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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Tussock grasslands"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 28 de janeiro de 2023

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1

Gutiérrez-Salazar, Patricia, and Paul M. Ramsay. "Physiognomic responses of páramo tussock grass to time since fire in northern Ecuador." Revista Peruana de Biología 27, no. 2 (May 24, 2020): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v27i2.17876.

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Ecologically-sound management plans for high-altitude grasslands of the Andes depend on an understanding the responses of plants to fire, especially the dominant tussock grasses. This study considers physiognomic responses of tussock grass in 13 sites in northern Ecuador with a known fire history, with time since fire 0.5–10 y, and a control site which had not been burned for at least 40 y. At each site, we assessed vegetation height, basal cover of the tussocks, and the ratio of dead:live leaves in tussocks. We also measured light at ground level. As recovery time increased, tussock cover and number decreased, while tussock height increased. Light levels fell sharply below the tussock canopies as recovery took place, and dead leaves accumulated quickly, reaching 60 – 70% by just two years after fire. The modification of physical tussock structure is likely to influence a much wider ecosystem response to fire, and determines directly the fuel load for future fires. Despite these clear changes in tussock characteristics, they were too variable to be used as a reliable bioindicator of time since fire. However, a better understanding of the responses of tussock grasses to fire and particularly its impact on other species should become the focus of further attention in future.

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2

Rogers, G. M., and J. R. Leathwick. "North Island serai tussock grasslands: 2. Autogenic succession: Change of tussock grassland to Shrubland." New Zealand Journal of Botany 32, no. 3 (July 1994): 287–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1994.10410472.

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3

Hunter, John T., and Vanessa H. Hunter. "Tussock and sod tussock grasslands of the New England Tablelands Bioregion of eastern Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 22, no. 1 (2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc15037.

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We surveyed temperate montane natural grasslands across the New England Tablelands Bioregion (NETB) and assessed the phytosociology, occurrence and threats to these assemblages. In total, 123 full floristic survey plots were placed within natural grasslands across the NETB. Mapping was undertaken within a subset of the NETB using ADS40 imagery. Analysis of the floristic data was performed using the Kulzynski association measure and UPGMA fusion strategy. Canonical correspondence analysis was performed with species data in association with 42 environmental variables. An estimated 25 000 ha of native tussock and sod tussock grasslands within six floristic assemblages were found within the NETB. The maximum extent of predicted high-quality stands may only be 2500 ha with most occurrences degraded and threatened by agricultural practices, exotic species and changes in above- and below-ground water resources. Native taxa were significantly associated with altitude, rock type and differential temperature tolerances. Altitude, eastness (longitude) and radiation of the wettest period were significant drivers of exotic species occurrence.

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4

Lowther, W. L., M. E. Wedderburn, and K. D. Trainor. "Reproductive phenology and natural reseeding of ‘Grasslands Maku’Lotus pedunculatusin tussock grassland environments." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 35, no. 2 (July 1992): 157–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1992.10417713.

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5

Wearne, L. J., and J. W. Morgan. "Floristic composition and variability of subalpine grasslands in the Mt Hotham region, north-eastern Victoria." Australian Journal of Botany 49, no. 6 (2001): 721. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt01025.

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Subalpine grasslands in the Mt Hotham area, Victoria, are a common feature of cold-air drainage valleys at elevations of 1260–1660 m. Here, the pooling of cold air prevents trees from establishing and results in a distinct grassland community, composed of tussock grasses and a wide variety of intertussock species. Despite their common occurrence in the region, such grasslands have yet to be fully described. This study focused on identifying the floristic composition of subalpine grasslands across 51 sites in the vicinity of Mt Cope, Dinner Plain and Mt Hotham. The vegetation was sampled from 172, 20-m2 quadrats which were analysed by multivariate ordination techniques. Environmental variables were quantified (i.e. soil depth, pH, aspect, slope, biomass, grazing intensity, altitude). Analysis revealed that the grassland sites varied greatly in their composition and richness. There was a gradual rather than abrupt change in species composition across grassland sites, thought to be related to both the geographic proximity of the sites and environmental factors such as geology. The following five grassland types were identified from the entire data set and defined primarily by the dominant species: Poa hiemata, Poa costiniana, Poa sieberiana, Poa labillardierei and Themeda triandra. Vector-fitting revealed significant correlations between the location of the quadrats in ordination space and altitude, biomass, pH and soil depth. Both increasing altitude and biomass were associated with the P. costiniana grasslands and some of the P. hiemata grasslands. The P. hiemata grasslands were widely distibuted across altitudes and geology (i.e. basalt and metamorphic). The lower-altitude grasslands (P. labillardierei, P. sieberiana, T. triandra) were associated with increasing pH and increasing soil depth. These grasslands were of limited extent and usually occupied small areas within larger grasslands dominated by P. hiemata or P. costiniana. The floristic composition of the Hotham grasslands (1260–1630 m a.s.l.), when compared with previously published data from the higher-elevation subalpine grasslands of both the Dargo High Plains (1450–1680 m a.s.l.) and Bogong High Plains (>1700 m a.s.l.), showed that there was no distinct differentiation between grasslands of these areas. However, there was a suggestion of gradual floristic change across this geographic range. This study highlights the need for ongoing conservation of grasslands in the Hotham area, particularly those at lower altitudes (1260–1450 m a.s.l.), which represent the upper limits of many temperate grassland species.

