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Rasul, Sabir H. "Shift from Arabic to English". Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, n.º 1 (29 de julho de 2020): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v3n1y2020.pp190-198.
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Language is a living phenomenon; languages change, evolve and develop over time. One of the ways that languages change is through the influence of foreign languages, which is mainly reflected in loanwords. This paper addresses a new trend in translations produced in the Kurdish media, which is a shift from using Arabic loanwords to using English loanwords. Through a research questionnaire, this paper aims to attest whether the new observed trend is a mere perception or a factual phenomenon. The questionnaire aims at journalist-translators working between English and Kurdish. They are required to translate 40 fairly short English sentences (from journalistic genre) into Kurdish, each sentence containing one or more unmarked words that are thought to represent the aforementioned trend when translated into Kurdish. The results show that the use of Arabic loanwords in Kurdish journalistic translations is disproportionately low compared to English loanwords. Strikingly, the use of Kurdish equivalents is considerably high, given the fact that the chosen words are perceived to be normally translated as loanwords. Finally, over ten per cent of the translation occurrences demonstrate exceptional cases whereby the chosen words are translated by procedures such as near-synonymy, generalization and expansion.
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Aziz Mahmood, Karzan, e Eman Saleem Ahmed. "Word Equivalence: An Investigation of Fiction Translation from English to Kurdish Between 2003 and 2021". Arab World English Journal 1, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2022): 89–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.24093/awej/kust.7.
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The current study investigates word equivalence in selecting twenty works of fiction that have been translated from English into Kurdish by twenty different translators from 2003 to 2021. The year 2003 is historic for the Kurdistan region. The Kurdish language was marginalized under Saddam Hussein’s regime. Since 2003, the Kurds in Iraqi Kurdistan have established several institutions and associations ranging from Kurdish book publishing houses, printing houses, and research centres, including tens of independent writers and translators with their intellectual individual and group projects. These developments have ultimately progressed the Kurdish vernacular language. By employing Newmark’s (1988) paradigm of translation procedures, the paper shows how Kurdish translators translate words. Newmark introduced sixteen translation procedures ranging from transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent couplet and notes. By examining and verifying used facts and examples derived from the selected texts, this research discovers that the process of translating from English to Kurdish faces the barrier of word-level non-equivalence. Therefore, the paper also identifies the techniques of through translation, transference and couplet as most commonly employed in the studied corpus, with functional and cultural equivalence strategies used less frequently in translation by Kurdish fiction translators. Thus, the research examines Kurdish word equivalence barriers and the significance of translation studies.
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Hame Bichkol Mohammed, Ahang Shafique. "Mohammed Mustafa Kurdi's literary and cultural status in Kurdish literature". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8, n.º 2 (29 de fevereiro de 2024): 75–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.8.2.5.
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Our research is to present the literary and cultural status of Mohammed Mustafa Kurdi as an educated, intellectual, educational and religious teacher. The author often used essays in Arabic literature because he had a religious and Arabic culture, and was influenced by Persian literature, so he translated essays from Persian He drew on folk literature, poetry by poets and even stories. In addition to essays, he has translated several poems from Arabic and Persian or has translated his ideas and subjects into poems and essays from a Kurdish perspective. The author has published them in the magazines (Roji Nwy, Hiwa, Blesa, Zhen, Sulaimany). In addition to several riddles, he has published poetry in most magazines and newspapers. They have become the focus of attention of scholars, which are a sign of the level of intelligence and linguistic ability, terminology and dictionary (Mohammed Mustafa Kurdi).
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Rasouli, Fereydoon, Soma Soleimanzadeh e Keivan Seyyedi. "Acceptability of Google Translate Machine Translation System in Translation from English into Kurdish". Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 8, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2024): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.24086/cuejhss.v8n1y2024.pp7-14.
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The development of Machine Translation (MT) systems and their application in performing translation projects gave a crucial position to the evaluation of these systems’ outputs. Recently, the Google Translate MT system added the central accent of the Kurdish language to its language list. The current study is an attempt to evaluate the acceptability of the translated texts produced by the system. Different text typologies have been considered for the study's data. To evaluate the MT outputs, the Bilingual Evaluation Understudy (BLEU) evaluation model has been administered. The findings show that the performance of the understudy MT system in the translation of English into the Sorani accent of Kurdish is affected by some linguistic and technical hindrances, which in general affect the acceptability of translated text.
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Kaplan, Yaşar. "Exploring Shared Poetic and Stylistic Forms between Kurdish and Syriac". Kurdish Studies Journal 1, n.º 1-2 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 199–228. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29502292-00101009.
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Abstract Kurdish has been written in many different scripts throughout history. One of these alphabets is the Syriac alphabet. The texts written with this alphabet are called Kurdish Garshuni texts. David Barzane (Dāwíd Bareznāyā) was a 19th-century Chaldean Church clergyman and poet. The autograph manuscript containing his poems in Classical Syriac, Neo-Aramaic and Kurdish is preserved in the Collection of Syriac Manuscripts of the Dominicans of Mosul. One of the two Kurdish Garshuni poems in this manuscript has already been published with transcription and translation. In this article, another unpublished poem is transcribed and translated. However, by focusing on the literary and cultural interaction between the Christians who speak Neo-Aramaic and the Kurds, it is to be drawn attention to the close relationship between the forms of poetry and style of performance in both traditions.
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Hazim M. Ameen, Hakar, e Hussein Ali Ahmed. "Assessing the Quality of Machine Translation from Kurmanji Kurdish into English". Academic Journal of Nawroz University 12, n.º 3 (22 de agosto de 2023): 503–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v12n3a1690.
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The assessment of quality by the current most widely used on-line machine translation systems such as Google Translate and Bing Translator has always been a hotly debated and controversial topic. This research endeavors to assess the translation quality of the already referred to on-line machine translation systems so as to highlight the level of their inadequate quality, if any. Yet, due to the nonexistence of a unique quality assessment method as far as the translation by the two systems is concerned, the current research sets out to utilize an error analysis method for assessing the quality of the translation of two specialized texts from Kurdish into English by Google Translate and Bing Translator systems. The error analysis of the chosen texts reveals that both systems achieved excellent results in the orthography category, with 100 and 98.7 percent accuracy for Google and Bing, respectively. Additionally, results of 98.8% for Google and 97.5% for Bing concerning lexis reflected positive outcomes for both systems. Because both systems recently adopted NMT (neural machine translation), which simulates the way human brain functions to produce translation and learns from texts formerly translated by human translators, the two systems performed very well in these areas. The analysis also shows that the two selected systems were successful in the translation of the selected texts with reference to English rules of grammar achieving outstanding results that are 99.6 accuracy for Google and 99.4 for Bing. For further research, this study recommends doing more assessment on translation of more types of Kurdish texts through conducting the linguistic error analysis.
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Rasul, Sabir. "Foreignization in English-Kurdish Translations Produced by the Voice of America". Journal of University of Human Development 5, n.º 3 (4 de julho de 2019): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n3y2019.pp6-13.
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This paper explores English-Kurdish translations produced by the Kurdish section of the Voice of America (VOA). It is hypothesized that such translations are marked by unnaturalness and foreignness both in terms of linguistic and cultural aspects. This feature seems to be a peculiar characteristic that sets the VOA Kurdish apart from other media outlets producing Kurdish translations. Applying Venuti’s (1995/2008) theory of foreignization and domestication and taking a translation-oriented textual analysis approach, the paper sets out to qualitatively examine a set of 15 English journalistic texts translated into Kurdish by the VOA Kurdish. The study encompasses both linguistic and cultural matrices to identify unnatural or foreignized translation occurrences, which are expected to be otherwise rendered naturally in other media outlets. The results of the study show that Kurdish translations produced by the VOA are peculiarly outlandish and orientated towards foreignization. For journalistic translations to be comprehensible by the target audience, media players ought to present their outputs, translation or otherwise, as naturally as possible. Therefore, the paper recommends that the VOA Kurdish change its tendency from foreignization to domestication.
