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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Trials"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 1 de agosto de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Trials"

Ying, Xiangji, e Stephan Ehrhardt. "Pilot Trial Characteristics, Postpilot Design Modifications, and Feasibility of Full-Scale Trials". JAMA Network Open 6, n.º 9 (14 de setembro de 2023): e2333642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33642.

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ImportancePilot trials often lead to study design changes in subsequent full-scale trials. Yet, it remains unclear whether these modifications improve the feasibility of the larger trial.ObjectiveTo compare feasibility estimates between pilot and full-scale trials and identify pilot trial characteristics and modifications associated with equivalent or improved feasibility in the full-scale trial.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used pilot trials published between January 2005 and December 2018 and their corresponding full-scale trials. PubMed was searched for trials on February 19, 2022.ExposuresPilot trial characteristics and postpilot trial design modifications.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe outcome of interest was difference in 3 feasibility parameters: successful screening probability, enrollment rate, and retention probability. These metrics were defined as equivalent or improved if the full-scale trial’s estimate was within or exceeding 10% of the pilot trial’s estimate.ResultsA total of 249 pairs of pilot and full-scale trials were analyzed, with 43%, 77%, and 82% of full-scale trials having equivalent or improved successful screening probabilities, enrollment rates, and retention probabilities, respectively. When pilot trials used feasibility progression criteria (relative risk [RR], 1.94; 95% CI, 1.02-5.97) and maintained masking for participants (RR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.04-4.33) or health care practitioners (RR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.03-3.97) consistent with the full-scale trial, the likelihood of achieving equivalent or improved screening success in full-scale trials increased. Increasing study sites after the pilot was associated with higher likelihood of equivalent or improved enrollment rates (RR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.08). Adding extra content to the intervention (RR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.66-0.98), changing to active control (RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.48-0.99), administrating the control treatment more frequently (RR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.29-0.93), different follow-up lengths (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.73-0.97), and more follow-up visits (RR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98) were associated with lower likelihood of equivalent or improved retention probability in the full-scale trial.Conclusions and relevanceIn this cohort study of pilot and full-scale trial pairs, pilot trial characteristics and postpilot modifications had varying associations with full-scale trial’s feasibility. If full-scale trials planned for masking, it was desirable to use it in the pilot. Modifications increasing participant burden might decrease full-scale trial feasibility. Trialists and funders should consider both pilot trial data and proposed design changes when assessing full-scale trials.

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Seow, Hsien-Yeang, Patrick Whelan, Mark N. Levine, Kathryn Cowan, Barbara Lysakowski, Brenda Kowaleski, Anne Snider, Rebecca Y. Xu e Andrew Arnold. "Funding Oncology Clinical Trials: Are Cooperative Group Trials Sustainable?" Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, n.º 13 (1 de maio de 2012): 1456–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2011.37.2698.

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Purpose Many oncology clinical trials departments (CTDs) are in serious fiscal deficit and their sustainability is in jeopardy. This study investigates whether the payment models used to fund industry versus cooperative group trials contribute to the fiscal deficit of a CTD. Methods We examined the lifetime costs of all cooperative group and industry trials activated in the CTD of a cancer center between 2007 and 2011. A trial's lifetime is defined as being from the date the first patient was accrued until the last patient's actual or projected final follow-up visit. For each trial, we calculated the lifetime monthly net income, which was defined as monthly revenue minus monthly costs. Data sources included study protocols, trial budgets, and accrual data. Results Of the 97 trials analyzed, 64 (66%) were cooperative group trials. The pattern of lifetime net income for cooperative group trials has a positive peak during patient accrual followed by a negative trough during follow-up. In contrast, the pattern for industry trials resembled an “l” shape. The patterns reflect the differing payment models: upfront lump-sum payments (cooperative group) versus milestone payments (industry). Conclusion The negative trough in the lifetime net income of a cooperative group trial occurs because follow-up costs are typically not funded or are underfunded. CTDs accrue more patients in new trials to offset that deficit. The CTD uses revenue from accrual to existing trials to cross-subsidize past trials in follow-up. As the number of patients on follow-up increases, the fiscal deficit grows larger each year, perpetuating the cycle.

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Van Der Weyden, Martin B. "Trials on trial". Medical Journal of Australia 175, n.º 5 (setembro de 2001): 241. http://dx.doi.org/10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143553.x.

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Nelson, Mark. "Trials on trial". New Scientist 209, n.º 2800 (fevereiro de 2011): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(11)60384-9.

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Olsen, Hannah, Pei-Chi Kao, Caleb Richmond, David Stephen Shulman, Wendy B. London e Steven G. DuBois. "Statistical fragility of findings from randomized phase 3 trials in pediatric oncology." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, n.º 16_suppl (1 de junho de 2024): e23003-e23003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.16_suppl.e23003.

