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García-González, Encarnación, Pascual Saura-Gómez, and Vicente Raúl Pérez-Sánchez. "Geometry in 18th Century Bell Towers in Bajo Segura, Spain." Buildings 12, no. 3 (2022): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12030256.
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Bell towers are essential elements of religious architecture, which have been part of villagers’ lives for centuries and have marked their identity and orientation from a far distance. This research provides widens our knowledge of geometrical aspects of bell towers through a search for common building patterns. Throughout the history of construction and architecture, there have been specific studies about particular bell towers, but few have taken a more general approach, studying 18th-century architectural treatises and building warnings for ecclesiastical buildings after the Council of Trent. In the Spanish ecclesiastical territorial organisation, the Diocese of Orihuela and its region (Bajo Segura) had great importance, with outstanding social development and territorial expansion due to the colonising action of the clergy and nobility in the 18th century. In 1829, an earthquake had destructive effects on the area’s architectural heritage. This paper studies the bell towers that endured the earthquake by recording data in situ, generating a catalogue, and analysing and comparing the data obtained. The results outline a construction model that meets the established guidelines of the architectural treatises as far as geometrical proportions and building patterns are concerned.
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Koutsoukou, Anthi, and Chrysanthos Kanellopoulos. "Towers from North-West Andros." Annual of the British School at Athens 85 (November 1990): 155–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0068245400015628.
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Three poorly preserved Hellenistic towers from NW Andros investigated during the course of a survey are discussed. The two small round towers of Tsouka and Ayia Marina, characterized by their humble masonry, are related to agricultural activities with a very restricted defensive role. The tower of Ayia Marina had probably also served as a road station. The third tower of Choreza is square, a public work in advanced military architecture which appears to be part of the defensive system of Andros. Reference is made to masonry types encountered on the island in relation to the architecture of the three towers. Recently the ruins of a fourth square tower were located at Tokeli near the N coast, obviously related with the trafficked naval channel between Andros and Euboea.
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Siddiqi, Anooradha Iyer. "Introduction." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 40, no. 3 (2020): 495–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/1089201x-8747480.
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Abstract Drawing from histories of art and architecture, urbanism and planning, landscape, infrastructure, and media, this themed section is premised upon framing architecture beyond the terms of aesthetics or technology toward its agency as a form of knowledge. In this introduction and the articles that follow, architecture acts as an analytic with which to formulate understanding and meaning. Through modern histories and perspectives from the South Asian subcontinent, conceptualizing “South Asia” and “architecture” broadly and inclusively, the articles turn alternately to design and structure, aesthetics and affect, and the human and nonhuman in order to redefine the primary source. From the writings of a Sri Lankan architect, a capitol for a future Bangladesh, the princely state landscapes of a German-Indian planner, films of roads in Bhutan and Kashmir, gardens in Lahore, and towers in Karachi, this collection unsettles borders, writing across South Asian nations and contested territories together to name architectures operating in archival registers. Through habitations and speculations, it reimagines pasts and futures, recasting the architectural beyond instrument, as concept.
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Dehghani-Sanij, M. R. "Wind towers: architecture, climate and sustainability." International Journal of Ambient Energy 41, no. 13 (2018): 1559–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1477070.
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Gorokhov, S. V., S. G. Skobelev, and A. P. Borodovskiy. "The History, Localization and Architecture of the Urtamsky Ostrog." Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, no. 5 (2022): 99–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-5-99-114.
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Purpose. An important direction in the historical and archaeological research of the Siberian ostrogs at this stage is the solution of specific problems associated with the main events of their history. This study is devoted to solving a set of problems related to the history and archaeology of the Urtamsky ostrog in Kozhevnikovsky District of the Tomsk Region: it’s localization, the determination of the foundation date and reconstruction of its architectural appearance, taking into account its transformation over time. Results. Based on the analysis of the written sources, it is proved that the ostrog was founded in 1685, contrary to the point of view in the historiography that the ostrog was established in 1684. Based on the analysis of the written sources, cartographic material and archaeological survey data, a reasoned hypothesis is made about the location of the Urtamsky ostrog on the north-eastern outskirts of the modern village Urtam. Here, material was gathered and artifacts from plundering excavations were collected, indicating the long-term presence of the Russian population in this area. In the course of analyzing the complex of written sources, it was established that the ostrog from the moment of its foundation until the mid-1730s at least once was substantially rebuilt, which resulted in the construction of a new log wall and the replacement of the two corner barn towers with the two gate towers. An analysis of the architectural parameters of the first Urtamsky ostrog showed that the log walls were equal in height to the height of the tower log cabins (about 4 m). Only the roofs of the towers towered above the log wall. At the same time, the towers themselves had a squat appearance and served as barns. Probably, it was this circumstance that prompted S. U. Remezov to depict the Urtamsky ostrog as having no towers, since the towers, neither architecturally nor functionally, did not fully correspond to their classical appearance and purpose. It is possible that the other ostrogs, depicted by S. U. Remezov with no towers, had towers similar to those of the Urtamsky ostrog. Conclusion. The study made it possible to significantly clarify the history of the origin and the reconstruction of the Urtamsky ostrog. The prospects for further research of this object are associated with the archaeological excavations.
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Cai, Ling, Yi Deng, and Xing Jiang. "Construction Technology of Centro-Column Drum Towers of Dong Nationality." Advanced Materials Research 450-451 (January 2012): 870–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.450-451.870.
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Abstract: The building structure of a Dong nationality’s drum tower is divided into two categories, namely, the tai-liang and chuan-dou hybrid structures, and the chuan-dou structure, which are from the major carpentry structure system of traditional Chinese timber structure architecture. Then, the most common “centro-column” type drum tower among the chuan-dou structure drum towers is defined and classified. The structure technology features of “single-column” and “ringed-column” drum towers, which are also those of a “centro-column” drum tower, are discussed in great detail. Through surveying and mapping, structure conversion models, such as those that “increased columns” and “reduced columns” of “ringed-column” drum towers, are studied mainly. In addition, many specific construction details that improve a drum tower’s external image, like multi-eaves, columns that are inclined inwards, as well as the honeycomb Dougong, are also studied in this paper.
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Wang, Zhisong, Fei Yang, Yujie Wang, and Zhiyuan Fang. "Study on Wind Loads of Different Height Transmission Towers under Downbursts with Different Parameters." Buildings 12, no. 2 (2022): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12020193.
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Disaster investigation results have shown that most wind-induced damage to transmission towers is related to downbursts. To clarify the effects of downbursts’ parameters on transmission towers with different heights, studies were conducted on five transmission towers with different diameters under static and moving downburst wind conditions. As a comparison, the responses of the towers under normal wind conditions were studied. The results showed that the effect of downbursts on the response of the transmission tower increased with the distance between the downburst center and the tower (r) when r < 1.0 Djet (Djet is the jet diameter of downburst) and then decreased when r > 1.0 Djet. The effects of jet diameter on the response of transmission towers with different tower heights were similar. As the jet diameter increased, the response of the tower continued growing until it reached a peak value and then steadily decreased soon thereafter. When the tower height was below 81.5 m, the wind load of the downburst on the transmission tower was significantly greater than that of the normal wind. As the tower height increased, the ratio of the transmission tower’s response under the two types of wind fields rapidly declined to about 0.91–1.01.
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Bevz, Volodymyr, and Mykola Bevz. "HYPOTHETICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF THE PLANNING STRUCTURE AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE HIGH DEFENSIVE WALL OF THE MIDTOWN OF LVIV FOR THE 13th-14th CENTURY." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 2023, no. 19 (2023): 153–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2023.19.153.
