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1
Gasiorek, Michael Jan. "Trade liberalisation and imperfect competition". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241000.
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Chen, Tina Yiping. "Trade liberalisation, intra-industry trade and adjustment costs". Phd thesis, 1999, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/144503.
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Loke, Wai Heng. "APEC trade liberalisation : open regionalism, non-binding liberalisation and unconditional MFN". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.429732.
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Raihan, Selim. "Dynamics of trade liberalisation in Bangladesh". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.500582.
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Cole, Matthew A. "Trade liberalisation, economic growth and the environment". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1998. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12555/.
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This thesis analyses and quantifies the environmental impacts of trade liberalisation and economic growth. The history and development of the GATT/WTO's treatment of the environment is considered, together with the environmental implications of trade liberalisation in general. The thesis then considers the relationship between economic growth and the environment, particularly since economic growth is often claimed to be an environmentally damaging feature of trade liberalisation. The manner in which economists have treated the relationship between economic growth and the environment is examined and the relationship is then subjected to an empirical investigation. The thesis estimates the reduced form relationship between per capita GDP and a wide range of environmental indicators, using cross-country panel data sets and improves on the traditional methodology for estimating environmental Kuznets curves (EKCs). Results suggest that meaningful EKCs exist only for local air pollutants whilst indicators with a more global, or indirect, impact either increase monotonically with income, or else have predicted turning points at high per capita income levels with large standard errors - unless they have been subjected to a multilateral policy initiative. Two other findings are also made; that concentrations of local pollutants in urban areas peak at a lower per capita income level than total emissions per capita; and that transport generated local air pollutants peak at a higher per capita income level than total emissions per capita. The thesis also estimates the impact of the Uruguay Round of trade negotiations on a wide range of environmental indicators. The impact is estimated in terms of the composition effect and combined scale and technique effects associated with the Uruguay Round. Results suggest that in the developing and transition regions most indicators will increase as a result of the Uruguay Round, whilst in the developed regions three local air pollutants will fall and all others increase. Finally, policy implications are discussed.
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Meethong, Kanjanachat. "Essays on trade liberalisation and economic development". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708094.
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Simiyu, Edwin Jairus. "The impact of trade liberalisation on Kenya". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/20244.
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This study examined the impact of trade liberalisation on Kenya. It analysed the influence of trade liberalisation on trade creation, trade diversion, exports, imports, revenue effects and welfare effects. The developments in trade liberalisation and free-trade economic arrangements were introduced in Kenya and many developing countries in the early 1980s and strengthened from 1990s onward. The short term effects of the structural-adjustment programs were characterised by poor balance of payment conditions, high levels of unemployment, contraction of the imports from other countries, and government revenue losses, among other social problems. Notwithstanding the dismal performance of the Kenyan Economy after liberalisation, the Kenyan government continued to liberalise its trade under various frameworks such as the Economic Partnership agreements (EPAs) with the European Union, the World Trade Organization (WTO) and various bilateral free-trade agreements (BFTA) with its largest trading partners. This study used the World Integrated Trade Solutions-Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS/SMART) using 2008 as the base year. This method was used mainly because of its strengths to analyse the tariff effects of a sole market on disaggregate product lines. In addition the WITS/SMART model is able to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation in scenarios of imperfect substitutes. Hence, this study used the WITS/SMART Model to examine the trade liberalisation framework for Kenya under comprehensive implementation of COMESA customs Union, COMESA FTA, WTOFTA and the EPAs. The comparative valuation of the trade-creation effects reveals that the WTOFTA expected the highest trade-creation effects of US$995.16 million. This was followed by the various bilateral free-trade agreements which had a trade-creation effect of US$333.04 million, then COMESACU which had a trade-creation effect of US$310.50 million followed by the EPAs with a value of US$129.45 million. COMESA FTA was expecting trade-creation effects valued at US$15.51 million. These trade-creation effects are expected to cause unemployment through de-industrialisation. This study has also noted that WTO FTA and COMESA CU had no evidence of trade diversion. However, BFTA, EPAs and COMESA FTA showed evidence of trade diversion of US$134.88 million, US$89.28 million and US$2.61 million respectively. This study also examined the possible revenue effect from the free-trade agreements and customs union. It was noted that most losses emanated from the WTOFTA, which was valued at US$817.15 million. This was followed by the COMESACU protocol, which is expected to register a loss amounting to US$327 million. The third free-trade agreement with the highest losses comprised the various BFTAs amounting to US$304 million. The forth probable losses were anticipated from EPAs amounting to US$142 million. The free-trade agreement with the least losses is COMESA FTA with an expected loss of US$7.88 million. The consumer welfare effect was done to assess if consumers benefitted from trade agreements. This study observed that the WTOFTA expected the highest consumer welfare effect of US$103.98 million. This was followed by the various COMESACU with an expected consumer welfare effect of US$56.27 million. The BFTA were the third with a consumer welfare effect of US$ 41.82 million. This was followed by the EPAs with a consumer welfare value of US$ 17.56 million. The trade protocol with the least-expected consumer-welfare effect was the COMESA FTA valued at US$ 1.60 million. Although welfare gains resulting from the anticipated trade agreements were an indication of potential benefits to Kenyans, they were insignificant. This study also analysed the export performance from five different trade agreements and their impact on Kenya. The BFTA expected an export value US$4.63 billion, followed by the EPAs with an expected export value of US$2.18 billion. The third largest export values was WTOFTA with an export value of US$12.12 billion, the fourth being COMESAFTA having an export value of US$ 434.28 million and finally COMESACU with an expected export value of US$394.14 million. The study showed that major exports were composed of minerals, tobacco and agricultural products dominating the export basket. The export destinations were expected to be the WTO members, which include Uganda, Congo, Egypt, Rwanda, Sudan and Zambia. Kenya expected an increase in imports mainly from the WTO amounting to 8.95 per cent. This was followed by the BFTA rated with an expected 3.2 per cent growth in imports. The third protocol expecting import growth was the COMESACU of 2.8 per cent import growth and the EPA with 1.16 per cent import growth, and finally, 0.07 per cent import growth from the COMESA FTA. The expected increase in imports is anticipated to create balance of payment problems for Kenya. The results of the study show that the welfare gains from trade liberalisation were not able to compensate for the revenue losses. The study also showed that Kenya was not able to make optimal use of trade liberalisation to expand its export destinations; as the COMESACU was expected to reduce exports. In light of these findings, the study recommends that measures aimed at boosting exports like strengthening of the Export Processing Zones, export subsidies, the establishing of supply-side facilities, trade financing plus strengthening of the export-supporting institutions. It is important to note that the findings of this study provide an opportunity for Kenya, and other developing countries, to implement measures to ensure that they achieve optimal benefits from the various regional trade agreements.
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Hadili, Abduraawf Moftah. "Trade liberalisation and Arab Maghreb Union countries". Thesis, Keele University, 2014. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.695683.