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e23003 Background: The fragility index (FI) and survival-inferred fragility index (SIFI) have been proposed as adjunctive metrics to facilitate interpretation of p-values in clinical trials. FI/SIFI is the number of patients on a positive (p < 0.05) trial’s experimental arm who would need to switch from “responder/non-event” to “non-responder/event” to cause p > 0.05. Fragility indices have been reported previously in medical oncology, with median values < 10 often seen in the literature. This metric has not been studied in pediatric oncology trials. Methods: PubMed was used to identify randomized phase 3 pediatric oncology trials published between 1980-2020. We report trial characteristics and calculate FI for trials with a binary outcome and SIFI for trials with a time-to-event outcome. We also report the fragility quotients (FQ and SFQ) to normalize FI and SIFI relative to trial size. Results: 113 trials included sufficient data for analysis. The median FI for trials with a binary outcome (n = 40) was 4.5 (range: 1-33). The median SIFI for trials with a time-to-event outcome (n = 73) was 13 (range: 0-61). The FI or SIFI was less than the number of patients lost to follow-up in 25% of 36 trials. Median FQ = 0.026 and SFQ = 0.03, indicating that revised outcome in 2.6% or 3% of trial participants would be sufficient to alter the trial conclusion. FQ and SFQ did not significantly vary according to trial characteristics. While sample sizes increased over time (mean 187, 1980s; mean 437, 2010s), FQ and SFQ remained stable between 2-3%. Conclusions: The statistical conclusions of pediatric oncology phase 3 trials hinge on a relatively small number and proportion of patients. Despite sample size limitations of low prevalence diseases, pediatric cancer trials appear similarly or less fragile than adult oncology trials. Fragility was similar for large versus small trials and remained constant over four decades. [Table: see text]

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Singh, Jerome Amir. "Adaptive clinical trials in public health emergency contexts: ethics considerations". Wellcome Open Research 8 (23 de março de 2023): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.19057.1.

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While Adaptive Clinical Trials (ACTs) have grown in prevalence, prominence, and impact, the ethical issues implicit in such trial designs, particularly in the context of public health emergencies, have been afforded relatively scant attention. This work argues that the ethical dimensions of ACTs should be considered at trial conception, factored into the trial’s design, and subject to ongoing evaluation during the trial’s conduct.

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Krischak, Madison, Merrick Bank, Mary Byrnes e Kristian Stensland. "The frequency of use and enrollment impact of patient-centered outcomes in prostate cancer clinical trials." Journal of Clinical Oncology 42, n.º 4_suppl (1 de fevereiro de 2024): 115. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2024.42.4_suppl.115.

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115 Background: Cancer treatments should help patients live either longer or better by improving patient quantity or quality of life. However, some trial endpoints do not correlate with overall survival, and are not noticeable to patients. Selecting endpoints for clinical trials that reflect these goals could improve the discovery process by ensuring trial results are of direct interest to patients, and perhaps by improving enrollment rates to trials. However, how frequently prostate cancer clinical trials use patient-centered outcomes, and how outcome type impacts trial enrollment, is unknown. Methods: On October 23, 2022, we queried ClinicalTrials.gov for full text records of phase 2-3 prostate cancer trials started after January 1, 2007. We extracted primary outcomes and other trial characteristics using a custom Python script. Two reviewers categorized each outcome into categories (e.g., overall survival, response rate, patient reported measure). As previously studied, the only valid surrogate for overall survival is metastasis-free survival. We considered these two outcomes or any outcome directly noticeable to a patient to be a patient-centered outcome. For completed or terminated trials, we defined ‘sufficient accrual’ as attaining 85% of a trial’s goal enrollment. We identified associations between trial outcome types and sufficient trial enrollment with chi-square tests and logistic regression. Results: Of 1,717 prostate cancer trials, only 37% used a patient-centered outcome, with 6% using overall or metastasis-free survival. Among 318 Phase 3 trials, 49% used a patient-centered outcome and 26% used overall or metastasis-free survival. Of 731 completed or terminated prostate cancer trials, 55% of trials and 68% of phase 3 trials reached sufficient enrollment (85% of enrollment goal). On multivariable analysis, trials with an overall survival endpoint had higher odds of sufficient enrollment (OR 8.0 [95% CI 2.2-33.5], p < 0.01), but trials with any patient-centered outcome had lower odds of sufficient enrollment (OR 0.25 [95% CI 0.11-0.54], p < 0.01). Conclusions: Less than half of prostate cancer trials use an outcome that is clearly patient-centered (i.e., affecting overall survival or an outcome noticeable to a patient). Further work is needed to clarify the use, understanding, and effect of outcome selection in cancer trials. Realigning trial efforts with patient-centered goals could improve the efficiency, productivity, and applicability of clinical trials.

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Vulto, Arnold G. "Clinical trials on trial". European Journal of Hospital Pharmacy 19, n.º 4 (agosto de 2012): 347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ejhpharm-2012-000180.

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Pimentel, Leonardo Duarte, Claudio Horst Bruckner, Candida Elisa Manfio, Sérgio Yoshimitsu Motoike e Hermínia Emília Prieto Martinez. "SUBSTRATE, LIME, PHOSPHORUS AND TOPDRESS FERTILIZATION IN MACAW PALM SEEDLING PRODUCTION". Revista Árvore 40, n.º 2 (abril de 2016): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0100-67622016000200006.

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ABSTRACT The macaw palm [Acrocomia aculeata (Jacq.) Lood. ex Mart] has been domesticated to subsidize biodiesel production programs in Brazil. However, little is known about the seedling production of this species. This study aimed to evaluate substrate mixtures, limestone and phosphorus rates for substrate amendment and topdressing frequency in macaw palm seedlings. Three trials were conducted in a greenhouse up to six months of nursery cultivation. Trial 1: determination of percent mineral and organic fractions of seven substrate mixtures. Trial 2: evaluation of four limerates for soil amendment versus four phosphorus rates. Trial 3: evaluation of N, K and Mg topdressing frequency. Significant differences were found in the three trials for most of the variables (plant height, leaf number, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, vigor and bulb diameter). The main results obtained were as follow: Trial1 - the best seedling growth was observed in substrates with at least 25% organic matter. Trial2 -lime rates ranging from 0.50 to 1.25 kg associated with 3 to 4 kg of single superphosphate per m3 of substrate provided the best seedling growth. Trial 3 - topdressing fertilization provided better development of seedlings regardless of frequency.