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Lviv is one of the cities in Ukraine that had a highly developed system of medieval fortifications. This system of fortifications was built in the XIII-XIV centuries, modernized many times and served until the 18th century. However, today in Lviv, only small remains of the medieval fortifications of the city center have been preserved in the form of architectural objects - several fragments of the defensive wall and only one defensive tower, which was rebuilt into a tower in the 16th century. These preserved objects belong to the so-called High defensive wall. These are: a fragment of the lower part of the defensive wall on 16 Svobody Avenue, a fragment of the wall and the Povoroznyk tower (connected to the building of the City Arsenal), a fragment of the wall on the Pidvalna Street (to the Royal Arsenal is attached), a fragment of the wall and the remains of the corner Rymarska tower, the remains of the foundations of the corner Shevska tower, a preserved and superimposed fragment of the wall near the Vienna coffee house (12 Svobody avenue), the remains of the wall in the basements of the building on 9 Mickiewicz Square. The rest of the remains of the High Wall are underground in the state of archaeological objects. These unique objects of military construction are not registered as architectural monuments. Also, they are not listed as monuments of archeology. Every fragment of city defense fortifications preserved today is, as a rule, a valuable document of its era and requires careful protection and preservation. Therefore, the study of the architecture of the medieval defense complex of the Lviv city center, which was created before the appearance of firearms, is important both for the history of the city and for the history and theory of domestic military architecture. This paper presents an analysis of the first stage of the construction of the High Defense Wall around the Lviv midtown and presents a hypothesis regarding its architectural solution. Special attention is paid to the issue of the planning structure of the fortified belt. The hypothesis that initially the defensive contour of the High Wall had a rounded shape has been substantiated. The argumentation about the towerless nature of the defensive belt at the first stage of the development of its fortifications is presented. There were two gates at the first stage of the construction of fortifications, which were called Tatarska and Halytska. The architectural solution of the gates was specific. The gate was formed by two towers (semicircular in plan). The gate-entrance with drawbridge was located between two high towers. At the second stage of development, the defensive High Wall was modernized, raised and a number of defensive towers were built. At the third stage, the planning scheme of the fortified belt changes. The line of the High Wall in the eastern span acquires a rectangular character with outward-projecting towers and corner towers.
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Nessim, Marian A., Aya Elshabshiri, Virginia Bassily, Niriman Soliman, Khaled Tarabieh, and Sherif Goubran. "The Rise and Evolution of Wind Tower Designs in Egypt and the Middle East." Sustainability 15, no. 14 (2023): 10881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su151410881.
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Throughout history, vernacular architecture has sought to provide inhabitants with comfort, using local materials and techniques while drawing inspiration from the local culture. This goal has helped natural and passive environmental building techniques to emerge, evolve, and develop. Even though we are increasingly dependent on mechanical ventilation and cooling solutions, passive techniques are in favor due to global climate challenges and the drive toward sustainable construction. One of the most well-known passive cooling techniques is the windcatcher, or wind tower, as it is known in the Middle East (also known as a malqaf in Egypt). Windcatchers, which appeared in Egypt during the Pharaonic era, were also present in other vernacular Middle Eastern countries such as Iran and Iraq, and they differed in design and materials. This research aims to extract, analyze, and compare windcatchers throughout historical eras in Egypt and other Middle Eastern countries across three main eras: ancient, medieval, and modern. This study thus provides a timeline for developing these passive cooling systems, demonstrating how they were integrated into architecture over millennia. This study also investigates the design differences in these vernacular models, including their shapes, number of sides, and orientation, and correlates them to climatic and architectural conditions. The results highlight that the vernacular wind towers corresponded to the prevailing wind directions and the ventilation needs of the connected spaces. Furthermore, the findings question the effectiveness and appropriateness of some of the modern incorporations of wind towers, which borrow their design from local precedents.
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Leach, Neil. "Digital Towers." Architectural Design 79, no. 4 (2009): 68–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ad.920.
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Fassler, Margot E. "Allegorical Architecture in Scivias:." Journal of the American Musicological Society 67, no. 2 (2014): 317–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/jams.2014.67.2.317.
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Hildegard of Bingen's Ordo Virtutum has come to occupy a major role among Western European dramatic musical works, with scenes widely anthologized, multiple studies in print, and several recordings. I argue that the “setting” of Hildegard's Ordo Virtutum is the allegorical architecture created in her first major treatise, Scivias, written in the 1140s and early 1150s. In this period, while Hildegard was composing the play and writing her first major theological work, she was also designing a complex of new monastic buildings, which helps explain her concentration on architectural themes and images. Hildegard has situated the main “acts” of the play within allegorical towers, and the musical dimensions of the play are driven by its unfolding within this architectural understanding, including the “climbing” through the modes and the development of longer processional chants that link the action in one tower or pillar to that of another. We can see that the particular characters chosen for the play from a broad array of possibilities, underscore themes that relate to the lives and governance of Benedictine nuns. Hildegard's work provided parallels for her community between the allegorical architecture of Scivias, the play and its music, and the new church whose building was overseen by Hildegard.
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Nezha, Tlemçani Mekaoui. "Iconic Architecture in Morocco Two Pioneering Cities, Two Singular Towers." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (2021): 2629–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2305.
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In town planning as in architecture, space is a true transcription of civilizational trends, the expression par excellence of civilizations, continues to develop through the spaces they close, the buildings that it includes and that take shape over time. In this sense, Morocco, an emerging country, is beginning to build a modern image for itself, in the face of time by having recourse to its two pioneer cities, Casablanca and Rabat-Salé. In doing so, many spectacular constructions of iconic buildings have emerged there, the work of star architects using designs distinguished by their complex structures and using innovative materials. This article deals with the design of two buildings through the combination of two concepts grouped together in their designs, namely, the singularity of their architectures in relation to their urban environment and their sought-after technological prowess. The choice fell on the CFC tower (Casablanca Finance City) located in the new urban center "Casablanca finance City" and the Bank of Africa tower also called Tour Mohammed IV, located in Bouregreg, emblematic site of the Rabat-Salé conurbation.
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Zhao, Tengfei, Aimin Li, Hong Yan, et al. "Comparison of the Influence of Double-Limb Double-Plate Joint on the Stability Bearing Capacity of Triangular and Quadrilateral Transmission Tower Structures." Buildings 12, no. 6 (2022): 784. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings12060784.
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The axial stiffness of the connection joints in a transmission tower will affect the stability bearing capacity of the tower. The axial stiffness of different forms of connection joints has different effects on the stability bearing capacities of triangular and quadrilateral lattice towers. This paper takes triangular and quadrilateral lattice towers as the comparative research objects and considers the influence of the stiffness of the single-limb, single-plate joint (SLSPJ) and double-limb, double-plate joint (DLDPJ) of the tower. Under vertical load, the vertical stability bearing capacities of triangular and quadrilateral transmission towers are studied from hte three aspects of theoretical analysis, numerical simulation and test result analysis. The influence rules of the SLSPJ and DLDPJ on the vertical stability bearing capacities of triangular and quadrilateral transmission towers are clarified. Through the energy method, considering the influence of the axial stiffness of connection joints, the calculation expressions of the vertical stability bearing capacities of triangular and quadrilateral lattice towers are derived. Through quantitative analysis, it is found that the axial stiffness of the connection joints has a more significant influence on the vertical stability bearing capacities of triangular lattice towers. The finite element models of the triangular and quadrilateral lattice towers including the SLSPJ and DLDPJ are further established. Through nonlinear finite element analysis, it is found that the DLDPJ can improve the vertical stability bearing capacity of the triangular lattice tower by 22.7% and the quadrilateral lattice tower by 14.9%. Through theoretical calculation, the expressions of the vertical stability bearing capacities of the triangular and quadrilateral lattice towers including the SLSPJ and DLDPJ are obtained. Combined with the test results of the SLSPJ and DLDPJ, it is found that the DLDPJ can improve the vertical stability bearing capacity of the triangular lattice tower by 23.4% and the quadrilateral lattice tower by 15.6%. The research results show that the DLDPJ can improve the vertical stability bearing capacities of triangular and quadrilateral lattice towers. The improvement effect of the vertical stability bearing capacity of the triangular lattice tower is 1.50∼1.52 times that of the quadrilateral lattice tower. The research results can provide a reference for the engineering popularization, application, and design of the DLDPJ in transmission towers.