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Allela, Omer, Hishyar Mohammed Salih e Idris Haji Ahmed. "Adherence to medication and glucose control in diabetic patients in Duhok, Iraq". Pharmacia 69, n.º 3 (21 de julho de 2022): 673–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e86649.
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Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive disorder that causes a variety of health problems. Adherence to medication is a major factor in the treatment outcome. The goal of this study is to translate and test the psychometric features of the Kurdish version of the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) among type 2 diabetic patients. Methods: The research used a cross-sectional approach. The researchers looked at a convenient sample of diabetic Kurdish individuals. MMAS-8 was translated into Kurdish using a normal “forward–backward” technique. It was then tested on 307 type 2 diabetic outpatients in a convenience sample. Internal consistency was checked for reliability. Convergent and known group validity were used to confirm validity. For the authentic statistical analysis, the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 was used. Results: According to MMAS-8, 20 patients (6.5%) had a high adherence rate, 66 (21.5%) had a medium adherence rate, and 221 (72%) had a low adherence rate. There was no significant link between adherence score and gender (P = 0.055), illness duration (P = 0.251), or educational level (P = 0.12). There was a significant connection between adherence and HBA1C (P 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this validation study show that the Kurdish version of the MMAS-8 is a reliable and valid measure of medication adherence that may now be used. non-adherent. Developing patients’ treatment adherence will improve treatment managements and control.
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Haji, Daban Mohammed, e Fenik Muhammad Ghafur. "Exploring Lexical Lacunae in the Scientific Translation of Theoretical Physics Books". Journal of University of Human Development 5, n.º 4 (30 de setembro de 2019): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v5n4y2019.pp18-24.
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this research paper explores lexical lacunae at the word level at the context of English-Kurdish scientific translation. First, the paper briefly describes the development of scientific translation through space and time, and then it demonstrates the status of English and Kurdish as the language of natural sciences. Despite its significance, scientific translation has received little attention in the realm of Translation Studies, and none of the mainstream theories of translation is associated with scientific translation. Thus, this paper assumes that different translation procedures were opted for in overcoming the lexical lacunae in the context of English-Kurdish scientific translation. This paper scrutinises the English-Kurdish translation in the field of theoretical physics, an area which has hitherto left untouched. It explores a set of five theoretical physics books and their translated Kurdish versions, which altogether constitutes a corpus of circa 520,000 words. The study discloses that triplets, borrowing, expansion and omission procedures are employed to deal with lexical lacuna in the context of English-Kurdish scientific translation. It further reveals that LSP specialists were moderately prosperous in transmitting the full lexical contents of the ST.
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Majeed, Harem Abdullah. "Handling Swear Words in Movie Subtitles Translated from English into Kurdish". Journal of University of Human Development 9, n.º 3 (20 de julho de 2023): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v9n3y2023.pp116-123.
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Swear words, ubiquitous in languages worldwide, form an intrinsic part of everyday discourse, despite varying degrees of societal tolerance. In line with their prevalence in daily life, swear words also find their way into movies and TV shows, acting as authentic reflections of human interactions. Consequently, the handling of swear words within the context of audiovisual translation (AVT) has gained considerable scholarly attention, warranting a more profound and comprehensive investigation within the domain of Translation Studies. This research paper aims to delve into the realm of AVT, with a particular focus on the intricacies of Kurdish subtitling. It endeavors to provide a systematic classification and categorization of swear words encountered in English movies, examining their respective translations into Kurdish. Moreover, the study aims to identify and analyze the prevailing approaches and techniques employed in dealing with these culturally sensitive expressions. By shedding light on the nuanced treatment of swear words in AVT, this research contributes to the broader understanding of the intricate challenges and strategies involved in rendering such content faithfully across languages and cultures.
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Bocheńska, Joanna. "Obituary". Kurdish Studies Journal 1, n.º 1-2 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 301–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/29502292-00101002.
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Abstract This article presents the output of Yevgeniya Vasilyeva, one of the most outstanding Russian Kurdologists. Vasilyeva graduated from the Faculty of Oriental Studies of Leningrad State University and served from 1958 until 2016 as a researcher in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences. She specialized in the study of Persian-language Kurdish chronicles. She translated Bidlisi’s Sharafnama into Russian, but she is best known for editing, translating and annotating several nineteenth-century chronicles of Ardalan. The historiography of the two Kurdish emirates of Ardalan and Baban became her life work, resulting in a rich monograph on the history of South-Eastern Kurdistan from the seventeenth to the early nineteenth centuries.
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Kamal Abdulwahab, Muhammed, Himdad A. Muhammad e Mary Beneditte. "Meaning Loss in Translating Commissive Speech Acts in Movie Subtitles from English into Kurdish". Academic Journal of Nawroz University 10, n.º 4 (25 de novembro de 2021): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v10n4a847.
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The paper aims at investigating translating commissive speech acts in movie subtitle from English into Kurdish. It attempts to identify the meaning loss, in other words deletion errors and then categorize them along with the illocutionary acts. The samples of the study are taken from the subtitle of the horror movie (Pumpkinhead: Blood Feud) which has been translated into the Kurdish language. First, twenty commissive speech act are identified as having translation problems in the movie according to Searle’s category, then their illocutionary acts are specified. The English and Kurdish subtitles are compared to find out the meaning loss and deleted items, in addition to the compatibility of the illocutionary acts between them. The results of the analysis show that ‘promising’ and ‘warning’ are the most challenging illocutionary acts for translators because of the number of deletion errors found in their translation. The most common type of meaning loss in the translation of commissive speech acts are adverbs, pronouns, exclamation words, main verbs, modal verbs, nouns, and adjectives, respectively.
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Attieh, Saeed A., e Ahmad R. Khalil. "A Study of Apology Strategies used by Bahdini Kurdish students with Reference to English". Academic Journal of Nawroz University 8, n.º 4 (30 de dezembro de 2019): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v8n4a486.
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This research studies the frequently used strategies by Kurdish students when they express their apology in their mother tongue. The present study tries to address two questions related as to whether the participants in questions follow the same strategies classified by Sugimotos (1997) or not, as well as the impact of gender factor on these strategies. The corpus consists of responses to Discourse Completion Test (DCT), which includes five different situations. The informants have been 30 subjects: 15 male students and 15 female students. The informants were students at college of basic education, English department, 4th stage. The DCT is written in English and informants were asked to write their responses in Kurdish. The data collected have been descriptively analyzed according to the content, frequency, and order of semantic formulas used by Sugimotos (1997). Finally, the most used strategies are translated into English also the Kurdish responses were written in English letters. In order to arrive at statistical results, the percentage of the most frequently used strategy was counted.
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Amedi, Zeen Saeed Taha, e Alya M. h. Al-rubai’i. "Applying Baker’s Reframing Strategies to Texts Translated from English into Bahdini Kurdish". Journal of Duhok University 26, n.º 2 (17 de setembro de 2023): 1408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26682/hjuod.2023.26.2.81.
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Saleh, Kazi Hassan, e Huner Abdullah Mohammed. "Domestication and Foreignization in Translating Cultural Terms from English into Kurdish in George Orwell’s Animal Farm". Journal of University of Human Development 9, n.º 4 (19 de setembro de 2023): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/juhd.v9n4y2023.pp45-54.
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— Translation of culturally specific terms is considered a challenging activity. The current study explores the Kurdish translations of cultural terms found in the novel Animal farm written by George Orwell in 1945 and translated by three different translators. The study particularly attempts to identify the type of cultural terms according to Newmark’s (1988) taxonomy. In addition, the study uses Venuti's (1995) strategies of domestication and foreignization to identify the three translator’s choices, and uses Newmark's (1988) translation procedures to operationalize those two strategies. The results of the study reveal that all the five main categories of cultural terms were discovered including ecology, material culture (artefact), social culture (work and leisure), social organizations as well as gestures and habits. Material culture was the most frequent category of cultural terms found in the data. The translators employed various procedures, with cultural equivalent being the most common and deletion being the least. Furthermore, the translators' tendencies towards domestication and foreignization vary. Translator 1 demonstrates a greater inclination towards foreignization, while Translators 2 and 3 lean more towards domestication, with a notable similarity in their preferences. This study will be a contribution to the field of literary translation by offering insights concerning domestication and foreignization in translating CTs from English into Kurdish.