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The effect of trade liberalisation on the balance of trade and balance of payments in developing countries is still ambiguous. Free trade advocates believe that adopting free trade policy and specializing in production will enhance economic growth in both exports and imports, which in turn will have a positive impact on the balance of trade and the balance of payments. In the real world, not all countries that have adopted trade liberalisation have achieved economic growth. Some of them suffered deterioration in the balance of trade because imports grew more than exports did, adding more deficits to the balance of payments. In this case, trade liberalisation will be considered as a constraint on growth. This thesis was designed to explore the impact of trade liberalisation on the economies of Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) countries for fifteen years (1995-2009) in terms of export growth, import growth, the balance of trade, and the balance of payments. H The empirical evidence has revealed some major findings that can be considered strong evidence based on four different estimation techniques: ordinary least square, panel data, panel data with first difference, and Arellano-Bond test. The results show that trade liberalisation did not enhance export growth in AMU countries during the given period (1995 to 2009). In contrast, it had a significant positive impact on import growth during the same period. Moreover, trade liberalisation worsened the balance of trade and the balance of payments during the studied period. Therefore, it seems that trade liberalisation alone has not been enough to promote economic growth. A suitable domestic business environment, well-run government institutions, and supportive government policies are important in order for trade liberalisation to achieve its goals in developing countries.
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Gundu, Tafadzwa Amanda. "Trade liberalisation and poverty alleviation in South Africa". Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1015283.
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The study attempts to address, from amongst the key issues in the current debate on economic development: the effect of trade liberalization on poverty. The relationship between trade liberalization and poverty levels is investigated in both the long run and the short run for South Africa. To measure trade liberalization, trade openness is used as the standard index. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) measures financial openness while taxation is a measure of public intervention in the country. Consumption per capita is a proxy for poverty and Real Gross Domestic Product (RGDP) controlled for economic growth. Applying the Johansen Co-integration Techniques and Error Correction Method, empirical results suggest that trade liberalization has a cumulative effect on poverty reduction in the long-run. Lower poverty level is associated with low taxation and high foreign direct investment, particularly in the short run, in South Africa. Therefore, it is recommended that the government needs to design and pursue active development strategies to benefit from openness. There is also a need to enhance the tax revenues of the state through better collection of revenues, and administrative reforms rather than expenditure cut backs, which can reduce the effectiveness of the public sector. The government needs to strengthen allocation of funds to social sectors so as to bring the issue of poverty reduction to the central stage of economic policy making.
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Guei, Kore Marc Antoine. "The impact of trade liberalisation on Cote d’Ivoire". Thesis, Nelson Mandela University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/17514.
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The process of trade liberalisation and market-oriented economic reforms was initiated in many developing countries in early 1980s; and it intensified in 1990s. In 1994, Cote d’Ivoire was assisted by the IMF to implement trade-policy reforms under Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP). After adopting SAP, the country witnessed soaring balance-of-payment problems, contraction of output, unemployment and the loss of government revenue. Several factors, which were at play resulted in dismal economic performance under SAP. In order to consolidate gains in competitiveness, and achieve high and sustainable growth, the Ivorian authorities coordinated efforts to establish and intra-regional custom tariffs among the member of the West African and Monetary Union (WAEMU), the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), World Trade Organisation (WTO), Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and bilateral agreements. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to evaluate the impact of different trade-policy regimes on trade, welfare and revenue in Cote d’Ivoire. This study used one model: World Integrated Trade Solutions/Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS/SMART). The WITS/SMART model was used because of its ability in analysing the tariff effect of a single market on disaggregated product lines. The model also has the capability to analyse the effects of trade-policy reforms in the presence of imperfect substitutes. Using the WITS/SMART model, the study considered seven trade-liberalisation frameworks for Cote d’Ivoire: full implementation of the ECOWAS free trade agreement (FTA), ECOWAS common external tariff (CET), WAEMU CET, WAEMU FTA, EPAs, BFTAs and WTO FTA. The WITS/SMART model reveals that all trade liberalisation scenarios may cause welfare gains – due to the plummeting of prices. However, in all trade liberalisation scenarios, welfare gains were found to be is insignificant. In all cases, welfare gains fell far short of compensating for revenue loss. The impact of trade liberalisation on exports and imports was met with mixed reactions. For the WAEMU customs union and the ECOWAS customs union, and WTO FTA, trade reforms are likely to face serious balance-of-payment problems, as imports exceeded exports by significant margins. With respect to revenue loss, of all trading arrangements, the WTO FTA presents a serious challenge for Cote d’Ivoire revenue followed by BFTAs, ECOWAS FTA, EPAs, ECOWAS CET, WAEMU CET, and WAEMU FTA with anticipated revenue losses. Another challenge for Cote d’Ivoire is the presence of trade creation effects, which were observed in all trade reform scenarios. From this study, it appeared that WAEMU CET poses serious threats of trade creation followed by WTO FTA, BFTA, SADC FTA, COMESA CET, SADC CET, EPAs and WAEMU FTA. Specifically, the study highlighted that Cote d’Ivoire, on balance loses out on trade liberalisation, mainly from revenue loss and possible de-industrialisation from trade-creation effects. The study has also revealed that Cote d’Ivoire offers excessive tax exemptions, which worsens the fiscal position of the country in the face of trade liberalisation. Hence, based on the findings, this study recommends that Cote d’Ivoire needs to call for the design of a financial facility aimed at assisting industries affected by trade-creation effects. The country needs to consider improving the collection of revenue from alternative sources, such as VAT, excise duties, personal and company taxes and excise duty, in order to cushion itself against the revenue loss impact of trade reforms. Government could also consider widening the tax base, by taxing the informal sector, which has been growing rapidly in the past years. In addition, policies aimed at exports promotion, such as export subsidies, trade finance and the strengthening of trade-promotion organisations should be considered. The outcome of this study provides a wake-up call to developing countries engaged in the WTO negotiations and other regional trading arrangements.
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Soegaard, Christian. "Essays on the political economy of trade liberalisation". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2012. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27658/.
