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Webb, Dave, e Kevin Stuart. "Benefiting Remote Tibetan Communities with Solar Cooker Technology". Practicing Anthropology 29, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2007): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.29.2.8221058457771633.
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In the remote northwestern Chinese province of Qinghai (Tibetan plateau), the Tibetan people struggle to gather yak dung, wood, straw, and other fuels for heating, boiling, and cooking—the basic necessities for survival. Over the past seven years, extreme cold (-35°C) and drought has had a significant effect on the environment, the Tibetan people, and the livestock and crops upon which these people depend. The environment has become increasingly denuded and many Tibetans, both farmers and herders, are caught in a vicious cycle of destitution. The use of solar cookers as a partial substitute for dung, wood, bushes and straw has helped alleviate this cycle. This paper reports on the accrued benefits to remote Tibetan communities following a program of solar cooker introduction to 48 such recipient communities. Work carried out in 2003 primarily by Tibetan students studying in an English Training Program, at the Qinghai Nationalities Teacher's College, Qinghai Normal University, Xining City, PRC (supported by the Canada Fund) combined with observations over three visits to the region in 2003 and 2004 are discussed.
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Choden, Sonam, Sandhya Thapa e Yumnam Surjyajeevan. "Migration and Socio-Economic Adaptation: A Study of Tibetans in Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre, Sikkim". Sociological Bulletin 69, n.º 3 (13 de novembro de 2020): 385–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038022920964937.
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The post-1959 migration of Tibetans due to Chinese incursion in Tibet impelled them to seek refuge in many countries. Due to socio-cultural, historical and religious ties between Sikkim and Tibetan for centuries and also due to geographical proximity, Sikkim was one of the most desired destinations. Based on the study of Tibetan settlement of Rumtek Dharma Chakra Centre, the largest monastery of Karma Kagyu Lineage in Sikkim, the article is an attempt to make an exploratory study to enquire the process of migration and socio-economic adaptation faced by the migrant Tibetan communities of Rumtek. By revisiting historical references and comparative evaluation of the field carried out in two phases, the article is a sociological exploration to examine the changes and challenges faced by the community.
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Gan, Yongtao, e Sude Sude. "Bilingual students’ attitudes toward the Tibetan language". Language Problems and Language Planning 45, n.º 1 (12 de julho de 2021): 1–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/lplp.20005.gan.
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Abstract This study investigates bilingual students’ attitudes toward the Tibetan language, examining the structural models of the attitudes of Tibetan students and the differences in attitudes between living communities and as moderated by learning years (comparing Tibet-based and Han-based communities). The participants were 1,118 Tibetan students in the Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, China. The results indicated the following: (i) the data supported the three components of attitude (Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral) in terms of bilingual students’ perception of the Tibetan language; (ii) the five lower-level domains of the attitudes toward the Tibetan language can be grouped into two categories – Cognitive (self-concept of the Tibetan language and social status) and Affective (friendliness, helpfulness, and identification) – and there is a causal relationship between them; and (iii) there are significant differences in attitudes toward the Tibetan language dependent on living community and learning year. Practical suggestions for educators in schools for bilingual students learning the Tibetan language are discussed.
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Wallenböck, U. "Memory and Identity: Tashi Tsering, the Last <i>Qinwang</i> South of the Yellow River". Vestnik NSU. Series: History and Philology 21, n.º 10 (30 de novembro de 2022): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/1818-7919-2022-21-10-51-62.
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Today’s Henan Mongol Autonomous County is located in the southeastern part of present-day Qinghai Province, in the northeastern part of the Tibetan plateau. This historical pastoral area South of the Yellow River is a border area where, a milieu was created due to the long-term mutual contacts between Tibetans and Mongols, in which specific local customs, language patterns, and social communities have emerged. The initial turning point in their ethnical and cultural identity was the integration into the modern Chinese State in 1954, followed by ethnic classification. Moreover the local pastoral Mongol and Tietan populations have been transformed into minority nationalities is-á-vis the Han Chinese, and many Tibetans even were classified as Mengguzu (Mongols), however, perceived as Tibet-Mongols (Tib. Bod Sog) by themselves and their neighbours. By looking at the outstanding historical figure of Tashi Tsering, the last Mongol qinwang of the Henan grasslands at the Sino-Tibetan borderlands, this paper examines how the people of the Henan grasslands integrate their memory of the local traditional leader into their identity construction, and how they revive their Mongolness despite their seclusion from other Mongol communities.
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PROST, AUDREY. "The Problem with ‘Rich Refugees’ Sponsorship, Capital, and the Informal Economy of Tibetan Refugees". Modern Asian Studies 40, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2006): 233–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x06001983.
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This article examines issues pertaining to the growth of ‘informal’ economic exchanges and relationships of patronage in the Tibetan refugee community of Dharamsala (H-P), India. I firstly review the theoretical and methodological challenges posed by investigations of Tibetan refugee modernity, then focus on one particular form of exchange in the informal economy of exiles: rogs ram, or the sponsorship of Tibetans by foreigners. The article argues that symbolic capital comes to play a particularly important role in communities where economic capital is scarce, acting in fact as a proviso to economic capital. The highly unstable character of symbolic capital means that, for Tibetan refugees as for other communities, its conversion into economic capital is arduous and engenders a tense field of negotiations between sponsors and beneficiaries.