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de Vries, Ymkje Anna, Annelieke M. Roest, Erick H. Turner e Peter de Jonge. "Hiding negative trials by pooling them: a secondary analysis of pooled-trials publication bias in FDA-registered antidepressant trials". Psychological Medicine 49, n.º 12 (28 de setembro de 2018): 2020–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291718002805.

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AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies on reporting bias generally examined whether trials were published in stand-alone publications. In this study, we investigated whether pooled-trials publications constitute a specific form of reporting bias. We assessed whether negative trials were more likely to be exclusively published in pooled-trials publications than positive trials and examined the research questions, individual trial results, and conclusions presented in these articles.MethodsData from a cohort of 105 randomized controlled trials of 16 antidepressants were extracted from earlier publications and the corresponding Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviews. A systematic literature search was conducted to identify pooled-trials publications.ResultsWe found 107 pooled-trials publications that reported results of 23 (72%) of 32 trials not published in stand-alone publications. Only two (3.8%) of 54 positive trials were published exclusively in pooled-trials publications, compared with 21 (41.1%) of 51 negative trials (p < 0.001). Thirteen (12%) of 107 publications had as primary aim to present data on the trial's primary research question (drug efficacy compared with placebo). Only four of these publications, reporting on five (22%) trials, presented individual efficacy data for the primary research question. Additionally, only five (5%) of 107 pooled-trials publications had a negative conclusion.ConclusionsCompared with positive trials, negative trials of antidepressants for depression were much more likely to be reported exclusively in pooled-trials publications. Pooled-trials publications flood the evidence base with often-redundant articles that, instead of addressing the original primary research question, present (positive) results on secondary questions. Therefore, pooled-trials publications distort the apparent risk–benefit profile of antidepressants.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Trials"

Kim, Anne(Anne Y. ). "Optimizing clinical trials with Open Trial Chain". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/121787.

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Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2019
Cataloged from student-submitted PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 59-64).
The objective of this thesis is to study the challenges of data sharing in healthcare (namely clinical trials), and propose the use of Open Algorithms (OPAL) as a viable solution for research collaboration that allows for access to data without compromising data ownership (data is only used once for the intended purpose, raw data is never leaked, the value generated from the data is transferred to the owner). This thesis surveys the challenges unique to clinical trials, and highlights the various methods for privacy-preserving computation prior to this work. Through the overview of OPAL's solution in the space of privacy-preserving computation, we show the implementation details of how OPAL was applied to clinical trials in a project called Open Trial Chain, a platform for clinical trial data built for analytics, security, and incentivized sharing through technologies like federated learning and blockchain. With motivated examples derived from real-world reported problems in healthcare, we also demonstrate speed, accuracy, and security metrics. In the application, Open Trial Chain can drastically reduce clinical trial costs, reduce error, and increase quality of analysis diversity. Overall, this project shows promise for further extension in other health datasets for compliance in an ever-complicated move towards regulations that reflect for conscientiousness for data security, ownership, and provenance.
by Anne Kim.
M. Eng.
M.Eng. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science

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Richert, Laura. "Trial design and analysis of endpoints in HIV vaccine trials". Thesis, Bordeaux 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR22048/document.

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Des données complexes sont fréquentes dans les essais cliniques récents et nécessitent des méthodes statistiques adaptées. La recherche vaccinale du VIH est un exemple d’un domaine avec des données complexes et une absence de critères de jugement validés dans les essais précoces. Cette thèse d’Université concerne des recherches méthodologiques sur la conception et les aspects statistiques des essais cliniques vaccinaux du VIH, en particulier sur les critères de jugement d’immunogénicité et les schémas d’essai de phase I-II. A l’aide des données cytokiniques multiplex, nous illustrons les aspects méthodologiques spécifiques à une technique de mesure. Nous proposons ensuite des définitions de critères de jugement et des méthodes statistiques adéquates pour l'analyse des données d'immunogénicité multidimensionnelles. En particulier, nous montrons l’intérêt des scores multivariés non-paramétriques, permettant de résumer l’information à travers différents marqueurs d’immunogénicité et de faire des comparaisons inter- et intra-groupe. Dans l’objectif de contribuer à la conception méthodologique des nouveaux essais vaccinaux, nous présentons la construction d’un schéma d’essai optimisé pour le développement clinique précoce. En imbriquant les phases I et II d’évaluation clinique, ce schéma permet d’accélerer le développement de plusieurs stratégies vaccinales en parallèle. L’intégration d’une règle d’arrêt est proposée dans des perspectives fréquentistes et Bayesiennes. Les méthodes mises en avant dans cette thèse sont transposables à d’autres domaines d’application avec des données complexes, telle que les données d’imagerie ou les essais d’autres immunothérapies
Complex data are frequently recored in recent clinical trials and require the use of appropriate statistical methods. HIV vaccine research is an example of a domaine with complex data and a lack of validated endpoints for early-stage clinical trials. This thesis concerns methodological research with regards to the design and analysis aspects of HIV vaccine trials, in particular the definition of immunogenicity endpoints and phase I-II trial designs. Using cytokine multiplex data, we illustrate the methodological aspects specific to a given assay technique. We then propose endpoint definitions and statistical methods appropriate for the analysis of multidimensional immunogenicity data. We show in particular the value of non-parametric multivariate scores, which allow for summarizing information across different immunogenicity markers and for making statistical comparisons between and within groups. In the aim of contributing to the design of new vaccine trials, we present the construction of an optimized early-stage HIV vaccine design. Combining phase I and II assessments, the proposed design allows for accelerating the clinical development of several vaccine strategies in parallel. The integration of a stopping rule is proposed from both a frequentist and a Bayesian perspective. The methods advocated in this thesis are transposable to other research domains with complex data, such as imaging data or trials of other immune therapies

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Cuevas, Arriagada Ricardo Enrique, e Bustos Neil William Páez. "B-TRIALS". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/146375.

