Bibliografias temáticas / Trifolium

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Trifolium"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021
Última modificação: 9 de junho de 2025

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Trifolium"

1

Josic, Dragana, Bogic Milicic, Snezana Mladenovic-Drinic, and Mirjana Jarak. "Genodiversity of dominant Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. Trifolii isolated from 11 types of soil in Serbia." Genetika 40, no. 2 (2008): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gensr0802179j.

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Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii is microsymbiont Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens, which are very important legumes in Serbia. The natural nodulating population of those bacteria was collected and estimated biodiversity distribution by monitoring dominant genotypes of these bacteria. The population of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii were collected from 50 marked locations of 11 types of soil in Serbia. 437 natural isolates, rescued from nodules of Trifolium repens or Trifolium pratense, were analyzed by phenotypic approach. We obtained 156 different isolates on the basis of differences in their IAR - intrinsic antibiotic resistance (five antibiotics) and HMT- heavy methal tolerance (five heavy metals). We investigated 56 dominant isolates with more than three differences in IAR-HMT patterns by REP-PCR and RAPD fingerprinting (AP10 and SPH 1 primers). The results showed genodiversity of dominant Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii field isolates and offered the possibility to assess their changes on marked locations during time and under different environmental conditions and geographical distribution.
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2

Thompson, J. D., R. Turkington, and F. B. Holl. "The influence of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii on the growth and neighbour relationships of Trifolium repens and three grasses." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 296–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-040.

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Trifolium repens was sampled from 10 areas dominated by each of Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, and Lolium perenne in each of three different-aged pastures. Cell extracts of nodule isolates of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar. trifolii were compared using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Each pasture contained a range of Rhizobium strains as defined by the protein profiles. No single strain was common to Trifolium sampled from the same grass species neighbourhood. The diversity of Rhizobium strains encountered was negatively correlated (r = −0.67; n = 9) with pasture age; old pastures showed a decrease in strain diversity. In addition, in the oldest pasture (45-year-old), tillers of the associated grasses were also sampled. In a glasshouse, ramets from each Trifolium clone and each of the three grass species were grown in all possible combinations with each of the three Rhizobium strains, plus Trifolium monocultures and an uninoculated control. All Trifolium clones gave increased yield in mixture with Lolium compared with yields with Dactylis and Holcus. Trifolium from the Holcus patches, in most cases, had higher yield than Trifolium from other grass patches. Rhizobium inoculation did not consistently increase Trifolium yield; it actually caused a decrease in yield when in mixture with Lolium. A significant Rhizobium × Trifolium interaction indicated a variable performance of each Trifolium genotype with different Rhizobium strains. The identity of the Trifolium clone had a significant effect on the yield of Holcus and Lolium, but not Dactylis. Total mixture yields were highest when Trifolium from a Lolium patch was part of the mixture. These results are discussed in the context of the hypothesis that Trifolium–grass coexistence is significantly influenced by Rhizobium strain differences.
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3

Chanway, C. P., F. B. Holl, and R. Turkington. "Specificity of association between Bacillus isolates and genotypes of Lolium perenne and Trifolium repens from a grass – legume pasture." Canadian Journal of Botany 68, no. 5 (May 1, 1990): 1126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b90-142.

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Specificity between plants and associated rhizosphere bacteria was investigated using species and genotypic mixtures of Lolium perenne L. (perennial ryegrass) and Trifolium repens L. (white clover) inoculated with Bacillus strains isolated from rhizosphere soil of the pasture plants. The genotypic identity of plants was controlled by using stolon tips (Trifolium) and tillers (Lolium) of three genotypes of each species collected from a 45-year-old permanent pasture. Inoculation of plants in the greenhouse with Bacillus isolates that had coexisted in the field with the Lolium component of a Lolium–Trifolium mixture increased Lolium root and shoot weight. Root and nodule weight of Trifolium in mixture regardless of its genotype was also higher when coexistent Bacillus–Lolium combinations were present. The presence of other coexistent Bacillus–plant or plant–plant combinations did not enhance performance of either pasture species. The identity of the Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii strains that formed Trifolium root nodules was unaffected by inoculation with Bacillus. Key words: Trifolium repens, Lolium perenne, Bacillus, specificity, rhizosphere, yield.
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4

Raabe, Uwe. "Der Winkel-Klee (Trifolium angulatum) in Österreich, nebst Notizen zum Vorkommen des Kleinblüten-Klees (Trifolium retusum) und des Streifen-Klees (Trifolium striatum) im nordöstlichen Burgenland." Neilreichia 7 (December 21, 2015): 103–17. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.293061.

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2014 wurde im nordöstlichen Burgenland zwischen Apetlon und Wallern <em>Trifolium angulatum</em> aufgefunden. In den Florenwerken des 20. Jahrhunderts und bis heute wird es für Österreich nicht angegeben. Literaturrecherchen ergaben jedoch, dass eine erste Angabe zum Vorkommen der Art im heutigen Österreich, bei Andau, bereits aus dem 19. Jahrhundert vorliegt. Sie geht zurück auf die unveröffentlicht gebliebene Flora Mosoniensis von Peter Wierzbicki. Anfang Juni 2015 konnten drei weitere Vorkommen von <em>Trifolium angulatum</em> festgestellt werden, alle in Salzsteppenrasen auf Solonetz. Ergänzend werden Notizen zum Vorkommen von <em>Trifolium retusum</em> und <em>Trifolium striatum</em> im nordöstlichen Burgenland mitgeteilt.
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5

Muñoz Rodríguez, Adolfo. "Trifolium Sect. Trifolium. II. Estudio cariológico." Acta Botanica Malacitana 18 (December 1, 1993): 89–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.24310/abm.v18i.8982.

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Se estudian desde el punto de vista cariológico las especies peninsulares del género Trifolium pertenecientes a la sect. Trifolium. Se aporta el número cromosómico y la morfología de los cromosomas, tamaño y asimetría, para 25 especies, y se discuten los resultado en base a la sistemática, ciclo de vida y distribución, teniendo en cuenta la bibliografía consultada. Para las especies estudiadas se comparan los índices de asimetría de Stebbins y Romero.
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6

MERKER, ARNULF. "Hybrids between Trifolium medium and Trifolium pratense." Hereditas 101, no. 2 (June 28, 2008): 267–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1984.tb00927.x.