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This doctoral thesis contributes to a growing strand of literature on the nature and causes of trade liberalisation from a political economy perspective. In three core chapters, I identify distinct and novel features of trade liberalisation. In Chapter 2, I demonstrate that unilateral and cooperative trade policy depend crucially on the degree of natural trade costs, or transport costs, in a model where terms-of-trade and profit-shifting motives for trade policy are important. When trade costs decline, a conflict of interest between unilateral and cooperative trade policy intensifies: unilateral policy aims to optimally exploit a country's monopoly power over its terms of trade, whereas cooperative policy aims to minimise losses in transit. In a framework where cooperative trade policy must be sustained by a reputational mechanism, I demonstrate that import tariffs can be lowered in response to decreases in natural trade costs, provided the long-run cooperative objectives of minimising losses in transit are more important than the short-run temptation of distorting the terms of trade and shifting profits towards the domestic market. These temptations become larger when trade costs decline since when the degree of natural distortions of consumer prices, and the degree of natural profit-shifting are lower, import tariffs are more effective at doing the job. I also demonstrate that a free trade agreement can be supported for a larger range of discount factors when trade costs decline. In Chapter 3, I analyse the sustainability of unilateral and bilateral trade liberalisation by introducing a time-inconsistency problem in addition to standard terms-of-trade manipulations. I find that the government's bargaining power vis-a-vis a politically organised lobby is a key parameter in the determination of the sustainability of trade liberalisation. Unilateral trade liberalisation, which is when the government unilaterally sets the dynamically efficient trade policy, can be sustained for every discount factor if the government has no bargaining power. This is because when the government has no bargaining power, it is only just compensated for the short-run distortion associated with trade policy, and not for the long-run distortions which come about from overinvestment in protected sectors. As the government's bargaining power increases, the level of patience required to sustain unilateral trade liberalisation also increases, and when the bargaining power exceeds a critical threshold, the government is able to extract so much rent that it is better off continuing its implicit contract with the lobby. Bilateral trade liberalisation imposes further sanctions on the part of a deviating country when its trading partner punishes it. This ensures that bilateral trade liberalisation can be sustained for all levels of the government's bargaining power provided the world is sufficiently patient. However, for low bargaining powers unilateral trade liberalisation can be supported for a larger range of discount factors whereas when the bargaining power exceeds a critical level, a trade agreement is needed to sustain trade liberalisation. In the last of the core chapters, Chapter 4, the question I address is one of the nature rather than the causes of trade liberalisation as in the two chapters that preceded it. I carry out an empirical examination of the political-economy model in Maggi and Rodriguez-Clare (2007). The model makes clear predictions regarding the tariff cuts in a trade agreement which can be perfectly enforced internationally. There are two distortions of non-cooperative trade policy: terms-of-trade manipulations, and a dynamic inconsistency. Thus, when two countries come together to sign a trade agreement these are the distortions they solve. The model predicts that tariff cuts should be explained by a terms-of-trade component, which I capture by the value of net imports, and inter-industry capital mobility, which I measure using three different variables: persistence of profits, capital-labour ratios and four-firm concentration ratios. I find that the first two variables capturing capital mobility perform very well at explaining the speed of liberalisation of US import protection on Mexican products. The results on the terms-of-trade component are less convincing although on most econometric specifications I obtain the correct sign.
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Mbabazi, Jennifer. "Trade liberalisation, inequality and growth in developing countries". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.288758.
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Gari, Gabriel. "The liberalisation of trade in services in MERCOSUR". Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2008. http://qmro.qmul.ac.uk/xmlui/handle/123456789/1521.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine the legal framework for the liberalisation of trade in services in MERCOSUR with a view to identifying the obstacles that stand against it and shed light on the best course of action for securing a realistic degree of liberalisation. The thesis argues that the Protocol of Montevideo on Trade in Services, the rounds of negotiations of specific commitments on Market Access and National Treatment and the secondary rules for specific service sectors adopted so far, have failed to make any significant contribution to ensuring effective market access conditions for MERCOSUR service suppliers and levelling the playing field to compete against domestic incumbents. It claims that for advancing the liberalisation of trade in services, it is necessary for State Parties to look beyond the negotiation of reciprocal concessions for the removal of existing restrictions, and engage on a long-term strategy aimed at bringing about the gradual convergence of domestic legislation affecting trade in services through regulatory co-operation. It also refers to the need for streamlining the operation of the current institutional system by adopting measures aimed at encouraging existing institutions to exercise their power in a more rule-oriented, transparent, accountable and efficient way, without compromising domestic sovereignty to a level unacceptable for State Parties. However, the thesis suggests that the absence of a matrix of converging national interests on MERCOSUR, and the existence of parallel forums for similar purposes at bilateral, regional and multilateral level, compromises its chances for success and wonders whether the effective integration of service markets could ever be achieved.
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Debowicz, Dario J. "Modelling trade and financial liberalisation effects for Argentina". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/6298/.
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This thesis is a response to the growing recognition that the workings of the financial sphere significantly affect the value of social production, its distribution, and the magnitude of income poverty. The thesis extends a general equilibrium single-country model targeted to a developing economy (the IFPRI Standard Model) to account for the workings of the financial sphere and 'money in the production function', in the tradition begun by Milton Friedman (1969). The models are calibrated and their workings are analysed. It is found that the inclusion of 'money in the production function' by itself only causes financial outcomes to significantly affect the overall level of production and the unemployment rate in the presence of strong wage rigidities. This is explained in terms of the model parameters. The extended model is employed in a stylised static way to identify the short-run stresses generated by current and capital account liberalisation in Argentina during its Currency Board Regime, adopted over 1991-2001, with the finding that in the short-run the volatility of capital flows was transmitted to employment and activity levels. The model is then linked in a sequential way to a behavioural microsimulations model, separating out the different transmission channels involved. It is found that the significant capital outflows witnessed by the country surrounding the end of its Currency Board Regime worsened poverty and inequality indicators in the country, and that the main transmission channel through which the capital outflow had the most distributional impact was the selectivity of labour market rationing.
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Quieti, Maria Grazia. "Agriculture and trade liberalisation : discourses and paradigm shifts". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2007. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/55655/.
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The negotiation and implementation of the policies proposed by the WTO Agreement on Agriculture (market access, domestic support, export subsidies and consideration of non-trade concerns), show that agriculture remains a most contentious trade issue, despite its diminishing role in the economy worldwide and its accounting for only 8% of total trade. The research has explored how the arguments behind the proposed policies become discourses and how these in turn become resources used by different actors for influencing policy formation. A heuristic framework of fora and arena has been generated enabling the organisation and interpretation of a set of heterogeneous empirical materials for discourse analysis; the organisational, technical, popular and moralising fora showing the cognitive, emotion and moral matrices of knowledge construction and the political arena being the site for public legitimation. Through the literature review and the case studies of WTO, the FAO, the European Commission and transnational civil society organisations, discourses were found on multifunctional agriculture, roles of agriculture, sustainable agricultural and rural development, food security and food sovereignty. These were formed through the theoretical resources by epistemic communities and also through discursive practices and governance arrangements. Paradigmatic shifts were found in the conceptualisation of agriculture and trade liberalisation, with convergent views on the need for national food production and local foods, the dismantling of the comparative advantage principle as a guide to policies, the association of agriculture with global public goods and the increased elaborations of the 'non-trade concerns'. The findings suggest that it is consumption and not only production issues that are driving the negotiations. They also highlight agriculture as part of a complex chain linking the physical environment and production to consumption and health on a global scale, as such in need of greater interdisciplinarity than the original economics-driven policies formulation of the Agreement on Agriculture.
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Thia, Jang Ping. "Trade liberalisation and specialisation within and across industries". Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2008. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2150/.
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This thesis investigates three aspects of trade liberalisation. Chapter Two presents a model with business cycle uncertainty, monopolistic competition, and productively heterogeneous firms. The results show that greater trade liberalisation does not always lead to increased firm-level aggregate productivity, since weaker firms can export in the face of adverse home shocks. However, trade liberalisation dampens price-output fluctuations, and is welfare improving if countries have trade partners with uncorrelated shocks. This is a pro-globalisation result since it implies greater macroeconomic stability. Some empirical evidence is presented to support this view. Chapter Three introduces firm heterogeneity into an Economic Geography setting. The results show that even a small difference in the productivity distributions between two locations can have a significant impact on capital distribution - even as wage-rental rates remain the same across locations - if trade is free enough. It provides an alternative perspective to the Lucas Paradox. The model also shows why high sunk cost industries will locate in less risky locations (North) with greater trade liberalisation, while low sunk cost industries go the other way. Trade liberalisation accentuates these effects, and leads to a different North-South industrial specialisation. Chapter Four introduces worker skills heterogeneity into an Economic Geography setting. Trade liberalisation occurs in two separate waves. Manufacturing first agglomerates when goods trade is liberalised. The result shows that subsequent services trade liberalisation can lead to a loss in manufacturing (or de-industrialisation), changes in specialisation, and stagnation of manufacturing wages. As a consequence of trade liberalisation, there is inequality both within and between nations. The results also show that a relative increase in skilled workers may lead to greater (not less) skilled workers' premium if it encourages greater services agglomeration. The model is consistent with North-South development patterns.
