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Kirkcaldy, Bruce, Lars-Eric Petersen e Gundula Hübner. "Managing the Stress of Bringing the Economy in the Eastern German States to the Level of the Western German States". European Psychologist 7, n.º 1 (março de 2002): 53–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027//1016-9040.7.1.53.
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A select group of managers in the private and public sector working in the new and old German federal states were administered the German version of the Pressure Management Indicator (PMI; Williams, Kirkcaldy, & Cooper, 1999 ). Twenty-four scale scores were assessed encompassing diverse aspects of occupational stress, individual differences (type A, locus of control, and coping), and outcome variables (work satisfaction, physical and psychological health). Several differences were observed between those managers reared and educated in the former East Germany and those from the former West Germany. East-German managers, for example, were characterized by an external locus of control with regard to their jobs and revealed higher type A scores compared to their West-German counterparts. Furthermore, although there were no differences in the evaluation of working climate nor in subjectively perceived occupational stress, specific outcome variables such as self-reported physical and psychological health did differ between West- and East-German managers. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Seifert, Elena Ivanovna. "Russian-German Chanson as a Product of Emigration". Polylinguality and Transcultural Practices 19, n.º 1 (16 de março de 2022): 50–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2618-897x-2022-19-1-50-65.
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The theory of chanson as a creative direction has not been sufficiently developed, although the study of chanson has undoubtedly been strengthening its positions recently. Researchers perceive chanson broadly (songs of the direction of urban song folklore) and narrowly (thieves lyrics). The purpose of the research is to study the Russian-German chanson, the tasks are to observe the works of Vadim Kuzema and Viktor Gagin, a multifaceted analysis of the lyric cycle of Sonya Jahnke From a Song Notebook. The legitimacy of the allocation of the Russian-German chanson is confirmed by the attempt of the national-geographical division of the Russian-speaking chanson, proposed by M. Dyukov. Russian-German chanson is a phenomenon that formed during the third stage of mass migration, that is, it fully takes into account all the genetic layers of the subcultural ethnos. S. Janke, in her stylization as a thug chanson song, concerns various aspects of the life and life of Russian Germans in Germany. The author of the article applies structural-descriptive, historical-typological and comparative-historical research methods. The research results can be applied to the entire RussianGerman chanson. The lyrical hero suffers from marginality and seeks to grow into a new and still alien society for him. The clear difference between Russian-German chanson and Russian is in a special collective subject (a type of Russian German) striving to become related to the world that alienates him (as opposed to the hero of the Russian thug chanson cultivating the world of outcasts). The asocial character of the hero of the Russian-German chanson is fundamentally different from the asocial character of the hero of the Russian chanson. Comprehension of the Russian-German chanson reveals a paradox: the appeal of Russian Germans to a marginal thug song is nothing more than an attempt to free themselves from the marginality of their ethnic group. Russian-German stylization under the thieves song is not distinguished by romance: the ethnic picture of Russian Germans is not characterized by the typically Russian opposition of high and low.
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Antonov, Boris A. "NAZI GERMANY AS A MODEL OF NON-CLASSICAL EMPIRE. INTERPRETATION OF LEGAL CONCEPTS IN THE SYSTEM OF LAW OF THE THIRD REICH". RSUH/RGGU Bulletin. Series Economics. Management. Law, n.º 4 (2022): 121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.28995/2073-6304-2022-4-121-135.
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The article does not pretend to become a detailed research of such complicated and ambiguous concepts as empire, imperial consciousness, and mentality. All of them are applied to Germany of 1933–1945 only to an- swer the next three questions: – if the Third Reich is considered to be an empire, what type of empire is it? – is it possible to define the national consciousness of the German nation in the Third Reich as imperial? – in what way has the imperial national consciousness been reflected in the classification of mentality types develop by the lawyers of the Third Reich? And how do the German lawyers interpret such a classification from the pres- ent day perspective? To answer the first question, the author subjects a number of definitions of empire to a comparative analysis, distinguishing such “imperial” features that could be applied to Germany of 1933–1945 and characterize it as a non- classical type of empire. The answer to the second question requires from the author a sufficiently detailed description of the national German consciousness in the Third Reich and its definition as mass, totalitarian, and archetypical. All listed features re- flect to certain extent the essence of imperial consciousness. However, such fact cannot be considered a reason for defining the national German conscious- ness as imperial, because the Third Reich chose as the main criteria for its state construction a race theory while the concept of empire presupposes a multina- tional and not a racially homogeneous society. Answering the third question the author makes an attempt to charac- terize the national German consciousness through the prism of legal con- cepts used in the classification of mentality developed by the German la wyer K. Schmitt in the 30-s of the 20th century, perfected later by his appren- tice O. Bruner and finally critically reassessed by a modern Israeli historian G. Al’gazi.
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Kercher, Jan, e Nicole Rohde. "German Students Abroad". International Higher Education, n.º 75 (17 de março de 2014): 18–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.6017/ihe.2014.75.5434.
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Increasing the number of German graduates who have spent time abroad during their studies is a key objective of Germany's higher education policy. Available data shows that the development of internationally mobile German students depends on the type of mobility, i.e. degree or credit mobility. While there has been a marked increase in degree mobility since 1991, credit mobility quotas have stabilized at about a third of all German graduates since 2000. Thus, Germany has surpassed the Europe-wide target which states that 20% of all graduates should spend a study or training period abroad by 2020. Meanwhile, the Joint Science Conference (GWK) of the federal and state governments considers 50% of graduates who gained study-related experience abroad as a mid-term goal.
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DELL, Allan Cooper. "The Turkish-German Bridge: A Unique Socio-Spatial Construction in Kreuzberg". Turkish Journal of Diaspora Studies 1, n.º 2 (30 de setembro de 2021): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.52241/tjds.2021.0022.
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With the migration of Turkish people to Germany came the need to negotiate identity in a different space. Interactions and connections with their origin space and destination space create an opportunity for a new type of hybrid identity and manifestation in the neighborhoods where they live. The Kreuzberg neighborhood in Berlin is a place with ephemeral, unspoken borders, where Turkish-German residents face inclusion and exclusion on both sides. This dual-othering has a deep impact on the social psychology of this group and how socio-spatial practices are negotiated. This article examines how Turkish-Germans in Kreuzberg re-appropriate their identity and its spatial component to produce a unique space of their own.
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Leidecker-Sandmann, Melanie, Jürgen Maier e Michaela Maier. "Press coverage of the German reunification issue in a long-term perspective, 1990–2014". Central European Journal of Communication 12, n.º 1 (13 de maio de 2019): 2–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/1899-5101.12.1(22).1.
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This paper analyses the long-term coverage 1990–2014 of German reunification by six German newspapers. Our quantitative content analysis shows how often the press covers the event, what the content of the coverage is, and how journalists evaluate the reunification process. As we have analysed newspapers of different locations, ranges, types, and editorial lines, we can see whether newspapers cover German reunification differently. Our analysis shows that the amount of coverage of reunification quickly decreases, and only a few articles are published prominently. The press reports on more differences between East and West Germany than similarities; about one third of the articles mentions problems and conflicts, although they become less important over time. All in all, positive evaluations of German reunification outweigh negative judgments and increase over time. We see evidence that the placement, content, and tone of coverage highly depends on the type, editorial line, range, and location of the newspapers.