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TESIS PARA OPTAR AL GRADO DE MAGÍSTER EN ADMINISTRACIÓN
Ricardo Enrique Cuevas Arriagada [Parte I], Neil William Páez Bustos [Parte II]
El presente trabajo desarrolla una idea de negocio llamada B-Trials, cuyo origen surge a partir de una necesidad específica en la ejecución de Estudios Clínicos de la Industria Farmacéutica local, que corresponde al aumento en la participación de pacientes en la ejecución de los protocolos de estudios, a modo de aumentar la competitividad frente a los otros países de la región. Actualmente, son los médicos tratantes, colegas y/o contactos de los mismos quienes derivan pacientes a los Estudios Clínicos, por lo que este proyecto plantea la creación de una nueva forma de captación de pacientes e implementar una nueva forma de derivación de pacientes, con el fin de revolucionar a este mercado de USD $30 MM anuales. Gracias a la fluidez de los procesos regulatorios y obtención de resultados requeridos por las compañías farmacéuticas, es que Chile se hace atractivo, sopesando la menor cantidad de pacientes que puede ofrecer a diferencia de países como Argentina, Brasil, Colombia y México. Dado que desde los inicios de la Investigación Clínica en Chile se ha utilizado el mismo sistema de derivación de pacientes, B-Trials toma esta oportunidad y captará pacientes en el mundo de las Redes Sociales, que cada vez son más utilizadas por la sociedad, los que serán registrados en una página web y se construirá una base de datos propia. La base de datos permitirá identificar a distintos pacientes dispuestos a participar en los Estudios Clínicos, de acuerdo a parámetros clínicos específicos y zonas geográficas donde se encuentran, permitiendo la derivación de estos a Centros de Estudios ya operativos y dando la opción de tener la información necesaria para la instalación de un Centro de Estudios Clínicos propio en la ubicación con mayor demanda de pacientes y abastecerlo de pacientes. El equipo gestor está encargados del marketing, operaciones y comercial, áreas cruciales para la obtención de la ventaja competitiva. El proyecto B-Trials requiere de una Inversión Inicial de CLP $67 MM., con Payback de 3,5 años, TIR = 31% y VAN al año 5 de CLP $ 23 MM. Valor Residual = $ 403 MM. Tasa de descuento aplicada = 20,4%. B-Trials representa un negocio que satisface una necesidad de la Industria en forma innovadora, siendo pionero en el país y escalable en el territorio nacional y latinoamericano, mejorando la calidad de vida de los pacientes a través del acceso gratuito a tratamientos de última generación.

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Dias, Claire Rhiannon. "Olympic trials". Thesis, Bangor University, 2014. https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/olympic-trials(feb17a88-72fb-4577-9369-810a7420399e).html.

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Olympic Trials is a literary thriller that explores the dark side of sporting culture, including the many sacrifices, dysfunctional relationships and extreme behaviours that are common aspects of participating in a high performance sport environment. Juxtaposed with the stories of the athletes, there is the tale of an aspiring terrorist. His relentless devotion to a coach-like cult leader, and his physical, spiritual and psychological struggles on his journey to the Olympic Games mirrors the challenges of the athletes. The research portion of the thesis examines many of the texts generally included in the canon of sport fiction. Paramount here is the emergence of the anti-hero typology, figured within the framework of a quest narrative. These fictional athletes are depicted as inhuman⎯distinct in nature to the average citizen. Though these protagonists possess heroic strength or skill, they simultaneously demonstrate an inability to harness those attributes. They are distinctly flawed characters, who operate outside of acceptable moral parameters and the social norms of a community, although their misbehavior, including misogyny, homophobia and violence, is often endorsed by society. They live life at the mercy of sporting culture and their insatiable desires.

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Loudon, Kirstine. "PRECIS-2 : making trials matter : providing an empirical basis for the selection of pragmatic design choices in clinical trials". Thesis, University of Dundee, 2015. https://discovery.dundee.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/af271d88-4652-41e0-b280-4772cc30f8c4.