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Gimenez, Luis Espallargas. "Jorge Caron y la cultura arquitectónica de São Paulo." Risco Revista de Pesquisa em Arquitetura e Urbanismo (Online) 21 (December 21, 2023): 56–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1984-4506.risco.2023.223297.
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Towers, like obelisks, stand out from a distance, signal places and guide directions in cities, like the Roman Baroque, in a way analogous to dolmens that order and qualify mystical and representative areas. Without covering or protecting, they are typical of the dominant and recognized architecture, they are landmarks of formalistic urbanism. Furthermore, the tower corresponds to a bold construction, to a critical structural problem, whose appropriate complementarity between configuration and construction reveals intelligence and imagination of conceptual, formal and structural options. Architect Jorge Caron does not neglect architectural, permanent and historical aspects in the design of the transmission antenna for TV Cultura. He anticipates the presence of the tower and proposes the metallic geometry that establishes the lattice system, reductive and homogeneous, or uniform. The design of the antenna is related to the discussion of architecture at the end of the 20th century.
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Braghieri, Nicola. "‘The Towers of Terror’: A Critical Analysis of Ernő Goldfinger’s Balfron and Trellick Towers." Urban Planning 4, no. 3 (2019): 223–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/up.v4i3.2118.
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When J. G. Ballard published his masterpiece High-Rise in 1975, many readers in London automatically identified the apartment building that is the protagonist of the dystopian novel as the infamous Trellick Tower at Kensal Town, certainly one of the most controversial and ambiguous figures of British architecture after World War II. Designed by Ernő Goldfinger, the tower, which had recently been completed, was already considered a symbol of the brutality of contemporary architecture, to the point of gaining the nickname ‘Tower of Terror’ coined by its own inhabitants. Actually, in public opinion the nearly twin sister of the earlier Balfron Tower at Poplar embodied all the ills of urban planning and of the housing policies of the post-war reconstruction. The large size of the project, the uniformity of its facades, the presence of bulky stairwells separated from the main volume, connected by elevated bridges and brandishing the big chimneys of the heating system, the complex apartment layouts on multiple levels, and the intensive use of fair-face reinforced concrete are the factors that shape the extraordinary character of this work of architecture, examined in a relatively small quantity of critical writings, despite the building’s widespread notoriety. The Balfron Tower, commissioned in 1963, and the Trellick Tower commissioned in 1966 have become, for better or worse, icons of British public housing policy, and today they are inseparable parts of the London cityscape. Critical analysis of the original project documents reveals how the typological and constructive reflections at the end of the 1960s had reached a level of extreme sophistication and quality, also in the development of large social housing complexes created for the urban proletariat. Thanks to their outstanding constructed quality and the efficacy of their residential typologies, the towers have stood up to the destructive fury of the last few decades, even becoming Grade II* listed buildings. In recent years, they have gone through a remarkable process of social and generational turnover, coveted as investment properties and involved in processes of real estate speculation.
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Hejazi, B., and M. Hejazi. "Persian wind towers: architecture, cooling performance and seismic behaviour." International Journal of Design & Nature and Ecodynamics 9, no. 1 (2014): 56–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/dne-v9-n1-56-70.
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Santos y Ganges, Luis, and Laura Lalana-Encinas. "The towers of the Spanish optical telegraph. Antecedents and variants of the architectural type." VLC arquitectura. Research Journal 9, no. 1 (2022): 247–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vlc.2022.15486.
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The Spanish optical telegraph was planned by the Ministry of the Interior in 1844 for civilian governmental use. It was a ‘tower and telescope’ telegraph developed by Colonel José María Mathé, with a design clearly inspired by military sensibilities and considerations. This paper first analyses the contemporary military reference point of the embrasure tower as a military stronghold campaign. It goes on to examine the historical antecedents of watchtowers or signal towers from the 16th century and the freestanding or outpost towers from the 17th century. This is followed by a description of the architectural type of telegraph tower and an analysis of its variants, which gradually differed from the model typology in both form and materiality. Finally, it examines the military telegraph towers of the second and third Carlist wars. Thus, the historical and typological study emphasizes the military inspiration of the optical telegraph towers that has often gone unremarked in order to optimize the heritage characterization of the remaining structures.
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Pavia, Arianna, Fabrizio Scozzese, Enrica Petrucci, and Alessandro Zona. "Seismic Upgrading of a Historical Masonry Bell Tower through an Internal Dissipative Steel Structure." Buildings 11, no. 1 (2021): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings11010024.
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Masonry towers are part of a valuable architectural heritage characterizing the landscape of many historical areas. These towers are vulnerable structures that are prone to earthquake damage. Hence, the design of effective seismic upgrading interventions is an important task for preserving such architectural forms for future generations. In view of that, the objective of this study is to contribute a possible addition to the portfolio of available approaches for seismic upgrading of masonry towers. This goal was pursued by exploring an innovative structural solution that does not alter the external appearance of the tower and its static scheme under gravity loads, yet is able to increase its capacity to withstand seismic actions through added damping. Specifically, the proposed solution consists of a steel structure internal to the masonry tower that incorporates fluid viscous dampers. In order to evaluate its potentialities, a real case study was taken as a testbed structure, historic analysis as well as geometric and architectural surveys were undertaken, an initial design for the upgrading was made, and numerical simulations were performed. The obtained results, although preliminary, highlight the potentialities of the proposed structural solution for the seismic upgrading of masonry towers and might open the way to future developments and applications.
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Zheng, Geng Sheng, Feng Deng, and Wei Dong Zhang. "Design of WSNs Architecture Applied in Remote Monitoring of Power Towers." Applied Mechanics and Materials 20-23 (January 2010): 1510–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.20-23.1510.
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This paper introduces a WSNs architecture design applied in remote monitoring of power towers. First, the system general design is presented. Second, design of nodes is given in detail including cluster-head, normal node and sink. Third, a fast change detection algorithm based on DC statistic is described, which can reduce the number of repeated image. Last, a clustering routing protocol C-LEACH with its application in power towers monitoring is discussed. The techniques described in this paper can provide scientific basis for state maintenance of power system equipment.
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Botica, Dubravka. "Pročelja crkava u Međimurju u razdoblju baroka. Prilog poznavanju tipologije sakralne arhitekture kontinentalne Hrvatske." Radovi Instituta za povijest umjetnosti, no. 47 (March 2024): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31664/ripu.2023.47.03.