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Matiukhova, E. I. "ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRATION: GERMAN EXPERIENCE OF REGULATION". Вестник Пермского университета. Политология 16, n.º 2 (2022): 94–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-1067-2022-2-94-108.
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The article analyses German policy regarding environmental migration, aiming to assess its success. The author focuses on the phenomenon and practices of environmental migration in general and its impact on various discourses in Germany and its policies in this regard. The article focuses exploring a range of foreign, predominantly German, sources via content analysis research method. The study uses systemic and institutional approaches, discourse analysis, that enable a comprehensive study of different levels of environmental migration regulation, as well as power, socio-political and scientific expert discourses on such migration. The author concludes that whilst people who flee from climate and environmental change are not officially recognised as refugees in Germany, the country does actively support these individuals both internally and internationally. Germany is a key contributor in international aid when it comes to the most vulnerable countries. Moreover, German civil society, which considers migration one of the key problems of the country's development, has a significant influence on national and regional agenda within the European Union. Leading the way in the international community, including crisis situations, using various means Germany has proven in action its ability to regulate this type of migration.
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Hornuf, Lars, Lars Klöhn e Tobias Schilling. "Financial Contracting in Crowdinvesting: Lessons from the German Market". German Law Journal 19, n.º 3 (1 de junho de 2018): 509–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2071832200022781.
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The present Article aims to shed light on the question whether crowdinvesting regulation should favor a specific legal form or contract type for crowdinvesting. To this end, it analyzes the conditions which legal forms and contract types must fulfill to be used in crowdinvesting. As crowdinvesting in Germany benefits from a high degree of contractual freedom, the Article gives an overview not only of the types but also of the contents of crowdinvesting contracts that are in use in Germany and traces how they have evolved. Based on a sample of 81% of all crowd financing in the German market, it evaluates 255 crowdinvesting campaigns held on 18 different platforms in the period from August 1, 2011 to December 31, 2015.
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Kehrein, Roland. "Enregisterment eines /r/-Allophons?" Linguistik Online 110, n.º 5 (19 de outubro de 2021): 123–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.13092/lo.110.8142.
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In the study presented in this paper the use of a specific linguistic non-standard feature of German by 100 speakers representing three generations was analysed. The speakers originate from 25 different locations within the Middle Franconian dialect formation covering the middle-western parts of Germany. The feature analysed is the realisation of the Standard German phoneme /r/ as a voiceless velar or uvular fricative [x, χ] when following a short vowel and preceding a coronal obstruent. The comparison of how frequently the speakers use [χ] in different communicative contexts results in the observation of three types of speakers (i. e., [χ] users): The first type are dialect speakers mostly of the older generation (60 years and above) who use the variant in a traditional manner, namely when aiming at producing their best way to pronounce Standard German. According to these speakers [χ] forms part of the Standard German pronunciation norm. The second type is mainly represented by middle aged speakers (45–55 years) who use the feature in nearly all communicative contexts except when they have a dialect competency and are asked to produce their “strongest dialect”. Finally, the third type of speakers are mainly young people (17–23 years) who do not have any dialect competence. These speakers only use [χ] when they are asked to produce their “strongest dialect” and/or when they are talking to friends. On the basis of these results it is argued that, between these types of speakers and the generations they represent, a re-evaluation of the feature has taken place that may be classified as enregisterment, because speakers of the third type seem to use [χ] indexically in order to signal familiarity with their interlocutors on a interpersonal-social level.
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ROSENTHAL, DAVID. "‘Every sort of manual type, and mostly foreigners’: migrants, brothers and festive kings in early modern Florence". Urban History 37, n.º 3 (15 de novembro de 2010): 360–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963926810000507.
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ABSTRACT:In 1522, the artisan festive ‘kingdom’ of the Biliemme put up the biggest street tabernacle in Florence. German textile workers were behind the tabernacle and this article argues that, at a time of crisis for German workers, these men looked to reassert their place in Florence through their participation in a citywide artisan festive subculture. Forty years later, Germans in the Biliemme district had largely been replaced by textile migrants from other parts of Italy. Nonetheless the kingdom remained a important vehicle for creating neighbourhood solidarities and for incorporating these new migrants into the artisan and civic world.
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Tamir, Ilan. "Generation 3.0: Popularity of the national German team among Israeli soccer fans". International Review for the Sociology of Sport 53, n.º 3 (4 de julho de 2016): 371–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690216654294.
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Overshadowed by the events of WWII and Germany’s responsibility for the Jewish Holocaust, German–Israel relations are both sensitive and complicated. The memories of the Holocaust and Nazi crimes continue to pervade many areas of life in Israel, as these memories are regularly manipulated by multiple stakeholders. The present study examines the recently growing popularity of the German soccer team among Jewish-Israelis and how past events involving Germany affect fans’ support and sentiments. The findings of this study revealed fans’ dissonance: while fans passionately support the style of soccer of the German team and its players, they are nonetheless challenged by Germany’s role in the Holocaust and consequently adopt various cognitive defenses. A portion of the fans consider their support for the German team as an ingress into European culture; support for the German team is considered antithetical to Israeli culture that supposedly represents a type of sloppiness and imperfect performance. For another portion of the fans, support for Germany represents a Jewish victory over the Nazi motivation to annihilate the Jewish people in the Holocaust.
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Zup, Iulia Elena. "Bewahren der deutschen Identitȁt und Sprache in Großrumȁnien. Das Vereinsleben". Studia Universitatis Babeș-Bolyai Philologia 66, n.º 3 (20 de setembro de 2021): 87–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24193/subbphilo.2021.3.06.
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"Preserving the German Identity and Language in Romania after 1918. Cultural Associations. The present paper explores some cultural sociological aspects of the economic, leisure-related and professional associations of the German minority living in Romania at the time of the Weimar Republic (1918-1933), in the context of the social-political transformations and the development of the modern, interwar Romanian society. Although German associations existed in the now Romanian territories before 1918 as well, many new associations were founded and the activity of the already existing ones flourished during the interwar period. The associations are analysed in respect to the regions in which the Germans of Romania lived (Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, the Romanian Old Kingdom and Bessarabia), the type of association, their objectives, publications and activities. The establishment of so many associations at the time of the Weimar Republic and their intense activities reveals, on one hand, the endeavours of the German minority to preserve its language and identity, and on the other hand, the freedom that the German community enjoyed – in other words, quite a liberal cultural politics of the Greater Romania. The associations were a part of the development of a socio-cultural field which granted the Germans a special place in Romania’s cultural history. Keywords: associations, Germans of Romania, Weimar Republic, Greater Romania, German language and identity "
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Czarwinski, R., R. Lehmann e W. Röhnsch (INVITED). "Radon in Eastern German Houses - Surveys and Outcomes". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 56, n.º 1-4 (1 de dezembro de 1994): 281–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a082471.