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Samuels, Dacia Astaire. "Essays on the fiscal aspects of trade liberalisation". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2017. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/42982/.
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This thesis comprises a series of three studies that explore the impact of trade reform on fiscal revenue. Two of the studies use cross-country econometric methods and the third utilizes a partial equilibrium approach to analyse the impact of trade liberalisation on tax revenue and welfare in Jamaica. The first study examines the impact of trade liberalisation on total revenue and trade tax revenue as a share of GDP across countries, explores heterogeneity within the sample (in particular the extent to which a country’s level of development influences variations in the effects of trade liberalisation) and utilises alternative indicators of openness to determine if the findings of the model are sensitive to the indicator of openness used. The study finds that, in the case of the openness index used by Khattry and Rao (2002), international trade tax and total tax revenue as a percent of GDP are likely to rise as an economy becomes less open. In contrast, when trade as a percent of GDP is used as the indicator of openness, the results show a positive relationship between openness, and trade and total tax revenue as a share of GDP. The results also suggest that international trade tax revenue tends to fall over time as a country develops. The second study uses events analysis to examine the same issue. There is weak evidence that trade reform has positive revenue effects in the long-run; however, there may be negative impacts within a year of reform. The third study explores the impact of trade liberalisation under the EU-CARIFORUM Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) on Jamaica by simulating different tariff reform scenarios and comparing the results with the end term EPA as negotiated. It finds that small countries can devise appropriate strategies to mitigate potential negative fiscal effects of trade reform such as scheduling tariff reductions for high revenue items later in the reform process. It also finds that there is often a trade-off between revenue and welfare, which makes welfare increasing and revenue enhancing outcomes difficult to achieve.
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Le, Minh Son. "Effects of Trade Liberalisation on Poverty in Vietnam". Thesis, Griffith University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366667.
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Trade liberalisation is frequently advocated as a major potential contributor to economic growth and development. Many developing countries, such as Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, India, Indonesia, Ghana, Uganda, and particularly Vietnam, attained high economic growth and reduced poverty considerably. After transforming a centrally planned economy into an open market economy in 1986, Vietnam attained remarkable achievements in economic growth and the reduction of poverty. Yet the empirical literature on the relationship between trade liberalisation and poverty has been criticised primarily for its inadequate methodology and inconclusiveness (Rodriguez and Rodrik, 2001; Wacziarg and Welch, 2008; Pacheco-Lopez and Thirlwall, 2009; Singh, 2010). The persistence of poverty amongst a considerable proportion of the population in transitional or liberalised developing economies also questions the real effects of trade liberalisation on poverty. Some studies posit that the tradepoverty relationship is largely a case- and country-specific issue (McCulloch, et al., 2001; Berg and Krueger, 2003; Pacheco-Lopez and Thirlwall, 2009; Rodrik, 2010). The potential impacts of trade liberalisation on poverty are enormous and pervasive, but to a large extent, difficult to verify empirically. As cross-country studies are subject to some critical drawbacks, the focus of research has recently shifted to examining the relationship at the microeconomic level. Winters (2002) and Winters, et al. (2004) suggest four main pathways through which trade liberalisation reaches households and thereby affects poverty: economic growth, market distribution, employment, and government revenue. These main channels adequately cover the main stakeholders in a market economy and can be empirically verified.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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Mojsiejuk, Aleksander, e Gustaf Ortsäter. "Trade Liberalisation and Poverty : A Case Study on Ukraine". Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Engineering, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-52510.
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The Washington consensus reform package for developing countries initiated in the early 90’s, came to be a leading paradigm in the international community. One of the principle ideas, that trade liberalisation would alleviate people from poverty, has been pursued by many policy makers dealing with developing countries. This thesis estimates the effects on poverty induced by trade via three channels – economic growth, prices and employment & wages. As trade liberalisation implies distributional effects on the economy and general validity on how this effects poor has not been possible to establish - we have conducted a qualitative case study in order to accumulate to the available research and reach understanding of the phenomena. Ukraine has been selected as case due to its recent trade liberalisations and proximity to attractive trade partners.
With poverty as a focal point, the trade liberalisation and the international trade in Ukraine is examined together with a wide range of macro variables in order to trace down the effects trade has had on poverty. The result show that a factual trade liberalisation has occurred, both in terms of policy change and trade output, and that large productivity gains has been achieved. Although difficult to determine, increased competition and new technology plays a significant part in the increased productivity which most probably has been due partly to the increased trade. These productivity gains have expressed themselves as increased dynamics in the labour market - boosting real wages, and with it reducing a great share of poverty in Ukraine.
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Phan, Phalla. "Trade liberalisation and manufacturing performance in Thailand 1990-2000 /". Access electronically, 2004. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20050201.105429/index.html.
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Kellman, Sophia Nicole. "Spilt milk : trade liberalisation and the Barbados dairy industry". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/38432.
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Dairying in Barbados is under tremendous pressure. Government reduced its role in the industry during the 1990’s structural adjustment programme. A quota system took effect. Milk production fell nearly 50 per cent between 1992 and 1993. By the end of 2010, 16 commercial dairy farmers remained in the industry – less than half of the 37 registered farmers in 1990. National milk output stood below 7 million kilograms - one-half of the 14 million kilograms recorded in 1991.
Farm consolidation is common worldwide. The precipitous drop in milk output that occurred in 1992 Barbados is not. Dairy products constitute a significant part of the local diet and income. Milk remains one of the few agricultural products in which the island claims self-sufficiency. Hiccoughs in this industry trickle down to the larger society making it imperative that difficulties in the industry be identified and addressed.
The changing international trade regime, farm management practices, domestic policy and weather patterns all potentially affect economic outcomes. We examine whether moves toward trade liberalisation increased milk-based imports. Our findings show it unlikely for milk-based imports to have been responsible for the 1992 milk production drop. Today, however, the evidence suggests that trade liberalisation is exerting pressure on the local industry. Fresh milk and cream imports rise more than 3 percent after 2000. Imports of milk products that compete with locally produced ones also exhibit signs of increase.
Questionnaire-based responses identify structural characteristics of the industry. Survey data indicate high farm-level costs of production - some hovering around US$1 per kg – high prevailing price levels, reproductive and management issues, a paucity of industry support services and industry-specific research, and the absence of independent quality control and quota administration. Evidence of industry distress includes declining farm numbers, low production, and high costs.
In short, we examine factors that affect the economics of producing milk in Barbados. We find that the viability of dairying in Barbados depends on successfully dealing with domestic policy and herd management issues, given the shifting trade environment.
22
Fontana, Marzia. "The gender impact of trade liberalisation in developing countries". Thesis, University of Sussex, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.407741.