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Craig, Philip S., Tiaoying Li, Jiamin Qiu, Ren Zhen, Qian Wang, Patrick Giraudoux, Akira Ito et al. "Echinococcoses and Tibetan Communities". Emerging Infectious Diseases 14, n.º 10 (outubro de 2008): 1674–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1410.071636.
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Bhaskaran, Harikrishnan, Sandeep Sharma, Pradeep Nair e Harsh Mishra. "Encroachers and victims: Framing of community dynamics by small-town journalists in Dharamshala, India". Newspaper Research Journal 41, n.º 3 (29 de agosto de 2020): 333–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0739532920950045.
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Dharamshala is home to the Tibetan Government-in-Exile. Its small-town journalism landscape is unique due to specific forms of community journalism practice adopted by Indian and Tibetan journalists. The Tibetan press there faces a paradox: simultaneously “local and community specific” for Tibetans-in-exile, “refugee voices” for the international community, and “foreign journalism” for Indians. This framing study identified interpretive packages in news coverage of conflict and integration between Dharamshala communities, by examining stories from community news outlets. Indian Hindi journalists enact a “community booster” role by actively framing issues of conflict in favor of the community, while Tibetan journalists’ approach was comparatively more balanced.
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Lv, Jin, Ping Qi, Xiangdong Yan, Liuhui Bai e Lei Zhang. "Structure and Metabolic Characteristics of Intestinal Microbiota in Tibetan and Han Populations of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and Associated Influencing Factors". Microorganisms 11, n.º 11 (28 de outubro de 2023): 2655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11112655.
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Residents of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau might experience shifts in their gut microbiota composition as a result of the plateau environment. For example, high altitudes can increase the abundance of obligate anaerobic bacteria, decrease the number of aerobic bacteria and facultative anaerobic bacteria, increase probiotics, and decrease pathogenic bacteria. This study aimed to determine the structure and metabolic differences in intestinal microbial communities among the Tibetan and Han populations on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau and shed light on the factors that influence the abundance of the microbial communities in the gut. The structural characteristics of intestinal microorganisms were detected from blood and fecal samples using 16S rRNA sequencing. Metabolic characteristics were detected using gas chromatography–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC–TOFMS). The influencing factors were analyzed using Spearman’s correlation analysis. Bacteroides and Bifidobacterium were dominant in the intestinal tract of the Han population, while Bacteroides and Prevotella were dominant in that of the Tibetan population, with marked differences in Pseudomonas, Prevotella, and other genera. Ferulic acid and 4-methylcatechol were the main differential metabolites between the Tibetan and Han ethnic groups. This may be the reason for the different adaptability of Tibetan and Han nationalities to the plateau. Alanine aminotransferase and uric acid also have a high correlation with different bacteria and metabolites, which may play a role. These results reveal notable disparities in the compositions and metabolic characteristics of gut microbial communities in the Tibetan and Han people residing on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and may provide insights regarding the mechanism of plateau adaptability.
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Frank, Mark E. "Hacking the Yak: The Chinese Effort to Improve a Tibetan Animal in the Early Twentieth Century". East Asian Science, Technology, and Medicine 48, n.º 1 (25 de junho de 2018): 17–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26669323-04801004.
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This article considers the roles of yak bodies in relations between Han Chinese and Khampa Tibetan communities during the early twentieth century. It argues that bovine bodies were sites of Han-Tibetan interaction wherein culture, biology, and locality were intertwined. I chronicle the earliest large-scale engagement of the Chinese state with yak pastoralism in the context of its efforts to consolidate control over the eastern Tibetan region of Kham. Yak husbandry is traditionally an enterprise of Tibetans and other Himalayan ethnic groups, but the yak was targeted for ‘improvement’ by Han Chinese modernizers beginning in the 1930s. An effort to decouple the yak from its Tibetan cultural context at the Taining Experimental Zone saw mixed results. Livestock scientists there made modest gains in productivity, yet they did so by approximating to a high degree the nomadic mode of production from which they were attempting to extract the yak.
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Pang, Rachel. "Contemporary Tibetan Buddhist Rimé Response to Religious Diversity". Interreligious Studies and Intercultural Theology 4, n.º 1 (14 de abril de 2020): 21–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/isit.40148.
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In a world where communities across the globe are becoming increasingly interconnected, encounters with diverse cultures and faiths are inevitable. How can diverse communities approach these encounters in a way that fosters dialogue rather than conflict, peace rather than war? Specifically, in the context of Buddhism, how should Buddhists relate to religious diversity in a way that simultaneously remains faithful to their own spiritual traditions while being openminded and respectful towards the beliefs and practices of others? One of the most well-known Buddhist responses to religious diversity was the rimé movement in nineteenth-century eastern Tibet. While the term “rimé” (meaning “impartial” or “non-sectarian” in Tibetan) has become a catchphrase in contemporary Tibetan Buddhist contexts, there has been little sustained engagement with this topic by Buddhists and Buddhist studies scholars. This essay documents and contextualizes the contemporary uses of the term rimé (non-sectarianism) in Tibetan Buddhist communities and situates it within Tibetan Buddhist literature and history. I argue that it is essential for both Buddhists and Buddhist-studies scholars to devote significant attention to the concept of rimé and to engage in interfaith dialogue. For Buddhists, the very survival of their religion depends on it. For Buddhist-studies scholars, it contributes to the development of an accurate understanding of one of the most significant intellectual moments in modern Tibetan history. For humankind, it contributes to interfaith understanding, harmony, and peace.