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Ahmed Hayder Sigar, Dr. "Problems of Translating Kurdish Legal Texts into English". لارك 2, n.º 50 (30 de junho de 2023): 956–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31185/lark.vol2.iss50.3198.
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The problems involved in the translation of legal texts have grabbed the attention of many translators, linguists and researchers. These problems seem common in general but the level of difficulty seems to change according to certain factors.
The current study aims at providing available definitions of legal translation, introducing legal language and its linguistic characteristics. In addition, it attempts to identify the best techniques and methods employed by professional legal translators and explore these methods and techniques in the selected samples and see how their effectiveness is evaluated.
In order to achieve the aims above, the following hypotheses are set:
The Non-standardized Kurdish language poses a challenge to translators in general and legal translators in particular. 2. The importance of form in legal texts could lead a legal translator to stick to literal translation even though it might be an inappropriate method at times. 3. Technical terms in legal texts are legal system and culture related. Therefore, it is also hypothesized that legal translators are especially troubled by them. 4. Syntactic structures of Kurdish legal texts do not pose any difficulty for legal translators. 5. The employment of the right translation method or strategy can fill the gaps that the different legal systems and language create.6. The teachers of the Department of Translation are less likely to make grammatical and spelling mistakes compared to the certified legal translators. The data chosen for analysis consist of two Kurdish texts, each has been translated by four translators. The analysis of the data is based on an eclectic model developed by the researchers for the specific objective of the study.
The application of the eclectic model adopted to the selected data has validated all the hypotheses above. However, this difficulty can be overcome by employing the right translation strategies. The researcher found the translations of the teachers of translation to be more professional and contain very few mistakes, but they seem to be as troubled as the certified translators when it comes to legal terms.
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Kizhan Salar. "Shrek and Media Literacy: Five Kurdish Young Women's Perspectives". Technium Social Sciences Journal 12 (13 de setembro de 2020): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.47577/tssj.v12i1.1360.
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This study explored how five young Kurdish women perceived the concepts of beauty, self-acceptance, and "princess" in American popular culture through interpretations of the messages from the movie series Shrek. The data were collected through one-on-one interviews via webcam with five young Kurdish women living in Kurdistan and the United Kingdom. The interviews were conducted in the Kurdish language, audiotape-recorded, transcribed, and then translated into the English language. Data analysis focused on comparing the five young women's responses to the interview questions. The results of the study showed that these three issues were interrelated with one another. All five participants believed that one's inner beauty was more important than physical beauty because it would lead a female to accept herself, which, in turn, led to her happiness and being accepted by others. Also, a beautiful soul and self-acceptance were required in a modern princess who should be brave and independent. Inspired by Fiona in the film, the five young women have learned to accept themselves more, think more wisely about their choices in life, and fight for their freedom, if necessary.
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Policastro, Francesca, Nizar Bakir Yahya, Alessandra Rossi, Giorgia Silli, Giovanni Galeoto e Nezar Ismet Taib. "Motor Development of Children in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq: Parent Survey". Children 11, n.º 2 (26 de janeiro de 2024): 162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/children11020162.
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The actual literature highlights the importance of the socio-cultural context in the development of children. However, there is a lack of specific evidence about the middle East, especially regarding the development of Kurdish children who are living in a post-war scenario, in a country which is experiencing continuous instability due to the different crises. The main aim of this study is to identify the features of the motor development of Kurdish children according to parents’ opinion. A comparison with Italian children is provided as a Western example, which reflects data from the literature. In the study, 331 parents of Kurdish and Italian children aged between 3 and 7 years were involved. Parents filled the questionnaire at kindergartens, after providing consent. The questionnaire was conceptualized, designed, tested and provided ad hoc for this study; it focused on the timing of development, concerning major milestones like head control, sitting and standing-up. The questionnaire consists of 15 questions and has not been standardized yet. A logistic regression showed several differences between Kurdish and Italian children, like head control (p = 0.007) or the manipulation of big objects (p < 0.0001). These results identify the effect of the socio-cultural context and the impact of the growing environment of the child. Moreover, the results of this survey show the need for introducing different adapted, translated and validated assessment tools for motor development, considering differences related to the socio-cultural context.
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Celik, Suleyman. "Association between Influential Factors and Teaching Profession as Career Choice among Undergraduate Student Teachers: A Structural Equation Study". Revista Amazonia Investiga 9, n.º 31 (7 de agosto de 2020): 166–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.34069/ai/2020.31.07.15.
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This study investigated the fitness of the Factors Influencing Teaching (FIT) Choice scale in a Kurdish educational setting among undergraduate teacher-training students (N=1335) encompassing nursery, primary and secondary education. The factors motivating this population to become teachers were examined in the Iraqi-Kurdish educational context. The-FIT-Choice scale was translated into the Kurdish language and its reliability and validity were measured. Intrinsic/altruistic and social utility values were found to be the most important factors behind the choice of the teaching profession as a career. Intrinsic career value, social contribution, the experience of prior learning and teaching were also influential motivational factors in this choice, as were social influences and social status factors compared to similar research conducted in Australian and Turkish educational settings, however, fall back career, job security, time for family, job transferability, the opportunity to shape the future of children and enhance social equity did not demonstrate meaningful value as motivational factors in this survey. One of the most important results differentiating this from other studies was that the addition of moral value factors to the original scale revealed that these values played an important role in students’ perceptions towards the teaching profession as a career.
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Sargi, Islam. "The “Loyal” Narrators. An Examination of Post-Graduate Theses on the Kurdish Conflict and the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) in Turkey". Resistances. Journal of the Philosophy of History 4, n.º 7 (10 de abril de 2023): e230106. http://dx.doi.org/10.46652/resistances.v4i7.106.
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The Kurdish question and the PKK have been among the topics that have gained massive importance for almost a century in politics, daily life, and among academics. The declaration of the PKK, the last ideological rebellion against the Turkish state, has translated the Kurdish problem into the problem of assimilation, nationalization, and standardization of the decades-long armed conflict between the Turkish army and the PKK. This article aims to present a discourse and content analysis of the master’s and doctoral dissertations that were submitted to the Turkish Higher Education Institution (YÖK) between 1999–2020 in Turkey. The paper focuses on how and in which context these researchers analyzed and formulated their findings on the PKK and the Kurdish conflict. The two basic theoretical concepts on which the study is based are the “embedded journalist” used in media studies and Antonio Gramsci’s “organic intellectual.” The main argument of this study is that the theses have become an affirmation apparatus that reproduces the official ideology of the state with slight differences and feeds it to the masses, and at the same time, due to their narrative that is built with the eyes of the state, they tend to be examples of embedded journalism rather than scientific studies.
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Algodi, Osamah, e Aram Mohammed Hamad. "IMPACT OF PERIODONTAL HEALTH STATUS ON THE ORAL HEALTH RELATED QUALITY OF LIFE IN SULAIMANI CITY BY USING ORAL HEALTH IMPACT PROFILE". Mustansiria Dental Journal 20, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2024): 24–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32828/mdj.v20i1.997.
