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Schuett-Hall, Clare A. "Addressing Sexuality: Organizations in Undefined Space". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2017. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/1027.
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People with disabilities are often desexualized and excluded from many aspects of society. In America, historical and societal conditions contributed to the development of Surrogate Partner Therapy, designed to build client self-awareness and skills in the areas of physical and emotional intimacy. Surrogate Partner Therapists are certified through the International Professional Surrogates Association (IPSA). IPSA and other organizations work in a highly stigmatized field providing sexual education and experiences for marginalized people, including people with disabilities.
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Wang, Xi Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "A differential approach to undefined behavior detection". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/93071.
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Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2014.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 61-65).
This thesis studies undefined behavior arising in systems programming languages such as C/C++. Undefined behavior bugs lead to unpredictable and subtle systems behavior, and their effects can be further amplified by compiler optimizations. Undefined behavior bugs are present in many systems, including the Linux kernel and the Postgres database. The consequences range from incorrect functionality to missing security checks. This thesis proposes a formal and practical approach, which finds undefined behavior bugs by finding "unstable code" in terms of optimizations that leverage undefined behavior. Using this approach, we introduce a new static checker called STACK that precisely identifies undefined behavior bugs. Applying STACK to widely used systems has uncovered 161 new bugs that have been confirmed and fixed by developers.
by Xi Wang.
Ph. D.
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Gil, Ronald M. Eng Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "The undefined quest for full memory safety". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/119551.
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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.This electronic version was submitted by the student author. The certified thesis is available in the Institute Archives and Special Collections.
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-64).
In this thesis, we explore full memory safety and the various intricacies involved. We analyze existing memory safety techniques in both hardware and software and their many different goals. This task involves determining the limits of the protections guaranteed by these different protection systems, regardless of whether they were explicitly or implicitly stated. It is demonstrated that the common software technique of protecting only allocation bounds does not provide nearly enough of a barrier for attackers. Then, we go beyond particular schemes and examine the limitations of languages, C in particular. We discover many corner cases and ambiguities that prevent even the best possible protection system from providing full memory safety in the context of the C language specification. We also collect some results for the prevalence of these issues, present approaches to further analyze them, and consider how they might extend into other languages or systems.
by Ronald Gil.
M. Eng.
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Frick, Jonas. "The Qualities and Aesthetics of Undefined Spaces : in Housing". Thesis, KTH, Arkitektur, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-129179.
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This project represents a continuous process, where the spaces of the home are being investigated and questioned. The ambition of the project is to analyse the image and the idea of the home, convinced that there is not an objective truth about how we are supposed to live within the home. The concept of the home is a social construction, where the nuclear family is the norm. The reality shows something different. How can we create spaces that are more flexible and generous in their use? The process is an investigation of how architectural objects can generate a housing-typology that is more free and open for the residents to interpret. A vast area divided by architectural components creates a continuous embroidery of specific spatial situations, zones and compositions. The aesthetics of everyday life arises against an abstract background.Projektet representerar en oavslutad arbetsprocess där hemmet och bostadens rum undersöks och ifrågasätts. Projektets ambition är att analysera och utvärdera idén om bostaden, med en övertygelse om att det inte finns någon objektiv sanning för hur vi ska leva. Bostaden som vi ser den är en social konstruktion, där kärnfamiljen är normen för bostadens utformning. Verkligheten visar något annat. Hur kan vi skapa rum som är mer generella i sin användning? Processen är en undersökning kring hur arkitektoniska objekt generar en bostads-typologi som är mer öppen för tolkning. En öppen yta definierad av arkitektoniska komponenter, skapar ett oavslutat broderi av specifika rumsliga situationer, zoner och kompositioner. Det vardagliga livets estetik uppstår mot en abstrakt bakgrund.
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Cruz, Pedro M. Rodríguez. "Undefined myasthenias : clinical and molecular characterisation and optimised therapy". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:90f1b53c-a5ec-4fe3-8589-8ea076fc4cbf.
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Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of heterogeneous disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding for proteins that are essential for neuromuscular transmission. All CMS share the clinical feature of fatigable muscle weakness. The differential diagnosis of CMS is wide, with a range of diseases going from autoimmune myasthenia gravis to muscle disorders. In this thesis, it was shown that measuring antibodies to clustered acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) by cell-based assay is helpful in the differential diagnosis of CMS. The findings of the current investigations showed that mutations in COL13A1, encoding the Collagen Type XIII α1 chain, were responsible for the symptoms of several patients with previously undefined myasthenias. In addition, this work described the clinical and complementary features of a novel CMS subtype due to mutations in the glycosylation pathway gene GMPPB. Investigations on a novel MUSK missense mutation (p.Ala617Val) uncovered previously unrecognised mechanisms of how levels of MuSK phosphorylation are critical to maintain synaptic structure, and guided suitable treatment for the patient. The study on the clinical and molecular basis of stridor, a novel clinical feature recently identified in patients with DOK7-CMS, prompted the identification of a novel DOK7 isoform, which warrants further investigation to elucidate its role in AChR clustering. Finally, the therapy of patients with severe AChR-deficiency was optimised thanks to a case series study that showed a robust improvement following the addition of β2-adrenergic agonists to their long-term treatment regime that included pyridostigmine.
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PAPA, RICCARDO. "Diagnosis and treatment of patients with undefined autoinflammatory diseases". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/1080199.
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Sterile inflammation characterizes a heterogeneous group of primary immunodeficiency disorders named autoinflammatory diseases (AID). Less than 30% of AID patients are molecularly defined. To increase the diagnostic rate and treatment outcome in patients with undefined AID, "omics" technologies, as the next-generation sequencing and mass spectrometry, and clinical data registries analysis are applied. During the last three years, I described patients with undefined and known rare AID (i.e. RAS-associated autoimmune leukoproliferative disease and SAMD9L-associated AID), the first 100 genes and related pathways associated with AID, the actin-related AID, the syndrome of undifferentiated recurrent fever (SURF) and the proteomic signature of monocytes in hereditary recurrent fever. Furthermore, I analyzed the efficacy of the interleukin 1 inhibitors in systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis, cryopyrin associated periodic syndrome and refractory hyperferritinemic syndromes. Finally, I developed a metadata registry called MeRITA in order to increase the interoperability and data sharing among clinical registries of the European Reference Network on Rare Immunological Disorders (ERN-RITA).