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Sangzhu, Chiren, Renqin Wangxuo, Ma Jianzhong e Han Mingyao. "Conserving Tibetan Medicinal Plants in the Khawakarpo Region". Asian Medicine 5, n.º 2 (2009): 363–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157342109x568856.
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To local Tibetans, Mt. Khawakarpo is not only an important sacred mountain but also a major storehouse of medicinal plants, which they use. Recent field surveys show that Mt. Khawakarpo and adjacent areas (‘the Khawakarpo region’) are home to 144 species of household medicinal plants from 126 genera of 63 families, which are used in both Chinese and Tibetan medicine. These plants include eight Class I and Class II nationally protected species (four being CITES—Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna—listed); of these, 37 species have been recognized by local practitioners of Tibetan medicine as plants in need of conservation. Results from fieldwork indicates that initiatives to conserve plants used in Tibetan medicine should consider not only their biological properties but also their cultural values to local communities; in order for these efforts to be sustainable, the communities must be brought in as key players. The fieldwork described here comprised a participatory resources inventory, the creation of community-based medicinal plants reserves, cultivation trials, and training opportunities for medicinal practitioners to share indigenous knowledge and acquire skills in plant conservation and harvesting on a sustainable basis.
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Zhou, Long, Han Zhou, Yandi Fan, Jinghao Wang, Rui Zhang, Zijing Guo, Yanmin Li et al. "Metagenomics to Identify Viral Communities Associated with Porcine Respiratory Disease Complex in Tibetan Pigs in the Tibetan Plateau, China". Pathogens 13, n.º 5 (13 de maio de 2024): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13050404.
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Tibetan pig is a unique pig breed native to the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. To investigate viral communities associated with porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), 167 respiratory samples were collected from Tibetan pigs in the Ganzi Tibetan autonomous prefecture of Sichuan province. Following library construction and Illunima Novaseq sequencing, 18 distinct viruses belonging to 15 viral taxonomic families were identified in Tibetan pigs with PRDC. Among the 18 detected viruses, 3 viruses were associated with PRDC, including porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2), Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV), and porcine cytomegalovirus (PCMV). The genomic sequences of two PCV-2 strains, three TTSuV strains, and one novel Porprismacovirus strain were assembled by SOAPdenovo software (v2). Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis showed that both PCV-2 strains belonged to PCV-2d, three TTSuVs were classified to TTSuV2a and TTSuV2b genotypes, and the Porprismacovirus strain PPMV-SCgz-2022 showed a close genetic relationship with a virus of human origin. Recombination analysis indicated that PPMV-SCgz-2022 may have originated from recombination events between Human 16,806 × 66-213 strain and Porcine 17,668 × 82-593 strain. Furthermore, the high proportion of single infection or co-infection of PCV2/TTSuV2 provides insight into PRDC infection in Tibetan pigs. This is the first report of the viral communities in PRDC-affected Tibetan pigs in this region, and the results provides reference for the prevention and control of respiratory diseases in these animals.
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Onipchenko, Vladimir G., Alexander A. Shulakov, Alexander S. Zernov, Tatiana G. Elumeeva, Yan Wu, Qian Wang e Marinus J. A. Werger. "Floristic Richness of Alpine Plant Communities on the Eastern Qinghai-Tibetan". Botanica Pacifica 3, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2014): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.17581/bp.2014.03103.
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Wang, Qian, Dominique A. Vuitton, Yongfu Xiao, Christine M. Budke, Maiza Campos-Ponce, Peter M. Schantz, Francis Raoul, Wen Yang, Philip S. Craig e Patrick Giraudoux. "Pasture Types andEchinococcus multilocularis, Tibetan Communities". Emerging Infectious Diseases 12, n.º 6 (junho de 2006): 1008–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1206.041229.
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Ryavec, Karl E. "Manchu Empire or China Historical GIS? Re-mapping the China/Inner Asia Frontier in the Qing Period CHGIS". Inner Asia 6, n.º 2 (2004): 179–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481704793647126.
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AbstractThis study critiques the China Historical Geographic Information System in terms of its failure to distinguish between regions of Chinese civilisation that were directly incorporated into an imperial field administration and Inner Asian regions under indigenous polities. Although the focus of this study is on eastern Tibet, specifically China’s southwestern Tibetan Frontier in Sichuan, the general methodological approach employed is relevant to the entire Inner Asian cultural region. Despite China’s long history, only some eastern Tibetan communities located along the transition zone between the eastern Tibetan Plateau and agrarian China were integrated into the traditional Chinese field administration. Most of this expansion occurred during the last dynasty known as the Qing or Manchu, c. 1644–1911.
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Yola, Nilma. "Minoritas Muslim di Tibet". Turast: Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengabdian 9, n.º 1 (16 de julho de 2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.15548/turast.v9i1.3375.