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Aim: The objective of this study is to create a valid and reliable Kurdish version of Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14) and to find the impact of periodontal health status on oral health related to quality of life (OHRQoL). Method: OHIP-14 was translated and checked for validity and reliability during the pilot study which involved 39 participants. After validation of the newly created Kurdish version of OHIP-14, 323 individuals participated in this questionnaire-based cross-sectional study which involved documentation of their demographics and periodontal clinical parameters for all participants by the researcher using William’s periodontal probe. The newly fabricated Kurdish version of OHIP-14 was filled by the participants themselves. Results: Among participants, the total mean of OHIP-14 and the mean values of all subscale scores significantly increase with increasing the severity of periodontal diseases (P≤ 0.05) except for psychological discomfort, and physical disability. It was found that there was a statistically significant strong positive correlation between periodontal parameters (PI, BI, PPD, and CAL) and quality of life (p<0.0001). Conclusion: Based on the study's findings, it can be inferred that periodontal diseases pose negative impacts on the quality of life (QOL), with a more pronounced effect observed in participants suffering from severe periodontal diseases.
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Muhammad, Barzan Sabah, e Ismail Abdulrahman Abdulla. "Pragmatic Failures in Movie Subtitles: The Case of Kurdish Subtitles of Treasure Island". Journal of University of Raparin 11, n.º 1 (9 de julho de 2024): 188–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(11).no(1).paper9.
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Pragmatic failures are critical in movie translation as they affect the message of the movie. Pragmatic failure refers to the mismatches that may occur between speakers’ intended meaning and translators’ constructed meaning. The paper aims to investigate the nature of pragmatic failures in translating movie subtitles from English into Kurdish. It attempts to identify the factors that cause pragmatic failures and find out the types of failures in the selected movie. The data of the study are taken from the transcripts of the English adventure movie Treasure Island which has been translated into Kurdish. The English source text and the Kurdish subtitles were compared to find out the types and identify the causes of pragmatic failures. The paper draws upon Thomas’s (1983) category to classify pragmatic failures. The results of the study show that both types of pragmalinguistic failure and sociopragmatic failure are found in the movie which resulted from a lack of translator’s qualification in translation, a lack of pragmatic as well as cultural knowledge of both the source and target languages. It has also been found that pragmatic failures are failures of transferring speech acts from the source language to the target language that cause a lack of proper understanding of the source message. In other words, pragmatic failures are the result of mistranslation, under-translation, and over-translation errors which cause non-equivalency between the message in the source language and the one in the target language.
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Hasan, Abdul-Nafi' Kh. "Difficulties in Translating Culturally Bound Conversational Words and Phrases in English and Kurdish". Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, n.º 1 (28 de junho de 2020): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v3n1y2020.pp174-180.
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The purpose of conducting this study is to identify and handle the problems arising from translating conversational words and phrases rooted in culture from English into Kurdish and vice versa. To achieve the objectives of the current research, source language conversational texts associated with greetings, politeness terms, kinship terms, address terms and words and phrases used on different occasions are translated into their counterparts in the target language. The results obtained from the translations show that translating cultural concepts is problematic and burdensome, and the problems identified result from cultural differences between the two languages and from literal translation which often leads to unnatural and incomprehensible expressions although this technique is used to borrow a source language expression. The results also indicate that translating culturally-bound conversational words and phrases requires good knowledge and mastery of both languages and cultures and proper use of various translation techniques. This research paper is an attempt to identify the problems that arise in translating culturally-specific conversational words and phrases from English into Kurdish and vice versa. It also aims to find out effective ways of overcoming the problem through implementing appropriate techniques for translating culturally-loaded words and phrases associated with greetings, terms of address, politeness terms, family relationship, in both languages.
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Elbe, Joachim V., e Ethem Coban. "TRANSLATION: The English-Turkish Conflict of Mosul". Kurdish Studies 6, n.º 2 (30 de outubro de 2018): 217–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/ks.v6i2.448.
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This article is the English translation of Der englisch-türkische Mossulkonflikt by Dr. Joachim v. Elbe, a prominent German-American legal expert of the 20th century. The original article in German was published in 1929 in the first issue of Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Heidelberg Journal of International Law). The aim of translating this article is to present to the readers of Kurdish Studies the perspective of past publications documenting discussion on Kurds and statehood as well breaking language barriers and making such documents accessible to a wider audience. Moreover, this translation hopes to provide policymakers and scholars engaged in this topic with an overview of the legal history.Acknowledgement: This article is translated by Ethem Çoban from the original paper by Joachim v. Elbe published in 1929 with the title “Der englisch-turkische Mossulkonflikt” in Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrech, Heidelberg Journal of International Law ( HJIL ), vol.1, part.2, pp.391-418. Available at http://www.zaoerv.de/01_1929/1_1929_1_a_391_420.pdf, accessed: 01/09/2018.ABSTRACT IN KURMANJIDubendiya Îngilîz û Tirkan li ser MûsilêEv babet wergerra înglîzî ya babeteke bi nawnîşana Der engliscih-türkische Mossulkonflikt e û ji layê doktor Joachim v. Elbe ve hatiye nivîsîn, ku pisporekî diyar yê yasaya emerîkî-elmanî yê sedsala bîstem e. Babeta eslî li sala 1929 bi elmanî li jimareya yekem a Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Kovara Heidelberg bo Yasaya Navdewletî) de hatiye belavkirin. Armanca serekî ji wergêrana vê babetê ewe nêrîna weşan û nivîsarên demên borî ji bo belgekirina guftûgoyên li ser kurd û dewletdariyê bikevine ber bal û nezera xwînerên kovara Kurdish Studies, li gel şikandina rêgirîya zimanî û wisa bibe ku ev belge bikevine ber destê cemawerekî berfirehtir. Ji bilî van, ev werger hêvîdar e nezereke giştî li ser dîroka yasayî bo siyasetmedar û lêkolerên mijarê dabîn bike.ABSTRACT IN SORANIMilmilanêy înglîzî-turkî le MûsillEm babete wergêrranî înglîzîy babetêke be nawnîşanî Der engliscih-türkische Mossulkonflikt we le layen diktor Joachim v. Elbe nûsrawe, ke pisporrêkî diyarî yasayî emrîkî-ellmanîy sedey bîsteme. Babete esllîyeke le sallî 1929 be ellmanî le yekem jimarey Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (Jorrnallî Heidelberg bo Yasay Nêwdewlletî) billaw kirayewe. Amancî serekî le wergêrranî em babete eweye rwangey billawkirawekanî rabirdû bo dokumêntkirdinî giftugokan le ser kurd û dewlletdarî bixirête ber dîdî xwêneranî Kurdish Studies, legell şkandinî rêgirîye zimanewanîyekan we wa bikrêt ew dokumêntane bikewne berdest cemawerêkî frawantir. Cige lewe, em wergêrrane hîwaxwaze têrrwanînî giştî leser dîrokî yasayî bo siyasetmedaran û twêjeran dabîn bikat.
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Schäfers, Marlene, e Esin Düzel. "Introduction". Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 40, n.º 1 (1 de maio de 2020): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-8186115.
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Abstract How are resistance movements able to sustain political commitment and morale amid ongoing state violence? How do conflicts over sovereignty find articulation in contestations over affective belonging and moral values, thereby shaping intimate lives and gendered subjectivities? The five articles gathered in this special section take up these questions by ethnographically considering the complex internal dynamics of resistance movements in Kurdistan, Kashmir, and Western Sahara. They explore how these movements' struggles for alternative sovereignties and against colonial occupation and dispossession are translated into gendered expectations of loyalty, accusations of betrayal, and practices of critique. Investigating how Kurdish, Sahrawi, and Kashmiri militants, activists, and followers of resistance movements navigate the binary logics of loyalty and critique that violent conflict and occupation have rendered central to their lives, this special section shines new light on the morality of resistance and the gender of militancy.
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Rubin, Michael. "The Enemy of an Enemy: Will the Kurds benefit from shifting American Alliances?" europa ethnica 75, n.º 1-2 (2018): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.24989/0014-2492-2018-12-31.
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In the post-World War II period, US policy toward the Kurds has been shaped by external factors rather than Kurdish arguments for their own autonomy or independence. While shifting strategic relations in the region present some new opportunities for the Kurds and while the precedents of federalism will be hard to reverse, the new reality in the Middle East will likely not translate into an official American embrace of Kurdish nationalism any time soon.