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Abstract Comprehensive systematic investigations of the problem of radon in Eastern German houses have been launched by the Federal Office for Radiation Protection after German unification. Results obtained so far show the dominant contribution of the ground below to enhanced radon concentrations in buildings. Granitic formations near the surface give rise to extended high median values of the frequency distribution. Extremely high concentrations are observed in ore mining regions where direct connections exist between buildings and mining relics in the ground, e.g. uranium bearing waste rock or near-surface drives. Mining and building type peculiarities require specific solutions of remediation which are studied in a federal-promoted project. Outside areas determined geologically or by mining the frequency distribution of radon in Eastern German houses is expected to analogous to Western Germany so that, in Germany as a whole, the percentage of houses with radon concentrations above the normal range as defined by the German Radiation Protection Commission will probably be increased only moderately.
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Granaci, Vera, Valentin Focsha, Alexandra Constandoglo e Vasily Curuliuc. "Reproductive performance of cows of different ecotypes of black-and-white breeds". Archiva Zootechnica 26, n.º 1 (27 de maio de 2023): 90–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/azibna-2023-0006.
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Abstract It was studied the main indicators of the functionality of reproductive system and their interrelation with the productivity indices of imported cows populations Holstein breed, belonging to 3 ecological types: the Dutch, the French and the German and our indigenous Moldovian type Black-Motley breed. The service period, was the shortest in cows of Moldovian type of Black-Motley breed with 38.1 days (P˂0.001), 30.2 days (P˂0.001) and by 14.5 days (P˂0.01.), compared to the Holstein German, Dutch and French ecological types, respectively. The difference of the duration of calvings interval between indigenous population and French ecological type was 18.2 days (p<0.01), compared to the German 46 days (P<0.001) and to the Dutch 36,5 days (P<0.001). There has been a difference of 9,9% in birth coefficient, between Moldovian type and Holstein German ecological type (p˂0.05). The best result of the coefficient of reproductive capacity has the indigenous type, opposite of German ecological type, which has the lowest performance (P˂0.001). Between the service period and the productivity indicators of the milk, regardless of the origin of the animal populations, were predominantly established, authentic positive correlative interrelationships, from weak to strong and statistically negative between productivity indices and the coefficient of the reproductive capacity of cows.
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Voeltz, Dina, Ralph Brinks, Thaddäus Tönnies e Annika Hoyer. "Future number of people with diagnosed type 1 diabetes in Germany until 2040: an analysis based on claims data". BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care 11, n.º 2 (abril de 2023): e003156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjdrc-2022-003156.
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IntroductionWe aim to project the number of people with diagnosed type 1 diabetes in Germany between 2010 and 2040.Research design and methodsWe first estimate the age-specific and sex-specific incidence and prevalence of type 1 diabetes in Germany in 2010 using data from 65 million insurees of the German statutory health insurance. Then, we use the illness-death model to project the prevalence of type 1 diabetes until 2040. We alter the incidence and mortality underlying the illness-death model in several scenarios to explore the impact of possible temporal trends on the number of people with type 1 diabetes.ResultsApplying the prevalence from 2010 to the official population projections of Germany’s Federal Statistical Office yields a total number of 252 000 people with type 1 diabetes in Germany in 2040 (+1% compared with 2010). Incorporating different annual trends of the incidence and mortality in the projection model results in a future number of people with type 1 diabetes between 292 000 (+18%) and 327 000 (+32%).ConclusionsFor the first time in Germany, we provide estimates for the incidence, prevalence, and number of people with diagnosed type 1 diabetes for the whole German population between 2010 and 2040. The relative increase of the people with type 1 diabetes ranges from 1% to 32% in 2040 compared with 2010. The projected results are mainly influenced by temporal trends in the incidence. Ignoring these trends, that is, applying a constant prevalence to population projections, probably underestimates future chronic disease numbers.
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van Elferen, Isabella. "East German Goth and the Spectres of Marx". Popular Music 30, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2011): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261143010000693.
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AbstractThe East of Germany, the Bundesländer of the former GDR, is an important centre of Goth activity. The Goth scene is remarkably large in this part of Germany, and one of the most important yearly Goth festivals, the Wave-Gotik-Treffen, takes place in Leipzig. This article investigates the specific characteristics and internal dynamics of East German Goth subcultures after German reunification. Combining subcultural theory and Gothic criticism with Derrida's notions of spectrality and hauntology, the potentials of Gothic as a form of cultural criticism are explored in an investigation of the psycho-social wasteland of the undead GDR. It will be argued that post-Cold War unification has not only led to a new political order, but has also given rise to a new type of Gothicism, as East German Goth subculture is haunted by ‘spectres of Marx’ that provide a critical engagement with globalised capital and media. As a specifically German version of the worldwide Goth scene, moreover, it marks the local boundedness of globalised subcultures.
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Rapp, K., KH Schick, H. Bode e SK Weiland. "Type of kindergarten and other potential determinants of overweight in pre-school children". Public Health Nutrition 8, n.º 6 (setembro de 2005): 642–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/phn2005722.
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AbstractObjectiveThe study aimed to assess the relationship of various types of kindergarten differing in length of care and food availability with the development of overweight in pre-school children.Design, setting and subjectsA cross-sectional study was carried out in 2002 in Stuttgart, Germany, as part of the school entrance examination. Height and weight of 2140 children (participation 70.2%) were measured and information on type of kindergarten and other potential determinants of overweight was collected by a parental questionnaire. Change in relative body mass index (BMI) position between the ages of 4 and 6 years was assessed using medical records.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight or change in relative BMI position did not differ according to the type of kindergarten. For the prevalence of overweight in German children, adjusted odds ratios (OR) comparing institutions that open only in the morning with those opening in the morning and afternoon or for the full day were 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40, 1.83) and 0.63 (95% CI 0.25, 1.58), respectively. Parental BMI and duration of television watching were positively associated, and maternal educational status and duration of breast-feeding were negatively associated, with overweight and/or change in relative BMI position. The prevalence of overweight was substantially higher among non-German than among German children (adjusted OR 2.17 (95% CI 1.53, 3.07)).ConclusionsThese data show no association between different types of kindergarten and the development of overweight in early childhood. Duration of television watching and breast-feeding, as well as the relatively high prevalence of overweight in ethnic minorities, deserve further attention.
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Vargas, Nikoletta, e Georgios E. Romanos. "Dental Academic Degrees in Germany Compared to the USA". Dentistry Journal 10, n.º 6 (2 de junho de 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/dj10060098.