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Kuo, Chia-Li. "Probabilistic reasoning with undefined properties in ontologically-based belief networks". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45338.
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This thesis concerns building probabilistic models with an underlying ontology that defines the classes and properties used in the model. In particular, it considers the problem of reasoning with properties that may not always be defined. Furthermore, we may even be uncertain about whether a property is defined for a given individual. One approach is to explicitly add a value "undefined" to the range of random variables, forming (what we call) extended belief networks. Adding an extra value to a random variable's range, however, has a large computational overhead. In this work, we propose an alternative, ontologically-based belief networks, where properties are only used when they are defined. We show how probabilistic reasoning can be carried out without explicitly using the value "undefined" during inference. This, in general, requires that we perform two probabilistic queries to determine (1) the probability that the hypothesis is defined and (2) the probabilities of the hypothesis given it is defined. We prove this is equivalent to reasoning with the corresponding extended belief network and empirically demonstrate on synthetic models that inference becomes more efficient.
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Pazderka, Julie. "An Undefined Race: The Growth Debate between China and India". Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2014. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-194534.
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In an effort to define which country will succeed in being the first of the two, I have given much attention to the East India Trade Company (EIC) and its influence on both India and China and the impact it has had on the social, political and economic change in both countries. While both countries have started off the same in the first half of the 20th century, their economic difference began with Xiaopings' rule in the late 70's of the 20th century. He is the one responsible for the opening of China, allowing it to have a steady takeoff and accelerate post-Cold War. India on the other hand has been in fear of foreign exploitation due to the EIC, making their development substantially slower. Religious and regional issues are a reason for India to not have enough focus on their human capital and their multi-party government, resulting in an inability to focus on the necessary reformation of the 'red tapes'. Another domestic policy missing in India, but strong in China is human capital, which is a private matter in India, while China has highly invested in it since The Great Leap Forward. Understanding the governance and economic policies of both countries provides an insight to both countries and supports my reasoning as to why I believe that China will - despite its' slowdown, be ahead of the race.
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Foster, Danielle. "Public diplomacy's undefined role policies and themes shaping a new paradigm /". Connect to Electronic Thesis (CONTENTdm), 2008. http://worldcat.org/oclc/442931139/viewonline.
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Salami, Yunus. "Risk Management in Reservoir Operations in the Context of Undefined Competitive Consumption". Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5478.
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Dams and reservoirs with multiple purposes require effective management to fully realize their purposes and maximize efficiency. For instance, a reservoir intended mainly for the purposes of flood control and hydropower generation may result in a system with primary objectives that conflict with each other. This is because higher hydraulic heads are required to achieve the hydropower generation objective while relatively lower reservoir levels are required to fulfill flood control objectives. Protracted imbalances between these two could increase the susceptibility of the system to risks of water shortage or flood, depending on inflow volumes and operational policy effectiveness. The magnitudes of these risks can become even more pronounced when upstream use of the river is unregulated and uncoordinated so that upstream consumptions and releases are arbitrary. As a result, safe operational practices and risk management alternatives must be structured after an improved understanding of historical and anticipated inflows, actual and speculative upstream uses, and the overall hydrology of catchments upstream of the reservoir. One of such systems with an almost yearly occurrence of floods and shortages due to both natural and anthropogenic factors is the dual reservoir system of Kainji and Jebba in Nigeria. To analyze and manage these risks, a methodology that combines a stochastic and deterministic approach was employed. Using methods outlined by Box and Jenkins (1976), autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) models were developed for forecasting Niger river inflows at Kainji reservoir based on twenty-seven-year-long historical inflow data (1970-1996). These were then validated using seven-year inflow records (1997-2003). The model with the best correlation was a seasonal multiplicative ARIMA (2,1,1)x(2,1,2)12 model. Supplementary validation of this model was done with discharge rating curves developed for the inlet of the reservoir using in situ inflows and satellite altimetry data. By comparing net inflow volumes with storage deficit, flood and shortage risk factors at the reservoir were determined based on (a) actual inflows, (b) forecasted inflows (up to 2015), and (c) simulated scenarios depicting undefined competitive upstream consumption. Calculated high-risk years matched actual flood years again suggesting the reliability of the model. Monte Carlo simulations were then used to prescribe safe outflows and storage allocations in order to reduce futuristic risk factors. The theoretical safety levels achieved indicated risk factors below threshold values and showed that this methodology is a powerful tool for estimating and managing flood and shortage risks in reservoirs with undefined competitive upstream consumption.Ph.D.
Doctorate
Civil, Environmental, and Construction Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Civil Engineering
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Bolaji, Efeoluwa Omotola. "Anaerobic fermentation of organic wastes for chemical production by undefined mixed microbial cultures". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2018. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=236961.
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Matton, Emma. "Cryptic space : Spatial elements for improvisation and undefined acts in a common space". Thesis, Konstfack, Inredningsarkitektur & Möbeldesign, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:konstfack:diva-6358.
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A spontaneous act is done because of a sudden urge to do something. I am interested in creating a space that exists with the purpose of hosting opportunities and action that are not predefined. My point of departure is a green area in Axelsberg where I have created a proposal for a type of public space, that differs from current ones. In my process I have actively worked with the site by physically being there to experience it. I have transformed the space in various ways both by combining improvisational and performative techniques with more planned actions. Afterwards, I have analyzed and learned from people’s reactions and behaviors towards the changes.
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Luthbom, Karin. "Uncertainty in environmental decision-making : effects of defined or undefined guidance in the decision process". Licentiate thesis, Luleå, 2004. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1757/2004/64.
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Dymond, Antoine Smith Dryden. "Multiple objective optimization of an airfoil shape". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/22939.