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6

Mark, AF. "Effects of Burning and Grazing on Sustainable Utilization of Upland Snow Tussock (Chionochloa spp) Rangelands for Pastoralism in South Island, New Zealand." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 2 (1994): 149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940149.

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The upland (800-2000 m) snow tussock (Chionochloa spp.) rangelands of South Island, New Zealand have a long history of burning that pre-dates human occupation during the last millennium. Their present extent in part reflects their ability to displace a range of woody vegetation, including forest, through tolerance of periodic fne. Research has confirmed the general tolerance of these grasslands to fire, though recovery of some features (e.g. biomass and flowering potential) may take more than 14 years. Mammalian grazing, by contrast, is a recent phenomenon, associated with European settlement and pastoralism over the last 150 years, on these mostly Crown (i.e. public-owned) lands. Such grazing, particularly when combined with regular burning, has usually resulted in prolonged reductions in tussock biomass, vigour and stability, as well as in the control and yield of water, potentially the most valuable product for humans from the upland grasslands. Fire promotes vegetative growth, flowering and seed germination within 2 years of burning. It also increases the palatability of these long-lived dominant grasses which are vulnerable to severe grazing by introduced ruminants, especially in the immediate post-fire recovery period when nutrients are reallocated from roots to leaf tissue. Management constraints, particularly restriction of grazing during the post-fie recovery period, have been inadequate to prevent continued degradation of the grasslands through weakening or displacement of the dominant tussock grass cover and a consequent loss of stability in many areas. Under pastoralism, the productive potential of the grasslands, together with their water, soil and nature conservation values have generally declined. Existing pastoral practices in many areas clearly represent non-sustainable utilisation of the rangelands for pastoralism. Recovery will be difficult and costly, both economically and socially. Some representative areas have been formally reserved and are being monitored to serve as baseline references.

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7

Rogers, G. M., and J. R. Leathwick. "North Island seral tussock grasslands. 3. The influence of heather (Calluna vulgaris) on rates of change from tussock grassland to shrubland." New Zealand Journal of Botany 34, no. 4 (December 1996): 473–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1996.10410128.

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8

García, Andrés, Alejandro Loydi, and Roberto A. Distel. "Temporal and spatial variation in the soil seed bank of Nassella trichotoma (serrated tussock) in its native range." Australian Journal of Botany 69, no. 1 (2021): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt20046.

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Serrated tussock (Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack. ex Arechav) is an unpalatable grass species that has been expanding in its native range and invading non-native ranges. In this study in its natural environment, we aimed to describe the spatial relationship between seed density, the cover and density of standing individuals of serrated tussock, the seasonal variation in the seed density in the soil seed bank, and to compare these results with those reported in non-native ranges. We took soil samples seasonally and recorded the cover and density of standing individuals of serrated tussock at two sites in the native Pampas grasslands in central-east Argentina. Seed density was evaluated by seedling emergence and seed extraction. Seed density showed a seasonality trend, with maximum values in the end of summer and minimum values in winter and spring. Seed density was independent of the cover and density of standing individuals of serrated tussock. The values of seed density were lower than those reported in the invaded ranges. Since seeds of serrated tussock are present in the seed bank regardless of the cover and density of its standing individuals, the maintenance of a high cover of desirable species may play a key role in preventing the establishment of serrated tussock in both its natural and invaded ranges.

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9

Martin, HA, and A. McMinn. "Late Cainozoic Vegetation History of North-Western Australia, From the Palynology of a Deep Sea Core (ODP Site 765)." Australian Journal of Botany 42, no. 1 (1994): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9940095.

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In the late Miocene, casuarinaceous forests were predominant in north-western Australia. Through the Pliocene and Pleistocene, Casuarinaceae declined and Poaceae increased, until grasslands predominated. Acacia and some other shrub species were present, suggesting possible shrublands. Surprisingly, however, there were very few Myrtaceae; hence, eucalypt dominated vegetation was never present in this part of Australia. The present vegetation of Acacia shrublands and tussock/hummock grasslands developed, therefore, from casuarinaceous forests. The late Cainozoic palaeovegetation is compared with others of equivalent age elsewhere in Australia.

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10

Yang, Ting Ting, Peng Li, Peng Tao Liu, and Xin Hong Wu. "Distribution of Grassland Biomass Carbon Storage in China." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 183–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.183.