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An overview of the façades of Međimurje churches built during the Baroque period reveals a typological affinity with comparable regions in continental Croatia – Hrvatsko Zagorje, Varaždin County, and Križevci-Koprivnica County – as well as some characteristic peculiarities. Most have a bell tower in front of the façade, following a traditional form since the Middle Ages, including churches in Sveti Martin na Muri, Selnica, Prelog, Gornji Mihaljevec, Sveti Križ, Cirkovljan, Donji Kraljevec, Dekanovec, Mursko Središće, Podturen, Sveta Marija, Ivanovec, Sveti Juraj u Trnju, Belica, Nedelišće, Kotoriba, and Razkrižje. The oldest among these are the churches of St Martin in Sveti Martin na Muri and St Mark in Selnica, with bell towers in front of the façade supported by buttresses, along with the likewise older parish church in Prelog. The bell tower of the church in Kotoriba stands out with its curved sides as a high-Baroque design. Apart from being positioned in front of the façade, the bell tower is sometimes located next to it, as observed in the parish church in Goričan and the Franciscan church in Čakovec, where the bell tower’s position follows the tradition of spatial organization in Franciscan building complexes. A third variant within this group is the bell tower’s placement next to the sanctuary, as yet another example of continued tradition, seen in churches in Donji Vidovec, Lopatinec (Sveti Juraj na Bregu), and Štrigova. These examples of adding a Baroque bell tower to the Gothic sanctuary emphasizes continuity and long duration, important features of re-Catholicization in regions with widespread Protestantism. Stylistically more pronounced is the type of façade with an integrated bell tower, prevalent in 18th-century architecture across Central Europe and exemplified by churches in Legrad, Novo Selo Rok, and Kapelščak. The most complex in terms of design are church façades with two bell towers, such as St Jerome in Štrigova and St Rochus in Draškovec. The Pauline church in Štrigova shows numerous parallels with the Maria Trost church in Graz, executed by the Stengg construction workshop – including its prominent position in the landscape, the wide façade with bell towers on the sides, the curved contour of the central gable, and the originally rich architectural articulation. The church in Draškovec is an exquisite combination of late Baroque style in its interior design and emphasized Classicism in the design of the façade and the bell tower. In addition to numerous common features, such as the typology and adoption of certain traditional solutions, the peculiarity of this group of churches in relation to other regions of continental Croatia is the appearance of dynamically shaped façades and bell towers. Churches in Lopatinec and, to a lesser extent, in Legrad have façades along the curve of the ground plan, while the bell tower of the church in Kotoriba has an accentuated dynamic plan, with recessed sides and prominent corners with pilasters. These examples demonstrate the adoption of influences from neighbouring Styria, especially the sacral architecture of Graz’s architect Johann Georg Stengg. Another specificity of the corpus of Međimurje churches is the number of churches designed in the Classicist style, with high-quality achievements in a combination with late Baroque, reflecting the proximity and connectedness of Međimurje to the Hungarian artistic circles. The analysis of bell tower and façade designs in this corpus has shown that within the typological groups present across the area, along with the general features of Baroque architecture, one also finds very specific solutions that corresponded to the needs of the environment. In other words, the adoption of models and their adaptation to the local context is an example of cultural transfer expressing the local character, in which the commissioning environment has left its visible mark.
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Sorowka, Martin Paul. "Reconstructing the Castle of Alcantarilla, Utrera, Seville, from the 1864 drawings of John Gardner Wilkinson (1797-1875)." EGA Revista de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica 28, no. 49 (2023): 48–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ega.2023.18920.
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The Castle of Alcantarilla, also known as la Alcantarilla de Alocaz, or even Diego Corrientes after the eighteenth century bandit, is not in fact a castle but a Roman bridge fortified with two towers in the later Middle Ages. While the south tower survives in a lamentably degraded condition, the north tower has been entirely razed. Its history is well-studied by Fernando Bejines Rodríguez, and its general appearance is known from sixteenth and nineteenth century prints. Therefore, in light of this, what is presented here is new research that permits the reconstruction of the Medieval towers, informed by sketches by John Gardner Wilkinson from 1864, which also reveal previously unknown details. This is supported by accounts of other earlier British travellers. An architectural section through both towers is offered as a tool of inquiry to advance the understanding of their internal arrangement.
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Sánchez, J. I., J. I. San José, J. J. Fernández, J. Martínez, and J. Finat. "Integration of Hybrid Outdoor and Indoor Surveying. A Case Study in Spanish Renaissance Style Towers." Geoinformatics FCE CTU 6 (December 21, 2011): 132–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/gi.6.18.
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The fusion of different image- and range-based techniques is acknowledged as the best option for threedimensional surveying of objects displaying a complicated geometry at different scales and/or resolutions. A special case deserving still several challenges involves to towers which represent a compendium of constructive elements and, consequently, a large amount of problems related to conservation or maintenance interventions. In this work, we display an extended photogrametric approach which includes elements information systems in Architecture with a special regard to structural analysis and some aspects of materials analysis. We illustrate our approach with several examples regarding a hybrid surveying of architectural Renaissance towers which have been constructed in several agrarian zones of the kingdom of Castilla (Spain) along 16th and 17th centuries.
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Iuliano, Giuseppina, Yorgos Spanodimitriou, Giovanni Ciampi, Michelangelo Scorpio, and Sergio Sibilio. "Architectural Valorization: Lighting Design Solution for the Bell Tower of “San Pasquale a Chiaia” Church." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1203, no. 2 (2021): 022082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1203/2/022082.
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Abstract Christian churches and their bell towers represent a big part of the historical architectural heritage in Italy, and they had a major role in the development of the urban and social fabric of the Italian cities. This study is focused on the design of a lighting renovation for the bell tower of “San Pasquale a Chiaia” (Napoli, south of Italy). The lighting refurbishment is designed with the aim of: (i) emphasizing the architecture of the bell tower façades and (ii) providing a figurative and emotional role to the whole building. Several lighting scenarios have been implemented in order to compare the different luminaire types and arrangements on the basis of the effectiveness in valorizing the architectural characteristics of the bell tower, as well as the energy performances of the different design solutions. Finally, the best case has been further implemented in order to take into account the different needs of the historical building as well as the enhancement of the surrounding urban spaces.
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Nazer, Zeynab, Gergo Máté Kovács, and Péter Rabb. "Comprehensive Revelation on the Tomb Towers Architecture; Persia and Anatolia." Iconarp International J. of Architecture and Planning 8, no. 2 (2020): 801–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15320/iconarp.2020.137.
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Oram, Richard. "The Border Towers of Scotland 2: Their Evolution and Architecture." Medieval Archaeology 60, no. 1 (2016): 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00766097.2016.1147862.
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Liu, Zhi-xiong, and Xiao-bo Feng. "A Real-Time Reliable Condition Assessment System for 500kV Transmission Towers Based on Stress Measurement." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2019 (January 21, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/3241897.
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Transmission power towers play an important role in power delivery systems. In recent years, some important results on reliability of transmission towers have been obtained based on theoretical analysis, but there are very few practical application systems of real-time condition monitoring. This paper proposes a new real-time reliable condition assessment system for 500kV transmission power towers based on stress measurement. The necessity of such systems and the architecture of the online monitoring system will first be presented. Through calculating the stress distribution condition of different components of the transmission tower under typical working conditions, those positions with relatively high failure probability in the transmission tower can be identified monitored for installing the stress sensors on them. A new method is presented for calculating the reliability index of the transmission tower structure is also developed based on the mechanical structure of the tower. In particular, the tower structure is simplified to a series system, and the Ditlevsen’s bounds is used to estimate the reliability of the tower system. Finally, a designed example for the online reliable condition assessment procedure is given using a 500kV oxytropis tower as an illustration.
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Priester, Ann. "Bell Towers and Building Workshops in Medieval Rome." Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 52, no. 2 (1993): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/990786.
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Thirty-five medieval bell towers, along with dozens of churches such as S. Clemente, S. Crisogono, S. Maria in Trastevere, and S. Lorenzo fuori le mura, survive as testimony to a boom in ecclesiastical construction in Rome during the twelfth and early thirteenth centuries. This article focuses on these bell towers, using computer database analysis of their architectural and decorative features to investigate the nature of building workshops in medieval Rome. A comparison of a number of variable features among the bell towers, such as masonry techniques, cornices, and decorative details, uncovered patterns of similarities and differences which may be attributed to workshop practices. Four distinct groups of bell towers are identified on the basis of these features, which I suggest are evidence of the existence of four workshops of brick masons active in bell tower construction in Rome between the early twelfth and the thirteenth centuries. Finally, the article addresses the question of specialization within medieval Rome's building industry and the circumstances behind a rapid decline around 1200 in bell tower building and the fate of the workshops that built them. I observe that by the early thirteenth century, certain prestigious architectural commissions, such as the cloisters at the Lateran and S. Paolo f.l.m., were not given to workshops of brick masons, but to marble workers.