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An airfoil shape optimization problem with conflicting objectives is handled using two different multi-objective approaches. These are an a priori scalarization approach where the conflicting objectives are assigned weights and summed together to form a single objective, and the Pareto-optimal multi-objective approach. The optimization formulations for both approaches contain challenging numerical characteristics which include noise, multi-modality and undefined regions. Gradient-, surrogate- and population-based single objective optimization methods are applied to the `a priori' formulations. The gradient methods are modified to improve their performance on noisy problems as well as to handle undefined regions in the design space. The modifications are successful but the modified methods are outperformed by the surrogate methods and population based methods. Population-based techniques are used for the Pareto-optimal multi-objective approach. Two established optimization algorithms and two custom algorithms are implemented. The custom algorithms use fitted unrotated hyper ellipses and linear aggregating functions to search the design space for non-dominated designs. Various multi-objective formulations are posed to investigate different aspects of the airfoil design problem. The non-dominated designs found by the Pareto-optimal multi-objective optimization algorithms are then presented.Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2011.
Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering
unrestricted
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Anwar, Alsulaiman Z. "INCORPORATING CERT SECURE CODING STANDARDS IN TERMS OF UNDEFINED BEHAVIOR AND USELESS CONDITIONS INTO THE CPPCHECK PROJECT". Kent State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=kent1405652159.
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Hagenmaier, Jacob Andrew. "Investigation into an ongoing dilemma: undefined welfare implications challenging the use of β-adrenergic agonists in beef production". Diss., Kansas State University, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35217.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology
Daniel U. Thomson
Beta-adrenergic agonists (βAA) are administered during the final weeks of the beef production system to improve efficiency and increase meat yield. Welfare concerns linked to the administration of βAA have garnered significant attention in recent years due to anecdotal reports of increased mortality during βAA feeding periods and cattle without obvious disease or injury having difficulty walking at abattoirs being overrepresented in cattle fed βAA. Thomson et al. (2015) reported 2 events where cattle were distressed, became non-responsive to handling, sloughed hoof walls and were euthanized while in lairage at the abattoir. Consistent blood abnormalities in euthanized cattle included elevated blood lactate (25.6 mmol/L; ref. range: < 4-5) and creatine kinase (CK; 6,890 U/L, ref. range: 159- 332). Although no causal relationship had been established, dialogues among groups of packers, animal scientists, and welfare experts implicating the βAA zilpaterol hydrochloride (ZIL; Zilmax®, Merck Animal Health, Desoto, KS) as one possible etiology resulted in a major beef packer announcing plans to stop accepting cattle fed ZIL. Consequently, Merck announced a self-imposed suspension of ZIL sales in U.S. and Canadian markets until further research could be conducted to investigate the manner. Utilization of technologies such as βAA are imperative to meeting the demands of a growing world population and verdicts regarding such technologies, including their impact on animal welfare, should be based on scientific merit. The first objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of shade on performance and animal well-being in cattle fed ZIL. The second objective was to characterize the clinical description and hematological profile of fatigued cattle presented to abattoirs. The third objective was to evaluate the effects of handling intensity during shipment for slaughter in cattle fed a βAA. The fourth objective was to evaluate the effects of βAA administration on performance and physiological response to different handling intensities during shipping for slaughter. Shade provision reduced open-mouth breathing and increased dry matter intake and dressing percentage. Fatigued cattle observed at abattoirs had increased respiratory rates and muscle tremors, although blood parameters were relatively normal compared to their cohorts. Metabolic acidosis, a precursor for Fatigued Cattle Syndrome, was observed in cattle exposed to aggressive handling regardless of βAA status. This research confirms the improved growth performance of cattle fed βAA and highlights the improvement of animal welfare through shade provision and low-stress handling in heavy-weight feedlot cattle.
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Reis, Beatriz Kauri dos. "Da utopia ao laço social". reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13112.
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Pretendo com essa pesquisa discutir sobre a intervenção psicanalítica junto a crianças com psicose não decidida. Trabalho levando em conta a singularidade da linguagem de uma criança com funcionamento psicótico, onde não há um eixo centralizador permanente do discurso. Neste caso a fala está à deriva, sem uma direção fálica. Procurarei demonstrar as peculiaridades de tal funcionamento, apresentando certos momentos cruciais da direção da cura dessa criança, como a construção de imagens e a construção de histórias que, de alguma forma, propiciam a unificação do sujeito, organizando-o, dando norte à sua deriva.With this research, we intend to discuss psychoanalytic intervention for children with undefined psychosis. Our work will take into account the singularity of language of one child with psychotic functioning, where there is not one permanent, centralizer axle of speech. In this case the speech is derived without direction. We will seek to demonstrate the peculiarities of such functioning, presenting certain crucial moments in the curing of this child, such as the construction of images and stories that, in some way, propitiate the unification of the subject by organizing it and pointing to its underlying causes.
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Fisher, Kelli Nicole. "Investigating the Undefined Role of Subunit IIIin Cytochrome c Oxidase Functioning Using Dicyclohexylcarbodiimide Chemical Modification; Insight Into Enzyme Structure and Molecular Mechanism". Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1405294648.
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Hamberg, Katarina. "Begränsade möjligheter - anpassade strategier : en studie i primärvården av kvinnor med värk". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Allmänmedicin, 1998. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-96896.
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Erlingsson, Oskar, e Karin Dahlqvist. "Designing for the Unknown : Exploring Urban Mining as a case study". Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för maskinteknik, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-1078.