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Muhammed, Mariwan mahmood, e Ahmad Muhammed-Ameen Qqdir. "The Attempts of Kurdish Parliamentarians in Iraqi Government to Achieve Education and Literacy in Native Language During(1925-1933)". Journal of University of Raparin 9, n.º 2 (29 de março de 2022): 398–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.26750/vol(9).no(2).paper17.
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After the foundation of Iraq in 1921, Kurds tried to achieve their own ethnic right within this new country. Although a part of South Kurdistan (Sulaimania and its suburbs) was not a part of this new government, British authorities made their best to enhance the relationship between Kurds and Iraqi authorities; and as a consequence of Britain insistence and the support of League of Nations, Mosul province was attached to Iraqi government on 16th December 1925, After conducting the election for the foundation assembly, Kurdish representatives made their effort to enjoy formally the right of education in their native language, but this demand was strongly rejected by the majority of the Arab members.
Kurdish representatives in the Iraqi House of Representatives, through discussions on the council or by memorandum, called for an improvement in the situation of Kurdish education, and the most notable memorandum that Kurdish representatives presented to the Ministry of Education in June 1928, which called for the reopening of the school that they needed and formed committees to set up books and translate schools into Kurdish, but Ma'arif officials rejected their requests, believing that the curriculum was better in Arabic, and they described the Kurdish language as a weak language. Although under Article (16) of Iraq’s Constitution and Article (9) of the Local Language Act of 1931, education in primary schools with a majority of Kurdish population should have been in Kurdish, however the rules have not been implemented as necessary.
The main objective of this research is to demonstrate the efforts of Kurdish representatives to improve the education situation in the Kurdish region, and the research method is to determine the historical truth that Kurdish representatives have requested for Kurdish studies, except for the small number, and many Arabs in parliament have rejected their requests.
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Sahakyan, Lusine. "The Turkification of Toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey". Armenian Folia Anglistika 6, n.º 1-2 (7) (15 de outubro de 2010): 149–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.46991/afa/2010.6.1-2.149.
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The present article examines the methods and stages of the policy of Turkification of the non-Muslim toponyms in the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Turkey. Being stable linguistic facts, toponyms supply valuable material for topography and studies of dialects, ethnography, history and geography. They also contain important linguistic facts which can confirm the national belonging of a given settlement. Hence, realizing the strategic value of toponyms, the Turkish authorities have changed, distorted and have tried to get hold of the Armenian, Greek, Assyrian, Laz toponyms through translations ascribing them Turkish and at times Kurdish origins. The article contains the translated version of Enver Pasha’s decree on Turkification of toponyms issued on January 5, 1916 – a document which aims to conceal the traces of the Armenian Genocide. The article also examines the political aims of the Turkish authorities to replace the term Western Armenia with Eastern Anatolia as well as the dangerous consequences of the use of this term we could face. The Armenian toponyms that have been around since ancient times do not serve as linguistic evidence only. Rather, they provide unbiased historical evidence that reveals the whole truth of the real native masters of the Armenian Highland. Therefore, the protection, preservation and restoration of the Armenian toponyms is of great strategic significance for us.
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Rasul, Sabir H. "A Critical Evaluation of Google Translation: The Case of English-Sorani Kurdish Translation". Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 5, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2022): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v5n1y2022.pp114-124.
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Google Translate is one of the most frequently and actively used machine translation services worldwide. Sorani Kurdish, otherwise known as Central Kurdish, was officially added to Google Translate in May 2022. At the onset of the launch of Sorani Kurdish translation services, it is crucial to evaluate the quality of the translation and pave way for improvements, if necessary. Taking into consideration both linguistic and cultural aspects, this paper aims to critically investigate the accuracy of English-Sorani Kurdish translations produced by Google Translate. For this purposes, the paper has adopted a textual analysis approach based on the notion of equivalence to critically analyze samples of translations generated by Google Translate. The results suggest that Google Translate is largely accurate at morphological and syntactic levels but improvements are needed to improve minor deficiencies detected in rendering ‘future perfect tense’, ‘third conditional sentences’ and passive tenses, especially in the case of ‘present progressive’ and ‘past progressive’ tenses. With regard to the semantic level, Google Translate has proved accurate in processing polysemous words, but it has assumed a total failure in translating idioms and proverbs. At the cultural level, in over third-fourths of instances Google Translate renders English cultural terms into Sorani Kurdish accurately, whereas in nearly one-fourth of instances it offers inappropriate translation. As far as English into Sorani Kurdish translation is concerned, Google Translate can be deemed effective as a supportive translation tool but it is far from being perfect, and continuous improvements will be needed to respond to the deficiencies unearthed in this study.
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Islam Saleem, Haneen, e Hakar Hazim M.Ameen. "Problems Students Face in Translating Discourse Markers from English into Kurdish". Academic Journal of Nawroz University 10, n.º 3 (13 de julho de 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v10n3a1067.
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This paper investigates the problems are found in the translation of discourse markers from English into Kurdish. One of the main problems that discourse markers cause for translators is that discourse markers may have various possible translation choices. Moreover, a discourse marker has many functions, i.e. it may have more than one function. It can be thus used to show a variety of relations between several written discourse parts. Accordingly, a translator has to decide the function that a discourse marker has in a definite context to give the correct translation. In this paper Fraser's Model of discourse markers analysis (1999) has been chosen for investigating discourse markers. As for the data analysis, four students of the Department of Translation at the University of Duhok have been chosen to translate the same text from English into Kurdish to show the difficulties in choosing the correct discourse markers in these four different translations. The results showed that there are no equivalents in choosing the correct discourse markers when translating them into Kurdish.
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Ahmad, Hemin Omar. "Keyfi, his life and works in the Ottoman Archives". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, n.º 3, 1 (1 de abril de 2023): 284–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.3.1.22.
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Research on the history of Kurdish literature requires more efforts. Especially all those poets who have left behind little material and little has been written about them. For various reasons, the Kurds have not been able to rewrite their literary history completely and accurately. In this respect, new information about them is gradually going to be revealed through the workings on uncovering the manuscripts of the world archives. Although the nineteenth century is the richest century in the history of literature, it has the most shortcomings on the lives and works of our poets. This research entitled (Keyfi, his life and works in the Ottoman Archives) has tried to reveal several aspects of this poet's life through the Ottoman and Western archives, especially revealing part of his life in Mosul, Istanbul, and his work as a translator, lawyer, linguist and journalist. Additionally, the study reveals the time and the place of his death, and investigates his relationship with Kurdish poets and his reflection in Kurdish journalism during the Ottoman period. This study resolves some of the debates that existed in the past century about the life of this poet and with this new information fills a gap in the biography of Keyfi in the history of Kurdish literature
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Ahmad, Hemin Omar. "Keyfi, his life and works in the Ottoman Archives". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 8, n.º 3 (31 de março de 2024): 111–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/lang.8.3.7.
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Research on the history of Kurdish literature requires more efforts. Especially all those poets who have left behind little material and little has been written about them. For various reasons, the Kurds have not been able to rewrite their literary history completely and accurately. In this respect, new information about them is gradually going to be revealed through the workings on uncovering the manuscripts of the world archives. Although the nineteenth century is the richest century in the history of literature, it has the most shortcomings on the lives and works of our poets. This research entitled (Keyfi, his life and works in the Ottoman Archives) has tried to reveal several aspects of this poet's life through the Ottoman and Western archives, especially revealing part of his life in Mosul, Istanbul, and his work as a translator, lawyer, linguist and journalist. Additionally, the study reveals the time and the place of his death, and investigates his relationship with Kurdish poets and his reflection in Kurdish journalism during the Ottoman period. This study resolves some of the debates that existed in the past century about the life of this poet and with this new information fills a gap in the biography of Keyfi in the history of Kurdish literature.