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There are different avenues for obtaining postgraduate doctoral/Ph.D. degrees in Germany and abroad. Depending on their interests and career plans, candidates can choose a postgraduate doctorate/Ph.D. that focuses on a career in academia or a doctorate that does not involve all elements of a Ph.D. and is obtained for the title’s sake. Germany offers this type of diversity and flexibility, whereas the USA postgraduate doctorate model presents a more structured doctorate. The current article provides insight regarding various and more flexible pathways for obtaining a postgraduate doctorate by comparing the German and the American model. The diversity of academic degrees in dentistry and medicine, such as postgraduate doctoral degrees and the higher postdoctoral degrees available in Germany for graduates interested in academia, makes educational evaluation processes and credentials recognition challenging. The lack of transparency and a systematic approach for the academic acknowledgment of the different scientific values of each doctorate type is creating confusion, primarily when German postgraduate doctorate holders pursue academic careers internationally. The current article aims to enhance the knowledge about the different academic degrees and facilitate the educational evaluations, specialty applications, and employment processes. Understanding the additional scientific value of each doctorate type offered in Germany is imperative for their credential recognition internationally.
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Malkowski, Arkadiusz, Beata Bieszk-Stolorz, Dawid Dawidowicz, Wojciech Zbaraszewski e Martin Balas. "Sustainable tourism as a factor in the development of protected areas in the Pomerania Euroregion". Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 80, n.º 1 (20 de abril de 2022): 189–216. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.80.1.442.
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This study aimed to assess the opinion of the inhabitants of protected areas in the Polish-German borderland on the development of tourism using the concept of sustainable tourism. It was examined whether the type of protected area and the country of residence were determinants of sustainable tourism development. In 2019-2020, a questionnaire survey was conducted among residents near 14 protected areas in the Pomerania Euroregion. Multinomial and ordinal logit models were used in the data analysis. The main limitations of the survey were the inability to refer to similar surveys from previous years and for other protected areas in Poland and Germany. This prevented a complete spatial-temporal analysis. The study carried out on the acceptance by inhabitants of the neighbourhood of protected areas in the Pomerania Euroregion is unique. The Polish protected regions of the Pomerania Euroregion were shown to have more significant potential for sustainable tourism development than the German ones. The results also show some differences in the perception of tourism by the Poles and the Germans.
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Pashkova, Tatiana, Wintai Tsehaye, Shanley E. M. Allen e Rosemarie Tracy. "Syntactic Optionality in Heritage Language Use: Clause Type Preferences of German Heritage Speakers in a Majority English Context". Heritage Language Journal 19, n.º 1 (13 de julho de 2022): 1–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15507076-12340022.
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Abstract This study focuses on the syntactic and pragmatic resources heritage speakers (HS s) use to structure their discourse according to register. Drawing on a corpus of narratives produced by German HS s living in the United States, as well as by monolingually-raised speakers (MS s) of English and German, we investigated HS s’ syntactic resources by analyzing how they approached clause type optionality across registers. Concerning overall clause type frequencies, HS s performed similarly to MS s in their majority English, but showed differences in their heritage German compared to German MS s. This can be attributed to the majority language dominance and different complexity of clause types in the heritage language. However, regarding the pattern of clause types across registers, HS s’ productions are similar to those of German MS s, and across HS s’ two languages. This suggests an underlying register awareness that HS s can draw upon in their heritage language.
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Diekmann, Andreas, e Henriette Engelhardt. "The Social Inheritence of Divorce: Effects of Parent's Family Type in Postwar Germany". American Sociological Review 64, n.º 6 (dezembro de 1999): 783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400601.
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The social inheritance of divorce is one factor contributing to the upward trend in marriage dissolution rates during the last few decades. Several studies confirm the transmission hypothesis for U.S. marriages. We investigate the intergenerational transmission of divorce risk among German first marriages using multivariate event-history techniques. Our data are from the 7,200 respondents of the German Family Survey. The historical circumstances of postwar Germany allow a comparison between families dissolved by war and families dissolved by divorce. Respondents whose parental families dissolved by the death of a parent have only slightly higher divorce risks than respondents who grew up in two-parent families. There is, however, a large gap in marital instability for respondents from divorced-parent families compared with respondents from two-parent families and families with a widowed parent. Hence, the inheritance of divorce cannot be explained simply by the absence of a parent. The data suggest that differences in personal investments in the marriage partnership may partially explain the transmission effect.
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Johansson, Stig. "Viewing languages through multilingual corpora, with special reference to the generic person in English, German, and Norwegian". Languages in Contrast 4, n.º 2 (7 de dezembro de 2004): 261–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lic.4.2.05joh.
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This paper explores three types of correspondence relations in a multilingual translation corpus: translations, sources, and parallels. German structures of the type man sieht, with the generic subject man and a perception verb, are compared with (1) their translations into English and Norwegian, (2) the sources in English and Norwegian texts which give rise to such structures in German translations, and (3) the parallel translations in English and Norwegian where German man is introduced in the translation from the other language. Although similar means are available in the three languages, there are important differences, particularly between German and English. For German and Norwegian the three correspondence relations produce the same overall pattern, for German and English the patterns vary greatly with the type of correspondence relation. The multilingual comparison throws the characteristics of the languages into relief, so that we can see similarities and differences more clearly and in more detail.
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Lorenz, Eliane, Sharareh Rahbari, Ulrike Schackow e Peter Siemund. "Does bilingualism correlate with or predict higher proficiency in L3 English? A contrastive study of monolingual and bilingual learners". Journal of Multilingual Theories and Practices 1, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 185–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jmtp.15517.
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This study investigates whether English in instructed settings is more successfully acquired by learners who are already bilingual in comparison to those with a monolingual background. There remains substantial controversy regarding potential advantages of bilingual speakers in their acquisition of additional languages, especially in heritage speaker contexts. We here contribute to this discussion by analysing the English C-test results of 1,718 bilingual and monolingual students of grades 7 and 9, sampled in schools across Germany. The bilingual students speak either Russian or Turkish (heritage language) and German (majority language). The monolingual control group was raised in German only. The main predictor variables are reading fluency and comprehension in German and the heritage languages. Additional predictor variables include school type, school year, socioeconomic status, cognitive ability, amongst others. Using correlation and regression analyses we test if reading fluency and comprehension impact proficiency in English and if bilingual students enjoy advantages over their monolingual German peers. The results reveal no systematic advantage of bilingual students, although we find significant correlations between reading fluency and comprehension and C-test results. School type, cognitive skills, among others, are predictors for English performance, whereas socioeconomic status returns no significant effect.
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Barðdal, Jóhanna, Thórhallur Eythórsson e Tonya Kim Dewey. "The alternating predicate puzzle". Constructions and Frames 11, n.º 1 (3 de julho de 2019): 107–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/cf.00025.bar.
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Abstract A long-standing divide between Icelandic and German in the literature takes for granted that there are non-nominative subjects in Icelandic, while corresponding arguments in German have been analyzed as objects (Zaenen et al. 1985; Sigurðsson 1989). This is based on two differences between these languages: (a) differences with regard to control and conjunction reduction and (b) apparent subject behavior of the nominative in dat-nom constructions in German. This article focuses on the latter, introducing into the discussion the concept of alternating predicates, that is, dat-nom predicates that systematically alternate between two diametrically-opposed argument structure constructions, dat-nom and nom-dat. A comparison between Icelandic and German shows that Icelandic dat-nom predicates are of two types, a non-alternating líka type and an alternating falla í geð type, whereas German seems to exhibit only the alternating type. On this assumption, the apparent subject behavior of the nominative in German is easily explained, since such occurrences in fact involve the nom-dat construction and not the dat-nom construction. Therefore, the subject behavior of the nominative in nom-dat constructions does not invalidate a subject analysis of the dative in dat-nom constructions in German. The analysis is couched in the framework of construction grammar.