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Aim PRECIS (PRagmatic Explanatory Continuum Indicator Summaries 2009) is a tool with a simple wheel format that trialists can use when designing their trials to improve the applicability of results but users highlighted problems. The aim of the study was to produce an improved and validated version of PRECIS, called PRECIS-2 and test this tool out with trial teams designing primary care trials. Methods Brainstorming and a 2-round Delphi survey of authors who cited PRECIS plus user-testing of candidate PRECIS-2 models was followed by validity and reliability testing of the most promising PRECIS-2 candidate using a sample of 15 trials rated by 19 different trialists. The validated PRECIS-2 tool was then used to consider the risk of bias (internal validity) and estimates of treatment effect of a matched set of explanatory (ideal conditions) and pragmatic (real world) trials. The PRECIS-2 website was also created with a database of pragmatic trials and a toolkit for trial groups. This was tested out at the Pragmatic Clinical Trials Unit (PCTU) in London with trial teams designing primary care trials. Results Forty-two people responded to the Delphi and highlighted scoring, domain choice, and tool format as issues. An expert panel of 14 in Toronto provided the basis for a PRECIS-2 model that was then user tested by 19 other methodologists and trialists. After 13 iterations, a PRECIS-2 model with 9 domains (i.e. Eligibility, Recruitment, Setting, Organisation, Flexibility Delivery, Flexibility Adherence, Follow up, Primary Outcome, Primary Analysis) was tested for validity and reliability. Inter-rater reliability was generally good, with eight of nine domains having an ICC over 0.65. Discriminant validity was reasonable for all domains, though with wide confidence intervals. Matching trials taking pragmatic (‘real world’) and explanatory (‘ideal world’) approaches was challenging but we found no indication that a pragmatic approach compromises internal validity. We were unable to extract sufficient information for a planned analysis of estimates of treatment effect. At the PCTU, the tool highlighted differences in opinion with trial team members and demonstrated convergence of opinion following discussion. There was acknowledgment that scoring of PRECIS-2 domains assisted trials teams in considering the intended audience and creation of trials relevant to practice. Useful feedback was obtained to improve the PRECIS-2 tool software for users. Conclusions PRECIS was improved by the addition of scoring and additional domains after consultation with over 80 international trialists. We have a validated PRECIS-2, in the visually appealing wheel format with 9 spokes, which is being made available through an increasingly accessed website. Work at the PCTU improved the usability of the PRECIS-2 website and demonstrated that the tool increases transparency in trial design and assists trialists in considering applicability of trial results. More matching work on the impact of design approaches on effect size is needed, and further data to support the risk of bias results would be valuable.

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Carvajal, Luis A. Rodriguez. "Multivariate crossover trials". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.336783.

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Kopec, David M., e Jeffrey J. Gilbert. "Overseeding Fairway Trials". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/216378.

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Fifty-one overseed entries were evaluated in 1997-1998 for turfgrass performance. New experimental accessions of perennial ryegrass were darker in color than most of the commercially available germplasm included in this test. Ryegrass germplasm had better turfgrass quality after April, than did mixtures of perennial ryegrass with Poa trivialis, which performed well in December, January and March. General appearance for total plot leaf texture was best generally among the Poa trivialis containing mixtures. Hybrid (or intermediate) ryegrasses (L. which are crosses between perennial X annual ryegrass, are generally closer to annual ryegrass in performance. There was a vast improvement in L. hybridum (Pick YNC) when compared to annual ryegrass alone for turf performance. Intermediate and annual ryegrasses did show signs of decline in June (more so than ryegrass or Poa trivialis blends), which was desirable from a transition standpoint.

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Bartoszuk, Karin. "Randomized Control Trials". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2017. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/4161.

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Julian, Robert F. "The role of the judge and jury in complex trials". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/28172.

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This thesis examines the mode of trial concerns in the U.S.A., New York State, California, England and Wales and Canada --specifically the ability of the jury to comprehend complex cases and the perception/reality that bench trials may not be as fair as jury trials. Defining complex cases as those involving serious fraud indictments, capital murder trials, and lawsuits or indictments against corporations and their managers, the thesis examines problems associated with jury trials in such cases. It evaluates the comparative law and customs and practices regarding the use of juries, emphasizing problems with jury selection, deficits in jury deliberation and post trial problems associated with jury verdicts. The thesis also evaluates the judge only trial, attempting to determine whether a state imposed non jury trial in a criminal case as is presently proposed in the England and Wales Parliament creates an unfairness to the defendant because bench trials significantly differ from jury trials in the application of the rules of evidence and in the role of the judge. The thesis reports on the results of a survey of New York State trial judges, a like survey of New York State lawyers, and the opinions of nine England and Wales judges authorized to try serious fraud cases who were interviewed regarding these issues. The surveys and interviews finds that there is a high degree of support for jury verdicts expressed by the judges, examines evidentiary and pretrial practices in both modes of trial and attempts to evaluate whether claims of procedural flaws and prejudice in bench trials by respected academics are accurate. The thesis concludes by affirming the competence of juries to try complex cases, proposing modifications to post jury verdict procedures to evaluate jury misconduct and advocating that the bench trial evidentiary rules and conduct rules become comparable to the jury trial. The thesis recommends that mode of trial choices be given to the defendant, advocates that when a bench trial is selected that peremptory challenges of the trial judge be permitted and postulates that these reforms will make the bench trial a more attractive alternative to the jury trial in complex cases.

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Caldwell, Patrina Ha Yuen. "The Recruitment of Children to Randomised Controlled Trials". University of Sydney. Paediatrics and Child Health, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/579.