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This paper aims to discuss the history of the life of Muslim Minorities in the Tibetan region, where minority Muslims usually live in the midst of other communities whose majority are always oppressed. However, what is unique is that in Tibet they live peacefully and there are no major disputes between the native Buddhists and the Muslim minority immigrants, and they even unite to fight against the Chinese invaders. The method used in this study is a historical research method with data collection techniques through literature study. The formulation of the problem in this research is why the Muslim minority and the Buddhist majority can live peacefully and side by side in the Tibetan region. The results of this study are 1). The basic needs of many Tibetans come from the Middle East, the majority of whom are Muslims, therefore, in order to maintain good relations, they certainly do not want to cause new problems if the security of their Muslim brothers in Tibet is not guaranteed. 2) Muslims, on average, are community groups who were originally neighbors, and will continue to have good relations even though they have different beliefs. 3). Tibet is led by the Dalai Lama, who has always taught to respect each other, regardless of their religion 4). Both are victims of Chinese colonialism, so they feel the same fate and struggle.
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Ding, Xiaoyong, Changan Guo, Xiong Zhang, Jing Li, Yixue Jiao, Haowen Feng e Yuhua Wang. "Wild Plants Used by Tibetans in Burang Town, Characterized by Alpine Desert Meadow, in Southwestern Tibet, China". Agronomy 12, n.º 3 (14 de março de 2022): 704. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030704.
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This study documented the wild plants used by Tibetans and the related traditional knowledge in Burang Town (Karnali River Valley). Ethnobotanical surveys, including semi-structured interviews and participatory observations, were conducted in five Tibetan communities in July 2020 and August 2021. The informant consensus factor (ICF) and cultural importance index (CI) were used for data analyses. In total, 76 wild species belonging to 58 genera and 30 families were determined to be used. These included 26 edible, 29 medicinal, 34 fodder, 21 fuel, 17 incense, three economic, three dye, two ritual, two handicraft, and one species for tobacco plants species; many of these have multiple uses. The top five important plants are Carum carvi (CI = 1.88), Hippophae tibetana (CI = 1.45), Rheum moorcroftianum (CI = 0.87), Urtica dioica (CI = 1.45) and Chenopodium album (CI = 0.75). Of the wild plant species used, 53 were recorded in croplands and 25 were found in alpine pastures. This pattern of use is influenced by local livelihood patterns and culture. Plants in highland cropland have diverse ethnobotanical values that are often overlooked. These findings will inform strategies and plans for local communities and governments to sustainably use and protect plants at high altitudes.
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Oostveen, Daan F. "Rhizomatic Religion and Material Destruction in Kham Tibet: The Case of Yachen Gar". Religions 11, n.º 10 (19 de outubro de 2020): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel11100533.
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This article looks at the Tibetan Buddhism revitalization in China in particular, in Kham Tibet, and the way how it was both made possible and obstructed by the Chinese state. As a case, we look at the Yachen Gar monastery in the West of Sichuan. The Yachen Gar monastery became the largest Buddhist university in China in the past decades, but recently, reports of the destruction of large parts of the Buddhist encampment have emerged. This article is based on my observations during my field trip in late 2018, just before this destruction took place. I will use my conceptual framework of rhizomatic religion, which I developed in an earlier article, to show how Yachen Gar, rather than the locus of a “world religion”, is rather an expression of rhizomatic religion, which is native to the Tibetan highlands in Kham Tibet. This rhizomatic religion could emerge because Yachen is situated both on the edges of Tibet proper, and on the edges of Han Chinese culture, therefore occupying an interstitial space. As has been observed before, Yachen emerges as a process which is the result of the revival of Nyingmapa Tibetan Buddhist culture, as a negotiation between the Tibetan communities and the Chinese state.
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Caple, Jane. "Feeling Apart: Relations of Belonging in Tibetan Buddhist Lay-Monastic Communities". Numen 68, n.º 5-6 (20 de setembro de 2021): 463–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341636.
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Abstract Studies of belonging and community formation often emphasize commonality of values, emotions, and feelings. This article highlights the importance of practices that create relations of distance between members as well as closeness. Drawing on fieldwork in institutionalized Tibetan Buddhist communities in northeastern Tibet (Amdo/Qinghai), I focus on everyday practices of respect and faith that materialize community by putting monks, reincarnate lamas, and laity “in their place.” This can include the most quotidian of acts, such as standing when someone enters a room. I argue that such practices of “feeling apart” and their refusal are central to individual negotiations of religious belonging and to the dynamic, ongoing process of community formation. The importance of these practices becomes particularly apparent when, as is the case in northeastern Tibet, seemingly taken-for-granted relations of belonging and the emotional style that enacts and creates these relations are felt to be precarious.
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Postiglione, Gerard, Ben Jiao e Li Xiaoliang. "Education Change and Development in Nomadic Communities of the Tibetan Autonomous Region (TAR)". International Journal of Chinese Education 1, n.º 1 (2012): 89–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/221258612x644575.
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Abstract This research examines the challenges and accomplishments of popularizing basic education in nomadic regions of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. The article provides a background and case study of Nyerong county in northern Tibet. The authors note the rapid progress but also point out that there needs to be more of a focus on improving the learning environment of school life by fostering creativity and the application of relevant knowledge.
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Bingaman, Eveline. "Measures and Countermeasures". Inner Asia 23, n.º 1 (26 de maio de 2021): 51–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22105018-12340162.