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Foquiço, Cláudio Castigo. "Trade liberalisation and human rights protection under the SADC". Diss., University of Pretoria, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/12575.
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Investigates how the SADC achieves trade
liberalisation and ensure human rights protection in SADC at the same time. Discusses how the right–based approach on trade can successfully be used as a tool for
the advancement of human rights in the SADC context.A dissertation submitted to the Faculty of Law University of Pretoria, in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Masters of Law (LLM in Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa). Prepared under the supervision of Prof Fredrick Jjuuko, Faculty of Law, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda.
LLM Dissertation (Human Rights and Democratisation in Africa -- University of Pretoria, 2009.
http://www.chr.up.ac.za/
Centre for Human Rights
LLM
24
Lanz, Rainer. "Services trade liberalisation and patterns of trade in intermediates: determinants, comparative advantage and intra-firm trade". Diss., lmu, 2010. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bvb:19-139627.
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Hossain, Mohammad A. "Trade liberalisation and economic performance : analytics and empirics from Bangladesh /". [St. Lucia, Qld. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16799.pdf.
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Ng'eno, N. Kipkoech. "Trade liberalisation in small open economies : the case of Kenya". Thesis, University of Warwick, 1990. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/34795/.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The object of this thesis is to determine the consequences of trade liberalisation on the Kenyan economy. This is done by simulating the effects of tariff reduction, devaluation of domestic currency and export subsidies. In addition, the effects of quantitative controls and markup pricing are simulated. The structure of the economy is modelled through the specification of alternative closure rules. Policy changes are simulated using a computable general equilibrium model (CGE). A nine sector model based on a Social Accounting Matrix is constructed using the TV-approach to modelling introduced by Drud, Grais and Pyatt (1986). We depart from neoclassical models, and therefore other CGE models of Kenya, by assuming product differentiation between domestic goods and imports and between gross output sales to domestic and export markets. Our model is essentially Keynesian but for comparative purposes, neoclassical closures are specified in some simulations. In general, the basic argument for or against trade liberalisation concerns its contribution to economic growth. The neoclassicals argue that by improving efficient allocation of resources, liberalisation stimulates higher economic growth. The structuralists, on the other hand, argue that because of structural rigidities in LDC economies and because of unfavourable international conditions, liberalisation will have minimal effect on economic growth. CGE models are useful in sorting out these arguments. It should be noted however that the assumptions underlying these models often reflect the modeller's view about the structure of the economy. The usefulness of CGE models for policy purposes will therefore depend on how realistic they reflect the structure of the economy being modelled. The results of our model show that the gains from trade liberalisation, in terms of the growth of real GDP, are low. This applies to both neoclassical and Keynesian closures. However, it is shown that changes in returns to factors, consumption levels and aggregate price levels, depending on the closure adopted, are significant. This is also true for the policy effects on exports, imports and on the prices and quantities at the sectoral level. These results reinforce the view that for policy purposes it is important that the model being used reflects the structure of the economy under consideration. It also means that it will not make sense to have tailor made policy recommendations for all LDCs.
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Kebede, Ephraim. "Trade liberalisation, openness and economic growth in less-developed countries". Thesis, Middlesex University, 2002. http://eprints.mdx.ac.uk/6705/.
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A number of studies, including those in the World Bank and the IMF, would suggest that trade liberalisation is an integral part of economic reform in developing countries. Although trade liberalisation is a well researched area, there are still some remaining issues that need to be addressed. Most of the earlier studies focus on establishing a link between trade policies and long-term economic performance, measured in terms of productivity or per capita GDP growth. Although theories promoting inward-oriented policies emerged in the fifties and sixties, the unsustainable and often destructive effects of importsubstitution policies have, by and large, been discredited with the realisation that potential benefits of an open trade regime may outweigh its costs. In the early 20th century, openness was not a popular policy while protectionism dominated, and during the fifties a majority of developing countries followed it as a genuine path to industrialisation.
28
Mashiane, Jeffrey. "Trade liberalisation, prices and the skill premium in South Africa". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/10725.
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We look at how trade liberalisation, working through product prices, has affected the skill premium in South Africa over the period 1990-2009. Our main finding is that trade liberalisation lead to a reduction in prices over this period, and through prices mandated a rise in the skill premium of 3.3%. The structure of the skill premium did not stay constant over the period. In the sub-period 1990-1999, trade liberalisation mandated a fall in the skill premium of 10.6% and in the other sub-period 2000-2009, trade liberalisation mandated a rise in the skill premium of 11.6%. Our main results are consistent with the sector bias of tariff cuts over these periods, however they do not pass some of the robustness checks that we perform.
29
Purcell, Timothy D. "The effects of trade liberalisation on the Australian pig industry /". [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16291.pdf.
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Barrera, Rey Fernando J. "Trade liberalisation and intra-industry heterogeneity : Colombia's manufacturing sector 1975-1987". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.307418.
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31
Vasquez, Galan Belem Iliana. "The effect of trade liberalisation and foreign direct investment in Mexico". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2006. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/89/.
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This thesis analyses how trade liberalisation and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) have impacted on Mexico’s economy. Time series econometric estimations techniques and estimations of a dynamic simultaneous equations system were conducted using quarterly data (from 1980 to 2002). In a VAR framework, calculations showed that only exports do Granger cause GDP. Under NAFTA, it emerged that exports and GDP do Granger cause FDI. Variance decomposition and impulse response functions confirmed the relative importance of each variable in the system. 3SLS estimations including instruments of fiscal and monetary policies and inflation, demonstrated that the main determinants of GDP are capital accumulation, labour productivity and FDI. Other findings confirm that exports, differences in relative wages and currency depreciation are explicative of FDI. Exports are highly dependent on the world economy and exchange rate fluctuations. Labour productivity and FDI improve human capital. Similarly, GDP and human capital induce productivity gains and capital accumulation improves due to technology transfer, infrastructure, personal income and peso appreciation. Dynamic effects of government policies and exogenous variables were analysed via multiplier analysis. The real exchange rate and world economy exert the strongest acceleration on exports and FDI growth. Multiplier effects of the monetary base showed than an expansionary monetary policy has the capacity to decelerate the interest rate and thereby to enhance FDI and its spillovers.