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Abstract Background The randomised-controlled trial (RCT) provides the best evidence for evaluating treatment effects and is accepted as a gold standard for clinical and regulatory decision making (1;2). One of the major challenges to the conduct of RCTs is the recruitment of adequate numbers of participants. Inadequate numbers reduce the power of a study to detect statistically significant treatment effects, and may cause delays, increased costs and failure to complete trials. The need for clinical trials in children has been increasingly recognised by the scientific community, resulting in increased demands for the inclusion of children in trials. For several reasons, recruiting children to trials is more challenging than recruiting adults, as consent issues are more difficult because parents make decisions about trial participation on behalf of their child. Despite general professional and community support for paediatric clinical trials, parents and paediatricians express reluctance when their own child or patient is asked to participate. Although researchers working with children commonly experience difficulty with recruiting children to RCTs, little is known about this very important subject. The method by which potential participants are approached for trial participation, the influence of their health care provider and the attitude of potential participants (or their parents, in the case of children), are critical to the understanding of the decision making process for trial participation. This thesis is one of the first major attempts to explore the issues surrounding the recruitment of children to RCTs, and is divided into four studies which address these issues. Methods Recruitment strategies used to encourage participation in randomised controlled trials (systematic review) Eligible experimental and observational studies comparing methods of recruiting participants for RCTs were identified after a comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library and reference lists. Independent data extractions were completed by two reviewers who assessed the studies for eligibility and methodological quality. Outcome measures were consent rates, proportion enrolled by each method and cost of recruitment per participant. Summary estimators of effects were calculated using a random effects model and expressed as relative risk with 95% confidence intervals. Heterogeneity was analysed using the Q statistic. Paediatricians� attitudes to children�s participation in randomised controlled trials (focus group research) Qualitative analysis of focus group discussions involving 16 paediatricians and 5 trainees from a paediatric teaching hospital in Sydney was undertaken. Doctors varied in occupation, experience, research activity, age, gender, ethnicity and parenthood experience. A professional facilitator conducted the semi-structured group discussions. Recruitment ceased when informational redundancy was reached, after 4 focus groups involving 21 participants. The transcribed audiotapes were analysed by theme linkage using the constant comparative method. Australian paediatricians� and adult physicians� attitudes to randomised controlled trials (survey) A 44-item questionnaire was sent to 250 paediatricians and 250 adult physicians randomly selected from the membership list of the Royal Australasian College of Physicians. Questions assessing doctors� treatment philosophies and attitudes to trials were compared with demographic and practice variables. Parents� attitudes to children�s participation in randomised controlled trials (focus group research) Qualitative analysis of focus group discussions involving 33 parents from 5 different settings (representing parents of children with a life threatening, chronic or acute illness, with experience in trials and of healthy children) was undertaken. Parents varied in age, gender, ethnicity, level of education, research experience and their child�s health status. The transcribed discussions were analysed by theme linkage using the constant comparative method. Results Recruitment strategies used to encourage participation in randomised controlled trials (systematic review) Fifty papers were included (out of 8602 titles and abstracts searched) which described 8 RCTs, 2 quasi RCTs, 13 prospective cohort studies, 30 retrospective cohort studies and 2 before-after studies. These studies assessed how over 4 million people were approached for RCT participation using 87 different recruitment strategies, with 103,406 people enrolling in RCTs. Health care provider (HCP) referrals had the highest participant consent rates at the time of exposure to trial information (HCP referral versus target mailing: relative risk (RR) 1.84 (95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.08, 3.13)). They also had the highest consent rates when potential participants respond to the recruitment material by further enquiry about the trial (HCP referral versus community presentation: RR 1.37 (1.06; 1.78); HCP referral versus worksite approach: RR 25.20 (20.19, 31.45); HCP referral versus general community approach: RR 2.53 (0.46, 14.05); HCP referral versus mailing: RR 3.29 (1.26, 8.60); HCP referral versus media: RR 2.66 (1.31, 5.41)). However, by the time potential participants attend eligibility assessment for trial participation, no difference in consent rates could be distinguished by method of recruitment. Higher proportions of study participants were recruited by methods that exposed larger numbers of potential candidates to trial information (despite their lower consent rates). The stated recruitment cost ranged from US$0 to $1108 per participant, with mailing being the most cost-effective method and community methods (such as community presentations, pamphlets and posters displayed at community sites) the least effective. Paediatricians� attitudes to children�s participation in randomised controlled trials (focus group research) From the focus group discussions, paediatricians thought parents balanced perceived gains and risks when deciding about trial participation. They also believed the child�s condition and parents� health beliefs and personal attributes influenced parents� decisions. Other factors thought to be important by paediatricians were the doctors� beliefs and their relationship with the investigators. Paediatricians perceived gains for trial participation including professional benefits for themselves, improved patient care, convenience for the families and themselves and scientific advancement. Perceived risks included inconvenience, inadequate resources and potential harms to the patient and the doctor-patient relationship. Paediatricians with previous research experience were most knowledgeable about RCTs and perceived greatest gains from trial participation. Paediatricians� personal treatment preferences hindered trial support. Australian paediatricians� and adult physicians� attitudes to randomised controlled trials (survey) Response rate from the paediatricians� and adult physicians� survey was 60% (300/500). Australian paediatricians and adult physicians are very similar in their treatment philosophies, and are clinician-oriented rather than research-oriented in their attitudes, with primary allegiance to their patients and preference for selecting treatment rather than referring for trial participation in the face of treatment uncertainty. Professional activities are clinically focused, with limited time assigned for research. Australian doctors perceive little reward for trial participation and claim that the opinions of referring doctors regarding RCTs does not influence them. Predictors of favourable attitudes to trial participation from the survey were time allocation for research, a history of referring patients to trials in the past and younger age (all p values less than 0.0001). Parents� attitudes to children�s participation in randomised controlled trials (focus group research) When parents were interviewed, they acknowledged balancing risks and benefits when deciding about trial participation for their child. Perceived benefits include the offer of hope, better care of their child, the opportunity to access new treatments, healthcare professionals and health information, meeting others in similar circumstances and helping others. Perceived risks include potential side effects, being randomised to ineffective treatments and the inconvenience of participation. The decision for trial participation is also influenced by parental factors (parents� knowledge, beliefs and emotional response), child factors (the child�s health status and preference about participation), trial factors (the use of placebos and the uncertainties of research) and doctor factors (doctor�s recommendations and communication of trial information). Conclusions There are many challenges to the successful conduct of RCTs. Ways of addressing these include: using effective methods of recruiting potential study participants (such as mailing of recruitment material to potential participants) and abandoning ineffective strategies (such as community methods): fostering greater willingness for trial participation by addressing parents� and paediatricians� concerns including enhancing communication between researchers, paediatricians and parents, and improving the gains-hazard balance (by increasing incentives while decreasing inconveniences); and reforming in the health care system to raise the priority placed on clinical research by restructuring clinical research in a clinically predominant workplace and with a clinically predominant workforce. The findings from this study have implications for researchers planning RCTs for children in the future. Careful consideration of the above will enhance RCTs participation for children improving efficiency, lowering costs and ultimately improving the future health care of children.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Trials"