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Abstract The ethnography of kinship and marriage in Tibetan communities demonstrates a broad diversity and flexibility of practices. In examining these variations across both ethnographic Tibet and its borderlands, studies have yet to explore fully the processes through which Tibetan Buddhist polities have played an active role in shaping families through governance structures and state policies. Monk levies (T. grwa khral or btsun khral) are a form of monastic recruitment requiring a taxable unit to provide sons to fill monastery quotas. The practice has obvious consequences for kinship and marriage practices as families choose either to comply with or to evade the levy. The Muli Kingdom was a Tibetan Buddhist polity of the Gelug School that governed an ethnically diverse area in southern Kham. This study takes a historical approach to explore Muli Monastery’s monk levy from the perspective of one non-Tibetan community. In doing so, it highlights the connection between family organisation and state governance structures, revealing kinship practices as one mechanism through which local populations negotiated within limitations set by the state.
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BO, Li, Gao Xin, Li Na e Mei Jun. "Fermentation process of mulberry juice-whey based Tibetan kefir beverage production". Czech Journal of Food Sciences 36, No. 6 (7 de janeiro de 2019): 494–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/468/2017-cjfs.
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Mixture of mulberry juice and whey was evaluated as a potential substrate for the production of a beverage by Tibetan kefir grains. Different mulberry juice addition was used. Acidity, pH, volatile flavour compounds as well as microbial communities were determined during 40 h of fermentation at 18°C. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) analysis revealed that ethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol were dominant alcohols, and ethyl caprylate, ethyl caprate, ethyl acetate and ethyl caproate were the most dominant ester compounds. The microbial communities of fermented beverage were close to kefir grains indicating that they had similar microbial communities gradually during the fermentation process. Lactococcus was frequently detected at the beginning and then Lactobacillus rapidly proliferated after acclimatizing to the fermentation environment. Acetobacter was steadily increasing during the fermentation process. For the fungi, Candida was frequently detected with the highest abundances in almost all samples.
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Liang, Tian, Fang Liu, Lifeng Ma, Zhiying Zhang, Lijun Liu, Tingting Huang, Jing Li et al. "Migration effects on the intestinal microbiota of Tibetans". PeerJ 9 (18 de outubro de 2021): e12036. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.12036.
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Background Diet, environment, and genomic context have a significant impact on humans’ intestinal microbiota. Moreover, migration may be accompanied by changes in human eating habits and living environment, which could, in turn, affect the intestinal microbiota. Located in southwestern China, Tibet has an average altitude of 4,000 meters and is known as the world’s roof. Xianyang is situated in the plains of central China, with an average altitude of about 400 meters. Methods To understand the association between intestinal microbiota and population migration, we collected the fecal samples from 30 Tibetan women on the first day (as TI1st), six months (as TI2nd), and ten months (as TI3rd) following migration from Tibet to Xianyang. Fecal samples were collected from 29 individuals (belonging to the Han women) as a control. The dietary information of the Tibetan women and the Han women was gathered. We performed a 16S rRNA gene survey of the collected fecal samples using Illumina MiSeq sequencing. Results Following the migration, the alpha and beta diversity of Tibetan women’s intestinal microbiota appeared unaffected. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis showed that Klebsiella, Blautia, and Veillonella are potential biomarkers at TI1st, while Proteobacteria and Enterobacteriaceae were common in TI3rd. Finally, functional prediction by phylogenetic investigation of communities by reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) found no significant up-regulation or down-regulation gene pathway in the intestinal microbiota of Tibetan women after migration. The present study reveals that the higher stability in Tibetan women’s intestinal microbiota was less affected by the environment and diet, indicating that Tibetan women’s intestinal microbiota is relatively stable. The main limitations of the study were the small sample size and all volunteers were women.
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Chen, Lingyun, Haifeng Han, Chunhui Wang, Alan Warren e Yingzhi Ning. "Exploring Microeukaryote Community Characteristics and Niche Differentiation in Arid Farmland Soil at the Northeastern Edge of the Tibetan Plateau". Microorganisms 11, n.º 10 (8 de outubro de 2023): 2510. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11102510.
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The northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau exhibits diverse climate and landform variations, and has experienced substantial recent environmental changes, which may significantly impact local agricultural practices. Understanding the microeukaryote community structure within agricultural soils is crucial for finding out the biological responses to such changes and may guide future agricultural practices. In this study, we employed high-throughput amplicon sequencing to examine 29 agricultural soil samples from seven research areas around the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau. The findings revealed that the predominant biological communities in these soils were characterized by a high abundance of Alveolata, Amoebozoa, and Rhizaria. Ascomycota displayed the highest relative abundance among fungal communities. Moreover, notable distinctions in microeukaryote community composition were observed among the study sites. Co-occurrence network analysis highlighted interactions between the biological communities. Furthermore, our results elucidated that deterministic and stochastic processes exerted diverse influences on the distribution of protozoan and fungal communities. This study provides valuable insight into the microeukaryote structure in the agricultural soils of the northeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, shedding light on the intricate relationships between environmental factors, microeukaryote communities, and agricultural productivity.