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Grassland ecosystems plays a very important role in the global carbon cycle，But measured data is very lack. In this paper, based on the ground survey data of grassland in fourteen provinces in 2008 and satellite remote sensing data, biomass carbon storage in grassland ecosystem in China is estimated. The main conclusions are as follows: China's total grassland area is about 331.41×104 km2, the total biomass carbon storage in grassland ecosystem in China in 2008 was 951.73 TgC, The carbon storage in aboveground and belowground were 161.99 and 789.74 TgC respectively. Carbon storage of Underground was about 5 times more than that of aboveground. China's grasslands are mainly located in the northern arid and semi-arid regions and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Inner Mongolia has the highest total vegetation carbon storage. Heilongjiang province is the area which has the highest above-ground biomass density, while the lowest area is Ningxia province. warm-temperate shrub-tussock provides the largest portion of carbon storage in Chinese grassland vegetation (29.66%).

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11

Scott, D., J. M. Keoghan, G. G. Cossens, L. A. Maunsell, M. J. S. Floate, B. J. Wills, and G. Douglas. "Limitations to pasture production and choice of species." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 3 (January 1, 1985): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.3.1985.3320.

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The South Island hill and high country is defined as those areas which were in natural grassland at the time of early European settlement. This includes the major geographical regions of dry hill and high country of Marlborough, Canterbury and North Otago, and the wet acid tussock grasslands of Otago and Southland. To define the most appropriate pasture species for farming in these areas, it is first necessary to define the appropriate environmental factors since they largely determine the types of farming systems possible. Once this has been done, it will be found that there are only one or two pasture species which are the best option in each environment or farming system.

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12

Norton, David, and Laura Young. "Effects of sheep grazing exclusion on alpine tall tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Ecology 40, no. 1 (2016): 179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.20417/nzjecol.40.19.

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13

Boswell, C. C., W. L. Lowther, and A. J. Rutherford. "Symbiotic nitrogen fixation byTrifolium arvensein semi‐arid short tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 50, no. 4 (December 2007): 511–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288230709510319.

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14

Ladouceur, Emma, and Margaret M. Mayfield. "The early response of subtropical tussock grasslands to restoration treatments." Restoration Ecology 25, no. 5 (January 12, 2017): 689–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rec.12491.

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15

Ochoa‐Sánchez, Ana E., Patricio Crespo, Galo Carrillo‐Rojas, Franklin Marín, and Rolando Célleri. "Unravelling evapotranspiration controls and components in tropical Andean tussock grasslands." Hydrological Processes 34, no. 9 (February 17, 2020): 2117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hyp.13716.

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16

Ochoa-Sánchez, A., P. Crespo, and R. Célleri. "Quantification of rainfall interception in the high Andean tussock grasslands." Ecohydrology 11, no. 3 (February 23, 2018): e1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/eco.1946.

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17

Kriticos, D. J., S. Lamoureaux, G. W. Bourdôt, and W. Pettit. "Nassella tussock current and potential distributions in New Zealand." New Zealand Plant Protection 57 (August 1, 2004): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2004.57.6976.

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Nassella tussock (Nassella trichotoma) occurs most frequently in droughtprone grasslands in several areas of New Zealand where it is the subject of surveillance and/or regional management strategies The potential range of nassella tussock in New Zealand was estimated using a climate model developed from global distribution data (excluding the known distribution for New Zealand) The climate suitability of New Zealand for nassella tussock was estimated using a gridded climate dataset with a spatial resolution of 10 minutes of arc The model projections encompassed all areas of current occupation as determined from the records of ten Local Authorities and revealed vast tracts of land particularly in southern Canterbury and Otago which are currently climatically suitable yet unoccupied by the weed This map will enable regional authorities to recognise sites most at risk of invasion (those with high climatic suitability that are nearby current or historical infestations) and factor this into their management programmes

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18

Orr, D. M., and D. G. Phelps. "Impacts of level of utilisation by grazing on an Astrebla (Mitchell grass) grassland in north-western Queensland between 1984 and 2010. 1. Herbage mass and population dynamics of Astrebla spp." Rangeland Journal 35, no. 1 (2013): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11068.

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Managing large variations in herbage production, resulting from highly variable seasonal rainfall, provides a major challenge for the sustainable management of Astrebla (Mitchell grass) grasslands in Australia. A grazing study with sheep was conducted between 1984 and 2010 on an Astrebla grassland in northern Queensland to describe the effects of a range of levels of utilisation of the herbage at the end of the summer growing season (April–May in northern Australia) on the sustainability of these grasslands. In unreplicated paddocks, sheep numbers were adjusted annually to achieve 0, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 80% utilisation of the herbage mass at the end of the summer over the ensuing 12 months. Higher levels of utilisation reduced both total and Astrebla spp. herbage mass because of the effects of higher utilisation on Astrebla spp. and this effect was accentuated by drought. The tussock density of Astrebla spp. varied widely among years but with few treatment differences until 2005 when density was reduced at the 50% level of utilisation. A major change in density resulted from a large recruitment of Astrebla spp. in 1989 that influenced its density for the remainder of the study. Basal area of the tussocks fluctuated among years, with increases due to rainfall and decreases during droughts. Seasonal rainfall was more influential than level of utilisation in changes to the basal area of perennial grasses. Drought resulted in the death of Astrebla spp. tussocks and this effect was accentuated at higher levels of utilisation. A series of three grazing exclosures were used to examine the recovery of the density and basal area of Astrebla spp. after it had been reduced by 80% utilisation over the preceding 9 years. This recovery study indicated that, although grazing exclusion was useful in the recovery of Astrebla spp., above-average rainfall was the major factor driving increases in the basal area of perennial grasses. Spring values of the Southern Oscillation Index and associated rainfall probabilities were considered to have potential for understanding the dynamics of Astrebla spp. It was concluded that Astrebla grassland remained sustainable after 26 years when grazed at up to 30% utilisation, while, at 50% utilisation, they became unsustainable after 20 years. Results from this study emphasised the need to maintain the population of Astrebla spp. tussocks.