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Kaka-Khan, Kanaan Mikael. "English to Kurdish Rule-based Machine Translation System". UHD Journal of Science and Technology 2, n.º 2 (2 de setembro de 2018): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdjst.v2n2y2018.pp32-39.
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In this paper we present a machine translation system developed to translate simple English sentences to Kurdish. The system is based on the (apertuim) free open source engine that provides the environment and the required tools to develop a machine translation system. The developed system is used to translate some as simple sentence, compound sentence, phrases and idioms from English to Kurdish. The resulting translation is then evaluated manually for accuracy and completeness compared to the result produced by the popular (inKurdish) English to Kurdish machine translation system. The result shows that our system is more accurate than inkurdish system. This paper contributes towards the ongoing effort to achieve full machine-based translation in general and English to Kurdish machine translation in specific.
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Rasul, Bahzad Amin, e Abbas Mustafa Abbas. "INVESTIGATING KURDISH EFL STUDENT’S TRANSLATION OF METAPHORICAL EXPRESSIONS AT THE UNIVERSITY LEVEL". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, n.º 3, 2 (15 de maio de 2023): 56–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.3.2.5.
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The current study is an extracted paper from an MA thesis that relates to exploring the ability of Kurdish undergraduate students of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) to translate English metaphorical expressions into Kurdish Language and vice versa. Furthermore, it aims to highlight the most frequently applied strategies in translating English and Kurdish metaphorical expressions and the challenges that EFL students encounter in their translations. The study adopts three models: Lakoff and Jonson (1980), Larson (1984), and Farahzad (1992). Based on these models, a test is administered to 143 students to gather the quantitative data. Additionally, a semi-structured interview was conducted with six university lecturers to collect the qualitative data. The results show that the ability of Kurdish EFL students at the Colleges of Basic Education/English Department to translate English and Kurdish metaphorical expressions is very low and minimal. Moreover, the most frequently applied strategies are metaphor to another metaphor with the same meaning and transference of meaning without the metaphorical image for Kurdish and English metaphorical expressions, respectively. It also reveals that the majority of the students have difficulty in translating ontological types of metaphorical expressions, and the inability to find appropriate or near-like equivalents, insufficient Kurdish resources and cultural differences between the source and target languages are challenges that EFL university students face in their translations.
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Mousa, Nada Abdul Wahhab, Muna A, Khaleefah e Husham J. Al-Badri. "Hypertension Control among Adult Iraqis". Journal of the Faculty of Medicine Baghdad 64, n.º 3 (17 de outubro de 2022): 145–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.32007/jfacmedbagdad.6431935.
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Background: Hypertension is a chronic illness that affects one billion people both in high and low-income countries and is the most common risk factor for death throughout the world. It is also responsible for stroke, ischemic heart disease, heart, and kidney failure in addition to its huge effect on the economy. Like many developing countries, Iraq is undergoing a transitional epidemiological period with increasing burden of hypertension and its contributing risk factors e.g. unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, obesity, hyperglycemias, hypercholesterolemia, and smoking. In spite of the availability of a screening program for the early detection of hypertension in primary health care centres (PHCCs) little data on hypertension control is available. Objectives: Assessing blood pressure control rate among Iraqi adults 18 years and older, and identifying the related determinants. Patients and Methods: The study is derived from the second round of Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors STEPS survey Iraq 2016. A cross-sectional survey was performed on households from all Iraqi governorates excluding three governorates suffering instability. A Multi-stage cluster sampling technique for a sample of 4120 Iraqi adults was used. Interviews were held from the first week of November for 20 days using Arabic and Kurdish translated versions of STEPS questionnaire. A total of 4071 residents participated. Results: the prevalence of hypertension/ high blood pressure was 35.6%. Only 7.9% were under medication and controlled with an evident sex-based difference in favour of women (9.3% vs. 6.6% respectively). Uncontrolled blood pressure increased with age (t=7.4 p=<0.001), and declined with years of education (t= -3.3 p=0.01). It was significant among subjects with hyper-triglycerides (X²= 4.07 p= 0.044), consumption of salty processed food (X²= 7.35 p= 0.007). Blood pressure was not controlled among those reported being currently on medication (X²= 22.4 p= < 0.001). Conclusions: Blood pressure control rate is low among Iraqi adults on medical and lifestyle management. Further assessment and strengthening of clinical practice on hypertension management is recommended.
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Harith A. Hussein. "E- learning Translator Prototype for Iraqi Kids". Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 23, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2018): 128–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v23i1.490.
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The official language of Iraq is Arabic. Many other languages are spoken by a variety of ethnic groups, most notably are Kurdish and Turkoman. The main aim of this study is to improve the unsatisfactory materials that currently available for teaching English for the Iraqi kids who speak Arabic, Kurdish and Turkoman.
This study objective is to develop an interactivity based prototype for children’s who aged from 6-11 years old to educate them some of the English Language vocabulary by introducing word-to-word based online translator. The age 6-11 is an important time of intellectual and emotional development for children, and it is important to remember that even as they gain rudimentary reading skills, they still enjoy being read. The concept of multimedia technology with represented by audio and images used in interactive way.
The study includes two types’ interview methods. A semi-structure interview used to gather the prototype requirements. In prototype evaluation a structured interview conducted based on IBM questions form which is designed for system usability evaluation.
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Salih, Rashwan Ramadan, e Rawshan Ibrahim Tahir. "Challenges of Translating English Pragmatic Markers into Kurdish by EFL Students". JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE STUDIES 6, n.º 4, 2 (31 de julho de 2023): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/jls.6.4.2.12.
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This study aimed to investigate the translation of Pragmatic Markers (PMs) by Kurdish EFL students. This study demonstrates an innovative method/practice of utilizing translation to study the linguistic phenomena, Pragmatic Markers (PMs) (cf. Fischer 2006; Fraser, 1999; Aijmer, 2002). Based on the Relevance Theoretic Framework and polysemy approach, this paper consolidates research that examines the challenges that face EFL students of English Department at Salahaddin University, Erbil. The data were analyzed quantitatively and qualitatively. The results revealed that Kurdish EFL students use a variety of PMs in their writing, with some PMs being overused and others being underused. The study suggests that teachers should help Kurdish EFL students to use PMs effectively in their writing. Also, the results showed that the majority of participants had difficulty in recognizing the more complex adversative and causal PMs, while they had very few issues with Additive PMs. In conclusion, Kurdish EFL students may recognize Additive PMs and translate them with less difficulty than identifying more complex adversative and causal PMs.
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Köksal, Duygu. "Kemal Kirişçi ve Gareth Winrow. Kürt Sorunu, Kökeni ve Gelişimi. Translated by Ahmet Fethi, Istanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1997. [A translation of The Kurdish Question and Turkey. An Example of a Trans-State Ethnic Conflict. London: Frank Cass, 1997], xii+244pp." New Perspectives on Turkey 17 (1997): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0896634600002818.
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Schäfers, Marlene. "“It Used to Be Forbidden”". Journal of Middle East Women's Studies 14, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2018): 3–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/15525864-4296988.
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AbstractWomen’s rights and human rights projects in Turkey and elsewhere routinely construe and celebrate subaltern voice as an index of individual and collective empowerment. Through an ethnographic study of Kurdish women singers’ (dengbêjs) efforts to engage in their storytelling art in Turkey, this article questions the equation between “raising one’s voice” and having agency. It investigates two concrete instances in 2012, in Istanbul and Van, where Kurdish women publicly raised their voices. It shows that public audibility does not necessarily translate into agency, because these spaces, like most, discipline voices ideologically and sonically. Audibility is not a neutral achievement but an ideologically structured terrain that shapes voices and regulates whether and how they are heard and recognized. Voices routinely have ambiguous and even contradictory effects once they become audible in public. It is not simply a matter of “having voice” or “being silenced.”
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Perederii, Kyrylo, e Iryna Pokrovska. "The Place that Loanwords from the Persian Language Take in the Contemporary Turkish Language". Vìsnik Marìupolʹsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu Serìâ Fìlologìâ 14, n.º 25 (2021): 254–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.34079/2226-3055-2021-14-25-254-260.