32
Botha, Anton. "Trade liberalisation and the developing nations : a strategy for sustainable growth". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50203.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Developing economies are greatly influenced by changing factors of globalisation, trading pattems of industrialised countries and currency fluctuations. Trade reform is expected to play a critical role in creating competitive advantages among developing countries. However, liberalisation of developing countries has not always given the expected result. Too often, mullilateral organisations lecture developing countries on the merits of good governance, building dynamic institutions and greater openness to trade and foreign direct investments (FDI). The International Monetary Fund (IMF) estimates that if Sub-Saharan Africa's institutional capacity were raised to the level of developed countries, per capita GDP would be raised by 150 percent. The rich world's trade protectionism and inadequate FDI inflows are blocking poor nations' efforts to integrate within the global economy. Currently, protectionist barriers set up by developed countries disrupt global economic market adjustments. Extending liberalisation to trade in all commodities would almost double world gains and would benefit developing countries in particular. To sustain development through liberalisation, nations need to reform themselves domestically and all nations must be given reasonably free market access.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Ontwikkelende ekonomiee word grootliks beinvloed deur die veranderende omstandighede met betrekking tot globalisasie. Handelshervorming sal na verwagting 'n kritieke rol speel om 'n kompeterende voordeel te skep vir ontwikkelende lande. Nogtans het die liberalisering van sommige van hierdie lande nie die verwagte resultaat gelewer nie. Dit gebeur gereeld dat multilaterale organisasies ontwikkelende lande voorskryf oor die meriete van goeie bestuur, die ophou van dinamiese instellings en 'n meer ontvanklike houding teenoor buitelandse handel en beleggings. Die Internasionale Monetere Fonds (IMF) skat dat as die institusionele kapasiteit van Suid van die Sahara Afrika tot op die vlak van ontwikkelde lande verhoog word, die bruto binnelandse produk (BBP) per capita met 150 persent sal styg. Maar die ryk wereld se handelsbeskerming en die onvoldoende toevloei van buitelandse direkte investering, blokkeer arm nasies se pogings om die wereldekonomie te betree. Tans ontwrig die beskermende maatreels in ontwikkelde lande die vermoe van die wereldwye ekonomiese mark om aan te pas. Deur liberalisering ten opsigte van alle handelsgoedere uit te brei, kan die wereld-winste bykans verdubbel word. Ontwikkelende lande sal veral hierby baat vind. Om ontwikkeling deur liberalisering te bevorder, moet nasies binnelands hervorm en alle nasies moet redelike vrye toegang tot die wereldmark gebied word.
33
Ajefu, Joseph Boniface. "Essays on household employment, trade liberalisation, and income in developing countries". Thesis, University of Leicester, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/35932.
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This thesis consists of three distinct essays on development economics. In chapter 2, I examine the effect of variation in the intensity of trade policy changes across industries over time on informal sector jobs in India, taking into account heterogeneous nature of the labour market regulations, using difference-in-difference identification approach and repeated cross sectional data for the period 1988 and 1994. The results suggest that the probability of informal employment increases in more exposed industries to trade liberalisation relative to less exposed industries, but industries experienced reduction in informality if more exposed industries are located in states with flexible labour regulations. Chapter 3 of the thesis examines the relationship between parental income, child labour and human capital accumulation in India, using the unanticipated trade liberalisation that created exogenous variation in industry specific tariffs over time as instrument. The variation in industry tariff leads to differences in earnings of parents across industries, and this provides a good setting for the identification of the causal effect of changes in parents’ income on child’s labour and schooling. Using instrumental variable (IV) estimation approach, I find positive income effect for children’s schooling but a negative effect on work, and the effect is larger for girls compared to boys. Chapter 4 examines the effect of income shocks on household welfare, taking into account various coping strategies adopted by households. Using the General Household Panel survey data in Nigeria for the period 2010-2012 and fixed effects estimation approach, idiosyncratic shocks are found to have little impact on consumption and the various risk-coping strategies play only limited roles in providing the much needed insurance to households in the face of shocks. Also, the effect of shocks vary according to households characteristics, such as whether the household-head is male or female, and being urban or rural dweller are crucial.
34
O'Grady, Dermot. "Trade liberalisation and market discipline : evidence from South African manufacturing sectors". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5721.
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Mugano, Gift. "The impact of liberalisation on Zimbabwe". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020198.
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The process of trade liberalisation and market-oriented economic reforms was initiated in many developing countries in early 1980s; and it intensified in 1990s. In 1991, Zimbabwe was assisted by the IMF to implement trade-policy reforms under Economic Structural Adjustment Programme (ESAP). After adopting ESAP, the country witnessed soaring balance-of-payment problems, contraction of output, unemployment and the loss of government revenue. A number of factors, which were at play resulted in dismal economic performance under ESAP. These factors still exist, in addition to inter alia weak economic policies, structural rigidities and weak institutions. However, notwithstanding this controversy, the country continuously opened its economy under Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), World Trade Organisation (WTO), Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) and bilateral agreements. It is against this background that this study is undertaken, in order to evaluate the impact of different trade-policy regimes on trade, welfare and revenue in Zimbabwe. This study used two models: World Integrated Trade Solutions/Software for Market Analysis and Restrictions on Trade (WITS/SMART) and Tariff Reform Impact Simulation Tool (TRIST). The WITS/SMART model was used because of its ability in analysing the tariff effect of a single market on disaggregated product lines. The model also has the capability to analyse the effects of trade-policy reforms in the presence of imperfect substitutes. In order to complement the WITS/SMART model, a TRIST model was also used. The use of the TRIST model enabled the study to evaluate the impact of trade reforms on VAT, excise duties, collected and statutory revenue – which the WITS/SMART model had overlooked. Using the WITS/SMART model, the study considered seven trade-liberalisation frameworks for Zimbabwe: full implementation of the SADC free trade agreement (FTA), SADC common external tariff (CET), COMESA CET, COMESA FTA, EPAs, BFTAs and WTO FTA.
36
Chanthunya, Charles Lemson. "Trade regime and economic growth : evidence from Zambia and Malawi". Thesis, Cardiff University, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245164.
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Bandara, Yapa M. W. Yaparatne. "Trade liberalisation and the productivity imperative in manufacturing industries of Sri Lanka /". St. Lucia, Qld, 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17617.pdf.
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Nielsen, Max. "Linkages between seafood markets, fisheries management and trade liberalisation : theory and applications /". Odense : Univ. Press of Southern Denmark, 2005. http://www.gbv.de/dms/zbw/518759660.pdf.
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Vigneri, Marcella. "Trade liberalisation and agricultural performance : contrasting macro and micro evidence from Ghana". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.413360.
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Wang, Jiao. "The impact of WTO trade/investment liberalisation on China : a CGE analysis". Thesis, London South Bank University, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434557.
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Moncarz, Pedro Esteban. "Trade liberalisation and relative wages theory and evidence for Argentina, 1990-2000". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430536.
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Barry, Andrea. "Three essays on the effects of Mexico's trade liberalisation policies, 1962-2011". Thesis, University of York, 2016. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/17475/.