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7

MERKER, ARNULF. "Amphidiploids between Trifolium alpestre and Trifolium pratense." Hereditas 108, no. 2 (February 14, 2008): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1601-5223.1988.tb00312.x.

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8

YOUSEFI, SOMAYEH, HOJJATOLLAH SAEIDI, HOSEIN MAROOFI, MOSTAFA ASSADI, and HIVA GHADERI. "Trifolium kurdistanicum (Trifolieae, Fabaceae), a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Iran." Phytotaxa 297, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10.

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Trifolium kurdistanicum, a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Kurdistan Province, west of Iran is described. It grows at high altitude on subalpine regions with steep slopes and shallow soil. The new species is morphologically close to T. longidentatum and can be considered as a member of the subsect. Ochroleuca. Trifolium kurdistanicum is characterized by large, multiple and branched stems, less than half of the stipule length adnate to the petiole, inflorescences without bracts, calyx with 3-nerved lower and 1-nerved upper teeth and all slightly longer than the tube, calyx nearly half the length of corolla, flowers violet or rarely white and seeds reniform.
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9

Yousefi, Somayeh, Hojjatollah Saeidi, Hosein Maroofi, Mostafa Assadi, and Hiva Ghaderi. "Trifolium kurdistanicum (Trifolieae, Fabaceae), a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Iran." Phytotaxa 297, no. 2 (February 27, 2017): 216–20. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10.

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Yousefi, Somayeh, Saeidi, Hojjatollah, Maroofi, Hosein, Assadi, Mostafa, Ghaderi, Hiva (2017): Trifolium kurdistanicum (Trifolieae, Fabaceae), a new species of Trifolium sect. Trifolium from Iran. Phytotaxa 297 (2): 216-220, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.297.2.10
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10

Nichols, S. N., R. W. Hofmann, and W. M. Williams. "Drought resistance of Trifolium repens×Trifolium uniflorum interspecific hybrids." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 9 (2014): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14067.

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White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is a widely used and highly valued temperate legume; however, its productivity and survival are restricted under dryland and drought conditions. This study investigated whether drought resistance of white clover could be improved by interspecific hybridisation with Trifolium uniflorum L. After almost 4 months without irrigation in a rain-shelter facility, shoot dry weight (DW) decreased significantly less in first-generation backcross (BC1) hybrids (–47%) than second-generation backcross (BC2) hybrids (–68%) and white clover (–69%). Stolon morphological parameters such as internode length and leaf lamina area also decreased less under water stress in the BC1 hybrids than in BC2 and white clover. There was also lower senescence in BC1 under water stress than in the other clover types. Genotypes with smaller changes in leaf lamina area, internode length, senescence and lateral spread had smaller changes in shoot DW, and there were significant correlations between constitutive levels of some characteristics and the effect of water stress on shoot DW. Under water stress, the growth form of the BC1 hybrids was compact, dense and prostrate, whereas white clover was more spreading and open. Increased allocation of dry matter to roots under drought, and greater root diameter, may also have influenced the ability of BC1 hybrids to maintain water uptake and key physiological processes. Overall, the data confirm that the drought resistance of white clover can be improved through hybridisation with T. uniflorum.
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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Trifolium"

1

Hendy, Justin. "A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE TRIFOLIUM AMABILE KUNTH SPECIES COMPLEX IN SOUTH AMERICA." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1376064759.

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2

Bjourson, Anthony John. "Early plant gene expression in the Trifolium repens-Rhizobium leguminosarum Bv. Trifolii symbiosis." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.318876.

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3

au, ronald yates@agric wa gov, and Ronald John Yates. "Symbiotic Interactions of Geographically Diverse Annual and Perennial Trifolium spp. with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii." Murdoch University, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100330.93305.