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19

Orr, D. M., and D. G. Phelps. "Corrigendum to: Impacts of level of utilisation by grazing on an Astrebla (Mitchell grass) grassland in north-western Queensland between 1984 and 2010. 1. Herbage mass and population dynamics of Astrebla spp." Rangeland Journal 36, no. 3 (2014): 309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj11068_co.

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Managing large variations in herbage production, resulting from highly variable seasonal rainfall, provides a major challenge for the sustainable management of Astrebla (Mitchell grass) grasslands in Australia. A grazing study with sheep was conducted between 1984 and 2010 on an Astrebla grassland in northern Queensland to describe the effects of a range of levels of utilisation of the herbage at the end of the summer growing season (April–May in northern Australia) on the sustainability of these grasslands. In unreplicated paddocks, sheep numbers were adjusted annually to achieve 0, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 80% utilisation of the herbage mass at the end of the summer over the ensuing 12 months. Higher levels of utilisation reduced both total and Astrebla spp. herbage mass because of the effects of higher utilisation on Astrebla spp. and this effect was accentuated by drought. The tussock density of Astrebla spp. varied widely among years but with few treatment differences until 2005 when density was reduced at the 50% level of utilisation. A major change in density resulted from a large recruitment of Astrebla spp. in 1989 that influenced its density for the remainder of the study. Basal area of the tussocks fluctuated among years, with increases due to rainfall and decreases during droughts. Seasonal rainfall was more influential than level of utilisation in changes to the basal area of perennial grasses. Drought resulted in the death of Astrebla spp. tussocks and this effect was accentuated at higher levels of utilisation. A series of three grazing exclosures were used to examine the recovery of the density and basal area of Astrebla spp. after it had been reduced by 80% utilisation over the preceding 9 years. This recovery study indicated that, although grazing exclusion was useful in the recovery of Astrebla spp., above-average rainfall was the major factor driving increases in the basal area of perennial grasses. Spring values of the Southern Oscillation Index and associated rainfall probabilities were considered to have potential for understanding the dynamics of Astrebla spp. It was concluded that Astrebla grassland remained sustainable after 26 years when grazed at up to 30% utilisation, while, at 50% utilisation, they became unsustainable after 20 years. Results from this study emphasised the need to maintain the population of Astrebla spp. tussocks.

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20

Kovács, Dániel, and István Kiss. "Microhabitat use of different age groups of snake-eyed skink and Eastern green lizard." Amphibia-Reptilia 37, no. 2 (2016): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685381-00003039.

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Although Ablepharus kitaibelii and its subspecies are wide-spread, being distributed from the Carpathian Basin through the Balkans to Iraq, their habitat and environmental niche is poorly known. Ablepharus kitaibelii fitzingeri is almost entirely limited to the Carpathian Basin, and is amongst the most strictly protected and least known reptiles of Central and Eastern Europe. The main aim of our study was to determine habitat use preferences of different age groups of A. kitaibelii fitzingeri and Lacerta viridis. The occurrence of green lizard was determined by the abundance of refugia rather than by the naturalness of grasslands. The snake-eyed skink prefers semi-natural grasslands with abundant tussock-forming grass or sedge species, avoiding densely shrubby places. For the first time, we show that woodland mosaics lacking shrubs and temporary grasslands next to forest edges are important for the species. Microhabitat use by snake-eyed skink varies with age group; adults preferring shady edge zones rich in leaf litter and shadier grassland spots provided by woodland mosaics, whereas juveniles were found in natural, more open grasslands far from forest edges and in woodland mosaics with dense shrubby understory. Our results contribute to a better understanding of the ecological needs of A. kitaibelii fitzingeri. Our methodology could be adapted to other species and subspecies of Ablepharus. Based on our results, it is important to reconsider habitat management activities, which should not be limited to shrub control: the main goal should be the development of a diverse habitat structure.

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21

Gebauer, Konstanze, Katharine J. M. Dickinson, Peter A. Whigham, and Philip J. Seddon. "Matrix Matters: Differences of Grand Skink Metapopulation Parameters in Native Tussock Grasslands and Exotic Pasture Grasslands." PLoS ONE 8, no. 10 (October 2, 2013): e76076. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076076.