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This article is dedicated to the problem of loanwords from Persian in the contemporary Turkish language. The list of Persian loanwords in Turkish that was created by Turkish Language Association was closely examined. In order to make valid conclusions 250 most frequent loanwords had been analyzed by their frequency, part of speech that they represent and semantic meaning of those words. To begin with, loanwords are important evidences of historic communication between nations. Turkish language, like any other language in the world, has a noticeable amount of borrowings in its vocabulary. Such European languages as English, French, Italian, Greek, German and such Middle Eastern languages as Arabic, Persian and Kurdish languages influenced Turkish in terms of borrowed lexemes. Furthermore, loanwords of world languages conceive a system and allocate into two categories according to the reason of their borrowing. Those are interlingual (the necessity of naming new objects; the will to avoid polysemy; etc.) and extralingual (historical interactions between peoples; superiority of one nation in a specific field; etc.) reasons. Besides pure linguistic systems, during the period of the Ottoman Empire the Turkish language borrowed massive amount of lexemes, and not only them, grammatical forms too, from Persian. Nomadic lifestyle that was natural for Turks from the beginning of their existence in the Göktürk Empire couldn’t bring their gathered tribes to the level of civilization. Thus, Turks when changing their lifestyle to a settled one with the goal of building strong and civilized country borrowed many words from the advanced Persian people. Persian became a leading language in government, literature and art for many centuries and appearance of hundreds of loanwords in Turkish vocabulary was unavoidable. Moreover, massive practical research also took place. The list of the Persian loanwords in the Turkish language that was constructed by the Turkish Language Association was taken as the main material of the research. The Turkish National Corpus which was chosen according to its relevance (the corpus was updated in 2013; the texts it uses were written between 1990 and 2013; 2 % of its texts are transcribed conversations) was the main instrument of the held research. Using corpus, 1082 words from the list were evaluated in terms of the frequency variable. Next step was choosing 250 most used words to run a deeper study over them. Each word was translated and separated to categories according to the part of the speech and its semantic meaning. After calculating the data, it turned out that in terms of the number of words “noun” was at the first place, yet according to the average frequency “conjunctions” had highest numbers. In terms of meaning such categories as “Government, economics”, “Religion” and “Time, measures” were influenced the most by the Persian loanwords. To sum up, taking Persian people as an example of creating a civilized settled country, Turks borrowed many words from them. Nevertheless, Atatürk’s reforms against Persian and Arabic words that were implemented at the beginning of the 20th century influenced language a lot, loanwords still remain there until now. Such parts of speech as “conjunctions” and “adverbs” lead in terms of frequency. However, when talking about fields of usage such categories as “Government, economics”, “Religion” and “Time, measures” were the ones Turks learned about or improved at the most with the help of Persian people and that are still used today actively.
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Mohammed Al-Mufti, Zainab, e Alya’ Mohammed Hussein Ahmed Al-Rubai’I. "Translation Difficulties Encounteted by Translation Students at University Level". Academic Journal of Nawroz University 13, n.º 1 (12 de fevereiro de 2024): 140–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1871.
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This paper seeks to identify various difficulties that translation students face during the translation process. The data for this descriptive qualitative and quantitative study came from students’ verbalizing their translation loudly. The participants in the study were five fourth-year students from the Department of Translation, University of Duhok who voluntarily participated to translate two texts (literary and non-literary) from English into Kurdish. Any use of resources was permitted, and think-aloud protocols, as a research tool was used to collect the data. The experiment recordings, and verbal reports produced by the participants were used to analyze the data. According to the study's findings, translation students had several difficulties within the process, including translating words with no equivalents, comprehending the figurative language (simile), translating cultural-specific items, struggling with the style of the given text, putting ideas together, relating background knowledge to the text at hand, choosing the right equivalent, and confusing between the two Kurdish dialects (Sorani and Kurmanji). The findings recommend additional research to look at potential solutions to such difficulties. The study's findings led to conclusions that have ramifications for theory and practice. The summary of the major translation difficulties demonstrates the theoretical value of the study. It was also found out that the difficulty of translation is not always anticipated and is not always conceptually explicable.
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Tawfiq Saddiq, Mahdi, e Shivan Shlaymoon Toma. "Assessing University Students’ Competence in Translating English Discourse Connectives into Kurdish". Academic Journal of Nawroz University 13, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2024): 608–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v13n1a1874.
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The present study sets out to assess university students’ competence in translating English discourse connectives into Kurdish. It also attempts to study the impact of teaching on students’ translation competence for rendering these elements. Discourse connectives are one of the main subcategories of textual metadiscourse elements which play a crucial role in text organization and the creation of cohesion. Their class is mainly comprised of conjunctions and adverbials which connect ideas at intrasentential, intersentential, and textual levels. Appropriate recognition, utilization, and translation of English discourse connectives are problematic and challenging for Kurdish EFL learners and translators. Moreover, some connectors are multifunctional and polysemous in nature. This paper aims at highlighting some of these translation problems and assessing students’ competence in their rendering at the pre-test and post-test. The research design is mixed method and employs a Translation Task and a Judgement Elicitation Task as two means for measuring translation competence. These tests were carried out on 40 Third-Year students at the Department of Translation, College of Languages, University of Duhok. The study concluded that students possessed enough translation competence for making judgements on the appropriate renditions of the discourse connectives. In contrast, they failed to appropriately translate besides, although, nevertheless, yet, provided that, otherwise, unless, for, thereby, and so that in the pre-test. Furthermore, holding teaching sessions on the classifications, functions, and translation of discourse connectives had a significant impact on the acquisition of translation competence in the post-test.
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Mirza, Sami F., e Abdulbasit K. Al-Talabani. "Efficient Kinect Sensor-based Kurdish Sign Language Recognition Using Echo System Network". ARO-THE SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF KOYA UNIVERSITY 9, n.º 2 (13 de outubro de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/aro.10827.
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Sign language assists in building communication and bridging gaps in understanding. Automatic sign language recognition (ASLR) is a field that has recently been studied for various sign languages. However, Kurdish sign language (KuSL) is relatively new and therefore researches and designed datasets on it are limited. This paper has proposed a model to translate KuSL into text and has designed a dataset using Kinect V2 sensor. The computation complexity of feature extraction and classification steps, which are serious problems for ASLR, has been investigated in this paper. The paper proposed a feature engineering approach on the skeleton position alone to provide a better representation of the features and avoid the use of all of the image information. In addition, the paper proposed model makes use of recurrent neural networks (RNNs)-based models. Training RNNs is inherently difficult, and consequently, motivates to investigate alternatives. Besides the trainable long short-term memory (LSTM), this study has proposed the untrained low complexity echo system network (ESN) classifier. The accuracy of both LSTM and ESN indicates they can outperform those in state-of-the-art studies. In addition, ESN which has not been proposed thus far for ASLT exhibits comparable accuracy to the LSTM with a significantly lower training time.
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Dye, Eva. "Use of Translation Cards to Increase Communication with Non-English-Speaking Families in the NICU". Neonatal Network 20, n.º 7 (outubro de 2001): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0730-0832.20.7.25.
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Parents of infants in the neonatal intensive care unit report that communication with staff helps to relieve the many stresses they face. Particularly challenging for NICU nurses, however, is communication with non-Englishspeaking families. To improve this communication at Vanderbilt Children’s Hospital in Nashville, illustrated cards have been developed to translate phrases commonly used in the nursery into foreign languages. Three different sets of cards provide translations in Spanish, Kurdish, and Serbo-Croatian (the languages most commonly encountered at this hospital), and a fourth set, in English, is used for individuals with hearing impairments. These cards aid the bedside nurse in giving a basic report and in encouraging parental participation in the infant’s care. Nurses who have used the cards report that parents respond to the questions and seem to appreciate the attempt to communicate.
