeholders must collaborate to develop a consistent BC measurement protocol, prioritize the collection of high-quality data, and use state of the art models to enhance estimates and reduce uncertainties.
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UNDER THE COVER OF COVID: New Laws in Asia Favor Business at the Cost of Indigenous Peoples’ and Local Communities’ Land and Territorial Rights. Rights and Resources Initiative, novembro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.53892/ucyl6747.
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This brief discusses legislative developments during COVID-19 in India, Indonesia, and the Philippines that undermine sustainable human-environment interactions and IPs’ and LCs’ broader enjoyment of their rights over their customary territories. While India, Indonesia and the Philippines have yet to ratify the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention, 1989 (No. 169) (ILO 169), all three countries have ratified the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP). Each of these countries has also promoted national-level tenure reforms over lands and forests, though their implementation has been weak.