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Schoonjans, Steven. "On the relation between (verbal and kinesic) downtoning and illocution type". Yearbook of the Poznan Linguistic Meeting 3, n.º 1 (26 de setembro de 2017): 25–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/yplm-2017-0002.
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Abstract “Downtoning” can be understood as the nuancing of an utterance in view of the interlocutor’s reaction. Typical downtoners in German include the so-called modal particles, although downtoning can also be expressed in other ways, including at the non-verbal level by means of gestures. Given their meanings, downtoning elements are typically restricted to particular illocution types. The goal of this paper is to investigate how this link between downtoning and illocution type is reflected in the use of these downtoners. This is done for both verbal and gestural downtoners in German and for downtoning patterns in German Sign Language (DGS). The question is addressed from two points of view, looking first at the topology of the downtoners in German and DGS, then at the kind of gestural markers co-occurring with verbal downtoners in German.
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Bourouba, Chahinez. "Präteritumschwund". Traduction et Langues 12, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2013): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.52919/translang.v12i2.674.
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Past tense fading
The German language is constantly changing. Examples of language change in New High German include the decline of the subjunctive II in favour of the paraphrase of dignity, the reduction of unstressed endings and the simultaneous construction of new endings on prepositions. An older language change can still be traced in its effects on German today, the so-called Upper German preterit decline. This denotes the omission of the past tense in Early New High German in southern Germany. A phenomenon that continues to spread northward to this day. The present paper aims at studying the German tense system focusing on the fading of the past tense and the reasons behind the phenomenon. The decline in the past tense is one of the most obvious morphological developments in Alemannic (or Upper German). The consequence of giving up this synthetic way of working was the transfer of the past category to syntax. This has led to a strong typological drift of Alemannic in the course of an analytical and additionally bracketed language type. The disappearance of the past tense contrasts in a peculiar way with the preservation, even the secondary expansion, of synthetic subjunctive.
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Trunov, F. "German Participation in International Crisis Management (1991–2012)". World Economy and International Relations, n.º 9 (2014): 34–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2014-9-34-44.
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The article discusses the participation of the Federal Republic of Germany in the struggle against new challenges of the world security sphere. In this regard the main focus is on the usage of German armed forces (Bundeswehr) for International Crisis Management (ICM), first of all – outside the NATO area. Although Germany has been taking part in this type of activities since 1991, only in 1994 German Bundestag formulated and approved the mechanism of parliamentary control over the Bundeswehr usage outside the NATO area. The author attempts to define the periods of this process and cover practical German involvement in ICM activities of the NATO, the European Union and the United Nations Organization. In this sense it is necessary to compare the forms and the average number of soldiers, which were used by Germany in ICM operations by each of these three international structures. It is also rather important to define the main regions (countries) where German troops were used in ICM activities, and the reasons for it. Yugoslavia was the first region where Bundeswehr served for stabilization of the situation in areas of internal military conflicts. By the year 2014, the main regions of the German International Crisis Management participation became Afghanistan and Horn of Africa.The article also examines the perspectives of the Federal Republic of Germany’s involvement in ICM, considering the current and possible future results of the Bundeswehr reform, while Bundesehr was and is the main country’s instrument in ICM.
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Akhmetsagirova, L. I., e L. I. Gimatova. "Grammatical Information in the Russian-German and German-Russian Dictionaries Compiled in Germany in the 19th Century". Uchenye Zapiski Kazanskogo Universiteta. Seriya Gumanitarnye Nauki 163, n.º 4–5 (2021): 34–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.26907/2541-7738.2021.4-5.34-46.
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The paper presents the results of a study of the grammatical information provided in the Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries compiled in Germany during the 19th century. In the course of the comparative research, we studied the bilingual Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries for the extent of elaboration and presentation of symbolic and factual paradigmatic characteristics, as well as syntagmatic information. A relationship between the dictionary type and the quality/quantity of grammatical information was found. Numerous examples proving that grammatical information in the pocket dictionaries is least elaborated were provided. For the complete and manual dictionaries, a tendency to an increase in the quality/quantity of their characteristics was noted. It was also demonstrated that the grammatical information for the Russian items of the Russian-German and German-Russian dictionaries is slightly more elaborated than for the German ones, thereby indicating that the main target audience of these dictionaries was still German-speaking users. Based on the results of our research, it was concluded that all the studied dictionaries show certain features in their structures. Therefore, special works devoted to the study of each dictionary separately are of scientific interest. Such works may be helpful in identifying the lexicographic value of the dictionaries, as well as the contribution made by their authors to the development of the Russian-German and German-Russian lexicography.
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Speyer, Augustin. "What does a verb? Indicate sentence type". Mental Lexicon 14, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2019): 319–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ml.00009.spe.
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Abstract An important task of the verb in German is to indicate sentence type. Depending on where the verb is positioned, the clause is a declarative (verb after the first constituent, which can be any constituent), wh-interrogative (verb after the first constituent, being the wh-phrase), yes/no-interrogative (verb in first position, bearing indicative or subjunctive mood) or imperative clause (verb in first position, bearing imperative mood). This system developed out of a system in which sentence type was indicated by clause-final sentence mood particles, as is usual in older Indo-European (and Semitic) languages. In declarative sentences, the verb-second syntax only came about shortly before the Old High German attestation sets in. We can trace the gradual development of the modern German verb-second syntax with variable prefield from a clear topic-comment structure to a more flexible structure.
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Meyerding, Stephan, Annemone Kürzdörfer e Birgit Gassler. "Consumer Preferences for Superfood Ingredients—the Case of Bread in Germany". Sustainability 10, n.º 12 (7 de dezembro de 2018): 4667. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10124667.
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Although there is no legal definition of the word ‘superfood’, in recent years exotic foods and ingredients have become popular in German food retailers. The aim of the study was to determine consumer preferences for superfood ingredients in different types of bread; to accomplish this, a choice experiment was set up with a representative sample of 503 German consumers. Respondents had to choose between products with varying attributes such as type of bread, superfood ingredient, nutritional information, production method, durability, and price. The results indicate that consumers value bread that serves a functional purpose through superfood ingredients such as linseed or chia. Using latent class segmentation, the respondents were divided into four segments, of which three groups valued bread with superfood ingredients. All in all, the type of bread is the most important factor when choosing a bread. Further market research could take into account different types of superfoods (processed/unprocessed), as well as regional deviations in Germany and the EU member states to analyze differences regarding the market potential of staple foods such as bread that serve a functional purpose through superfood ingredients.