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Miehe, Georg, Kerstin Bach, Sabine Miehe, Jürgen Kluge, Yang Yongping, La Duo, Sonam Co e Karsten Wesche. "Alpine steppe plant communities of the Tibetan highlands". Applied Vegetation Science 14, n.º 4 (14 de julho de 2011): 547–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-109x.2011.01147.x.
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Diemberger, Hildegard. "Life Histories of Forgotten Heroes? Transgression of Boundaries and the Reconstruction of Tibet in the post-Mao Era". Inner Asia 12, n.º 1 (2010): 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/146481710792710354.
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AbstractOral-history projects in the Tibetan areas of China face the challenge of dealing with a highly contested history and a sensitive political context that raises numerous ethical questions. At the same time, this particular situation makes them compelling. This paper looks at some examples of local cadres, heads of monasteries and village elders who were a driving force in the reconstruction of the Tibetan social and cultural fabric in the 1980s and 1990s. These are people who had experienced Tibet before its radical reshaping through the Democratic Reforms of 1959, survived the Cultural Revolution and, after 1978, led their communities in their endeavours of reviving Tibetan traditions and promoting local welfare. This generation of political and religious leaders has now largely disappeared from the active scene. Their personal involvement, often above and beyond their official roles, has been crucial in the shaping of contemporary Tibet. However, Chinese official narratives and those of Tibetan exile – for opposite reasons – tend to neglect or misrepresent their contribution. This paper shows how the collecting of life histories and personal accounts makes it possible to reconstruct a 'history from below', otherwise consigned to oblivion. At the same time it provides some telling examples of how leaders negotiated the shifting boundary between the religious and the secular while trying to reconcile the moral authority of the past with a modernist vision of society. An engagement with oral history may thus provide some insights into the current tensions within the emerging Tibetan civil society that straddles a difficult pathway between the tenets of Chinese socialism and deeply engrained Buddhist morality.
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Gurung, Santosh Kumar, Bal Ram Bhattarai, Shanti Devi Chhetri, Anisha Bataju e Ganga Ghale. "Socio-Cultural, Economic and Environmental Impact of Tibetan Refugee Settlement on Host Community in Pokhara". Journal of Business and Management 5 (1 de dezembro de 2018): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jbm.v5i0.27388.
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The study attempts to empirically investigate and assess the socio-cultural, economic and environmental impact of the refugee settlements on the local host community who are living around the Tashi Pakhiel Tibetan camp located in Hemja, Kaski district. A questionnaire survey was undertaken to collect opinion of 500 host community members on the issue. The findings reveal that there exists social harmony, mutual co-existence, and bonding between the Tibetan refugees and local residents of Hemja. The two communities involve in social exchange and participate in social events of each other. The social acceptance is revealed from the fact that the practice of intermarriages between the communities is also prevalent. The Tibetan refugee camp is found not to adversely impact the host community culture. Similarly, the refugee settlement has not brought any adverse effect on the local environment. The basic services and facilities like education and health is available on equitable basis to both the communities. Finally, the economic interaction between the communities has resulted in mutually beneficial economic condition for both in terms of increased business and employment opportunities. Moreover, the economic benefits to the host community are found to be relatively higher as compared to the benefits received by the refugees.
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Xing, Peng, Martin W. Hahn e Qinglong L. Wu. "Low Taxon Richness of Bacterioplankton in High-Altitude Lakes of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau, with a Predominance of Bacteroidetes and Synechococcus spp." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 75, n.º 22 (18 de setembro de 2009): 7017–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01544-09.
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ABSTRACT Plankton samples were collected from six remote freshwater and saline lakes located at altitudes of 3,204 to 4,718 m and 1,000 km apart within an area of ca. 1 million km2 on the eastern Tibetan Plateau to comparatively assess how environmental factors influence the diversity of bacterial communities in high-altitude lakes. The composition of the bacterioplankton was investigated by analysis of large clone libraries of 16S rRNA genes. Comparison of bacterioplankton diversities estimated for the six Tibetan lakes with reference data previously published for lakes located at lower altitudes indicated relatively low taxon richness in the Tibetan lakes. The estimated average taxon richness in the four Tibetan freshwater lakes was only one-fifth of the average taxon richness estimated for seven low-altitude reference lakes. This cannot be explained by low coverage of communities in the Tibetan lakes by the established libraries or by differences in habitat size. Furthermore, a comparison of the taxonomic compositions of bacterioplankton across the six Tibetan lakes revealed low overlap between their community compositions. About 70.9% of the operational taxonomic units (99% similarity) were specific to single lakes, and a relatively high percentage (11%) of sequences were <95% similar to publicly deposited sequences of cultured or uncultured bacteria. This beta diversity was explained by differences in salinity between lakes rather than by distance effects. Another characteristic of the investigated lakes was the predominance of Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus) and Bacteroidetes. These features of bacterioplankton diversity may reflect specific adaptation of various lineages to the environmental conditions in these high-altitude lakes.
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Tidwell, Tawni, e Khenrab Gyamtso. "Tibetan Medical Paradigms for the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic". Asian Medicine 16, n.º 1 (13 de agosto de 2021): 89–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341485.