Michael, Phillips, Bergman Barbara e Oregon Criminal Defense Lawyers Association., eds. Trials and tribulations: (overcoming trial problems). Eugene, Or: [Oregon Criminal Defense Lawyers Association], 1999.

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Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, ed. Rudolf Slansky: His trials and trial. [Washington, D.C.]: Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, 2008.

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Merrill, Umphrey Martha, ed. Trials. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008.

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Wallach, Anne Tolstoi. Trials. New York, N.Y., U.S.A: Dutton, 1996.

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Merrill, Umphrey Martha, ed. Trials. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008.

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Rafael, Nieves, Hayden Seitu e Baroza Aldin, eds. Trials. San Jose, CA: SLG Pub., 1996.

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Klonoff, Robert H. Winning jury trials: Trial tactics and sponsorship strategy. 2^a ed. Newark, N.J: LexisNexis, 2002.

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Fletcher, Colin. Schools on trial: The trials of democratic comprehensives. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1985.

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Klonoff, Robert H. Winning jury trials: Trial tactics and sponsorship strategies. 3^a ed. Louisville, Colo: National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 2007.

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Maxine, Caron, e Williams Wyn, eds. Schools on trial: The trials of democratic comprehensives. Milton Keynes, England: Open University Press, 1985.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Trials"

Patra, Jayanta Kumar, Swagat Kumar Das, Gitishree Das e Hrudayanath Thatoi. "Clinical Trials". In A Practical Guide to Pharmacological Biotechnology, 109–26. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6355-9_6.

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Basu, Bikramjit, e Sourabh Ghosh. "Clinical Trials". In Biomaterials for Musculoskeletal Regeneration, 191–216. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3017-8_9.

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Blacher, Lynette, e Linda Marillo. "International Trials". In Principles and Practice of Clinical Trials, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52677-5_44-1.

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Prorok, Philip C. "Screening Trials". In Principles and Practice of Clinical Trials, 1–19. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-52677-5_95-1.

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"Trials". In Elgar Encyclopedia of Crime and Criminal Justice. Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/9781789902990.trials.

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Hellman, Deborah. "Trials on Trial". In Philosophical Dimensions of Public Policy, 265–72. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315126357-27.

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Weindling, Paul Julian. "Clinical Trials on Trial". In Epidemics and Genocide in Eastern Europe, 1890–1945, 393–427. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198206910.003.0052.

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"Trials before the Trial". In The Disappeared, 71–112. Potomac Books, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/jj.3790066.10.

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Pattenden, Rosemary. "Trial Discretions: Summary Trials". In Judicial Discretion and Criminal Litigation, 292–330. Oxford University PressOxford, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198255673.003.0008.

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Abstract The vast majority of criminal cases in England and Wales (around 97 per cent) go no further than the magistrates’ courts where they are dealt with summarily. If moves which are afoot to reduce the workload of the Crown Court come to fruition this high proportion may increase further. Summary trials, like trials on indictment, are adversarial, oral, and open to the public. The primary difference between the two modes of trial lies in the fusion on the bench of a magistrates’ court of the law and fact finding function, the conduct of a preliminary inquiry before a jury trial,2 and the greater sentencing powers of a judge of the Crown Court. The rules of evidence and procedure are basically the same though proceedings are less formal in courts of summary jurisdiction and Darbyshire in her observations of seven magistrates’ courts found that where the accused is unrepresented the rules of evidence and procedure tended to be bent for his benefit. Most magistrates’ courts are presided over by persons without legal qualifications -justices of the peace-who sit on a part-time basis with a full time professionally trained clerk.

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Westreich, Daniel. "Randomized Trials". In Epidemiology by Design, 107–38. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190665760.003.0006.

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In Chapter 5, the author describes randomized trials. The chapter gives a broad overview of types of trials and the steps in conducting a trial and also describes how trials meet (and fail to meet) core causal identification conditions. The author provides a brief introduction to the analysis of randomized trial data. As well, the chapter introduces factorial trials as well as subgroup analysis of trials as a way of explaining differences between causal interaction and effect measure modification. Finally, the author describes issues in the generalizability and transportability of trials and quantitative approaches to these issues.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Trials"

Xing, Jasmine, e Ang Li. "Enhancing Clinical Trial Access and Diversity: An Innovative App for Personalized Trial Recommendations and Equitable Healthcare Participation". In 10th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence & Applications. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2023.131906.

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This project focuses on creating an app to recommend clinical trials to users based on their profiles, improving access and diversity in trial participation. It addresses disparities in trial representation and aims to provide easy access to trial information. The app utilizes web scraping, a recommendation system, and a saving mechanism for trials. An experiment evaluates the recommendation system's accuracy, highlighting the challenges of ethnicity clustering. The app aims to promote equitable healthcare access and expand participation in clinical trials. Shortcomings of existing solutions include limited scope, such as being specific to cancer trials or certain patient groups. In contrast, the app aims to provide recommendations for a broader range of diseases and profiles, improving accessibility and diversity. Future improvements include refining the recommendation model, increasing the number of clusters, adding location-based recommendations, and expanding the trial database. The ultimate goal is to enhance the diversity of trial participants and improve healthcare equity.