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22

Price, Jodi N., Megan K. Good, Nick L. Schultz, Lydia K. Guja, and John W. Morgan. "Multivariate drivers of diversity in temperate Australian native grasslands." Australian Journal of Botany 67, no. 5 (2019): 367. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt18190.

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Disturbance has been considered essential for maintaining biodiversity in temperate grassy ecosystems in Australia. This has been particularly well demonstrated for inter-tussock plant species in C4 Themeda-dominated grasslands in mesic environments. Disturbance is also thought crucial to maintain the structure of preferred habitat for some animals. Relationships between disturbance and diversity may be contingent on ecosystem productivity, but little is known about the generality of the disturbance-promoting-diversity paradigm across the range of temperate grasslands. To date, the disturbance-promoting-diversity paradigm has taken a univariate approach to the drivers of biodiversity; rainfall is seen as a key driver of productivity, which then drives diversity, mediated by disturbance. We argue that this framework is too simplistic as biodiversity drivers are multivariate. We suggest that the accumulation of phytomass (live and dead plant material) is an important determinant of diversity in grassy ecosystems and that phytomass accumulation is governed by multiple drivers (of which disturbance is just one). For fauna, it is structure – not biomass – that determines habitat suitability, and this can be moderated by both abiotic and biotic drivers. The assumption that there is a consistent effect of disturbance on diversity through the range of temperate grassland settings in southern Australia ignores the likelihood that biodiversity also responds to other factors such as spatial heterogeneity in the environment, resource availability and climatic variation. We developed a conceptual model of the multivariate drivers of grassland diversity that explores mechanisms underpinning patterns of species richness. Despite four decades of research, it is clear that our understanding of the multivariate drivers of diversity across the range of temperate grasslands in Australia is still incomplete. Further research into the conditions under which disturbance is required to maintain biodiversity in grasslands is integral to conservation planning in these endangered systems.

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23

Funes, Guillermo, Sandra Basconcelo, Sandra Díaz, and Marcelo Cabido. "Seed bank dynamics in tall‐tussock grasslands along an altitudinal gradient." Journal of Vegetation Science 14, no. 2 (February 24, 2003): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2003.tb02150.x.

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24

Woodman, R. F., W. L. Lowther, R. F. Horrell, and R. P. Littlejohn. "Establishment of legumes and grasses overdrilled intoHieracium ‐infested montane tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 40, no. 3 (January 1997): 317–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1997.9513251.

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25

Connor, H. E. "Hawkweeds,Hieraciumspp., in tussock grasslands of Canterbury, New Zealand, in 1960s." New Zealand Journal of Botany 30, no. 3 (July 1992): 247–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1992.10412906.

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Rogers, G. M. "North Island seral tussock grasslands 1. Origins and land-use history." New Zealand Journal of Botany 32, no. 3 (July 1994): 271–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1994.10410471.

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27

Scott, Neal A., Surinder Saggar, and Peter D. McIntosh. "BIOGEOCHEMICAL IMPACT OFHIERACIUMINVASION IN NEW ZEALAND'S GRAZED TUSSOCK GRASSLANDS: SUSTAINABILITY IMPLICATIONS." Ecological Applications 11, no. 5 (October 2001): 1311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2001)011[1311:biohii]2.0.co;2.

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Carvalho, P. C. F., C. Bremm, J. C. Mezzalira, L. Fonseca, J. K. da Trindade, O. J. F. Bonnet, M. Tischler, T. C. M. Genro, C. Nabinger, and E. A. Laca. "Can animal performance be predicted from short-term grazing processes?" Animal Production Science 55, no. 3 (2015): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an14546.

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Despite all the biotic and abiotic factors affecting foraging by ruminants, there is a common and fundamental process, which is bite gathering. We hypothesised that because the mechanics of bite formation dominate the foraging process, changes in short-term bite mass are reflected in longer-term animal performance across a wide range of sward conditions. We focus at the meal level of foraging, using experiments in which the effect of abiotic factors and digestive constrains are minimised, making intake rate the main currency. We estimated bite mass across a wide range of structural challenges to large-herbivore foraging in a long-term experiment with heterogeneous native grasslands. A conceptual model was developed for average daily gain, where energy gain and energy costs were proximate causal variables. Energy gain was a function of diet quality and components of daily intake rate, where bite mass was the main component estimated. In turn, components of intake rate were determined by sward structure and bodyweight. Energy costs were a function of bodyweight and abiotic conditions. Finally, sward structure, bodyweight and abiotic conditions were determined by experimental treatments, seasons and years. Then, the conceptual model was translated into statistical models that included variables measured or estimated, and coefficients representing all links in the conceptual model. Weight gain was a function of bite mass, forage characteristics, and animal and abiotic conditions. Models were set up to test whether forage and stocking conditions affected monthly gain beyond the effects through bite mass, after correcting for abiotic factors. Forage mass, height and disappearance did help predict monthly gain after bite mass was included in the model, which supported our hypothesis. However, stocking treatments and season had significant effects not incorporated in bite mass. Although the model explained 77.9% of liveweight gain variation, only 35.2% was due to fixed effects, with 10.8% accounted by bite mass and its interactions. Concomitant experiments showed that sward structure (first with sward height and the second with tussock cover) does determine bite mass and short-term intake rate in the complex native grasslands we studied. Yet, other temporal varying components of monthly gain not correlated with bite mass, temperature or wind, added most of the observed variation in monthly animal performance. Part of the model failure to account for variation in performance may be related to a significant and temporally variable grazing of tussocks. We used a bite mass model that assumed no tussock grazing. In light of these results and a parallel experiment, we conclude that tussock grazing must be incorporated in future versions of the model.