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Ilgın, Hüseyin Emre. "Space Efficiency in Tapered Super-Tall Towers." Buildings 13, no. 11 (2023): 2819. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13112819.
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In modern skyscraper architecture, the preference for incorporating tapered building configurations is on the rise, constituting a prominent trend in the industry, particularly due to their structural and aerodynamic benefits. The efficient utilization of space is a critical consideration in the design of tapered skyscrapers, holding significant importance for sustainability. Nevertheless, the existing body of scholarly work falls short in providing an all-encompassing investigation into the space efficiency of super-tall towers featuring tapered configurations, despite their prevalent adoption. This research endeavors to rectify this notable void by undertaking an exhaustive examination of data derived from 40 case studies. The key findings are as follows: (1) average space efficiency was about 72%, with values fluctuating between a minimum of 55% and a maximum of 84%; (2) average ratio of core area to the gross floor area (GFA) registered about 26%, encompassing a spectrum ranging from 11% to 38%; (3) most tapered skyscrapers employed a central core design, primarily tailored for mixed-use purposes; (4) an outriggered frame system was the prevailing structural system, while composite materials were the most commonly used structural materials; and (5) significant differences in the influence of function and load-bearing systems on the space efficiency of tapered towers were not observed. The author anticipates that these results will offer valuable direction, particularly to architectural designers, as they work towards advancing the sustainable development of tapered skyscrapers.
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Nesterova, Tamara. "TIGINA CASTLE IN BENDERY FORTRESS." Current Issues in Research, Conservation and Restoration of Historic Fortifications 17, no. 2022 (2022): 114–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/fortifications2022.17.114.
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The Bender fortress - the largest fortification in Moldova, consisting of a castle and a stone-earth fortress, was used by the 14th Army of the Russian Federation until 2008. Therefore for a long time, it was inaccessible for field studies, which soon revealed the contradiction between the accepted history and architecture. Two historical documents - the history of Sultan Suleiman about the construction of the fortress in 1538 and the memoirs of a traveler of the 17th century. Evlia Celebi determined the official record of the foundation of the stone fortress called Benders, closing the topic of the fortress's history before the Ottoman rejection, previously known in the sources as Tighina. A study of the castle's architecture and its comparison with graphic materials and historical photographs revealed that the current state had preserved enough details and traces of structures dating back to its construction before the use of artillery in defense. Among them: traces of the upper battle on the towers, adaptations for the mosque of the second tier of the entrance tower, the absence of walls facing the courtyard of the prismatic towers, a filled-in ditch near the walls of the castle - all these features indicate that, according to one of the most likely versions, the builders of the castle Tighina were Genoese. An analysis of graphic images and photographs of the castle, made before the architectural degradation of the structure, revealed the missing details that indicate features characteristic of the period before the probable construction of 1538. The castle's architecture was two centuries older than it is currently dated based on historical research, corresponding to a time before the use of firearms and artillery. This is evidenced by the loss of the first moat arranged near the walls of the castle, the wooden galleries on the top of the towers, from which the exit openings to the galleries and sockets from the consoles have been preserved, the missing walls of the prismatic towers facing the courtyard, similar to fortresses in northern Italy. The arrangement of the mosque in the second tier of the entrance tower was carried out later, for which it was necessary to dismantle the stone vault of the entrance passage, replacing it 2.0 m lower with a flat ceiling, and to arrange the entrance to the mosque several steps below the fighting passage, etc. Round artillery loopholes replaced vertical embrasures for bow and arrow defense. The Tighinsky castle was not made of wood and earth; a stone made by Turkish builders did not replace it - it is the same castle mentioned in 1408 as a guardhouse and customs house, and the details indicate a specific time and architectural and cultural region of influence. During the Turkish period, the Upper Fortress and a second moat were built at a distance from the castle, along the inner edge of which, on three sides, bastions for artillery, characteristic of the 16th century, were arranged, from which a tower with a drawbridge was preserved - it seems that this is all that was preserved from Mimar Sinan's contribution to the strengthening of the Bender Castle.
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Assi, Eman. "Layers of Meaning and Evolution of Cultural Identity: The Case of Wind Towers in Dubai." Conservation 2, no. 1 (2022): 38–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/conservation2010004.
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Place identity is an important constituent of general cultural identity, in that it provides its share of continuity, sustainability, and character to the built environment. The image of cultural heritage is stored knowledge that reflects the identity of a specific culture. In the formation of a place, some features gain identity with the environment. This study aims to explore the evolving image formation of wind towers in Dubai, and how this image is related to the concept of meaning and cultural identity of the place. This study focuses on the process of place identity formation and its relation to the evolving cultural values of society, as well as how it is applied to the changing meaning of cultural heritage objects. Based on the value assessment approach, different examples of wind towers, taken from either traditional houses or contemporary buildings influenced by the local architecture in Dubai, the author attempted to study how the interpretation and meaning of wind towers has evolved through time, thus influencing the cultural identity of Dubai city. This study is based on qualitative research. It concludes that a wind tower, as a cooling device, represents a unique example of an evolving creative process of architectural expression, resulting from the social and cultural complexity of the Persian Gulf in the early twentieth century. They were introduced through commercial exchange, adapted by the mercantile community, and integrated into local cultural systems—thus creating new architectural features and urban character—and reintroduced as a modern symbol of cultural identity for Dubai and the UAE.
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Zhang, X., Y. Yang, J. Zhang, J. Liu, and M. Wan. "EXPLORATION AND PRACTICE OF BEIJING BELL AND DRUM TOWERS SAFETY DETECTION PROJECT." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLIII-B2-2020 (August 14, 2020): 1505–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xliii-b2-2020-1505-2020.
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Abstract. Ancient architecture is one of the important historical and cultural heritage content, after many years trials and hardships, there will be a variety of diseases. To better protect the ancient architecture, we need to carry out a detailed investigation to detect and assess its structural safety and stability. Exploration of ancient architecture safety detection, need for an integrated comprehensive and detailed surveying and mapping means drawing detection map, using non-destructive detection techniques to check. We based on three-dimensional laser scanning, integrated utilization technology mapping, ground penetrating radar detection technology, stress wave scanning technology, visual quality and damage prospecting techniques to detect the safety situation in Beijing Bell and Drum Towers. We put forward reasonable suggestions for appropriate repair, on the basis of a variety modal analysis detected the structures, the status of Beijing Bell and Drum Towers safety were assessed. The detection process in this paper has better prospects for the future work that explores cultural heritage of ancient architecture repair detection and appropriate assessment.
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Matić, Gabrijela, and Željko Peković. "Sacral architecture of Split parish churches built since 1990." St open 2 (July 13, 2021): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.48188/so.2.4.