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In the 1980s, Mexico utilised trade liberalisation policies as part of an overarching globalisation policy initiative, which has extended to their policies through the 1990s and 2000s. Nevertheless, there lacks a comprehensive and long term discussion of the effect these policies have had on the Mexican economy over the last thirty years, especially in relation to their performance pre- liberalisation and the intersection of multiple economic crises. Therefore, this thesis studies the impact of the trade liberalisation policies on different aspects of the Mexican economy, in order to provide a robust discussion and understanding of how these policies can impact a developing country. Given the previous policies, what was the impact of these policies on not only economic trade, but also income inequality and the agriculture sector? Chapter 1 provides an introduction with a discussion on the introduction and motivation of the thesis. Chapter 2 utilises an augmented gravity model of trade to evaluate the changes in trade determinants in Mexico over 50 years. The importance of Chapter 2 is to understand how trade agreements and trade policy changed their trade flows, before and after the trade liberalisation period. The chapter builds an augmented gravity model to apply cultural, geographic, and historical factors to study the impact of changing determinants of trade while utilising a Heckman Sample Selection method in addition to OLS via robust standard errors. This chapter’s main contribution to the literature and research question is that while cultural variables and NAFTA were important to Mexico’s exports in the 1990s, this impact has waned in recent years. Chapter 3 evaluates the effect that these trade changes have had on their income determinants, for both GDP per capita and manufacturing wages in Mexico. Chapter 3 is also a necessary discussion, given the link between trade policy and income changes, as discussed in the literature (Rodriquez and Rodrik, 2000; Redding and Venables, 2004; Head and Mayer, 2007; Hanson, 2005) The chapter applies a market access measure from Redding and Venables (2004) in addition to recommended variables from the literature representing health, education, skills, social infrastructure, and physical geography. The main results from this chapter are that while foreign market access is important for multiple other countries, for Mexico it is only a significant indicator after trade liberalisation and there exhibits a significant distributional difference in the effect of these policies on income in Mexico. Chapter 4 utilises propensity score matching to analyse the effect of PROCAMPO, an agricultural subsidy enacted to compensate farmers for the negative effects of NAFTA, over three waves (2002, 2005, and 2009). PROCAMPO was enacted in 1994, to partially compensate farmers adversely affected by NAFTA, which liberalised agricultural trade after decades of state protection. The main result from this chapter is that there is an even greater distributional difference in the effect of the subsidy, with the majority of the positive treatment effects being experienced by larger farms, while small farms did not experience a substantial treatment effect in consumption, investment, or income. Chapter 5 concludes with policy recommendations and proposed further research.
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Kassim, Olanrewaju Malik. "Trade liberalisation, balance of payments and tax revenue in Sub-Saharan Africa". Thesis, University of Kent, 2016. https://kar.kent.ac.uk/54868/.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
This thesis examines the impact of trade liberalisation on export growth, import growth, balance of payments and tax revenue of 28 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries from 1981 to 2010. Instead of relying on the Dean et al (1994) or Wacziarg and Welch (2008) liberalisation measures, we construct an index of trade liberalisation following a careful examination of trade policy reviews of sampled countries. Also, we adopt the average duties of exports and imports as additional measures of liberalisation. In Chapter two, we examine whether trade liberalisation has led to faster growth of imports than exports in Sub-Saharan Africa using fixed effects and generalised methods of moments estimators. Results show that imports grew faster than exports by approximately two percentage points which gives a preliminary indication that the trade balance of Sub-Saharan African countries declined following the adoption of freer trade policies. In addition, we found a low price elasticity of demand for exports which suggest that exports in the region are still mainly composed of primary commodities. The impact of trade liberalisation on the trade balance and the current account balance of Sub-Saharan African countries is examined in Chapter three of this thesis. Using a Pooled Mean Group estimator, results showed that the implementation of freer trade reforms has led to a deterioration of both the trade balance and the current account balance of SSA countries by 3.5 and 2.5 percentage points of GDP, respectively. In Chapter 4, the relationship between trade liberalisation and tax revenues is analysed for SSA countries using the fixed effects and generalised methods of moments estimators. We found that the reduction in average trade taxes has significantly decreased trade and total tax revenues as percentages of GDP; albeit, marginally increasing domestic tax revenues. Moreover, the removal of quantitative restrictions (that is, the liberalisation dummy) has led to an increase in total tax revenue of Sub-Saharan African countries.
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Lanz, Rainer [Verfasser], e Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Egger. "Services trade liberalisation and patterns of trade in intermediates : determinants, comparative advantage and intra-firm trade / Rainer Lanz. Betreuer: Peter Egger". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2010. http://d-nb.info/1020143681/34.
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Cheung, Joel, e Zerina Ljungqvist. "The impact of Trade Openness on Economic Growth : A panel data analysis across advanced OECD countries". Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Nationalekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-45688.
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The role of trade flows in the modern economy has been brought to a focal point by the increased trade frictions, geopolitical tensions, countries exiting unions, pressures of global financial crises and the recent covid-19 pandemic. We, therefore, set out to examine the relationship between trade openness and economic growth among 31 advanced OECD countries between the period 2000 - 2018. Using a panel data analysis and utilizing a linear regression model with fixed effects, our findings show that trade openness has a positive and significant impact on economic growth. Our policy recommendation is that given a chosen level of economic integration, increasing investments can better leverage trade openness as a tool to enhance growth.
46
Kim, Jin Hwan. "A strategic model for investment in Korean shipping under the new liberalisation treaty". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1281.
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Following trade liberalisation, shipping has been further affected by the world economic environment. Despite arguments as to whether the nature of the shipping industry is a liberalised one or not, it is now clearly seen as the case by the shipping industry itself. The primary goal of this thesis is to examine the attitudes within Korean shipping circles. An empirical study was carried out to evaluate how shipping is being influenced by liberalisation under the new rules, established by the World Trade Organisation and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The null hypothesis was that there would be no substantial changes in Korean Shipping following liberalisation. The null hypothesis was rejected, which means that it was recognised by Korean shipping practitioners that there were significant changes after liberalisation. A further study was undertaken to test for relationships between the perspectives of four groups~ financial managers of shipping companies, bankers, government policy makers and sales managers from shipbuilding companies. It transpired that there was unity in their perceptions of shipping investment. A hypothesised seven-factor strategic model of the shipping industry was initially proposed and re-interpreted following the empirical results. To cope with the new competitive market, strategic options are likely to include tax and registry considerations. Finally, following the financial crisis in Korea last year, which occurred before this research was completed, interviews and a survey were conducted, based on a random selection of previous respondents. This was to establish whether their views had changed. The results revealed that they were now very hesitant to make any new investment decisions given the present situation. However, respondents are sure that there will be no further measures to impede the current liberalisation moves in Korea. Rather they regard this financial crisis as a mechanism to accelerate liberalisation, following the International Monetary Fund's options to dismantle the Korean protectionist barriers.
47
Paul, Thierry. "Three essays on inter-sectoral labour migration and government policy". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.240905.
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48
Van, de Winkel Tijl. "Trade liberalisation and the impact of regional trade flows on the mark-ups in South African manufacturing industries". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5680.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 45-48).Since the mid-1990s South Africa has made considerable progress in opening up its trade regime.This study presents estimates of average mark-ups for the manufacturing industries over the period 1970-2002 and further analyses the impact of trade liberalisation and regional trade flows on the internal competitiveness of South African manufacturing industries between 1988 and 2002. While several international studies have analysed the impact of trade flows, few have analysed the impact of trade liberalisation using tariff data.