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Flores, Celina E., Ana M. Cingolani, Axel von Müller, and Fernando R. Barri. "Habitat selection by reintroduced guanacos (Lama guanicoe) in a heterogeneous mountain rangeland of central Argentina." Rangeland Journal 34, no. 4 (2012): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj12040.

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Quebrada del Condorito National Park is located in the upper belt of the mountains of central Argentina and preserves a heterogeneous rangeland area. After the creation of the National Park, in 1996, domestic livestock were gradually removed to avoid soil loss and degradation due to overgrazing in this fragile ecosystem. Lack of large-scale herbivory allowed the expansion of tussock grasslands over grazing lawns. In 2007 a guanaco (Lama guanicoe) population was reintroduced; this large native herbivore, that had become extinct in the region was selected, because it is a low-impact grazer. Habitat selection by the guanaco population reintroduced to the National Park was studied. Seven habitat types previously defined for the region were considered, each one exhibiting a particular dominant plant growth form and different per cent cover of plant species. Guanacos made a positive selection of moist and dry grazing lawns, and avoided tussock grasslands and forests. The reintroduced guanacos selected landscapes with short plants and a high percentage of perennial graminoids and forbs, which are guanacos’ preferred food items. The results indicate that availability of forage of a nutritive value and dominant plant growth form largely explain habitat selection by guanaco in the National Park; this information can be useful for both the ongoing guanaco reintroduction project and the design of management strategies aimed at ecological restoration of this important rangeland region of central Argentina.

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Woodman, R. F., and W. L. Lowther. "Establishment and growth of grasses overdrilled into clover‐developed, montane tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 4 (January 1998): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1998.9513330.

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Woodman, R. F. "Trifolium ambiguum(Caucasian clover) in montane tussock grasslands, south island, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 3 (January 1999): 207–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1999.9513372.

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Gibson, R., A. Hewitt, G. Sparling, and O. Bosch. "Vegetation change and soil quality in central Otago tussock grasslands, New Zealand." Rangeland Journal 22, no. 2 (2000): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj0000190.

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Smith, Stuart W., and Susanna Karlsson. "High stocks, but slow recovery, of ecosystem carbon in southern oceanic tussock grasslands." Polar Biology 40, no. 8 (February 15, 2017): 1617–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00300-017-2084-5.

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34

Oliveras, Immaculada, Maarten van der Eynden, Yadvinder Malhi, Nelson Cahuana, Carlos Menor, Flor Zamora, and Torbjørn Haugaasen. "Grass allometry and estimation of above-ground biomass in tropical alpine tussock grasslands." Austral Ecology 39, no. 4 (October 24, 2013): 408–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12098.

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35

Lunt, Ian D. "A Multivariate Growth-form Analysis of Grassland and Forest Forbs in South-eastern Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 45, no. 4 (1997): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt96085.

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The growth-form composition of grazed and unburnt, grassy forest remnants and ungrazed, frequently burnt, anthropogenic native grasslands in Gippsland, Victoria were compared, using a multivariate, clustering analysis of the growth-form and life-form attributes of 53 forb species. Groups comprising (1) annual forbs, (2) clambering, repent and decumbent perennials, and (3) rosette perennials and rhizomic ground-cover forbs occurred in significantly more forest than grassland quadrats. One group, mostly containing tall erect geophytes with linear basal leaves, occurred in significantly more grassland than forest quadrats. Grassland quadrats contained significantly more tall forbs (> 20 cm) than forest quadrats, whilst forest quadrats contained significantly more forbs of short to medium height (< 20 cm). There was a significant, positive correlation between plant height and frequency of occurrence in grassland quadrats (rs = 0.58, P < 0.001), and a significant, although weak, negative correlation in forest quadrats (rs = -0.29, P < 0.05). Short forbs are likely to have been depleted from grassland sites owing to competition from the dominant tussock grass, Themeda triandra Forsskal. By contrast, ground cover in forest sites is of relatively low stature, biomass and cover, allowing short forbs to persist. The relative paucity of tall forbs from forest remnants is suspected to be at least partly due to intensive stock grazing in the past.