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The earth’s resources are limited; with the speed that humanity are using earth’s resources today, we would need 1.5 times of the earth’s regenerative capacity to compensate for what we use. Raw materials has since a long time ago been mined from the bedrock, which affects the earth in a negative way. If we could use materials and products that are circulating in our society, but are not being used and thereby considered as waste, traditional mining could be replaced with urban mining. Imagine what would happen if earth’s resources would be limited by laws and regulations in the future; mining as it is known today would not be allowed and there would be a need of resources that is gathered in another way, an unknown way. The world is constantly changing and this results in the fact that there will always be unexplored areas that needs to be defined and developed to be able to handle the changes in the future. Considering the fact that urban mining is such an unexplored field, there is a need of creating a process to define the segment in order to develop product/services within it. The outcome of this thesis is therefore recommendations for how a generic design process can be tailored and implemented for innovation development in undefined areas. The result is reached through investigating a development project, which focuses in the research area urban mining, as a case study and also by studying design processes in theory. The investigation is conducted with an explorative approach by observing the field and sub-fields of urban mining. This thesis shows that drivers and trends for urban mining exist, and that there is a future need to capitalize this market. The result also shows that the most important characteristics of the design process when designing for the unknown, is the fact that defining the research area requires even more effort when dealing with an initially unknown field, compared with known research areas.Jordens resurser är begränsade; med den hastighet som mänskligheten använder jordens resurser idag, skulle vi behöva 1,5 gånger jordens återhämtningsförmåga för att kompensera för det vi använder. Råmaterial har sedan länge brutits från berggrunden, vilket påverkar jorden på ett negativt sätt. Om vi istället skulle kunna använda material och produkter som cirkulerar i vårt samhälle, men inte används och därmed betraktas som avfall, skulle traditionell materialutvinning kunna ersättas med urban mining. Tänk vad som skulle hända om jordens resurser i framtiden begränsas genom lagar och regler; materialutvinning som det är känt idag inte skulle tillåtas och det då skulle finnas ett behov att samla resurser på ett annat sätt, ett idag okänt sätt. Världen förändras ständigt vilket resulterar i det faktum att det alltid kommer att finnas outforskade områden som måste definieras och utvecklas för att kunna hantera dessa förändringar i framtiden. Urban mining är ett sådant outforskat område och därför finns det ett behov av att skapa en process för att definiera segmentet och på så vis kunna utveckla produkter och tjänster inom området. Resultatet av denna uppsats är därför rekommendationer för hur en allmän design process kan skräddarsys och implementeras för innovativ utveckling i odefinierade områden. Resultatet uppnås genom att analysera ett utvecklingsprojekt, som fokuserar på forskningsområdet urban mining, som en fallstudie, samt att studera designprocesser i teorin. Undersökningen genomförs med ett explorativt tillvägagångssätt genom att utföra observationer inom ämnet urban mining. Arbetet visar att drivfaktorer och trender för urban mining existerar och att det finns ett framtida behov att utforska och dra fördel av denna marknad. Resultatet visar också att de viktigaste egenskaperna hos design processen vid utveckling inom okända områden är det faktum att forskningsområdet kräver ännu större fokus på att definiera området, jämfört med kända forskningsområden.
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Wilke, Pierre. "Compilation formellement vérifiée de code C de bas-niveau". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1S088/document.
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Cette thèse présente une extension du compilateur CompCert permettant de fournir des garanties formelles de préservation sémantique à des programmes auxquels CompCert n'en donne pas. CompCert est un compilateur pour le langage C vers différentes architectures qui fournit, en plus d'un exécutable compilé, des garanties formelles concernant le comportement du programme assembleur généré. En particulier, tout programme C ayant une sémantique définie selon le standard C est compilé en un programme assembleur équivalent, c'est-à-dire qui a la même sémantique. En revanche, ce théorème n'assure aucune garantie lorsque le programme source n'a pas de sémantique définie : on parle en C de comportement indéfini. Toutefois, des programmes C issus de réels projets largement utilisés contiennent des comportements indéfinis. Cette thèse détaille dans un premier temps un certain nombre d'exemples de programmes C qui déclenchent des comportements indéfinis. Nous argumentons que ces programmes devraient tout de même bénéficier du théorème de préservation sémantique de CompCert, d'abord parce qu'ils apparaissent dans de vrais projets et parce que leur utilisation des comportements indéfinis semble légitime. Dans ce but, nous proposons d'abord un modèle mémoire pour CompCert qui définit l'arithmétique arbitraire de pointeurs et la manipulation de données non initialisées, à l'aide d'un formalisme de valeurs symboliques qui capturent la sémantique d'opérations non définies dans le standard. Nous adaptons l'intégralité du modèle mémoire de CompCert avec ces valeurs symboliques, puis nous adaptons les sémantiques formelles de chacun des langages intermédiaires de CompCert. Nous montrons que ces sémantiques symboliques sont un raffinement des sémantiques existantes dans CompCert, et nous montrons par ailleurs que ces sémantiques capturent effectivement le comportement des programmes sus-cités. Enfin, afin d'obtenir des garanties similaires à celles que CompCert fournit, nous devons adapter les preuves de préservation sémantique à notre nouveau modèle. Pour ce faire, nous généralisons d'importantes techniques de preuves comme les injections mémoire, ce qui nous permet de transporter les preuves de CompCert sur nos nouvelles sémantiques. Nous obtenons ainsi un théorème de préservation sémantique qui traite plus de programmes CThis thesis presents an extension of the CompCert compiler that aims at providing formal guarantees about the compilation of more programs than CompCert does. The CompCert compiler compiles C code into assembly code for various architectures and provides formal guarantees about the behaviour of the compiled assembly program. It states that whenever the C program has a defined semantics, the generated assembly program behaves similarly. However, the theorem does not provide any guarantee when the source program has undefined semantics, or, in C parlance, when it exhibits undefined behaviour, even though those behaviours actually happen in real-world code. This thesis exhibits a number of C idioms, that occur in real-life code and whose behaviour is undefined according to the C standard. Because they happen in real programs, our goal is to enhance the CompCert verified compiler so that it also provides formal guarantees for those programs. To that end, we propose a memory model for CompCert that makes pointer arithmetic and uninitialised data manipulation defined, introducing a notion of symbolic values that capture the meaning of otherwise undefined idioms. We adapt the whole memory model of CompCert with this new formalism and adapt the semantics of all the intermediate languages. We prove that our enhanced semantics subsumes that of CompCert. Moreover, we show that these symbolic semantics capture the behaviour of the previously undefined C idioms. The proof of semantic preservation from CompCert needs to be reworked to cope with our model. We therefore generalize important proof techniques such as memory injections, which enable us to port the whole proof of CompCert to our new memory model, therefore providing formal guarantees for more programs
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Hofmann, Wallace C., David L. Kittock e Joel Malcuit. "Field Treatment of Cotton Seed During Planting with an Undeficed Plant Growth Regulator". College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/204032.
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Lockett, Darian R. "'Pure and undefiled religion': the function of purity language in the Epistle of James". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/2775.