49
Naranpanawa, Athula Kithsiri Bandara, e n/a. "Trade Liberalisation and Poverty in a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model: The Sri Lankan Case". Griffith University. Griffith Business School, 2005. http://www4.gu.edu.au:8080/adt-root/public/adt-QGU20070130.165943.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Many trade and development economists, policy makers and policy analysts around the world believe that globalisation promotes growth and reduces poverty. There exists a large body of theoretical and empirical literature on how trade liberalisation helps to promote growth and reduce poverty. However, critics of globalisation argue that, in developing countries, integration into the world economy makes the poor poorer and the rich richer. The most common criticism of globalisation is that it increases poverty and inequality. Much of the research related to the link between openness, growth and poverty has been based on cross-country regressions. Dollar and Kraay (2000; 2001), using regression analysis, argue that growth is pro poor. Moreover, their study suggests that growth does not affect distribution and poor as well as rich could benefit from it. Later, they demonstrate that openness to international trade stimulates rapid growth, thus linking trade liberalisation with improvements in wellbeing of the poor. Several other cross-country studies demonstrate a positive relationship between trade openness and economic growth (see for example Dollar, 1992; Sach and Warner, 1995 and Edward, 1998). In contrast, Rodriguez and Rodrik (2001) question the measurements related to trade openness in economic models, and suggest that generalisations cannot be made regarding the relationship between trade openness and growth. Several other studies also criticise the pro poor growth argument based upon the claim of weak econometrics and place more focus on the distributional aspect (see, for example, Rodrik, 2000). Ultimately, openness and growth have therefore become an empirical matter, and so has the relationship between trade and poverty. These weaknesses of cross-country studies have led to a need to provide evidence from case studies. Systematic case studies related to individual countries will at least complement cross-country studies such as that of Dollar and Kraay. As Chen and Ravallion (2004, p.30) argue, 'aggregate inequality or poverty may not change with trade reform even though there are gainers and losers at all levels of living'. They further argue that policy analysis which simply averages across diversities may miss important matters that are critical to the policy debate. In this study, Sri Lanka is used as a case study and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach is adopted as an analytical framework. Sri Lanka was selected as an interesting case in point to investigate this linkage for the following reasons: although Sri Lanka was the first country in the South Asian region to liberalise its trade substantially in the late seventies, it still experiences an incidence of poverty of a sizeable proportion that cannot be totally attributed to the long-standing civil conflict. Moreover, trade poverty linkage within the Sri Lankan context has hardly received any attention, while multi-sectoral general equilibrium poverty analysis within the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) based CGE model has never been attempted. In order to examine the link between globalisation and poverty, a poverty focussed CGE model for the Sri Lankan economy has been developed in this study. As a requirement for the development of such a model, a SAM of the Sri Lankan economy for the year 1995 has been constructed. Moreover, in order to estimate the intra group income distribution in addition to the inter group income distribution, income distribution functional forms for different household groups have been empirically estimated and linked to the CGE model in 'top down' mode: this will compute a wide range of household level poverty and inequality measurements. This is a significant departure from the traditional representative agent hypothesis used to specifying household income distributions. Furthermore, as the general equilibrium framework permits endogenised prices, an attempt was made to endogenise the change in money metric poverty line within the CGE model. Finally, a set of simulation experiments was conducted to identify the impacts of trade liberalisation in manufacturing and agricultural industries on absolute and relative poverty at household level. The results show that, in the short run, trade liberalisation of manufacturing industries increases economic growth and reduces absolute poverty in low-income household groups. However, it is observed that the potential benefits accruing to the rural low-income group are relatively low compared to other two low-income groups. Reduction in the flow of government transfers to households following the loss of tariff revenue may be blamed for this trend. In contrast, long run results indicate that trade liberalisation reduces absolute poverty in substantial proportion in all groups. It further reveals that, in the long run, liberalisation of the manufacturing industries is more pro poor than that of the agricultural industries. Overall simulation results suggest that trade reforms may widen the income gap between the rich and the poor, thus promoting relative poverty. This may warrant active interventions with respect to poverty alleviation activities following trade policy reforms.
50
Naranpanawa, Athula. "Trade Liberalisation and Poverty in a Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) Model: The Sri Lankan Case". Thesis, Griffith University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/366815.
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Many trade and development economists, policy makers and policy analysts around the world believe that globalisation promotes growth and reduces poverty. There exists a large body of theoretical and empirical literature on how trade liberalisation helps to promote growth and reduce poverty. However, critics of globalisation argue that, in developing countries, integration into the world economy makes the poor poorer and the rich richer. The most common criticism of globalisation is that it increases poverty and inequality. Much of the research related to the link between openness, growth and poverty has been based on cross-country regressions. Dollar and Kraay (2000; 2001), using regression analysis, argue that growth is pro poor. Moreover, their study suggests that growth does not affect distribution and poor as well as rich could benefit from it. Later, they demonstrate that openness to international trade stimulates rapid growth, thus linking trade liberalisation with improvements in wellbeing of the poor. Several other cross-country studies demonstrate a positive relationship between trade openness and economic growth (see for example Dollar, 1992; Sach and Warner, 1995 and Edward, 1998). In contrast, Rodriguez and Rodrik (2001) question the measurements related to trade openness in economic models, and suggest that generalisations cannot be made regarding the relationship between trade openness and growth. Several other studies also criticise the pro poor growth argument based upon the claim of weak econometrics and place more focus on the distributional aspect (see, for example, Rodrik, 2000). Ultimately, openness and growth have therefore become an empirical matter, and so has the relationship between trade and poverty. These weaknesses of cross-country studies have led to a need to provide evidence from case studies. Systematic case studies related to individual countries will at least complement cross-country studies such as that of Dollar and Kraay. As Chen and Ravallion (2004, p.30) argue, 'aggregate inequality or poverty may not change with trade reform even though there are gainers and losers at all levels of living'. They further argue that policy analysis which simply averages across diversities may miss important matters that are critical to the policy debate. In this study, Sri Lanka is used as a case study and a computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach is adopted as an analytical framework. Sri Lanka was selected as an interesting case in point to investigate this linkage for the following reasons: although Sri Lanka was the first country in the South Asian region to liberalise its trade substantially in the late seventies, it still experiences an incidence of poverty of a sizeable proportion that cannot be totally attributed to the long-standing civil conflict. Moreover, trade poverty linkage within the Sri Lankan context has hardly received any attention, while multi-sectoral general equilibrium poverty analysis within the Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) based CGE model has never been attempted. In order to examine the link between globalisation and poverty, a poverty focussed CGE model for the Sri Lankan economy has been developed in this study. As a requirement for the development of such a model, a SAM of the Sri Lankan economy for the year 1995 has been constructed. Moreover, in order to estimate the intra group income distribution in addition to the inter group income distribution, income distribution functional forms for different household groups have been empirically estimated and linked to the CGE model in 'top down' mode: this will compute a wide range of household level poverty and inequality measurements. This is a significant departure from the traditional representative agent hypothesis used to specifying household income distributions. Furthermore, as the general equilibrium framework permits endogenised prices, an attempt was made to endogenise the change in money metric poverty line within the CGE model. Finally, a set of simulation experiments was conducted to identify the impacts of trade liberalisation in manufacturing and agricultural industries on absolute and relative poverty at household level. The results show that, in the short run, trade liberalisation of manufacturing industries increases economic growth and reduces absolute poverty in low-income household groups. However, it is observed that the potential benefits accruing to the rural low-income group are relatively low compared to other two low-income groups. Reduction in the flow of government transfers to households following the loss of tariff revenue may be blamed for this trend. In contrast, long run results indicate that trade liberalisation reduces absolute poverty in substantial proportion in all groups. It further reveals that, in the long run, liberalisation of the manufacturing industries is more pro poor than that of the agricultural industries. Overall simulation results suggest that trade reforms may widen the income gap between the rich and the poor, thus promoting relative poverty. This may warrant active interventions with respect to poverty alleviation activities following trade policy reforms.Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Griffith Business School
Griffith Business School
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