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Perennial clovers are being evaluated for their potential to reduce groundwater levels in Australian cropping zones where many soils are considered too acidic for reliable lucerne nodulation. However, the release of effective inocula for perennial clovers into such areas where sub clover is the predominant legume, could potentially compromise nitrogen fixation from this valuable annual clover if the symbiosis between the new inoculants and sub clover is not optimal. Studies were therefore designed to increase our understanding of these symbiotic interactions to optimise the management of legume-rhizobia interactions to extend (rather than restrict) the use of legumes in new environments. To assist the understanding of interactions between clovers and their microsymbionts, a glasshouse-based study of the cross-inoculation characteristics of 38 strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (R. l. trifolii) associated with 38 genotypes of annual and perennial Trifolium spp. from world centres of diversity was undertaken. Rhizobial isolates and clovers were assembled from South and equatorial Africa, North and South America and the Euro-Mediterranean regions. There was substantial specificity amongst the African clovers for effective nodulation. No strain of rhizobia from the South American perennial T. polymorphum, or from the Ethiopian clovers, was able to nodulate sub clover effectively, whilst less than 33% of the 18 strains from these regions could form nodules with the less promiscuous Mediterranean annual T. glanduliferum. Seventy of 476 cross-inoculation treatments examined did not nodulate, whilst 81 treatments clearly demonstrated effective nodulation. The remainder of the crossinoculation pairings revealed only partially effective or ineffective nodulation. Two barriers to effective nodulation were identified from the cross- inoculation study: a geographic barrier representing the broad centres of clover diversity, across which few host- strain combinations were effective; and within each region, a significant barrier to effective nodulation between an isolate from an annual host on a perennial host, or vice versa. Clovers and their rhizobia from within the Euro-Mediterranean region of diversity were more able to overlap the annual/perennial barrier than genotypes from the other regions. The data indicate that it will be a substantial challenge to develop inocula for perennial clovers that do not adversely affect nitrogen fixation by sub clover and other annual clovers in commerce, especially if the perennial clovers originate from Africa or America. To investigate the management of legume-rhizobia interactions when introducing legumes into new environments, a study was initiated in Uruguay (Mediterranean annual clovers were introduced into a predominantly perennial clover setting) that could be considered opposite to the situation emerging within southern Australia (perennial clovers evaluated in a predominantly annual clover setting). The Uruguayan grasslands contain populations of indigenous R. l. trifolii that nodulate endemic T. polymorphum but form ineffective nodules on clovers originating from the Mediterranean region. Importantly in the Uruguayan setting, Government policy has facilitated the introduction of numerous varieties of annual Mediterranean clovers with the aim of improving overall winter production in their naturally managed grasslands. In an attempt to understand the rhizobial ecology of this scenario, a cross-row experiment was set-up in 1999 in a basaltic, acid soil in Glencoe, Uruguay, to follow the survival and symbiotic performance of nine exotic strains of R. l. trifolii. In this thesis I report on the ability of the introduced strains to compete for nodule occupancy of Mediterranean clover hosts and show the impacts of the introduced strains on the productivity of the indigenous Uruguayan clover, T. polymorphum. Of the introduced strains, WSM1325 was a superior inoculant and remained highly persistent and competitive in forming effective symbioses with the Mediterranean hosts, T. purpureum and T. repens, in the Uruguayan environment over a 3 year period. T. purpureum and T. repens, when inoculated with the introduced strains, did not nodulate with any indigenous R. l. trifolii as typed from nodules of T. polymorphum. Conversely, there were no nodules on the Uruguayan host T. polymorphum that contained the introduced R. l. trifolii. These results revealed that there were effective symbioses between strains of R. l. trifolii and clovers, even though the soil contained ineffective R. l. trifolii for all hosts. This represents the first reported example of selective nodulation for an effective symbiosis in situ with annual and perennial clovers in acid soils. This phenomenon raised the question of whether this was restricted to the particular edaphic scenario in Glencoe, Uruguay. Glasshouse-based experiments in Australia were conducted to further understand the selection phenomenon. Two strains were selected for comparisons; strain WSM1325 isolated from an annual clover in the Mediterranean and WSM2304 isolated from the perennial clover T. polymorphum in Uruguay, South America. Variables that may have been specific to Glencoe were investigated. Thus, the effect of cell density and strain ratio at the time of inoculation, as well as soil pH, were examined on the two hosts (T. purpureum and T. polymorphum). Each was exposed to the same effective and ineffective micro-symbionts. In co-inoculation experiments at a cell density of 104 cells mL-1, each host nodulated solely with its effective strain, even when this strain was out-numbered 100:1 by the ineffective strain. However, the selection process ceased when the effective strain was out-numbered 1000:1. At higher basal cell concentrations of 105 - 108 cells mL-1, selection for WSM1325 to form effective nodules on T. purpureum was evident, but was significantly reduced as the ratio of ineffective cells in the inoculum increased above 4-fold. These results indicate that the selection mechanism is highly dependent upon the basal rhizobial cell density. Soil pH did not significantly alter the process, which could not be simply explained by the rate of strain growth, or extent of nodulation. Greater precision was sought in the terminology applied to nodulation outcomes where legumes have a choice of micro-symbiotic partners from within the same species of root-nodule bacteria. The nominated preferred terms are “nonselective”, “exclusive”, and “selective” nodulation. In view of the difference in host range between WSM1325 and WSM2304 and the selective nodulation process, a preliminary investigation into the genetic backgrounds of WSM1325 and WSM2304 was conducted. A selected range of gene regions were amplified by PCR from each strain and sequenced. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences revealed that although the 16S rRNA sequences were identical, the atpD, GSII and nodD sequences contained distinct differences revealing disparity between the pSym replicons and between the chromosomal replicons of these strains. Of the genes sequenced, the highest degree of divergence was noted for the symbiotic NodD protein products, which are known to be critical determinants in the nodulation of specific hosts. An examination of the nodD gene region of WSM1325 and WSM2304 revealed a further contrasting feature; the regulatory gene nodR was present in the nodD gene region of WSM1325 but absent in WSM2304. Since NodR is known to be required for adding highly unsaturated fatty acyl groups onto the Nod-factor backbone, I could now hypothesise that the nodulation incompatibility observed between Trifolium hosts and micro-symbionts obtained from different geographical locations may result from differences in Nod-factor decoration. With the full genome sequence of the two strains WSM1325 and WSM2304 soon to be available, the role of nodR and any link to the selection phenomenon described in this thesis can be addressed.
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4

DELCLOS, BERTRAND. "Etude de la resistance a sclerotinia trifoliorum chez le trefle violet (trifolium pratense l. )." Paris 11, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA112376.

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Dans toute l'hemisphere nord, la sclerotiniose due au champignon ascomycete sclerotinia trifoliorum eriks, est la principale maladie fongique touchant le trefle violet (trifolium pratense l. ). Les pratiques culturales et l'emploi de fongicides n'etant pas totalement efficaces et souvent trop couteux, la creation de cultivars resistants a la sclerotiniose s'impose comme l'element majeur pour une lutte integree. Afin de definir les meilleures methodes de selection pour ce caractere, nous avons etudie cette interaction hote/pathogene sous l'angle de la genetique vegetale. Au prealable, nous avons mis au point un test pathologique en conditions controlees permettant d'evaluer de maniere simple, fiable et peu couteuse le niveau de resistance de genotypes et de cultivars. Il consiste a inoculer des folioles detachees par des ascospores de s. Trifoliorum produites au laboratoire. Nous l'avons employe pour etudier l'heredite de la resistance a travers cinq dialleles (4 x 4) deconnectes et de deux cycles de selection divergente sur des trefles diploides. L'effet de la ploidie sur l'expression de la resistance a ensuite ete envisage. Enfin, des marqueurs biochimiques (isoflavonoides reveles en hplc) et moleculaires (rapd isoles par une analyse en segregation) ont ete mis en relation avec le niveau de resistance. Ces etudes ont souligne l'importance de l'aptitude generale a la combinaison (agc), les effets additifs etant predominants dans l'expression de la variabilite genetique de la resistance. L'heritabilite en resultant s'est averee assez elevee (comprise entre 0,50 et 0,70) mais grandement affectee par la selection pour la resistance. De plus, nous avons montre que la tetraploidie accroit globalement le niveau de resistance. Cependant, l'effet de la ploidie interagit fortement avec le fond genetique. En conclusion, nous avons acquis une meilleure connaissance de la genetique de la resistance a la sclerotiniose chez le trefle violet nous permettant d'envisager des methodes de selection efficaces integrant les outils que nous avons developpes: test pathologique, marqueurs rapd, populations ameliorees
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5

Ahlquist, Tia Kay. "A Morphological Analysis of the Trifolium amabile Kunth Species Complex in North America." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1355423537.