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Objective: The article aims to provide a typology of contemporary sacral architecture in Croatia by analyzing the churches built in the Split area after the post-World War II ban on building churches was abolished. Methods: Parish archives and the Archive of Split-Makarska Archdiocese provided documentation that allowed for an in-depth analysis of newly built churches. A short historical overview is provided to corroborate the need of respective parishes for a new church; this is followed by an analysis of the ground plan and other architectural features. The church architecture is considered in the light of post-Council instructions that affect the appearance of contemporary churches. Finally, we provide an analysis of the relationship between sacral buildings and their urban environment. Results: Twelve new parish churches were built in the city of Split City area since 1990. A data analysis revealed that the major problem during church construction projects was the visual integration of the churches into the Split neighborhoods. The shape and size of the buildings was partly dictated by the urban environment. Most churches are located in the immediate vicinity of the center of the neighborhood. The churches mainly differed by the shape of their bell towers, which were used by the architects to convey their devotion to or departure from tradition. The move toward central-plan buildings, which would be expected in the light of post-Council guidelines, did not emerge in Split. Conclusion: A comparison of contemporary sacral architecture in Split did not reveal a defined church design typology. The contemporary sacral architecture in Split has not completely turned to new trends and is still partly trying to keep the tradition, as reflected in the ground plan and bell tower design. Architects have abandoned the strong longitudinal axis and have been dimensioning the churches based on the real needs.
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Abrudan, Ioan Ovidiu. "The Building of Bell-Towers Added to Romanian Churches." Review of Ecumenical Studies Sibiu 8, no. 1 (2016): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ress-2016-0002.
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Abstract This paper aims to emphasize a specific aspect in the evolution of the architecture of churches built by Romanian Orthodox or Greek-Catholic communities in the Sibiu region, in the second half of the eighteenth century and during the nineteenth century. More exactly, it is the widespread presence, in the ecclesiastical architecture of that county, and also in other Romanian Transylvanian settings, of the western tower, added to the church, which housed the bells and sometimes even clocks. In most cases, the raising of these towers was entrusted to Saxon masons from Sibiu, whose names have been preserved in inscriptions on the walls of edifices, or by their registering in contracts signed by the Romanians who ordered the execution. The involvement of those worthy craftsmen represented an important factor in maintaining the dialogue and cultural exchanges between the two communities that lived together in the Sibiu County region.
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Chen, Xi, Binpeng Zhou, Xiaoxiao Liu, and Junlong Lu. "An Investigation into the Effect of Near-Fault Ground Motion Duration Parameters on the Nonlinear Seismic Response of Intake Towers." Buildings 14, no. 3 (2024): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14030580.
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Intake towers, essential for hydraulic hub projects, are integral to maintaining safety and efficiency, especially under seismic conditions that are prevalent near fault zones. These structures are vital for the integrity of hydraulic hubs, effective hydropower generation, and downstream safety. The duration of seismic events notably influences the towers’ structural response. In light of China’s initiative to build numerous high dams and large reservoirs, understanding the interplay between seismic duration and the intake tower response is crucial. This study, utilizing a duration-dependent composite parameter method based on seismic intensity, investigates the impact of near-fault ground motion duration effects on the response characteristics of intake towers. It analyzes the correlation between three types of six duration parameters and six duration-related composite parameters with the nonlinear seismic response of the physical model of the intake tower structure, as well as the rapid seismic response of the simplified model. This study investigates the impact of near-fault ground motion duration on intake towers, which is crucial for hydraulic hub projects, particularly in seismic-prone areas like those targeted by China’s dam construction initiative. Utilizing a duration-dependent composite parameter method, the study establishes a strong correlation between seismic duration parameters and the nonlinear response of intake towers, emphasizing the significance of uniform duration-related composite intensity parameters for characterizing near-fault seismic motion features. The findings reveal a pronounced correlation between the elasto-plastic response of intake towers and consistent duration-related composite strength parameters, offering crucial insights for optimizing structural design and enhancing seismic response assessment, particularly in the realm of large-scale dam projects.
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Apostol, Virgil. "Th e ‘large towers’ of Roman Dobruja." CaieteARA. Arhitectură. Restaurare. Arheologie, no. 3 (2012): 81–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.47950/caieteara.2012.3.05.
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The area of Dobruja has revealed, in most late fortresses, examples of rectangular towers remarkable both for their large dimensions and for their interior load-bearing structure represented by massive masonry pillars. Th e present study proposes for this particular type of defensive architecture the function of artillery battery. The implications that this hypothesis has on the conception of the local and zonal defensive system are examined. In the second part of the study a reconstruction proposition is made for this special type of defensive element.
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Wallace, William E., and Sarah McPhee. "Bernini and the Bell Towers: Architecture and Politics at the Vatican." Sixteenth Century Journal 34, no. 3 (2003): 940. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/20061635.
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Pan, Wenhao, Yi Zhu, Chuanhao Zhao, and Jingzhong Tong. "Optimal Design of Crossbeam Stiffness Factor in Bridge Towers Using a Reliability-Based Approach." Buildings 13, no. 8 (2023): 2095. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings13082095.
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Optimal design of the crossbeam is essential for the economical design of bridge towers as the crossbeam could considerably enhance the lateral stiffnesses of these towers by providing a special bracing for the tower columns. By using a reliability-based approach, this paper studies the optimal design of the crossbeam stiffness factor in bridge towers; this is defined as a dimensionless crossbeam stiffness relative to the tower column stiffness. A novel second-order matrix stiffness method (MSM) is applied to obtain a closed-form solution of the lateral stiffness of the bridge tower. The structural second-order stiffness matrix consists of combinations of the second-order element stiffness matrices and coordinate transformations. Subsequently, a reliability analysis to study the optimal design of the bridge tower is performed by considering the uncertainties arising from the design and construction of the bridge tower. The lateral stiffness of the bridge tower is set as an objective function while the total usage of materials is set as a constraint condition. Then, the influence of the crossbeam stiffness factor on the lateral stiffness of the bridge tower, including the fragility curve and the probabilistic behavior, is examined. Based on the reliability analysis, optimal design recommendations on the crossbeam stiffness of the bridge tower are presented.
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Bahauddin, A. "The ‘sense of place’ and the environmental context of Ar-Rahman Mosque architecture." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 881, no. 1 (2021): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/881/1/012010.
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Abstract This paper main factors are mosque architecture, the theoretical framework of the ‘Sense of Place’, the creation of ‘Sacred Places’, the architectural and cultural heritage of Masjid Ar-Rahman, Kelantan, Malaysia. These factors are based on the Islamic religious understanding, and they are interrelated. The mosque is a sacred important symbol in Islam. The Malay Mosque is medium scale architecture, a humble typology but demonstrates strong cultural and architectural heritage. However, the current mosque architecture is dominated by the monumental domes and towers, the two foreign elements that replace native parts and alter the archipelago official mosque appearances. Hence the lack of local ‘Sense of Place’ and connection to the environment. The conceptual framework capitalizes the research gap found in mosque architecture by further delving into the creation of ‘Sacred Places’ through the ‘Sense of Place’. The Masjid Ar-Rahman of Pulau Gajah, constructed in 2016, demonstrates simplicity both in its traditional image and architectural scale with the Hindu-Buddhist syncretism. It is the value of hybrid assimilation and tolerance and coined as the Nusantara hybridised Malay and Javanese architectural styles and cultural heritage. This research employs qualitative methods of phenomenological and case study propositions supported by architectural evidence in emphasizing the symbolic and semiotic aesthetics aspects in constructing the ‘Sacred Spaces’ through the ‘Sense of Place’. The findings demonstrated that the ‘Sense of Place’ of Masjid Ar-Rahman is created by the simplicity of the mosque design reflected by the Sufistic beliefs and its connection to the environment.
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Zimnicka, Agnieszka, Ewa Balanicka, and Aleksandra Kroll. "Evolution in Approach to Colour in Tall Buildings’ Architecture on the Isle of Dogs, London, UK." Arts 11, no. 1 (2021): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/arts11010009.