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Tofighian, Omid. "Translation in Digital Times: Omid Tofighian on Translating the Manus Prison Narratives". Humanities 12, n.º 1 (11 de janeiro de 2023): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h12010008.
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On 12 February 2020, while on an international tour promoting Behrouz Boochani’s No Friend but the Mountains: Writing from Manus Prison, the translator of the book, Omid Tofighian, participated in a seminar at Utrecht University, organised by Australian academic, Anna Poletti (associate professor of English language and culture, Utrecht University). Poletti is also co-editor of the journal Biography: an interdisciplinary quarterly, which published a special issue on No Friend but the Mountains in 2020 (Vol. 43, No. 4). The seminar involved Poletti, Tofighian and translation scholar, Onno Kosters (assistant professor of English literature and translation studies, Utrecht University) in conversation. Iranian–Dutch filmmaker, Arash Kamali Sarvestani, co-director with Boochani of the film Chauka, Please Tell Us the Time (2017), was in attendance, as well as the Dutch publisher, Jurgen Maas (Uitgeverij Jurgen Maas, Dutch translation based on the English translation). The event was titled ‘No Friend but the Mountains: Translation in Digital Times’. The following dialogue, ‘Translation in Digital Times: Omid Tofighian on Translating the Manus Prison Narratives’, is derived from this seminar and focuses on Tofighian’s translation of the book from Persian/Farsi into English. The topics covered include the Dutch translation from Tofighian’s English translation, genre and anti-genre, horrific surrealism, Kurdish elements and influences, the Kurdish translation (from Tofighian’s English translation), translation as activism, process and technology.
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SARGI, ISLAM. "The Battle for the Mountain of the Kurds: Self-Determination and Ethnic Cleansing in the Afrin Region of Rojava: Book Review". Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Studies 2, n.º 6 (30 de novembro de 2020): 203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jhsss.2020.2.6.22.
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This paper aims to provide a critical review of Thomas Schmidinger’s book The Battle for the Mountain of the Kurds: Self-Determination and Ethnic Cleansing in the Afrin Region of Rojava. (Translated by Micheal Schiffmann, Preface by Andrej Grubacic, PM press, 2019, 146 pp. ISBN: 978-1-62963-651-1)
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GOLOB, Nina. "Foreword". Acta Linguistica Asiatica 7, n.º 2 (29 de dezembro de 2017): 5–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ala.7.2.5-6.
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Yet another year has come to its end. It brought us some new ideas and we have spent several months in preparations to realize them.The greatest change is that we may be expecting the new ALA issue within a month, in January 2018 already. From the year to come, we will still be publishing two issues per year, with the winter issue published in January coming first. The second issue will be the summer issue, published in July. At this opportunity we would like to express our gratitude to all the authors in the ALA journal, and alongside send out our call for new articles. All the rest of the changes might only be noticed by our regular readers, while newcomers will hopefully find our e-journal competent, functional, and user friendly. This number of the ALA journal is mostly dedicated to the area of translation studies, however, also contains three interesting works on language. Wing Bo Anna TSO in her work “Repressed Sexual Modernity: A Case Study of Herbert Giles’ (1845 - 1935) Rendition of Pu Songling’s Strange Stories from a Chinese Studio (1880) in the Late Qing” attempts the literary-cultural approach and investigates the lost in translation. She focused on examining gender ideologies in the original and translated work to find out that transgressive gender views get strongly repressed in Giles’ English rendition.A similar thought, namely the importance of the cultural background of the text in translation is stressed in the article “Metaphor in Translation: Cognitive Perspectives on Omar Khayyam’s Poetry as Rendered into English and Kurdish”, written by Rahman VEISI HASAR and Ehsan PANAHBAR. As metaphors as cognitive phenomena can not be relegated to linguistic expression only, the research findings reveal that translators have mostly been successful in translating metaphors dependent on shared cultural models, however, have failed to recreate metaphors dependent on non-shared cultural models.Difficulties in translating metaphors were also experienced by Eva VUČKOVIČ and Byoung Yoong KANG, who in their article “Prevajanje Ko Unove poezije iz korejščine v slovenščino” address several major problems they have encountered when translating poetry from Korean into Slovene. The aricle is written in Slovene and is a pionieering work on translation studies from Korean into Slovene.Lija GANTAR wrote an article “Ancient Greek Legend in Modern Japanese Literature: ‘Run, Melos!’ by Dazai Osamu” in which she discusses how the Japanese author managed to retell a Western literature story in a way to succesfully make it a part of the Japanese literature. The following three articles refer to language. Sweta SINHA in her article “Fuzzy Logic Based Teaching/Learning of a Foreign Language in Multilingual Situations” managed to incorporate the concept of Fuzzy Logic (FL), which primarily gained momentum in the areas of artificial intelligence and allied researches, into a foreign language classroom. She describes language pedagogy as more real-like when observed through the lens of fuzzy logic and fuzzy thinking, and claims that in that way language interference is more of a resource than a challenge.Now already a sequential work on adjective distribution was contributed by LI Wenchao, who wrote the article “Revisit Adjective Distribution in Chinese”. In it the author re-classifies Chinese monosyllabic adjectives and verbs in light of ‘scale structure’ and examines how various adjectives are associated with different scalar layers of verbs. Finally, an interesting project report on the development of early Persian vocabulary in the process of first language acquisition was written by Hajar SHAHHOSEINI. The report is entitled “Investigation of Early Vocabulary Development of a Persian Speaking Child at Age 2 Years Old in Iran”.Editors and Editorial Board thank all the contributors to this volume, and wish the regular and new readers of the ALA journal a pleasant read full of inspiration.
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Morgan, Paul Franklin. "Trust the Process: Improving Translator Training Workshops". Journal of Translation 20, n.º 2 (2024): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.54395/jot-pm77p.
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This practical paper aims to apply the advances in pedagogical principles of translator training to the overall conception and evaluation of translator training workshops, which form the core training environment for many Bible translators in Africa. Beginning with the essential principles as elaborated by Ernst-Kurdi (2017), namely, that translator training should be process-centered, participatory and collaborative, authentic, focused on priorities, and objectively evaluated, the author considers how these principles shape the development of the curriculum and the accountability structures of the training program. By reorienting training and evaluation around the processes of translation, and by implementing a social learning and accountability structure, workshops can become more effective.
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Muhealddin, Dlnya Raouf, Yusra Mohammed Mohammed Salih e Fatima Jalal Taher. "A Linguistic Evaluation of Google Translate Between Human and Machine Translation for English-Sorani Kurdish Languages Using Natural Language Processing (NLP)". Passer Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6, n.º 2 (23 de junho de 2024): 351–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.24271/psr.2024.422619.1415.
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Hashish, Ruba, e Riyad F. Hussein. "Strategies Subtitlers Use in Rendering English Slang Expressions Into Arabic". Theory and Practice in Language Studies 12, n.º 4 (2 de abril de 2022): 752–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/tpls.1204.16.
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Film translation has become a worldwide field in which subtitlers translate and transfer language and style from one culture into another. Subtitling has always been affected by cultural elements. The purpose of this study was to find out how professional subtitlers differ from fansubbers when dealing with such expressions concerning the strategies that both groups use to subtitle these expressions. To achieve the goals of this study, the researchers identified 120 slang expressions from two American movies, Goodfellas and Training Day, but chose only 30 slang expressions to report on how they were rendered by both groups. Results of the study showed that the professional subtitler and the fansubbers faced many challenges and used varying strategies when subtitling slang expressions. The challenges were related to the presence of some cultural terms and different types of slangs which are unfamiliar to most subtitlers. The most frequent strategies used by the professional subtitler and fansubbers were paraphrase, euphemism, omission, and calque. The study recommends that further studies be conducted on a larger sample of slang expressions in American or British movies and TV series. In addition, the subtitling of these slang expressions can be investigated in other target cultures and languages such as Spanish, Persian, Turkish, Greek, and Kurdish.