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6

Yates, Ronald John. "Symbiotic interactions of geographically diverse annual and perennial Trifolium spp. with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii /." Murdoch University Digital Theses Program, 2008. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20100330.93305.

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7

Yates, Ronald. "Symbiotic Interactions of Geographically Diverse Annual and Perennial Trifolium spp. with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii." Thesis, Yates, Ronald (2008) Symbiotic Interactions of Geographically Diverse Annual and Perennial Trifolium spp. with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/1699/.

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Perennial clovers are being evaluated for their potential to reduce groundwater levels in Australian cropping zones where many soils are considered too acidic for reliable lucerne nodulation. However, the release of effective inocula for perennial clovers into such areas where sub clover is the predominant legume, could potentially compromise nitrogen fixation from this valuable annual clover if the symbiosis between the new inoculants and sub clover is not optimal. Studies were therefore designed to increase our understanding of these symbiotic interactions to optimise the management of legume-rhizobia interactions to extend (rather than restrict) the use of legumes in new environments. To assist the understanding of interactions between clovers and their microsymbionts, a glasshouse-based study of the cross-inoculation characteristics of 38 strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (R. l. trifolii) associated with 38 genotypes of annual and perennial Trifolium spp. from world centres of diversity was undertaken. Rhizobial isolates and clovers were assembled from South and equatorial Africa, North and South America and the Euro-Mediterranean regions. There was substantial specificity amongst the African clovers for effective nodulation. No strain of rhizobia from the South American perennial T. polymorphum, or from the Ethiopian clovers, was able to nodulate sub clover effectively, whilst less than 33% of the 18 strains from these regions could form nodules with the less promiscuous Mediterranean annual T. glanduliferum. Seventy of 476 cross-inoculation treatments examined did not nodulate, whilst 81 treatments clearly demonstrated effective nodulation. The remainder of the crossinoculation pairings revealed only partially effective or ineffective nodulation. Two barriers to effective nodulation were identified from the cross- inoculation study: a geographic barrier representing the broad centres of clover diversity, across which few host- strain combinations were effective; and within each region, a significant barrier to effective nodulation between an isolate from an annual host on a perennial host, or vice versa. Clovers and their rhizobia from within the Euro-Mediterranean region of diversity were more able to overlap the annual/perennial barrier than genotypes from the other regions. The data indicate that it will be a substantial challenge to develop inocula for perennial clovers that do not adversely affect nitrogen fixation by sub clover and other annual clovers in commerce, especially if the perennial clovers originate from Africa or America. To investigate the management of legume-rhizobia interactions when introducing legumes into new environments, a study was initiated in Uruguay (Mediterranean annual clovers were introduced into a predominantly perennial clover setting) that could be considered opposite to the situation emerging within southern Australia (perennial clovers evaluated in a predominantly annual clover setting). The Uruguayan grasslands contain populations of indigenous R. l. trifolii that nodulate endemic T. polymorphum but form ineffective nodules on clovers originating from the Mediterranean region. Importantly in the Uruguayan setting, Government policy has facilitated the introduction of numerous varieties of annual Mediterranean clovers with the aim of improving overall winter production in their naturally managed grasslands. In an attempt to understand the rhizobial ecology of this scenario, a cross-row experiment was set-up in 1999 in a basaltic, acid soil in Glencoe, Uruguay, to follow the survival and symbiotic performance of nine exotic strains of R. l. trifolii. In this thesis I report on the ability of the introduced strains to compete for nodule occupancy of Mediterranean clover hosts and show the impacts of the introduced strains on the productivity of the indigenous Uruguayan clover, T. polymorphum. Of the introduced strains, WSM1325 was a superior inoculant and remained highly persistent and competitive in forming effective symbioses with the Mediterranean hosts, T. purpureum and T. repens, in the Uruguayan environment over a 3 year period. T. purpureum and T. repens, when inoculated with the introduced strains, did not nodulate with any indigenous R. l. trifolii as typed from nodules of T. polymorphum. Conversely, there were no nodules on the Uruguayan host T. polymorphum that contained the introduced R. l. trifolii. These results revealed that there were effective symbioses between strains of R. l. trifolii and clovers, even though the soil contained ineffective R. l. trifolii for all hosts. This represents the first reported example of selective nodulation for an effective symbiosis in situ with annual and perennial clovers in acid soils. This phenomenon raised the question of whether this was restricted to the particular edaphic scenario in Glencoe, Uruguay. Glasshouse-based experiments in Australia were conducted to further understand the selection phenomenon. Two strains were selected for comparisons; strain WSM1325 isolated from an annual clover in the Mediterranean and WSM2304 isolated from the perennial clover T. polymorphum in Uruguay, South America. Variables that may have been specific to Glencoe were investigated. Thus, the effect of cell density and strain ratio at the time of inoculation, as well as soil pH, were examined on the two hosts (T. purpureum and T. polymorphum). Each was exposed to the same effective and ineffective micro-symbionts. In co-inoculation experiments at a cell density of 104 cells mL-1, each host nodulated solely with its effective strain, even when this strain was out-numbered 100:1 by the ineffective strain. However, the selection process ceased when the effective strain was out-numbered 1000:1. At higher basal cell concentrations of 105 - 108 cells mL-1, selection for WSM1325 to form effective nodules on T. purpureum was evident, but was significantly reduced as the ratio of ineffective cells in the inoculum increased above 4-fold. These results indicate that the selection mechanism is highly dependent upon the basal rhizobial cell density. Soil pH did not significantly alter the process, which could not be simply explained by the rate of strain growth, or extent of nodulation. Greater precision was sought in the terminology applied to nodulation outcomes where legumes have a choice of micro-symbiotic partners from within the same species of root-nodule bacteria. The nominated preferred terms are “nonselective”, “exclusive”, and “selective” nodulation. In view of the difference in host range between WSM1325 and WSM2304 and the selective nodulation process, a preliminary investigation into the genetic backgrounds of WSM1325 and WSM2304 was conducted. A selected range of gene regions were amplified by PCR from each strain and sequenced. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences revealed that although the 16S rRNA sequences were identical, the atpD, GSII and nodD sequences contained distinct differences revealing disparity between the pSym replicons and between the chromosomal replicons of these strains. Of the genes sequenced, the highest degree of divergence was noted for the symbiotic NodD protein products, which are known to be critical determinants in the nodulation of specific hosts. An examination of the nodD gene region of WSM1325 and WSM2304 revealed a further contrasting feature; the regulatory gene nodR was present in the nodD gene region of WSM1325 but absent in WSM2304. Since NodR is known to be required for adding highly unsaturated fatty acyl groups onto the Nod-factor backbone, I could now hypothesise that the nodulation incompatibility observed between Trifolium hosts and micro-symbionts obtained from different geographical locations may result from differences in Nod-factor decoration. With the full genome sequence of the two strains WSM1325 and WSM2304 soon to be available, the role of nodR and any link to the selection phenomenon described in this thesis can be addressed.
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8