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Kohl, Sebastian, e Jardar Sørvoll. "Varieties of Social Democracy and Cooperativism: Explaining the Historical Divergence between Housing Regimes in Nordic and German-Speaking Countries". Social Science History 45, n.º 3 (2021): 561–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2021.16.
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AbstractThe historical-comparative study of social democracy and cooperative organization are the foster children of historical sociology. This article offers a first account of systematic ideological differences in social-democratic ideology regarding private ownership and different cooperative traditions in the housing sphere of Northern European and continental German-speaking countries. The long-run trajectory of housing welfare regimes in these two country groups has been one of divergence: Nordic countries have moved to Anglo-Saxon levels of high homeownership, high levels of mortgage indebtedness, and house price increases, whereas private tenancy, lower indebtedness, and lower price increases still characterize their German counterparts. Based on historical case studies of Germany and Norway, we argue that the divergence in these two countries can be understood by the different social-democratic and cooperative solutions to the urban housing question from the 1920s onward. Supported by a pro-ownership social democracy, Norway started to develop housing cooperatives of the owner cooperative type, whereas German social democracy was in favor of associations of the tenant cooperative type. The differential growth of these two types of cooperatives and disparities in social democratic party ideology contributed to the urban housing divergence between the two country groups that has been observed ever since. We argue, more generally, that varieties of social democracy and welfare-anticipating cooperative organizations are important in helping us understand the welfare differences between countries.
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Fitzpatrick, Matthew P. "The Pre-History of the Holocaust? TheSonderwegandHistorikerstreitDebates and the Abject Colonial Past". Central European History 41, n.º 3 (21 de agosto de 2008): 477–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008938908000599.
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In chapter eleven ofMein Kampf, Adolf Hitler, having constructed aneal type “culture-bearing” Aryan race,1came to elucidate his views on the history of Jews within Germany. Until the time of Frederick the Great, he argued, “it still entered no one's head to regard the Jews as anything else but a ‘foreign’ people.”2Thereafter, he asserted, came a period of transition wherein Jews had “the effrontery to turn Germanic.”3The rest of the chapter, for Hitler, was an attempt to reverse this putative historical mistake, and presents the reader with a vitriolic casting out of Jews, described as “parasites” and a “noxious bacillus,” from the German body politic.4The aim of this textual expulsion, Hitler explained, was to ensure that the Germans would not be destroyed from within, as had “all great cultures of the past.”5To Hitler, Jews were what Julia Kristeva has called “the abject”6—that which is simultaneously part of the self but radically rejected by the self. In seeking to expel the “Germanic Jews” from theVolkskörper, Hitler sought to expel that part of the German self that, in his view, was a source of weakness and taint.7
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Rucht, Dieter. "German Unification, Democratization, and The Role of Social Movements: A Missed Opportunity?" Mobilization: An International Quarterly 1, n.º 1 (1 de março de 1996): 35–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.1.1.g84401622ux86r5x.
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Citizen movements were an important factor in triggering the peaceful East German revolution that abolished the communist regime and contributed to achievement of elementary civil rights that are taken for granted in Western democracies. However, the movements failed in their efforts to resist quick German unification via the largely uncontested transplantation of the West German institutional system to East Germany. This article analyzes why the movements could not achieve their aim of a new political order, in their view superior to Western type democracy—one that would guarantee radical democracy and extensive social rights for citizens. Drawing on three prominent perspectives in social movement research it is argued that both internal and external factors contributed to the failure of these movements. Although they might have avoided some minor tactical errors, they had few prospects for strongly influencing the course and result of German unification. Because this outcome was overdetermined, it is incorrect to suggest that the movements missed an opportunity to achieve their goal of radical democracy.
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Caers, Wim, e Sune Gregersen. "Wat mutt, dat mutt* : ‘Independent’ modals in West Germanic vernaculars". Nederlandse Taalkunde 24, n.º 3 (1 de novembro de 2019): 399–417. http://dx.doi.org/10.5117/nedtaa2019.3.005.caer.
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Abstract The squib investigates the dialectal distribution of the Dutch construction type het kan/mag/moet, lit. ‘it can/may/must’, where a modal verb occurs ‘independently’ with an eventive subject and no infinitival complement. The construction is shown to be widely attested not only in traditional dialects of Dutch, but also in Frisian, Low German, and Afrikaans. We suggest that the construction, which does not occur in standard German or English, is an areal feature shared by the West Germanic vernaculars of northwestern Germany and the Low Countries, including the South African ‘side branch’ Afrikaans.
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MAHMOD, UDAY HATTIM. "Attribute theorems as a prtotypic type of relative clauses in contemporary German". Al-Adab Journal 3, n.º 138 (15 de setembro de 2021): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.31973/aj.v3i138.1717.
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In this project, we try to do justice to the grammatical phenomenon of the current German language, which we want to explain in this research.
This study deals with the topic of attribute theorems as a prtotypic type of relative clauses in contemporary German, not only from the grammatical or syntactic level, but also from the semantic level.
The presented work thus covers the most important rules of the relative clause as an attribute with regard to:
a) Construction and formation of the attribute theorem as a prototypical type of relative clauses in German.
b) Meaning and use of attribute theorem as a prototypical type of relative clauses in German.
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McCartney, W. T. "Another Manifestation of Ununited Anconeal Process in the German Shepherd Dog?" Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 06, n.º 04 (1993): 213–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1633061.
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A one-year-old German Shepherd dog sustained a proximal fracture of the ulna involving the anconeal process following a mild traumatic event. Two types of ununited anconeal processes are documented in the German Shepherd dog and this case may represent a further type.
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Koshevnikova, Ekaterina. "On Some Trends in the Language Policy in Federal Republic of Germany". Legal Linguistics, n.º 19 (30) (1 de abril de 2021): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/leglin(2021)1902.
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This article briefly describes the current trends in language policy in the world on the example of the Federal Republic of Germany. The article gives definitions of the main categories that characterize the language policy, quotes from regulatory acts of Germany at both the federal and regional levels. According to generally accepted classifications, German language policy is defined as retrospective and democratic while its type as linguistic pluralism.
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Kovalyov, N. I. "‘A type of a literary Cheka agent’: G. Benn on S. Tretiakov’s Berlin lectures". Voprosy literatury, n.º 5 (29 de novembro de 2021): 72–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.31425/0042-8795-2021-5-72-87.
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The article examines an incident in the history of Russo-German literary relations — the lectures delivered by a LEF (Leſt Front for Arts) leader Sergey Tretiakov in Germany (1930–1931) and their reception by German literary circles. Along with ecstatic feedback from leſtist writers, Tretiakov’s appearance provoked criticism from a more conservative public. It is to the criticism of the lecture from the viewpoint of ‘art for art’s sake’ that Gottfried Benn devotes his radio broadcast of ‘The New Literary Season’ (1931), subjected to a detailed analysis in this article. Although contesting Tretiakov’s views of the relationship between literature and politics, as well as offering their slightly cartoonish depiction, Benn provides a fairly detailed description of thetheses; it becomes an important source of information about the contents of Tretiakov’s lectures since one of them was never published. Comparing Benn’s rendering of Tretiakov’s ideas with other publications by Tretiakov, the author discovers that Benn presents an accurate summary of Tretiakov’s critical views on Russian classics and the role of a writer in a Socialist society.