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Whereas commentators frequently restrict the categories for purity language in James to either ritual or metaphorical (and uniformly conclude the language is a metaphor for personal morality) this is overly restrictive and ignores how purity language was used in the first-century. Current research of purity language in ancient Israel calls into question the rigid either/or categorization of purity language in James. Such descriptions are not only unjustifiably restrictive, but they also fail to account for the function or meaning of the purity language within the rhetorical goals of the composition. The central argument of this investigation is that purity language both articulates and constructs the composition's worldview and thus serves as an important theme in the text. Chapter two discusses the different methods of analysis of purity and offers a taxonomy of purity language. This taxonomy provides a more precise approach to understanding the function of purity language. Chapter three argues for several important aspects of the structure and strategy of the text. Specifically the three interdependent characteristics of 1) an epistolary structure; 2) a coherent rhetorical argument based on polar oppositions; 3) and the special function of James 1: 2-27 as an introduction are suggested. While attuned to the textual issues argued in chapter three, the categories developed in the taxonomy were applied as a heuristic guide to understand the function of purity and pollution in chapter four. This analysis demonstrated four specific things: 1) though purity language occurs relatively infrequently, it is used at crucial points of the composition (1: 26-27; 3: 6,17; 4: 8); 2) that the use of purity and pollution specifically functions within the overall strategy of contrasts which leads readers to a decision; 3) that the majority of the time purity language labeled the world (and by extension those associated with it) as set against the implicit purity of God; and therefore, 4) the readers of James must be separate from the impure world ("pure") in order to be wholehearted in devotion to God ("perfect"). Because the purity of the audience is directly related to their proximity to the world, chapter five asks what kind of separation is envisioned by the use of purity language. While purity is indeed boundary language, the cultural stance of James is complex. The author shows signs of acculturation, yet this acculturation is employed to call the audience to specific points of separation from surrounding culture, namely separation from patron-client relationships with the "rich" and use of inappropriate and deceitful speech. Thus the composition is not calling for sectarian separation from the surrounding culture, but rather is a complex document demonstrating cultural accommodation while calling forth specific socio-cultural boundaries between the readers and the world.
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Rivière, Xavier. "Les objets mathématiques dans la théorie platonicienne de la connaissance et de l'action". Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOL019/document.
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La connaissance implique une prédisposition à la connaissance, c’est-à-dire la possibilité de la relation entre un sujet (connaissant) et un objet (connaissable). D’un autre côté, il y a un état de fait, qui est la connaissance qui a lieu, de fait : la connaissance courante, ordinaire, toujours incomplète, à laquelle l’homme se trouve incessamment avoir accès ou être en train d’avoir accès. La connaissance véritable – pleine et entière – se trouve située à l’extérieur de ce domaine cognitif ordinaire ; extériorité qui implique une indisposition présente à y avoir accès. La connaissance mathématique est du premier ordre – et ce, éminemment, autrement dit, à la fois, en tant que meilleure connaissance possible et en tant que connaissance révélant, le mieux, au travers de son propre inachèvement, l’inachèvement de toute connaissance accessible (dont elle est constitutive ou auxiliaire). Du second ordre, est la connaissance eidétique (connaissance des Formes – eidê, ideai – autrement appelées Idées), qui est la connaissance du réellement réel (ontôs on) (dont l’objet, en sa saisie, ne peut que signer la réelle réalité de la connaissance elle-même). De son côté, la connaissance mathématique induit, en son inachèvement, la connaissance de son principe et élément, qu’est l’unité véritable (c’est-à-dire unique, indivisible et indifférenciée, et donc paradoxalement inconnaissable, en quoi, elle induit, elle-même, l’ordre de la connaissance véritable, qu’est l’ordre eidétique), unité censée trouver, dans l’ordre géométrique, son expression, en tant que mesure et élément communs à tout le mesurable (l’étendu) et, du même coup, à tout le dénombrable ; expression géométrique qui ne manque pas d’être problématique (aporétique), la grandeur demeurant, dans l’absolu, indéfinie, et toute grandeur étant divisible à l’infini, en grandeurs plus petites. Ainsi, se trouve attesté le fait que la disposition cognitive présente (ordinaire) est inéluctablement en deçà d’être disposition à la connaissance véritable, en ce que celle-ci devrait être notamment connaissance du principe, principe que nous pensons trouver désigné, chez Platon, sous l’expression « principe de la ligne », principe dynamique et actif, proprement non mathématique, toujours antérieur à quelque détermination (grandeur) – et, du même coup, à quelque dénombrement – que ce soitThe knowledge implies a predisposition to the knowledge, that is the possibility of the relation between a (knowing) subject and a (knowable) object. On the other hand, there is an established fact, which is the knowledge which has de facto place : the common, ordinary, always incomplete knowledge, to which the man is continuously to have access or to be having access. The real knowledge – full and whole – is situated outside of this ordinary cognitive domain ; exteriority which implies a present indisposition to have access there. The mathematical knowledge is of the first order – and it is true eminently, in other words, at the same time, as better possible knowledge and as knowledge revealing, best, through its own incompletion, the incompletion of any accessible knowledge (whose it is constitutive or auxiliary). Of the second order, is the eidetic knowledge (knowledge of the Forms – eidê, ideai – otherwise called Ideas), which is the knowledge of the really real (ontôs on) (whose the object, in its grasp, can only sign the real reality of the knowledge itself). From her part, the mathematical knowledge leads, in its incompletion, the knowledge of its principle and element, that is the real unit (that is unique, inseparable and undifferentiated, and thus paradoxically unknowable, in what, it leads, itself, the order of the real knowledge, that is the eidetic order), unit supposed to find, in the geometrical order, its expression, as measure and element common to all the measurable (the extent) and, at the same time, to all the countable ; expression which does not miss to be problematic (aporetic), the size remaining, theoretically, indefinite, and any size being divisible in the infinity, in smaller sizes. So, is attested the fact that the present (ordinary) cognitive disposition is inevitably to be disposition to the real knowledge, in the fact that this one should be in particular knowledge of the principle, the principle which we think of finding indicated, at Plato, under the expression “principle of the line”, dynamic and active, specifically not mathematical principle, always previous to any determination (size) – and, at the same time, to any enumeration – whatsoever
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Kano, Bianca de Souza. "Análise da mortalidade por causas mal definidas e por diagnósticos incompletos na região do Médio Paraíba, Estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2005 a 2009". Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2012. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=5249.