Yates, Ronald. "Symbiotic Interactions of Geographically Diverse Annual and Perennial Trifolium spp. with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii." Yates, Ronald (2008) Symbiotic Interactions of Geographically Diverse Annual and Perennial Trifolium spp. with Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 2008. http://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/1699/.

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Perennial clovers are being evaluated for their potential to reduce groundwater levels in Australian cropping zones where many soils are considered too acidic for reliable lucerne nodulation. However, the release of effective inocula for perennial clovers into such areas where sub clover is the predominant legume, could potentially compromise nitrogen fixation from this valuable annual clover if the symbiosis between the new inoculants and sub clover is not optimal. Studies were therefore designed to increase our understanding of these symbiotic interactions to optimise the management of legume-rhizobia interactions to extend (rather than restrict) the use of legumes in new environments. To assist the understanding of interactions between clovers and their microsymbionts, a glasshouse-based study of the cross-inoculation characteristics of 38 strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (R. l. trifolii) associated with 38 genotypes of annual and perennial Trifolium spp. from world centres of diversity was undertaken. Rhizobial isolates and clovers were assembled from South and equatorial Africa, North and South America and the Euro-Mediterranean regions. There was substantial specificity amongst the African clovers for effective nodulation. No strain of rhizobia from the South American perennial T. polymorphum, or from the Ethiopian clovers, was able to nodulate sub clover effectively, whilst less than 33% of the 18 strains from these regions could form nodules with the less promiscuous Mediterranean annual T. glanduliferum. Seventy of 476 cross-inoculation treatments examined did not nodulate, whilst 81 treatments clearly demonstrated effective nodulation. The remainder of the crossinoculation pairings revealed only partially effective or ineffective nodulation. Two barriers to effective nodulation were identified from the cross- inoculation study: a geographic barrier representing the broad centres of clover diversity, across which few host- strain combinations were effective; and within each region, a significant barrier to effective nodulation between an isolate from an annual host on a perennial host, or vice versa. Clovers and their rhizobia from within the Euro-Mediterranean region of diversity were more able to overlap the annual/perennial barrier than genotypes from the other regions. The data indicate that it will be a substantial challenge to develop inocula for perennial clovers that do not adversely affect nitrogen fixation by sub clover and other annual clovers in commerce, especially if the perennial clovers originate from Africa or America. To investigate the management of legume-rhizobia interactions when introducing legumes into new environments, a study was initiated in Uruguay (Mediterranean annual clovers were introduced into a predominantly perennial clover setting) that could be considered opposite to the situation emerging within southern Australia (perennial clovers evaluated in a predominantly annual clover setting). The Uruguayan grasslands contain populations of indigenous R. l. trifolii that nodulate endemic T. polymorphum but form ineffective nodules on clovers originating from the Mediterranean region. Importantly in the Uruguayan setting, Government policy has facilitated the introduction of numerous varieties of annual Mediterranean clovers with the aim of improving overall winter production in their naturally managed grasslands. In an attempt to understand the rhizobial ecology of this scenario, a cross-row experiment was set-up in 1999 in a basaltic, acid soil in Glencoe, Uruguay, to follow the survival and symbiotic performance of nine exotic strains of R. l. trifolii. In this thesis I report on the ability of the introduced strains to compete for nodule occupancy of Mediterranean clover hosts and show the impacts of the introduced strains on the productivity of the indigenous Uruguayan clover, T. polymorphum. Of the introduced strains, WSM1325 was a superior inoculant and remained highly persistent and competitive in forming effective symbioses with the Mediterranean hosts, T. purpureum and T. repens, in the Uruguayan environment over a 3 year period. T. purpureum and T. repens, when inoculated with the introduced strains, did not nodulate with any indigenous R. l. trifolii as typed from nodules of T. polymorphum. Conversely, there were no nodules on the Uruguayan host T. polymorphum that contained the introduced R. l. trifolii. These results revealed that there were effective symbioses between strains of R. l. trifolii and clovers, even though the soil contained ineffective R. l. trifolii for all hosts. This represents the first reported example of selective nodulation for an effective symbiosis in situ with annual and perennial clovers in acid soils. This phenomenon raised the question of whether this was restricted to the particular edaphic scenario in Glencoe, Uruguay. Glasshouse-based experiments in Australia were conducted to further understand the selection phenomenon. Two strains were selected for comparisons; strain WSM1325 isolated from an annual clover in the Mediterranean and WSM2304 isolated from the perennial clover T. polymorphum in Uruguay, South America. Variables that may have been specific to Glencoe were investigated. Thus, the effect of cell density and strain ratio at the time of inoculation, as well as soil pH, were examined on the two hosts (T. purpureum and T. polymorphum). Each was exposed to the same effective and ineffective micro-symbionts. In co-inoculation experiments at a cell density of 104 cells mL-1, each host nodulated solely with its effective strain, even when this strain was out-numbered 100:1 by the ineffective strain. However, the selection process ceased when the effective strain was out-numbered 1000:1. At higher basal cell concentrations of 105 - 108 cells mL-1, selection for WSM1325 to form effective nodules on T. purpureum was evident, but was significantly reduced as the ratio of ineffective cells in the inoculum increased above 4-fold. These results indicate that the selection mechanism is highly dependent upon the basal rhizobial cell density. Soil pH did not significantly alter the process, which could not be simply explained by the rate of strain growth, or extent of nodulation. Greater precision was sought in the terminology applied to nodulation outcomes where legumes have a choice of micro-symbiotic partners from within the same species of root-nodule bacteria. The nominated preferred terms are “nonselective”, “exclusive”, and “selective” nodulation. In view of the difference in host range between WSM1325 and WSM2304 and the selective nodulation process, a preliminary investigation into the genetic backgrounds of WSM1325 and WSM2304 was conducted. A selected range of gene regions were amplified by PCR from each strain and sequenced. Comparative analysis of the nucleotide sequences revealed that although the 16S rRNA sequences were identical, the atpD, GSII and nodD sequences contained distinct differences revealing disparity between the pSym replicons and between the chromosomal replicons of these strains. Of the genes sequenced, the highest degree of divergence was noted for the symbiotic NodD protein products, which are known to be critical determinants in the nodulation of specific hosts. An examination of the nodD gene region of WSM1325 and WSM2304 revealed a further contrasting feature; the regulatory gene nodR was present in the nodD gene region of WSM1325 but absent in WSM2304. Since NodR is known to be required for adding highly unsaturated fatty acyl groups onto the Nod-factor backbone, I could now hypothesise that the nodulation incompatibility observed between Trifolium hosts and micro-symbionts obtained from different geographical locations may result from differences in Nod-factor decoration. With the full genome sequence of the two strains WSM1325 and WSM2304 soon to be available, the role of nodR and any link to the selection phenomenon described in this thesis can be addressed.
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9