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Dombrowski, Deborah C. Silverstein, K. Paige Carmichael, Ping Wang, Thomas M. O'Malley, Mark E. Haskins e Urs Giger. "Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII in a German Shepherd Dog". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 224, n.º 4 (fevereiro de 2004): 553–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.2004.224.553.
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Biškup Mašanović, Ljiljana. "The Mythologisation of the Migrant Issue in the Federal Republic of Germany as a Result of the 2015 European Migrant Crisis and Its Effect on Changes in German Migration Policy". Migracijske i etničke teme / Migration and Ethnic Themes 37, n.º 2 (2021): 177–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.11567/met.37.2.3.
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This article deals with the process of mythologisation of the migrant issue in the Federal Republic of Germany during the period 2014–2018. The research started with the fundamental question of how selected German media represented the immigrants from predominantly Muslim countries who came to Germany during and immediately after the 2015 migrant crisis. The media content on migration and extremism was selected from the available online archives of the following German newspapers: Berliner Morgenpost, Deutsche Welle, Die Zeit, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, and Freie Presse. Using the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe as the research model, three master signifiers were selected from the analysed articles: immigrants, German jihadists, and German far-right extremists. Further analysis suggested that myths were the most influential type of signification and a dominant way of dealing with the critical situation caused by the 2015 migrant crisis. As a result of that situation, the following myths were produced: the open-door myth, the myth of Islamisation and the new myth of the East. In the analysed material, references to historical German myths, like the border myth and the stab in the back myth, were also recorded. This research aimed to determine the relation between of the process of mythologisation during and immediately after the emergence of the 2015 migrant crisis and the changes in German migration policy. Furthermore, the role of hegemonic discourse was explored, especially in situations where it was used to alleviate cultural conflict and social polarisation in times of crisis.
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Zhiliuk, Sergei A. "LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF CORPORATE CHRISTMAS AND NEW YEAR’S GREETINGS IN GERMAN AND RUSSIAN CULTURES". German Philology at the St Petersburg State University 13 (2023): 160–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu33.2023.108.
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The article focuses on the text type greeting in German and Russian languages. It aims at identifying lexical and grammatical means of corporate greeting in German language culture. The study is novel in that it discusses contemporary corporate greetings in German and in Russian as a part of the language politeness. The methods used in the study include continuous sampling method, lexical and semantical analysis, and comparison. The greetings under discussion consist of three obligatory (address, wishes and signature) and two extra parts (introduction and gratitude). The introduction aims at establishing of festive mood and can have a quote in German greetings. In Russian congratulations, the introduction is rare, in certain cases it is replaced with congratulation on a holiday. The reason why in German texts there is no congratulation is the fact that the congratulation is written on a card which has pre-printed greeting. There are semantical differences between Russian and German wishes. The Russians tend to express wishes for the whole upcoming year. They are about job and private life of an addressee. The Germans focus their wishes on Christmas, and an addressee is supposed to spend it in a quiet company of relatives and friends. The wishes on New Year’s Day are similar to Russian ones. The difference in wishes partly would raise from the difference in calendars: While the Germans celebrate Christmas right after working days, the Russians have it at the end of a series of days-off at the beginning of January.
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Birkhead, T. R., K. Schulze-Hagen e R. Kinzelbach. "Domestication of the canary, Serinus canaria - the change from green to yellow". Archives of Natural History 31, n.º 1 (abril de 2004): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/anh.2004.31.1.50.
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ABSTRACT: New information on the domestication of the canary, Serinus canaria, shows that the process by which the wild-type canary was transformed by artificial selection into a pure yellow one occurred earlier than previously thought. Previous studies suggest that selective breeding occurred in Germany, that the first birds with any yellow plumage appeared around 1610, and that the first all yellow birds appeared around 1677. We describe an Italian painting from the 1490s showing completely yellow birds that may be canaries. This suggests selective breeding of canaries may have occurred in Italy before this date. We also report some information from Conrad Gessner who, in 1555, described a specific type of partially yellow canary from Italy. Gessner stated these specially bred birds were transported to Germany, which is where we know selective breeding continued. Paintings in the unpublished encyclopaedia of the German cleric, Marcus zum Lamm, from around 1580 show partially yellow canaries and a crested canary. A painting from around 1657 by the German artist Johann Walter shows what is probably an all yellow canary.
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Arkhipova, I. V. "TAXIS REPRESENTANTS IN THE GERMAN AND DUTCH LANGUAGES". Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches, n.º 3(34) (31 de dezembro de 2021): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/mlmdr.2021.83.12.001.
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Problem statement. The article describes taxis representatives in German and Dutch, which are polypropositive statements with prepositional deverbatives with taxis prepositions of temporal and circumstantial semantics. Results. The statements of two types (primary and secondary) are described, which are the core and peripheral constituents of the functional-semantic subfield of the dependent taxis in the German and Dutch languages. The core constituents include statements of the primary type with taxis prepositions of temporal semantics, while the peripheral constituents should include statements of the secondary type with taxis prepositions of circumstantial semantics. Taxis prepositions of temporal semantics mark the primary taxis semantics of simultaneity and non-simultaneity, and taxis prepositions of circumstantial semantics explicate the secondary taxis semantics of simultaneity. Conclusion. The examined statements of the primary type and of the secondary type are prototypical representatives of both primary-taxis values of simultaneity and non-simultaneity in «pure form», and secondary taxis values of simultaneity, combined with concomitant circumstantial values (conditions, concessions, purpose, mode of action, etc.).
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Kovyrshina, E. O. "SYNTACTIC TYPOLOGY OF MULTICOMPONENT VERBAL PHRASEO-COMBINATIONS OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE". Modern Linguistic and Methodical-and-Didactic Researches, n.º 3(30) (31 de dezembro de 2020): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36622/mlmdr.2020.30.3.002.
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Statement of the problem. In the article on the material of the assembled corpus of phraseological units (in the amount of 1828 PU), obtained by the method of continuous sampling from German-language and bilingual dictionaries, multicomponent phraseological units with a phrase structure with the main word - a verb consisting of three or more components are selected and analyzed from the syntactic position. The method of literal translation determines the syntactic types that are actively used to create multicomponent verbal phraseological combinations (MCVPC), the specificity of syntactic is revealed. types of German PC and syntactic typology of the MCVPC of the German language is created. Results. Based on the material studied, eight syntactic types of MCVPC were distinguished. In the course of the study, using the method of quantitative analysis, the most frequency types of structural-syntactic schemes were established that actively form multicomponent verbal phrase combinations. Syntax type extraction of German MCVPC and their analysis made it possible to establish the specifics of the syntactic organization of the MCVPC of the German language. Conclusion. A syntactic typology of the MCVPC of the German language, one of the most numerous classes of multicomponent phraseological units with a diverse syntactic organization was created on the basis of the study. It is established that in the German language there are special syntactic structures of three or more word forms that are used to create multicomponent phrase combinations. The analysis of MCVPC revealed the specificity of German types with two verb components and highlighted the most productive, frequency (566PC) type of MCVPC with the structure of a complex phrase. The study of the syntactic types of other multicomponent phraseological units - non-verb types, phraseological units with a sentence structure will allow us to expand and deepen our knowledge of multicomponent phraseological units, which occupy a significant place in the phraseological system of the German language. Study of the structural-syntactic schemes types of the MCVPC and other multicomponent phraseological units, which are the concrete language embodiment of the structural model of the FS, opens up new prospects in the field of syntactic modeling of the German language.