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A elevada frequência de óbitos por causas mal definidas e por diagnósticos incompletos compromete a validade de indicadores de mortalidade por causas, constituindo obstáculo para a alocação racional dos recursos de saúde com base em perfil epidemiológico. O presente trabalho avalia a qualidade da informação da causa básica de morte na região do Médio Paraíba, estado do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, nos anos de 2005 a 2009 para toda a população. Os dados provieram do Sistema de
Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM) disponibilizados pelo DATASUS/MS. A análise baseou-se em dois indicadores de mortalidade proporcional, por causas mal definidas (CMD - todos os óbitos cuja causa básica esteja incluída no capítulo XVIII
da CID-10) e por diagnósticos incompletos (DI), segundo classificação apresentada no Projeto Carga de Doença do Brasil, 2002. As associações entre a qualidade da informação e variáveis demográficas, socioeconômicas e relacionadas à ocorrência do óbito foram investigadas por meio do cálculo das razões de chances de mortes por CMD e por DI, em relação às demais causas de morte. Observou-se na região do Médio Paraíba uma proporção de CMD de 4,54% no período de 2005 a 2009. A proporção de diagnósticos incompletos na região do Médio Paraíba no mesmo período mostrou-se elevada (20,59%). Somados os óbitos por CMD e DI na região do Médio Paraíba no quinquênio avaliado, chega-se a uma proporção de causas inadequadamente definidas (25,13%) bem acima do valor mediano de 12% estimado para a população mundial. As chances de CMD e DI decrescem quanto maior o grau de instrução. Quanto à variável raça, os óbitos de indivíduos da raça negra apresentaram maiores chances de ter CMD. Entre os óbitos de indivíduos de cor branca observaram-se maiores chances de constar um DI como causa básica. Nos óbitos sem assistência médica as chances de CMD e DI foram superiores em
relação aos óbitos com assistência. Os óbitos em unidade hospitalar apresentaram menores chances de CMD e maiores chances de DI. As variáveis ignoradas ou não informadas apresentaram-se associadas a maiores chances de CMD e DI. Os
resultados sugerem que na região do Médio Paraíba a qualidade dos dados de mortalidade no que concerne CMD está bem superior à nacional, assemelhando-se aos valores dos países desenvolvidos. Ainda assim, a proporção de causas residuais encontra-se bastante elevada, evidenciando que não obstante a
expressiva melhora do SIM, persistem limitações que restringem a utilização mais ampla do sistema e impedem que os avanços nas políticas e programas na área da saúde sejam maiores.A high frequency of deaths due to ill-defined causes and incomplete diagnoses compromise the validity of cause specific mortality indicators, constituting an obstacle to the rational allocation of health resources based on epidemiological profile. This study evaluates the quality of information regarding the underlying cause of death in the Médio Paraíba region, state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in the years 2005 to 2009 for the entire population. Data were obtained from the Mortality Information System (SIM) provided by DATASUS / MS. The analysis was based on two indicators of proportional mortality, the proportion of deaths due to ill-defined causes (IDC - Chapter XVIII, ICD-10) and incomplete diagnosis (ID) according to the classification presented in the Burden of Disease Project in Brazil, 2002. The association between quality of information of the underlying cause of death and demographic, socioeconomic and related to the occurrence of deaths covariates was assessed by calculating odds ratios of deaths due to IDC and ID in relation to the remaining causes of death. Proportional mortality due to IDC in the Médio Paraíba was found to be 4.54% in the period 2005-2009, values similar to those expected in developed countries. However, following a national trend, the proportion of incomplete diagnosis in the Médio Paraíba region, in the same period was high (20.59%). Together, the proportions of deaths from IDC and ID in the Médio Paraíba region in the quinquenium from 2005 to 2009, reached 25.13%, above the median value of 12% estimated for the world population. The odds of deaths due to IDC and ID decreased at higher levels of education. As for the variable race, the deaths of the black subjects had higher odds of having IDC. Deaths of white individuals were more likely to be listed as the underlying cause ID. Among deaths without medical assistance chances of IDC and ID were higher in relation to deaths with assistance. The deaths in hospital had lower odds of IDC and greater chances of ID. The variables had ignored or not reported were associated with higher odds of IDC and ID. The results suggest that in the Médio Paraíba quality of mortality data regarding IDC is well above the national level, resembling the values of developed countries. Still, the proportion of residual causes is quite high, showing that despite the significant improvement of SIM persist limitations that restrict the wider use of the system and prevent that advances policies and programs in health are greater.
26
Saltaji, Sabrina. "Étude de l’apport de flores microbiennes issues du lait cru, purifiées par le procédé Bionatif®, appliquées à une production fromagère". Electronic Thesis or Diss., La Rochelle, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LAROS033.