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Abstract As prophesized in early Tibetan medical works, the emergence of a pathogen such as SARS-CoV-2 that could inflict such a virulent infectious disease such as COVID-19 provided conditions for an expected yet alarming new phenomenon to threaten the health of inhabitants on the Tibetan Plateau. As SARS-CoV-2 spread into a global pandemic, Tibetan physicians worldwide engaged in symposiums, conferences, and clinical exchanges to situate the virus and its disease within Tibetan medical nosology. They sought to reconcile prophesies of global impact and develop critical treatment protocols for their communities. This article presents this particular perspective on COVID-19 as discussed among Tibetan medical colleagues in early April 2020, with follow-up discussions a year later. It introduces the disease’s nosology as a specific type of virulent infection (gnyan rims), and describes the etiology, diagnosis, and treatment as explicated in the Tibetan classic Four Medical Treatises and related commentaries. As Tibetan physicians gain attention for their treatments of mild- and medium-severity COVID-19 cases, understanding the Tibetan medical paradigm for the condition highlights distinctions of therapeutic and investigative relevance compared to biomedical and other traditional Asian medical approaches.
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Wei, Na, e Xiaofeng Yue. "Distribution of Core Root Microbiota of Tibetan Hulless Barley along an Altitudinal and Geographical Gradient in the Tibetan Plateau". Microorganisms 10, n.º 9 (29 de agosto de 2022): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10091737.
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The Tibetan Plateau is regarded as the third pole of the earth and is one of the least explored places on the planet. Tibetan hull-less barley (Hordeum vulgare L. var. nudum) is the only cereal crop grown widely in the Tibetan Plateau as a staple food. Extensive and long-term cropping of barley may influence the soil’s chemical and biological properties, including microbial communities. However, microbiota associated with hull-less barley is largely unexplored. This study aimed to reveal the composition and diversity of bacterial and fungal communities associated with the hull-less barley at different elevations in the Tibetan Plateau. The core bacterial and fungal taxa of Tibetan hull-less barley were identified, with Bacillaceae, Blastocatellaceae, Comamonadaceae, Gemmatimonadaceae, Planococcaceae, Pyrinomonadaceae, Sphingomonadaceae, and Nitrospiraceae being the most abundant bacterial taxa and Ceratobasidiaceae, Chaetomiaceae, Cladosporiaceae, Didymellaceae, Entolomataceae, Microascaceae, Mortierellaceae, and Nectriaceae being the most abundant fungal taxa (relative abundance > 1%). Both bacterial and fungal diversities of hull-less barley were affected by altitude and soil properties such as total carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus and potassium. Both bacterial and fungal diversities showed a significant negative correlation with altitude, indicating that the lower elevations provide a conducive environment for the survival and maintenance of hull-less barley-associated microbiota. Our results also suggest that the high altitude-specific microbial taxa may play an important role in the adaptation of the hull-less barley to the earth’s third pole.
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Washul, Eveline. "Tibetan translocalities: navigating urban opportunities and new ways of belonging in Tibetan pastoral communities in China". Critical Asian Studies 50, n.º 4 (2 de outubro de 2018): 493–517. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14672715.2018.1520606.
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Cao, Guangmin, Xingliang Xu, Ruijun Long, Qilan Wang, Changting Wang, Yangong Du e Xinquan Zhao. "Methane emissions by alpine plant communities in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau". Biology Letters 4, n.º 6 (26 de agosto de 2008): 681–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2008.0373.
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For the first time to our knowledge, we report here methane emissions by plant communities in alpine ecosystems in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. This has been achieved through long-term field observations from June 2003 to July 2006 using a closed chamber technique. Strong methane emission at the rate of 26.2±1.2 and 7.8±1.1 μg CH 4 m −2 h −1 was observed for a grass community in a Kobresia humilis meadow and a Potentilla fruticosa meadow, respectively. A shrub community in the Potentilla meadow consumed atmospheric methane at the rate of 5.8±1.3 μg CH 4 m −2 h −1 on a regional basis; plants from alpine meadows contribute at least 0.13 Tg CH 4 yr −1 in the Tibetan Plateau. This finding has important implications with regard to the regional methane budget and species-level difference should be considered when assessing methane emissions by plants.
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YIN, Lun, e Xiaohan Zhang. "Traditional knowledge". Das Questões 10, n.º 1 (14 de julho de 2020): 104–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26512/dasquestoes.v10i1.32550.
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The Tibetan traditional language not only contains the worldview of the Tibetan people, but also holds significant traditional ecological knowledge that can show us alternatives to conserve biodiversity and adapt to climate chance. For indigenous peoples and local communities biodiversity is not only a matter of resource, but also a social and cultural phenomenon. And the impact of climate change on biodiversity is not only an environmental problem, but also an issue of spirit and belief.
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Levine, Nancy E. "Differential Child Care in Three Tibetan Communities: Beyond Son Preference". Population and Development Review 13, n.º 2 (junho de 1987): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1973194.
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Holmes-Tagchungdarpa, Amy. "Continuing Revelations: Patronage, Place, and Printing Enchantment in the Publication Histories of Modern Tibetan Buddhist Visionary Literature". East Asian Publishing and Society 11, n.º 2 (2 de setembro de 2021): 83–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22106286-12341354.