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Architects’ approach towards colour in architectural design evolved radically in the recent 50 years, and ranges from a modernist aversion to a vernacular appreciation. These changes were linked to the development of culture, technology and scientific knowledge in different areas connected to human functioning. The authors have examined evolution in design of tall buildings in the Isle of Dogs in London (UK) since the 1980s. The area experienced major growth spurs in the turn of the 20th and 21st centuries, resulting in the greatest concentration of tall buildings in London today. The Island has been a playground for architects who have developed a range of approaches to the design of towers. The authors observed the evolution of architectural style, analyzed application of colour and made connections between scale, beauty and human behaviour. They concluded that colour in tall buildings’ architecture on the Isle of Dogs is predominantly used to disguise their massing. Colour detail facilitates the domestic feel of a public realm. Therefore, alongside decorative quality, and if considerately applied, colour may positively influence the quality of living and working environments.
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Li, Ruiqi, Liangjie Qi, Yao-Rong Dong, and Hui Wang. "Nonlinear Performance of Steel Tube Tower in Ultra-High Voltage Transmission Lines under Wind Loads." Buildings 14, no. 1 (2024): 140. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/buildings14010140.
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As complex, statically indeterminate structures, transmission towers are subject to complex forces and are usually simplified into truss structures that only consider the effects of axial force. When the load and deformation of a tower are small, it is reasonable to carry out analysis according to the linear elasticity theory. However, the height of an ultra-high voltage (UHV) transmission tower is significantly large, meaning that the calculation result according to the current elastic analysis method often has a large deviation from the actual stress of the structure. With the influence of the bending moment at the end of the member, a numerical model is established considering the influence of geometric nonlinearity and material nonlinearity in this paper. The stress distribution characteristics and development law of UHV transmission towers in linear and nonlinear stress states are analyzed and studied. The real tower test and elastoplastic ultimate bearing capacity analysis show that the elastoplastic analysis is closer to the actual tower. The UHV steel pipe tower designed according to the linear elasticity and small deformation theory has a large safety margin under the design load, resulting in a significant waste of materials. Under the action of heavy load, the tower exhibits strong nonlinearity, and the influence of geometric and material nonlinear factors should be fully considered when designing the structural components in UHV transmission towers.
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Karczewska, Anna Maria. "From Bauhaus to Our House: Tom Wolfe contra modernist architecture." Świat i Słowo 34, no. 1 (2020): 211–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3069.
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In his 1981 book-length essay From Bauhaus To Our House, Tom Wolfe not only presents a compact history of modernist architecture, devoting the pages to masters such as Le Corbusier, Walter Gropius or Ludwig Mies van der Rohe but also frontally attacks modern architecture and complains that a small group of architects took over control of people’s aesthetic choices. According to Wolfe, modern buildings wrought destruction on American cities, sweeping away their vitality and diversity in favour of the pure, abstract order of towers in a row. Modernist architects, on the other hand, saw the austere buildings of concrete, glass and steel as signposts of a new age, as the physical shelter for a new, utopian society. This article attempts to analyse Tom Wolfe’s selected criticisms of the modernist architecture presented in From Bauhaus to Our House. In order to understand Wolfe’s discontent with modernist architecture’s basic tenets of economic, social, and political conditions that prompted architects to pursue a modernist approach to design will be discussed.
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Andiyan, Andiyan, and Wima Alkad Albadira. "Study of Building Mass Forms in Jardin Cihampelas Apartment." MARKA (Media Arsitektur dan Kota) : Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian 5, no. 1 (2021): 15–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33510/marka.2021.5.1.15-26.
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Cihampelas Street Bandung is one of the main tourist destinations in Bandung; besides that, Cihampelas is also a residential area with a high population density. Jalan Cihampelas has many residential places, one of which is the Jardin Cihampelas Apartment. The Jardin Cihampelas Apartment is a building consisting of 4 building towers, namely towers A, B, C, and D. Each tower has 23 floors, and a U shape, Tower A - B and C - D are located close to each other on the inside of the "U" shaped mass surrounding the swimming pool. The approach used is geometry, and basic shapes, geometry, and basic shapes show that architecture is an expression of humans and is a basic principle always present from a work of architecture. This research aims to study the relationship between geometric shapes that affect the Jardin Cihampelas apartment building mass. The method used is a descriptive qualitative method using field surveys; the research study is the shape of the building mass in geometric shapes. The research variables discussed include basic form, unity, proportion, balance, rhythm, and emphasis. This research is expected to get useful results from studying the mass shape of the building in the Jardin Cihampelas apartment with the residential typology of tall buildings with geometric shapes in the processing of space in structures.
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Al-Kodmany, Kheir M. "GREEN TOWERS AND ICONIC DESIGN: Cases from Three Continents." International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR 8, no. 1 (2014): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v8i1.336.
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Recently, massive urbanization, increasingly denser cities and environmental consciousness are pushing architects to build “green” skyscraper. This paper examines the emergence of a notable type of skyscrapers which depart from purely image-driven structures, and emphasizes functionality and energy efficiency. It argues that breathtaking green design and practical clean technology are merged to give birth to green architectural aesthetics. Upon reviewing over 30 towers from various parts of the world, the paper identifies salient green design strategies that provide new iconicity including: structural efficiencies, renewable energy, façade technology, greeneries, and bioclimatic design. Findings suggest that a dynamic synergy among innovative green design strategies, new architectural languages and exciting aesthetics has constituted a trend that is more likely to prevail in the 21st Century.
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Nossov, K. S., S. R. Muratova, and I. V. Balyunov. "Defensive Walls of Tobolsk Kremlin: a Historical and Architectural Sketch." Nauchnyi dialog, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): 414–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2021-8-414-437.
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The article was prepared in connection with the announcement of the year of Semyon Ulyanovich Remezov in the city of Tobolsk in 2021. Information has been collected on the history of the construction and rebuilding of the fortress walls and towers of the Tobolsk Kremlin, which rarely attracted the attention of researchers. A review of the history of the fence construction in the Sofia courtyard is carried out. Particular attention is paid to the stages of the construction of the Kremlin stone walls, the surviving elements of defensive architecture in them. The authors clarify some provisions from the classical works of V. I. Kochedamov, draw on new sources, including photographs from restoration work in the middle of the 20th century from the funds of the Tobolsk Historical and Architectural Museum-Reserve. The results of a comparative architectural analysis of the Kremlin walls of Tobolsk with synchronous and previous monuments of Russian military architecture are presented in the article. It has been established that the walls of the Tobolsk Kremlin were more of a symbolic-decorative than a military char-acter. It was determined that they represented a symbiosis of the Moscow Kremlin architecture of the late 15th century with the architecture of the Smolensk fortress wall, 17th century monastery fences and, possibly, the fence of the Bishops' court in Rostov.
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Lusk, Paul. "Towers, Graham, "Building Democracy: Community Architecture in the Inner Cities" (Book Review)." Town Planning Review 67, no. 4 (1996): 509. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/tpr.67.4.14720w388h81g252.
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Bauer, George C. "Bernini and the Bell Towers: Architecture and Politics at the Vatican (review)." Catholic Historical Review 90, no. 1 (2004): 129–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cat.2004.0002.
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García-Pulido, L. J., J. Ruiz Jaramillo, and M. I. Alba Dorado. "HERITAGE SURVEY AND SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF THE WATCHTOWERS THAT DEFENDED THE LAST ISLAMIC KINGDOM IN THE IBERIAN PENINSULA (THIRTEEN TO FIFETEENTH CENTURY)." ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-2/W5 (August 18, 2017): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-2-w5-259-2017.