Babagolzadeh, Ali. "Salinity tolerance in seven Trifolium species." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367195.

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10

Beauregard, Marie-Soleil. "Characterization of rhizobia nodulating Trifolium ambigum M.B." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=81246.

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Phenotypic characterizations demonstrated that diversity among 19 naturalized North American and 5 commercial Kura clover ( Trifolium ambiguum M.B.) rhizobial strains was limited. Growth chamber and field evaluations indicated the superiority of North American isolates, increasing foliage accumulation by 30% when compared to commercial inoculant strains. Nitrogen fertilization, however, produced greater accumulations in all evaluations. Genetic diversity among 128 isolates from the lower Caucasus was significant. Nodulation specificity of rhizobia from the lower Caucasus was demonstrated to be more complex than what was reported in the literature, as plants of different ploidy levels and even of different species were, in some cases, nodulated by the same isolate. Specificity of a given rhizobial strain varied depending on the isolate. This study identified naturalized North American rhizobial isolates that are more efficient than currently used commercial strains and increased the genetic diversity of Kura clover rhizobia currently available.
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Livros sobre o assunto "Trifolium"

1

Robert, Sattell, and Oregon State University. Extension Service., eds. Red clover (Trifolium pratense). [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1998.

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2

Robert, Sattell, and Oregon State University. Extension Service., eds. Crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatum L.). [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1998.

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3

Marie, Majtánová, ed. Trifolium satatis medicum: Aneb O zdravi zprava lekarska. Bratislava: Tatran, 1987.

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4

Lamont, Emma-Jane. An ecogeographic survey of Trifolium L. in Turkey. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1998.

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5

Marie, Majtánová, ed. Trifolium sanitatis medicum, aneb, O zdravi, zprava lekarska. Bratislava: Tatran, 1987.

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6

Marperger, Paul Jacob. Paul Jacob Marpergers Trifolium Mercantile Aureum, oder, Dreyfaches güldenes Klee-Blat der werthen Kauffmannschafft. Köln: Wirtschaftsverlag Bachem, 1997.

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7

H, Wasser Clinton, Dittberner Phillip L, Dietz Donald R, Mitchell Wilma A, U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station., United States. Army. Corps of Engineers., and Environmental Impact Research Program (U.S.), eds. White clover (Trifolium repens): Section 7.3.5, US Army Corps of Engineers wildlife resources management manual. [Vicksburg, Miss: U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, 1986.

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8

Sheardown, Jennifer Jayne. The effects of soil nitrogen content on the nodulation of trifolium hybridum and lotus corniculatus when grown on tailings. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 2000.

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9

Hume, L. J. Effects of phosphorus application and mycorrhizal inoculation on white clover (Trifolium repens) growth in andesite tailings from Martha mine, Waihi. S.l: s.n, 1988.

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10

Johnson, Dallas William. Determination of the presence of rhizobia residing in Sudbury barren soil capable of effectively nodulating Trifolium hybridum and Lotus corniculatus. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 1994.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Trifolium"

1

Williams, W. M., and S. N. Nichols. "Trifolium." In Wild Crop Relatives: Genomic and Breeding Resources, 249–72. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-14387-8_13.

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Paniagua-Zambrana, Narel Y., Rainer W. Bussmann, and Zaal Kikvidze. "Trifolium arvense L. Trifolium campestre Schreb. Trifolium pratense L. Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae." In Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, 1–13. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-98744-2_289-1.

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Paniagua-Zambrana, Narel Y., Rainer W. Bussmann, and Zaal Kikvidze. "Trifolium arvense L. Trifolium campestre Schreb. Trifolium pratense L. Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae." In Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, 2859–71. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-87802-2_289.