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Stubberfield, J. "ADSL trials". In IEE Seminar How Big is Your Pipe? Fast SoHo SME/Connectivity. IEE, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ic:19990322.

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Kennedy, J., N. Sponagle, D. Wheaton, P. MacDonald e R. Creaser. "Video Systems For Propeller Viewing Trials". In SNAME 22nd American Towing Tank Conference. SNAME, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.5957/attc-1989-024.

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Propeller viewing trials are a necessary adjunct to towing tank and cavitation tunnel tests, if a full assessment of propeller performance is to be made. Unfortunately, viewing trials are rare because of the expense and disruption caused by the installation of propeller viewing ports. Additionally, assessment of cavitation inception and other performance parameters is difficult because of the poor performance of the human eye under stroboscopic lighting. The Defence Research Establishment Atlantic, in conjunction with its contractors, Networx Technologies and Eyretechnics Limited, has developed video systems to overcome many of the deficiencies of conventional viewing trials. The development of this system is described, from a concept demonstrator employing conventional viewing ports, to systems which are external to the hull. The external systems eliminate the need for viewing ports and can be installed by divers with the ship afloat. The current system, cperating with shaft synchronized stroboscopic lights, allows storage of selected propeller cavitation images for simultaneous or later display on conventional video equipment. Examples of installation and trial results are given.

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Relton, Clare. "Randomised Controlled Trials". In HRI London 2019—Cutting Edge Research in Homeopathy: Presentation Abstracts. The Faculty of Homeopathy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1702078.

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Anderson, James, Sarah Watts, Nigel Hills e Emmanuel Ofosu-Apeasah. "Submarine Towing Trials". In Warship 2005: Naval Submarines 8. RINA, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.ws.2005.17.

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Thatcher, K. C., B. Grant e S. E. Welford. "RNLI Anchor Trials". In Surveillance, Pilot and Rescue Craft For The 21st Century. RINA, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.sur.1990.3.2.

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Martin, John R. "RISTA II trials". In SPIE's International Symposium on Optical Science, Engineering, and Instrumentation, editado por Wallace G. Fishell, Arthur A. Andraitis, Michael S. Fagan, Jerry D. Greer e Mark C. Norton. SPIE, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.330204.

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Rodriguez, M. B., P. Plaza e M. Ibanez. "ePerSpace Intemediate Trials". In International conference on Networking and Services (ICNS'06). IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icns.2006.46.

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Hilsenbeck, S., e M. Piccart. "Clinical Trials 102: New Strategies in Targeted Therapy Clinical Trials." In Abstracts: Thirty-Second Annual CTRC‐AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium‐‐ Dec 10‐13, 2009; San Antonio, TX. American Association for Cancer Research, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs-09-es5-1.

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Pile, J. H. "Color Line “Superspeed 1” Trials 2009. The 1st Safeguard Trials". In Safeguard Passenger Evacuation Seminar. RINA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.3940/rina.safe.2012.01.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Trials"

Kaplan, Celia P. Minorities in Clinical Trials: Patients, Physicians, Clinical Trial Characteristics, and Their Environment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julho de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada542448.

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Kaplan, Celia. Minorities and Clinical Trials: Patients, Physicians, Clinical Trial Characteristics, and Their Environment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julho de 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada573587.

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Kaplan, Celia P. Minorities and Clinical Trials: Patients, Physicians, Clinical Trial Characteristics and their Environment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, julho de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada586285.

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Nelson, Eric. First Trials with EMPHASIS. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), setembro de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1660566.

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Zhang, Cheng, e Yue Yang. Impact of adaptive design on reducing the duration of clinical trials in rare cancers: a meta-analysis. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, fevereiro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.2.0081.

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Review question / Objective: Whether the application of adaptive design in clinical trials of rare cancers can shorten the duration of clinical trials? Condition being studied: Currently, the development of innovative drug products (InMPs) for rare cancers faces many challenges, including the difficulty of enrolling sufficient numbers of patients from small and heterogeneous patient populations for clinical trials, and the significant risks of high financial investment, long development times and potential failure from a pharmaceutical company's perspective for rare cancer drugs due to limited knowledge of the natural history of the disease. Therefore, alternative approaches to clinical trial design are needed to conduct cost-effective, well-controlled analyses that can assess treatment effects in small, heterogeneous populations within shorter time frames. Adaptive trials, on the other hand, may be an effective solution to this problem. Adaptive clinical trials are designed to accelerate the clinical trial process by making predefined adjustments to key parameters through data accumulated at predefined time points during the trial without compromising the integrity and validity of the results.This study aims to examine the value of adaptive design in reducing the duration of clinical trials in rare cancers and encourage their wider implementation.

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Fawcett, Jim, Zack Koopman, Wayne Roush e Josh Sievers. On-Farm Corn Rootworm Trials. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1053.

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Fawcett, Jim, Lance Miller, Lyle Rossiter, Wayne Roush, Josh Sievers, Micah Smidt e Matt Schnabel. On-Farm Soybean Fungicide Trials. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1121.

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Fawcett, Jim, e Josh Sievers. On-Farm Corn Planter Trials. Ames: Iowa State University, Digital Repository, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/farmprogressreports-180814-1408.

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