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Alsina, Victòria. "Les fórmules de resposta en català: presència i tractament en els diccionaris monolingües i bilingües català-alemany". Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 29 (1 de julho de 2016): 5–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2016.5-21.
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Summary: This article examines Catalan formulaic responses, with special focus on those responses conveying an ironic or mocking attitude. 41 items of this set of formulaic expressions are examined to determine their treatment in general-language and in bilingual German-Catalan dictionaries. It is found that they can be divided into three different types: a) responses to general statements; b) responses to formulaic expressions, and c) ironic responses to concrete phrases. The three types receive different lexicographic treatment: type a) is widely present both in general and bilingual dictionaries, type b) less so, while type c) is almost totally absent from dictionaries. It is concluded that this type of expressions merits further study. [Keywords: formulaic expressions, formulaic responses, phraseology, lexicography, Catalan, German]
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Cinkulov, M., A. Nebesni, M. Krajinovic, I. Pihler e M. Zujovic. "Reproductive traits of German fawn goats in Vojvodina". Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, n.º 1-2 (2009): 119–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0902119c.
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Reproductive efficiency of goats of German fawn breed was established based on reproduction parameters: age of goats at first mating and first kidding, duration of gestation, kidding interval, number of kids in the litter and mass of kids at birth and weaning. Average age of goats at first mating was 242 days, and first kidding 398,1 days. Duration of gestation was in average 151,6 days, and kidding interval 337 days, which is characteristic for dairy goat breeds. Number of kids in litter varied from 1 to 4, and in average it was 1,96 kids. Average mass of kids at birth was 3,38 and differed significantly depending on the sex, type of birth and order of kidding (parity), whereas the mass of kids at weaning was 18,39 kg and was under the influence of sex and type of birth. Based on presented reproductive indices of German fawn goats in Vojvodina, it can be concluded that this breed has adjusted well to local conditions and that they realize results similar to those obtained in Germany, the country of origin. .
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Perleth, Matthias, Hermann Mannebach, Reinhard Busse, Ulrich Gleichmann e Friedrich Wilhelm Schwartz. "CARDIAC CATHETERIZATION IN GERMANY". International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 15, n.º 4 (outubro de 1999): 756–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462399154151.
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Objective: To describe the diffusion of cardiac catheterization technologies and time trends of their use according to setting and geographic region in Germany during a 13-year period. It is hypothesized that the cardiac catheterization technology has matured from an experimental state to a broadly accepted technology.Methods: Data come from the annual survey of the German Society for Cardiovascular Research. All German cardiac catheterization units are requested to provide data on volume and type of catheterization procedures. Data are available from 1984 to 1996. Number and type of procedure, type of unit, diagnoses, and complications are all recorded. The overall response rate is 90%, on average.Results: The total number of catheterization units was 324 in 1996, or an average of 3.69 units per 1 million population. In 1996, all of the East German Länder and districts were below average. Utilization of cardiac catheterization procedures increased exponentially during the study period. The number of angiographies rose from about 45,000 in 1984 to more than 450,000 in 1996; the number of angioplasties increased almost by a factor of 50 to 125,000 procedures in 1996. Inverse correlations between the rates per million population of either coronary angiographies or PTCAs and mortality rates from ischemic heart disease were observed at the level of the German Länder.Conclusion: Further studies taking patient characteristics, long-term outcomes, and other factors in account are necessary to clarify the large geographic variations and the negative relationship between utilization rates and coronary heart disease mortality found in this study.
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Axel-Tober, Katrin, e Kalle Müller. "Evidential adverbs in German". Rise and Development of Evidential and Epistemic Markers 7, n.º 1-2 (23 de novembro de 2017): 9–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jhl.7.1-2.02axe.
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Abstract This article addresses the semantic and morphosyntactic development of the German evidential adverbs offensichtlich, offenbar, anscheinend, and scheinbar ‘obviously’/‘apparently’/‘seemingly’ and their meaning contribution in present-day German. It will be argued that these expressions, most of which are historically derived from adjectives, innovated separate lexical entries as sentence adverbs in New High German resulting from a morphosyntactic reanalysis of an ambiguous surface structure. This reanalysis was accompanied by a profound semantic change, as a result of which the expressions acquired a wide-scope reading of the type ‘there is (clear) evidence that p’. The diachronic results are corroborated by experimental data from Present-Day German that show that these evidential sentence adverbs are underspecified with respect to evidence type (inference and report). The diachronic and synchronic findings are furthermore discussed in the light of grammaticalization and subjectification theory.
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Tsedrik, Lidiia N. "MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF TRAVEL NOTES AS A TEXT TYPE (BASED ON GERMAN TEXTS)". Sovremennye issledovaniya sotsialnykh problem 15, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2023): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2023-15-1-28-36.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The article presents travel notes in German and their linguistic and stylistic features within the context of a typological analysis based on the approach of the German textological school which studies the diversity of text types.
The purpose of the study is to determine the main features of travel notes as a text type.
Research material: travel notes in German published in the press, as well as posted on Internet portals. As part of the study methods of comparative and descriptive analysis were used, which included classification, interpretation, and generalization. The study also involves elements of etymological, definitional, component and contextual analysis.
Results. The texts of travel notes perform both informative and appellative functions, which make it possible to define travel notes as the transitional type of texts. Despite the relative freedom that the author has in creating texts, travel notes still have a certain structure. The definition of the main characteristics of travel notes as a type of text allows us to conclude that they are a specific phenomenon that combines not only various speech components, but also other types of texts.
Practical implications. The theoretical significance lies in the study and description of travel notes as a text type, analysis of their characteristics and linguistic and stylistic features. The research material can be used for further study of this type of text. The data obtained can be used in theoretical courses and seminars on lexicology and stylistics when teaching the German language.
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Henss, Ronald. "From Aal to Zyniker. Personality descriptive type nouns in the German language". European Journal of Personality 9, n.º 2 (junho de 1995): 135–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.2410090207.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Up until now it has been assumed that the German language comprises far more personality descriptive adjectives (e.g. cynical) than type nouns (e.g. cynic); cf. the article by Angleitner, Ostendorf and John (1990). The present paper shows that this conclusion is unwarranted. Firstly, it is demonstrated that the German taxonomers considered only a small fraction of the relevant type nouns. Then follows a discussion of why the German language contains a huge number of personality type nouns. Finally, some pitfalls of the lexical approach to personality description are considered.