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Bussmann, Rainer W., Narel Y. Paniagua-Zambrana, Zaal Kikvidze, Ketevan Batsatsashvili, Manana Khutsishvili, Inesa Maisaia, Shalva Sikharulidze, Davit Tchelidze, Naiba P. Mehdiyeva, and Nigar Mursal. "Trifolium arvense L. Trifolium campestre Schreb. Trifolium pratense L. Trifolium repens L. Fabaceae." In Ethnobotany of Mountain Regions, 1–20. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-50009-6_524-1.

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5

Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Trifolium pratense." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 564. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10710.

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Trifolium repens." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 564. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_10711.

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Lim, T. K. "Trifolium pratense." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, 925–48. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0_75.

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Lim, T. K. "Trifolium repens." In Edible Medicinal And Non-Medicinal Plants, 949–58. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-7395-0_76.

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9

Azimova, Shakhnoza S., and Anna I. Glushenkova. "Trifolium arvense." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 606. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_1976.

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10

Faraz, Anjum, Imran Ul Haq, Siddra Ijaz, and Muhammad Zunair Latif. "Trifolium Species." In Sustainable Winter Fodder, 111–29. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003055365-7.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Trifolium"

1

Petkovic, Borislav, Novo Pržulj, Vojo Radic, and Darko Acimovic. "POTENCIJAL PRINOSA GENOTIPOVA CRVENE DJETELIENE (Trifolium pratense L.)." In XXVI savetovanje o biotehnologiji sa međunarodnim učešćem. Agronomski fakultet Univerziteta u Kragujevcu, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt26.031p.

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The aim of this research was to determine the genetic potential for green mass and hay yield of eight red clover genotypes over the two-year period (2010 and 2011). Yields in the first mowing of the first year and the aftermath of the second year did not significantly differ statistically. The highest average yields were gained in the first moving of the second year. The lowest average yields were given by the Viola variety and the highest by the Kolubara
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2

Prokhorenko, Nina, Luiza Kadyrova, and Galina Demina. "RESERVES OF TRIFOLIUM PRATENSE AND TRIFOLIUM REPENS AS MEDICINAL RAW MATERIALS IN DIFFERENT LANDSCAPE ZONES OF THE MIDDLE VOLGA REGION." In 21st SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference Proceedings 2021. STEF92 Technology, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2021/5.1/s20.052.

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3

IVANOVA, Alina. "Creating the source material white clover (Trifolium repens L.)." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production 27 (75). ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2022-27-75-23-29.

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The results of creation of initial material of white clover are stated. The data of collection samples of varieties hollandicum and giganteum on the content of crude protein and cyanogenic glucosides in dry matter are shown. A comparative study of elite plants in a collection nursery was carried out. Parental pairs are selected for crossing. New early ripe F1 hybrids of white clover hay-pasture type of use have been created.
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4

Mazurek, B. G., and I. S. Zhebrak. "Features of mycorrhiza Trifolium pratense L. in various phytocenoses." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.166.

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In four meadow phytocenoses after the restoration of anthropogenic biotopes, a high degree of mycotrophy of Trifolium pratense was established. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (arbuscules, vesicles, free and intra-root nonseptic mycelium) and dark-colored septic endophytic fungi (sporocarpies and free septic mycelium) were revealed in the roots of the studied plants.
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5

Aksenova, T. S., O. P. Onishchuk, O. N. Kurchak, E. E. Andronov, and N. A. Provorov. "Study of the genetic organization of the strain Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii forming a symbiosis with clover Trifolium ambiguum." In 2nd International Scientific Conference "Plants and Microbes: the Future of Biotechnology". PLAMIC2020 Organizing committee, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/plamic2020.014.

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R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii strains are characterized by narrow host specificity. We have identified a strain that forms nodules on several types of clover and studied the genetic organization of its symbiotic region.
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6

Золотарев, Владимир, Vladimir Zolotarev, Николай Переправо, and Nikolay Perepravo. "AGROBIOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF WHITE CLOVER CULTIVARS OF DIFFERENT ECOTYPES AT CULTIVATION ON SEEDS." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2019-21-69-57-61.

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The results of comparative evaluation of varieties of clover (Trifolium repens L.) of different ecotypes (VIC 70, Volat, Lugovik) on seed productivity in seed cultivation in the Central non-Chernozem region are presented.
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7

Skalozub, Olga M. "Life forms of plants of the genus Trifolium in Primorsky krai." In Агропромышленный комплекс: проблемы и перспективы развития. Благовещенск: Дальневосточный государственный аграрный университет, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22450/9785964205456_1_35.

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Cabrini, Mylena, Alessandra Pinto, Amanda Alencar, and Catarina Fonseca Lira. "Effect of Altitudinal Variation on Phenology and Herbivory in Trifolium repens." In IECPS 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iecps2021-12048.

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9

Cozea, Andreea, and Elena Bucur. "MULTIPLE BIOMONITORING TESTS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.039.

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The studies presented in this paper, were aimed at testing, in order to extend the applicability of the methodology for approaching biomonitoring methods to new domains of activity by using bioindicators. The proposed and applied methodology aimed to add new complex studies, some of that not previously used, combining macroscopic, microscopic and biochemical analyses of selected and exposed bioindicators compared to control bioindicators maintained under standardized conditions in the climate chamber. The change of the appearance and of the biochemical composition of plants exposed to various pollutants are compared to those not exposed. The plants selected as bioindicator�s were: Nicotiana tabacum; Petunia hibryda, Ricinus communis and Trifolium pratense. The experimental tests were carried out in three areas and the comparative evaluation of the air quality and of the biological effects generated were highlighted in direct correlation between the level of air pollution and the response of the tested bioindicators. In synthesis, under these conditions, it was concluded that the newly tested plants in these case studies, Ricinus communis and Trifolium pratense, could be used to monitor air quality in the vicinity of industrially polluted areas.
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10

Petrović, Stefan, Denis Mitov, Aleksandar Ranđelović, Jelena Mrmošanin, Aleksandra Pavlović, and Snežana Tošić. "UPTAKE OF HEAVY METALS BY WHITE CLOVER (TRIFOLIUM REPENS L.) – POT EXPERIMENT." In 2nd International Symposium on Biotechnology. Faculty of Agronomy in Čačak, University of Kragujevac, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.46793/sbt29.62sp.