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Les ferments lactiques sont considérés comme un levier important de l’innovation pouvant apporter à la matrice fromagère de nouvelles propriétés organoleptiques, sensorielles et nutritionnelles. Cette thèse a eu pour sujet d’étude le procédé breveté Bionatif® qui purifie le lait cru de ses flores d’hygiène et d’altération de façon à restituer au fromager un ferment fonctionnel, composé d’une diversité bactérienne intra-spécifique propre au terroir de collecte (ferment indéfini). Ce travail s’est articulé autour de deux objectifs : i) caractériser la diversité des ferments indéfinis et étudier leur potentiel métabolique, ii) étudier l’expression des ferments en technologie fromagère pâte molle. Une diversité intra-spécifique des ferments indéfinis étudiés a été mise en évidence puisque plusieurs variants de L. lactis ont été découverts. Des isolats L. lactis du ferment indéfini présentaient des propriétés métaboliques supérieures et diversifiées notamment via l’expression de leur métabolisme des sucres (D-xylose, D-tagatose, etc.). Ce résultat a été confirmé par l’étude comparative de leur génome et pourrait être lié à leur origine environnementale. Les isolats L. lactis possèderaient également des ilots CRISPR-Cas particulièrement riches qui pourraient leur conférer une résistance accrue aux bactériophages. De plus, un potentiel antimicrobien a phénotypiquement été observé puis confirmé via l’étude génomique. En technologie fromagère pâte molle, la comparaison entre des ferments définis, conçus en conditions de laboratoire, et des ferments indéfinis, issus du procédé Bionatif®, a démontré que plus le consortium bactérien du ferment était complexe et diversifié, meilleures étaient les propriétés sensorielles et rhéologiques du fromageStarter cultures confer enhanced properties to improve organoleptic, sensory and nutritional attributes upon the cheese matrix. The subject of this PhD project was the patented Bionatif® process. That process purifies raw milk from hygiene and spoilage microflora. Then, it restores a functional Undefined Mixed Starter Culture (UMSC) to the cheesemaker. That unique UMSC is composed of an intra-specific bacterial diversity specific to the terroir where the raw milk is collected.This work fixed two goals: i) to characterize the diversity of the UMSC and study their metabolic potential, ii) to study the expression of the UMSC in soft cheese technology. The UMSC intra-specific diversity study highlighted some bacterial variants of the L. lactis species. UMSC's L. lactis isolates showed superior and diversified metabolic properties through the expression of their sugar metabolism (D-xylose, D-tagatose, etc.). A comparative genome study confirmed this result and could link these metabolic properties to an environmental origin. L. lactis isolates also possess rich CRISPR-Cas clusters. These clusters could confer them a high resistance against bacteriophages. Besides, an antimicrobial potential has been phenotypically observed and then confirmed through genomic studies. In soft cheese technology, the comparison between defined starter cultures designed under laboratory conditions and UMSC from the Bionatif® process demonstrated that the more complex and diversified the bacterial consortium of the UMSC, the better the sensory and rheological properties of the cheese
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Himmel, Michael E., Charles A. Abbas, John O. Baker, Edward A. Bayer, Yannick J. Bomble, Roman Brunecky, Xiaowen Chen et al. "Undefined cellulase formulations hinder scientific reproducibility". 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/61402.
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In the shadow of a burgeoning biomass-to-fuels industry, biological conversion of lignocellulose to fermentable sugars in a cost-effective manner is key to the success of second-generation and advanced biofuel production. For the effective comparison of one cellulase preparation to another, cellulase assays are typically carried out with one or more engineered cellulase formulations or natural exoproteomes of known performance serving as positive controls. When these formulations have unknown composition, as is the case with several widely used commercial products, it becomes impossible to compare or reproduce work done today to work done in the future, where, for example, such preparations may not be available. Therefore, being a critical tenet of science publishing, experimental reproducibility is endangered by the continued use of these undisclosed products. We propose the introduction of standard procedures and materials to produce specific and reproducible cellulase formulations. These formulations are to serve as yardsticks to measure improvements and performance of new cellulase formulations.
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Jo-Mei, LEE, e 李若玫. "The Transition from the Undefined to Narrative in Images". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40861963631395753185.
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碩士國立臺灣藝術大學
美術學系碩士班
99
A certain kind of difference and offset that alters the focus of the gaze from daily reality to creative needs. Within a moving, camera-wielding body, on the one hand, it loosens the conventional system of perception towards images; on the other hand, it gradually builds up a possible mode of identification. The creation takes place and continues on within this constant change in perspectives.
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Lebese, Samuel Joseph. "The undefined role of court interpreters in South Africa". Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/11923.
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In South Africa there is no legislation defining the role of court interpreters. This has resulted in legal officials (magistrates and judges) forming their own opinions as to what the role of court interpreters is. As such court interpreters find themselves performing tasks that are outside their scope of duties, for example acting as magistrates, in turn compromising their own tasks in the process. The aim of this study therefore is to determine the degree to which the lack of a definition of the role of court interpreters affects the quality of court interpreting. In the study, the researcher was guided by the Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS) approach. The research procedures that were followed in the study combined the top-down and bottom-up approaches. In the top-down approach, two legislations, namely, “The Magistrates’ Court Act 44 of 1944 (as amended)” and “The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, Act 93 of 1996 (as amended)”, were examined in order to determine whether the role of court interpreters is defined and, if so, to what extent. In the bottom-up approach, examples of court proceedings were studied in order to determine specific roles that are played by court interpreters during trials. Extracts from transcripts of mechanically-recorded court proceedings were also analysed to establish whether magistrates made any references to the role of court interpreters in these trials. It is hoped that this study will shed more light on the role of court interpreters which could lead to better quality interpreting.Linguistics
M.A. (Linguistics (Translation studies))
30
Shih, Yao-chang, e 史曜菖. "Undefined Final judgment: Resistance to and Acceptance of the Thought and Images of Lü Liuliang". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17627375444353105819.
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碩士國立中央大學
歷史研究所
98
Lü Liuliang was an important scholar during the Ming-Qing transition. His reputation is not only illustrious, but also known to posterity. A great part of the reason why Lü Liuliang is known to people is the “involvement” of the Zeng Jing case happened in Yongzheng Emperor. From then on, Lü Liuliang, who has been dead for more than fifty years, becomes the main target of Qing Government’s attack, a special example of rebellion against Qing Dynasty, and a model of lots of cases. Being a Ming loyalist in Qing Dynasty, Lü Liuliang, as we learn from the past, was appraised according to his political intention. A stereotype image of Lü Liuliang has been built since nobody doubts who he is or what he has done. However, the way of looking at Lü in the past needs some amendment by examining Lü’s theories and appearances. It is easy to find from Lü’s academic works that he does not hold anti-Qing will as people are convinced. On the contrary, a lot of Lü’s politics ideas are just the same as those of the Qing government. The spread of the wrong image of Lü has been created since the anti-Qing case broke out. The officials imposed the memories for over a century, after that, the revolted image of Lü was exactly established and lasted until the end of Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. Also, it was till then, people reaccepted and turned the image of Lü to a positive model, and used it to set up a hero and a pioneer of nation in anti-Qing. According to my research, Lü Liuliang has no intention or practice of anti-Qing all the way. Furthermore, his position, significance, and value on the Confucian school should not be ignored even though he repeatedly becomes a target attacked by the Qing government. For example, Lü strongly advocates that Cheng-Zhu School is the orthodox Confucian system and makes an all-out effort to refute the opinion that Wang School is evil. This opinion, as a discipline, is the criterion Lü uses to judge everything. He does play a great role in the development of Confucianism in the early Qing Dynasty. Besides, Lü shows his achievement and representation on his Cultural establishments. People praise that he can compose, collect, criticize, compile, engrave publications, sell publications, and so on. He also wins an excellent reputation for publication of the mass media. Because of Zeng Jing case, Lü Liuliang’s corpse is disinterred as his head is severed and exposed. Qing government leads the image of Lü Liuliang; from then on, people start to neglect and distort Lü’s achievements in academic thought and cultural businesss. By the records of texts and the change of time, we can not only find that the course of history of resistance to and acceptance of Lü Liuliang gets complicated, but also find the followed mark of the development of history.