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36

Melo, Adriano S., Dev K. Niyogi, Christoph D. Matthaei, and Colin R. Townsend. "Resistance, resilience, and patchiness of invertebrate assemblages in native tussock and pasture streams in New Zealand after a hydrological disturbance." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f03-061.

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We generated hydrological disturbances to investigate the role of disturbance in New Zealand streams in two land uses: native tussock grasslands and exotic pasture catchments. We tested whether physical differences in streambed structure confer higher resistance and resilience in tussock sites than in pasture sites. We also investigated changes in patchiness (at spatial scales larger than 0.06 m2) caused by the disturbance. Invertebrate abundance decreased immediately after the disturbance. Species density remained unchanged, but species richness (rarefied) increased. Eight days after the disturbance event, abundance and species richness (rarefied) were similar to those of samples collected immediately before the disturbance. Resistance (measured as decrease in abundance) and resilience (measured as recovery within 8 days) did not differ significantly between the land uses. Patchiness increased in both stream types immediately after the disturbance but decreased to predisturbance levels after 8 days. Disturbance caused a redistribution of individuals among patches, some receiving individuals, others losing individuals, and some remaining unchanged. Our results conform with predictions of the patch dynamics concept and are consistent with results of studies of natural disturbance caused by floods.

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37

Wedderburn, M. E. "Effect of applied nitrogen, increased inoculation, broadcast lime, and seed pelleting on establishment ofLotus pedunculatuscv. ‘Grasslands Maku’ in tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture 14, no. 1 (January 1986): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03015521.1986.10426121.

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Isern, Thomas D. "Nowhere Spelled Backwards: The Quest for Region in the Tussock Grasslands of New Zealand." Western Historical Quarterly 31, no. 4 (2000): 477. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/970104.

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Sage, Diane J. M., David A. Norton, and Peter R. Espie. "Effect of grazing exclusion on the woody weedRosa rubiginosain high country short tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 52, no. 2 (June 2009): 123–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288230909510496.

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Grove, Philip B., Alan F. Mark, and Katharine J. M. Dickinson. "Vegetation monitoring of recently protected tussock grasslands in the southern South Island, New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 32, no. 3 (September 2002): 379–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2002.9517700.

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Day, Nicola J., and Hannah L. Buckley. "Twenty-five years of plant community dynamics and invasion in New Zealand tussock grasslands." Austral Ecology 38, no. 6 (January 13, 2013): 688–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/aec.12016.

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Malumbres-Olarte, Jagoba, Barbara I. P. Barratt, Cor J. Vink, Adrian M. Paterson, Robert H. Cruickshank, Colin M. Ferguson, and Diane M. Barton. "Big and aerial invaders: dominance of exotic spiders in burned New Zealand tussock grasslands." Biological Invasions 16, no. 11 (March 20, 2014): 2311–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10530-014-0666-5.

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43

Kostrakiewicz-Gierałt, Kinga. "The effect of the shape of gaps on microenvironmental conditions and seedling recruitment in Molinietum caeruleae meadows." Acta Agrobotanica 32, no. 2 (2015): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5586/aa.2015.021.

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Cessation of the management of semi-natural habitats such as grasslands and meadows contributes to secondary succession and encroachment of native and alien tall-growing perennials, large tussock grasses, shrubs, and trees. Thus, the formation of gaps in the plant canopy and litter, enabling seedling recruitment, appears to be a very effective method for the restoration of several plant communities. The main objective of the research was to assess the effect of the shape of openings on microenvironmental conditions and seedling recruitment in <em>Molinietum caeruleae</em> patches in various habitat conditions. In all study patches, circular and linear openings, comparable in area, were randomly created through the removal of plant canopy and litter layer. The circular gaps presented greater light availability and lower soil humidity than linear openings, while soil temperature within differently shaped openings was similar. Regardless of differences in microenvironmental conditions, the total number of seedlings in differently shaped gaps did not vary considerably. Three plant categories were found: (i) those recruited mostly in circular openings, (ii) those recruited mostly in linear gaps, (iii) those colonizing circular and linear gaps similarly. The colonizers of circular gaps represented various synecological groups (ruderal, grasslands and meadows, young tree communities) and diverse life forms (therophytes, hemicryptophytes, chamaephytes, phanerophytes), while the colonizers of linear gaps were meadow and grassland hemicryptophytes. The formation of linear openings contributes to increases in the abundance of meadow taxa, while the creation of circular openings may have a negative effect, contributing to the promotion of the secondary succession process.

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Cuello, Noelia, Luis López-Mársico, and Claudia Rodríguez. "Field burn versus fire-related cues: germination from the soil seed bank of a South American temperate grassland." Seed Science Research 30, no. 3 (July 28, 2020): 206–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960258520000288.