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This study investigated the uptake of some heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Pb) by white clover (Trifolium repens L.) using a pot experiment. Plant and soil samples were prepared through wet digestion and analyzed by ICP-OES. The obtained results were discussed in terms of metal concentrations, translocation factors (TF), and enrichment factors (EF). Metal concentrations were higher in the roots compared to the shoots of the plant. White clover growing in Cd-contaminated soil absorbed significant amounts of Cd in both the roots and aboveground parts.
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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Trifolium"

1

de Boer, H. C., and N. van Eekeren. Mogelijke oorzaken van een dalende opbrengst van witte klaver (Trifolium repens L.) in de tijd. Wageningen: Wageningen Livestock Research, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/415641.

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Lewis, C. E. The effects on photosynthetic CO{sub 2} assimilation to long-term elevation of atmospheric CO{sub 2} concentration: An assessment of the response of Trifolium Repens L. cv. Blanca grown at F.A.C.E. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10116180.

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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Role of Phosphorylation in Fungal Spore Germination. United States Department of Agriculture, August 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1993.7568761.bard.

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Spore germination is a common and fundamental event in fungal development and in many instances an essential phase of fungal infection and dissemination. Spore germination is also critical for hyperparasites to function as biocontrol agents as well as in fermentation proceses. Our common objective is to understand the mechanisms which regulated spore germination and identify factors involved in pathogenicity related prepenetration development. Our approach is to exploit the overall similarity among filamentous fungi using both a plant pathogen (Colletotricum trifolii) and a model system that is genetically sophisticated (Neurospora crassa). The simulataneous use of two organisms has the advantage of the available tools in Neurospora to rapidly advance the functional analysis of genes involved in spore germination and development of an economically important fungal phytopathogen. Towards this we have isolated a protein kinase gene from C. trifolii (TB3) that is maximally expressed during the first hour of conidial germination and prior to any visible gene tube formation. Based on sequence similarities with other organisms, this gene is likely to be involved in the proliferative response in the fungus. In addition, TB3 was able to functionally complement a N. crassa mutant (COT-1). Pharmacological studies indicated the importance of calmodulin in both germination and appressorium differentiation. Using an antisense vector from N. crassa, direct inhibition of calmodulin results in prevention of differentiation as well as pathogenicity. Both cAMP dependent protein kinase (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) like genes have been cloned from C. trifolii. Biochemical inhibition of PKA prevents germination; biochemical inhibitors of PKC prevents appressorium differentiation. In order to analyze reversible phosphorylation as a regulatory mechanism, some ser.thr dephosphorylative events have also been analyzed. Type 2A and Type 2B (calcineurin) phosphatases have been identified and structurally and functionally analyzed in N. crassa during this project. Both phosphatases are essential for hyphal growth and maintenance of proper hyphal architecture. In addition, a first novel-type (PPT/PP5-like) ser/thr phosphatase has been identified in a filamentous fungus. The highly collaborative project has improved our understanding of a fundamental process in fungi, and has identified targets which can be used to develop new approaches for control of fungal plant pathogens as well as improve the performance of beneficial fungi in the field and in industry. In addition, the feasibility of molecular technology transfer in comparative mycology has been demonstrated.
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Dickman, Martin B., and Oded Yarden. Regulation of Early Events in Hyphal Elongation, Branching and Differentiation of Filamentous Fungi. United States Department of Agriculture, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2000.7580674.bard.

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In filamentous fungi, hyphal elongation, branching and morphogenesis are in many cases the key to successful saprophytic and pathogenic fungal proliferation. The understanding of the fungal morphogenetic response to environmental cues is in its infancy. Studies concerning the regulation of fungal growth and development (some of which have been obtained by the participating collaborators in this project) point to the fact that ser/thr protein kinases and phosphatases are (i) involved in the regulation of such processes and (ii) share common structural and functional features between saprophytes and pathogens. It is our objective to combine a pharmaceutical and a genetic approach in order to identify, characterize and functionally dissect some of the regulatory factors involved in hyphal growth, branching and differentiation. Using an immunohistochemical approach, a ser/thr protein kinase involved in hyphal elongation in both Neurospora crassa and Colletotrichum trifolii has been localized in order to identify the physical arena of regulation of hyphal elongation. The analysis of additional kinases and phosphatases (e.g. Protein kinase C, cAMP-dependent kinase, lipid-activated protein kinase, components of the type 2A protein phosphatase) as well as a RAS-related gene (an additional key participant in signal transduction) has been performed. In order to succeed in advancing the goals of this project, we have taken advantage of available elongation/branching mutants in N. crassa and continuously combined the accumulated information obtained while studying the two systems in order to dissect the elements involved in these processes. The various inhibitors/effectors analyzed can serve as a basis for modification to be used as anti-fungal compounds. Understanding the regulation of hyphal proliferation is a key requirement for identifying novel target points for either curbing fungal growth (as in the case of pathogenesis) or affecting growth patterns in various biotechnological processes. The major objective of our joint project was to advance our understanding of regulation of hyphal growth, especially during early events of fungal germination. Towards achieving this goal, we have coupled the analysis of a genetically tractable organism (N. crassa) with a plant pathogen o economic importance (C. trifolii). As the project progressed we believe that the results obtained have provided a reinforcement to our basic approach which called for combining the two fungal systems for a joint research project. On the one hand, we feel that much of the advance made was possible due to the amenability of N. crassa to genetic manipulations. The relevance of some of the initial findings obtained in Neurospora have been proven to be relevant to the plant pathogen while unique features of the pathogen have been identified in Colletotrichum. Most of the results obtained from this research project have been published. Thus, the main volume of this report is comprised of the relevant publications describing the research and results obtained.
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