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Overend, Alissa. "Candida and the discursive terms of undefined illness: ghostly matters, leaky bodies and the dietary taming of uncertainty". Phd thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10048/1463.
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This dissertation examines the discursive terms upon which people come to understand their experiences with a yeast-related disorder known speculatively within biomedical practice as Candida. Following the critical interrogations posed by feminist and poststructural theorizings, I aim not to prove or disprove Candidas etiological case. My aim, rather, is to question what can be learned about the social workings of undefined illness through attending to how people talk about their experiences with Candida. I am concerned both with peoples experiences of Candida, and in how these illness experiences come to be structured in and through the wider discursive framings of biomedicine, gender and dietary discipline. As Candida continues to emerge as unintelligibleand thus disorientingform of illness, the urgency lies, I argue, not only in representing these often nebulous illness experiences, but also in questioning how these illness experiences come to be shaped.
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Bonnycastle, Lori L. C. "Allelic frequencies of two DNA restriction fragment length polymorphism systems collected from an undefined population : application to DNA profiling". Thesis, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/3252.
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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) within the deoxyribonucleic acid
molecule were analysed to determine the extent of their ability to provide discriminating human
DNA profiles for forensic identification. The two types of RFLPs studied were variable number of
tandem repeats (VNTR), the technique commonly used by North American forensic laboratories,
and dimorphic restriction endonuclease recognition site (RES) developed in this laboratory.
Data bases showing allele frequencies were collected for four VNTR hypervariable regions,
D2S44, D16S85, INS, and D14S13 from an undefined population group obtained from the Greater Vancouver Area. Allele frequency distributions from this group were similar to the larger and more statistically defined allele distributions obtained by other laboratories, the RCMP Molecular
Biology Unit in Ottawa and Promega associated laboratories in all of which analysed Caucasian
populations.
An alternative technology to VNTR was based on the selection of five regions within the
human genome that contain dimorphic restriction endonuclease recognition sites (RES). A
nucleotide sequence of approximately one kilobase that contained the RES was selected from the
genes of the following proteins: adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (APRT), prealbumin (PALB),
adenine deaminase (ADA), carbonic anhydrase II (CAH) and lipoprotein lipase (LPL). After
amplification of the nucleotide sequence by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the presence or
absence of the internal RES was analysed by restriction endonuclease digestion followed by agarose
gel electrophoresis. From the pattern (size and number) of the restriction fragments generated, it
is possible to make genotype assignments with respect to the RES. Restriction endonuclease
activity was monitored by the presence of a control DNA fragment which is also cleaved by the
restriction endonuclease used for each specific analysis. Statistical calculations demonstrated that
by using 16 unlinked dimorphic RES, rapid individual identification to a certainty of one in 6.5
million is possible. Analysis of casework and/or laboratory simulated forensic specimens indicate that both the
VNTR and RES system are discriminating and can be applied to non-ideal specimens. However,
the RES system offers a much simpler and more reliable methodology.
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Chen, Hsueh-fang, e 陳雪芳. "The Judicial Review of Administrative Rules of Realization of Undefined Legal Concept — Concentrating on Interpretative Rules of Article 25 Mmedical Law". Thesis, 2008. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/2j3pu8.
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碩士東吳大學
法律學系
96
Abstract Ideal rechtsstaat principles should act through strict and meticulous legislation process to direct and monitor administrative decisions, and they should assure that these acts are made in due process of law through post-hoc judicial reviews. Therefore, laws should be precisely and comprehensively enacted for administrative authorities to abide by. However, in this multi-value conflicting society, it is difficult for legislators to continue to accomplish its mission of righting the society by using the legal norms of conditional structure. Instead, they should positively award discretionary power and beurteilungsspielraum to the corresponding administrative authority, so that the latter will be capable to investigate the conflicts of interests on a case-by-case base. It is also commonly seen in many administrative acts that in addition to taking administrative actions on various cases while the administrative authorities carry out their duty by practicing the discretionary power awarded by law, based upon various considerations, the legislators also choose the variable ambiguous legal concept to cover the complicate social realities. In addition to the laws of legal norms, people also obtain their legal knowledge from many forms of administrative interpretation, conventions, customs, and criteria released by administrative authorities. By knowing these forms and how they are executed, people shall in accordance adjust their social life or personal behavior. In case the administrative authorities fail to protect the rights of people, the justice system should assert its reviewing function to preserve people's benefits. In order to maintain people’s health, Taiwan’s Medical Law delegates administrative responsibility to doctors. However, because of their highly trained professionalism, their medical actions are not to be completely governed by ordinary laws. Therefore, the ambiguous legal concept should be introduced into medical laws. However, a balance between respecting medical professionalism and protecting people’s health should be reached; while doctors are respectfully allowed to fully practice their professionalism, certain binding regulations and restrictions should be added along to ensure people's life and health. The administrative authorities enjoy a wide range of power in the applying the discretion and undefined legal concept in medical laws. The writer asserts that only by the concepts of equity and proportion, and by explicit legal norms and reasonable justice relief, would people's health and doctors’ professionalism be both maintained.