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AbstractFire and grazing are large-scale disturbances that shape the structure and function of open habitats. In temperate grasslands of southern South America, fire is used as a management tool to control tussock grasses and improve forage quality. In this study, we examined if fire and two of its components (heat and smoke) affect germination from the soil seed bank of a temperate grassland in Uruguay. Soil samples were extracted from a recently burned site and from an adjacent area that had not been burned for at least 4 years. The latter was subjected to four treatments: (1) heat shock, (2) smoke, (3) heat shock and smoke and (4) control. The samples were placed in a germination chamber and germination was recorded for 140 days. Field burn was the treatment that differed most from the control. This treatment produced a significant increase in density and richness of germinants and the germination peak preceded those of the remaining treatments. The three treatments involving fire-related cues did not affect the seedling richness and density, but the germination of some individual species was enhanced by some of them, mainly those in which the seeds were smoked. Our results show that fire and its components stimulate the germination of some species of the Río de la Plata grasslands, contrary to what had been observed previously in the region. We also suggest that, unlike Mediterranean-type systems, other fire cues, alone or in combination with heat and smoke, may promote germination after a fire event.

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45

Haszonits, Győző, and Dávid Heilig. "Correspondence Between Vegetation Patterns and Soils in Wet and Wet-mesic Grasslands of Hanság and Tóköz (Hungary)." Acta Silvatica et Lignaria Hungarica 17, no. 2 (2021): 83–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.37045/aslh-2021-0006.

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Our research focused on the causes responsible for the fine mosaic pattern of plant associations on wet and wet-mesic meadows. The study area is located in the Little Hungarian Plain, including the former swamp basins of Hanság and Tóköz in Hungary. The vegetation survey data were evaluated by statistical methods (TWINSPAN method), and vegetation maps of the areas were prepared. Topsoil samples near the relevés were gathered for further laboratory tests. Soil profiles were opened by a Pürckhauer soil sampler for on-site description of the soil horizons and classification. Surface models provided a base for the preparation of contour maps that could be compared with the vegetation pattern. We found that of the two dominant vegetation types, mesotrophic wet meadows were associated with Mollic Gleysols, while non-tussock sedge beds were associated with Histic Gleysols. At the transitions of the two soil classes, the subgroup of non-tussock sedge beds is the dominant type. The soil class only determined the plant association on a habitat level, but it could not reason the fine pattern of the plant communities on the same soil class. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was performed to investigate the relationship between the distribution of dominant species and soil parameters. Several soil parameters combined have a significant effect on the distribution of dominant species. In conclusion, we found that the formation of association types strongly depends on the soil characteristics of the area, and that it is closely related to it. However, in the formation of the fine mosaic pattern, the driving ecological factors are the microrelief and the length of the saturated or flooded soil conditions.

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Hacker, Ronald B., Kenneth C. Hodgkinson, Gavin J. Melville, Judith Bean, and Stephen P. Clipperton. "Death model for tussock perennial grasses: thresholds for grazing-induced mortality of mulga Mitchell grass (Thyridolepis mitchelliana)." Rangeland Journal 28, no. 2 (2006): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj06001.

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We investigated the relationship between grazing intensity and death of mulga Mitchell grass [Thyridolepis mitchelliana (Nees) S.T. Blake] plants in semi-arid wooded grasslands of eastern Australia. The study (from July 1993 to March 1997) involved factorial combinations of intensity and duration of sheep grazing before rest from grazing. Grazing intensity varied considerably among plants within the small plots and logit analysis of the binary responses of individual plants (a plant was judged to be alive or not) was used to establish the relationships between grazing history and death. Average residual (shoot) biomass over a moving window of 10–12 months was a good predictor of either general plant death or death during summer drought. Death over summer increased as average residual biomass dropped below 70%, and increased rapidly when the average fell below 50%. Variables based on residual shoot biomass generally provided better predictors of death than variables based on foliar height. However, as a predictor of death over summer, current foliar height was as good as average residual shoot biomass over the extended period. Summer death increased rapidly as foliar height fell below 10 cm. Environmental conditions were much less important than grazing in determining death rates, indicating that grazing management can have important benefits in maintaining productive grasslands even in more or less ‘normal’ seasons.

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47

Rose, Alan B., and Chris M. Frampton. "Effects of microsite characteristics onHieraciumseedling establishment in tall‐ and short‐tussock grasslands, Marlborough, New Zealand." New Zealand Journal of Botany 37, no. 1 (March 1999): 107–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1999.9512617.

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Steer, MA, and DA Norton. "Factors influencing abundance of invasive hawkweeds,Hieraciumspecies, in tall tussock grasslands in the Canterbury high country." New Zealand Journal of Botany 51, no. 1 (March 2013): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.2012.753096.

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Tocher, Mandy D. "The diet of grand skinks(Oligosoma grande)and Otago skinks (O.otagense)in Otago seral tussock grasslands." New Zealand Journal of Zoology 30, no. 3 (January 2003): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03014223.2003.9518342.

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Scott, D., R. D. Dick, and G. G. Hunter. "Changes in the tussock grasslands in the central Waimakariri River basin, Canterbury, New Zealand, 1947–1981." New Zealand Journal of Botany 26, no. 2 (April 1988): 197–222. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0028825x.1988.10410113.

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