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The Islamic Nasrid kingdom of Granada occupied the mountainous areas of the southeastern area of the Iberian Peninsula. There, a natural border was established between the Nasrid kingdom and the Christian kingdom of Castile from 1232 to 1492. To control this frontier and establish visual communication between it and the Nasrid center at the Alhambra citadel, an extensive network of watchtowers and defensive towers was constructed.<br><br> Studies have been done of individual towers, but no comparative study has been undertaken of all of them. Graphic, homogenous, and exhaustively planimetric documentation would bring together existing information on the majority of them and enable comparative analysis. For this reason, this work conducts systematic architectural surveys of all these military structures, using photogrammetry.<br><br> In addition to studying the construction typology and techniques, the structural capacity of these towers has been analyzed. It examines how they have been affected by human and natural destructive forces, especially earthquakes, which are common in eastern Andalusia. Although all the historical military architecture is protected by the Spanish and Andalusian Heritage laws, many of these medieval towers and their cultural landscapes are in severe risk.<br><br> The towers are being studied as individual specimens (emphasizing their differences) and as a unit in a typological group (looking for similarities and unifying characteristics). New technologies for Information and Communication are being used in order to disseminate the results among specialists and to make them available to the general public. Guidelines for restoration projects are also being formulated from the cases analyzed.
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Tretiak, Kyrylo. "On the Question of the Changes in the Architecture of the Church of St. St. Peter and Paul and its Bell Tower in Kyiv on 4 Prytysko-Mykilska Street." Ethnic History of European Nations, no. 63 (2021): 30–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2518-1270.2021.63.04.
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The article is about the study of the history of one of the unique architectural monuments of Kyiv – Stt. Peter’s and Paul’s Church (early 17th century) and its bell tower (mid-18th century). The church was only one example of the Gothic architecture in Kyiv preserved till 1930s. At the same time, it was only one Kyiv’s Rome-catholic (Dominican) temple which survived through the anti-Polish war in 1648–1654 had being transformed into Orthodox church. The author tries to trace the process of construction and reconstructions of the temple and its bell tower and understand how the buildings looked like during different periods of their existence and which transformations they underwent during 17th – 19th centuries. The author uses rare images of these buildings and descriptions of contemporary witnesses as sources. The analysis of similar buildings of the same time also helped to the author in hypothetically reconstruction of the previous views of the church and the bell tower. As a result of the research, the author concludes that originally the building of the Dominican Church of St. Nicholas (later the Orthodox Stt. Peter’s and Paul’s Church) had the form of late Gothic architecture. In the middle of the 17th century. the building was reconstructed in the forms of European Baroque and in 1744th – 1750th the temple was redesigned in the forms of Ukrainian Baroque style. Analyzing the architecture of the bell tower of Stt. Peter’s and Paul’s Church (as well as the architecture of other baroque bell towers in Kiyv) the author concludes that this building never had three tiers, contrary to popular belief among historians. The author argues that none of the churches in Podil (historian district of Kyiv near the Dnieper river) had no more than two tiers in18th century. This is confirmed by images of this district of Kyiv at that time. The author suggests that the third tier could be mistakenly called a large baroque dome of the bell tower, which burned down during the fire in 1811 and was replaced by a classicism style one.
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Prihutama, Mundhi. "KAJIAN KONSEP ARSITEKTUR METAFORA PADA BANGUNAN BERTINGKAT TINGGI." Jurnal Arsitektur ZONASI 3, no. 2 (2020): 220–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jaz.v3i2.25057.
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Abstract: Metaphor is a concept in the field of architecture which is starting to be widely applied in architectural buildings today. Metaphor in architecture can be defined as a figure or expression of a form in the form of a building that can give an impression to people who observe and use it. The concept of metaphorical architecture is divided into three types, namely; 1) Intangible Metaphor, 2) Tangible Metaphor, 3) Combined Metaphor. The concept of metaphorical architecture has been widely applied to several high-rise buildings in the world, but the clarity of the characteristics and application of the concept of metaphorical architecture in high-rise buildings is still unclear. The purpose of this study is to study and understand the characteristics of metaphorical architectural concepts and their application to high-rise buildings. The qualitative descriptive method is used to analyze the case study object. Based on the analysis and discussion of case study objects, it can be concluded that the application of the metaphorical architectural concept in high-rise buildings can be applied to parts of the building, such as crowns of buildings, towers or building bodies, podiums, shape patterns of building masses, building facades and also building materials , which is adapted to the type of architectural metaphor that will be applied. Of the three case study objects examined, each has a different type of metaphor, namely; 1) Menara Wisma BNI 46, Jakarta; Tangible Metaphor, 2) Bank of China Tower; Combined Metaphor, 3) Beekman Tower, New York; Tangible Metaphor.Keywords: Architecture; Metaphor; High-rise Buildings. Abstrak: Metafora merupakan sebuah konsep dalam bidang arsitektur yang mulai banyak diterapkan pada bangunan-bangunan arsitektur saat ini. Metafora dalam arsitektur dapat didefinisikan sebagai sebuah kiasan atau ungkapan suatu bentuk dalam wujud sebuah bangunan yang dapat menimbulkan kesan bagi orang yang mengamati dan menggunakannya. Konsep arsitektur metafora terbagi menjadi tiga jenis, yaitu; 1) Metafora Tak Teraba (Intangible Metaphor), 2) Metafora Teraba (Tangible Metaphor), 3) Metafora Kombinasi (Combained Metaphor). Konsep arsitektur metafora sudah banyak diterapkan pada beberapa bangunan bertingkat tinggi di dunia, namun kejelasan akan ciri-ciri dan penerapan konsep arsitektur metafora pada bangunan bertingkat tinggi tersebut masih belum jelas kepastiannya. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan memahami ciri-ciri konsep arsitektur metafora serta penerapannya pada bangunan bertingkat tinggi. Metode deskriptif kualitatif digunakan untuk menganalisa objek studi kasus. Berdasarkan analisa dan pembahasan dari objek studi kasus, dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan konsep arsitektur metafora pada bangunan bertingkat tinggi dapat diterapkan pada bagian-bagian bangunannya, seperti mahkota bangunan, menara atau badan bangunan, podium, bentuk pola masa bangunan, fasad bangunan dan juga material bangunan, yang disesuaikan dengan jenis arsitektur metafora yang akan diterapkan. Dari ketiga objek studi kasus yang diteliti, masing-masing memiliki jenis metafora yang berbeda, yaitu; 1) Menara Wisma BNI 46, Jakarta; Metafora Teraba (Tangible Metaphor), 2) Bank of China Tower; Metafora Kombinasi (Combained Metaphor), 3) Beekman Tower, New York; Metafora Teraba (Tangible Metaphor).Kata Kunci: Arsitektur, Metafora, Bangunan Bertingkat Tinggi
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Momeni, Kourosh, and Tohid Shiri. "EFFECTS OF SUNLIGHT AND SHADOW ON THE SURFACES OF PIGEON TOWERS IN CENTRAL ASIA: CASE STUDIES IN IRAN, QATAR, EGYPT AND SAUDI ARABIA." JOURNAL OF ARCHITECTURE AND URBANISM 46, no. 1 (2022): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jau.2022.14757.
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In many parts of the world, especially Central Asia, pigeon towers have been constructed as traditional buildings with different forms and types to keep pigeons. These buildings are cylindrical, cubic, dome-like and multi-cylinder in shape. This study was conducted to identify the effects of sunlight and shadow on the surfaces of pigeon towers in Iran, Qatar, Egypt, and Saudi Arabia with hot and dry or humid climates. Several pigeon towers with different types and structures in these countries were selected and modeled in detail in Rhino 5. Radiance and Ecotect were then employed to measure solar radiation and shadow on the surfaces of the pigeon towers on the hottest day of the year. According to the graphical and numerical results obtained, sunlight and shadow differently affected the surfaces of the different pigeon towers. The effect level of sunlight and shadow on the single-form pigeon towers was higher than on the vaults. In fact, solar radiation was lower and shadow was higher per square meter of the surfaces of the vaults constructed as pigeon towers in close proximity. These houses were therefore found to be the optimal type for the hot and dry or humid climate in Central Asia.