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Abstract Treasure (Tibetan: gter ma) lineages are distinctive forms of visionary Buddhist practice found throughout the classical Tibetan literary world. Treasures are revealed by tertön (gter ston), Buddhist masters with karmic connections to the Tibetan past who have been preordained to recover treasures at the right time and place. There has been rich scholarship on the processes of treasure discovery and communities that have been inspired by treasure literature, but the publication and distribution histories of treasure texts have been comparatively understudied. Drawing on the work of historian Nile Green related to the mass production of Islamic texts produced in Mumbai that circulated through the modern Indian Ocean world, I will examine how the political and economic changes of the twentieth century impacted and transformed the promulgation of visionary literature in classical Tibetan language, and the circumstances that allowed for ‘printing enchantment’, and the power of the book, to remain intact.
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Craig, Sienna R., Nawang T. Gurung, Ross Perlin, Maya Daurio, Daniel Kaufman, Mark Turin e Kunchog Tseten. "Global Pandemic, Translocal Medicine". Asian Medicine 16, n.º 1 (13 de agosto de 2021): 58–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15734218-12341484.
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Abstract This article analyzes the audio diaries of a Tibetan physician, originally from Amdo (Qinghai Province, China), now living in New York City. Dr. Kunchog Tseten describes his experiences during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, in spring and summer 2020, when Queens, New York—the location where he lives and works—was the “epicenter of the epicenter” of the novel coronavirus outbreak in the United States. The collaborative research project of which this diary is a part combines innovative methodological approaches to qualitative, ethnographic study during this era of social distancing with an attunement to the relationship between language, culture, and health care. Dr. Kunchog’s diary and our analysis of its contents illustrate the ways that Tibetan medicine and Tibetan cultural practices, including those emergent from Buddhism, have helped members of the Himalayan and Tibetan communities in New York City navigate this unprecedented moment with care and compassion.
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Xu, Lingxia, Wanyun Xu, Chao Jiang, Huxuan Dai, Qiaoqi Sun, Kun Cheng, Chun-Hung Lee, Cheng Zong e Jianzhang Ma. "Evaluating Communities’ Willingness to Participate in Ecosystem Conservation in Southeast Tibetan Nature Reserves, China". Land 11, n.º 2 (28 de janeiro de 2022): 207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11020207.
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Southeast Tibet is significant in maintaining key ecological functions and providing irreplaceable ecosystem services but is also extremely vulnerable and susceptible to the impacts of human activities. Understanding the attitudes of local residents toward ecosystem conservation is considered essential for nature resource management. We therefore aimed to conduct an evaluation framework under hypothetical scenarios to measure communities’ willingness to participate in ecosystem conservation using the contingent valuation method (CVM). Second, this study determined the underlying factors that might affect local’s willingness to participate and then compared the willingness to pay (WTP) and willingness to work (WTW) for different types of nature reserves. We found that income, education, community attachment, and acceptance of a payment scheme are significant factors determining the average amount that residents are willing to pay for ecosystem conservation, while their income, acceptance of a work scheme, and education are significant factors influencing the average service time that residents are willing to devote to work. Our results revealed that community residents have considerable willingness to participate in ecosystem conservation, which points not only to the great value attached to the ecosystem service function of Southeast Tibet nature but also suggests that people’s willingness to participate is influenced by a conglomeration of socio-economic characteristics and their previous experience. The information herein can be used to implement conservation planning that involves community co-management and policymaking for sustainable development and will be beneficial to the dynamic conservation and adaptive management of Tibetan nature reserves.
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Liu, Haoyue, Jinan Cheng, Hui Jin, Zhongxiang Xu, Xiaoyan Yang, Deng Min, Xinxin Xu, Xiangfeng Shao, Dengxue Lu e Bo Qin. "Characterization of Rhizosphere and Endophytic Microbial Communities Associated with Stipa purpurea and Their Correlation with Soil Environmental Factors". Plants 11, n.º 3 (28 de janeiro de 2022): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11030363.
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This study was to explore the diversity of rhizosphere and endophytic microbial communities and the correlation with soil environmental factors of Stipa purpurea on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The bacterial phylum of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Bacteroidota, and the fungal phylum of Ascomycota, Basidiomycota and Zygomycota were dominant in microbial communities of S. purpurea in all three sampling sites. Multiple comparison analysis showed that there were significant differences in the composition of microbial communities in the roots, leaves and rhizosphere soil. Whether it is fungi or bacteria, the OTU abundance of rhizosphere soils was higher than that of leaves and roots at the same location, while the difference among locations was not obvious. Moreover, RDA analysis showed that Zygomycota, Cercozoa, Glomeromycota, Chytridiomycota and Rozellomycota possessed strongly positive associations with altitude, dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, neutral phosphatase, available kalium and available phosphate, while Ascomycota was strongly negatively associated. Changes in ammonium nitrate, alkaline phosphatase, polyphenol oxidase, total phosphorus, and altitude had a significant impact on the bacterial communities in different habitats and altitudes. Taken together, we provide evidence that S. purpurea has abundant microbial communities in the alpine grassland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, whose composition and diversity are affected by various soil environmental factors.
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Zhang, Haohao, e Yidan Zhang. "Economic Development and Ethnic Integration: A study on the Relationship between Southwest Frontier’ Chieftain and the Ancient Tea-Horse Road: Case Studies of Mushi Chieftains and Mingzheng Chieftains". Yixin Publisher 1, n.º 2 (30 de setembro de 2023): 39–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.59825/jcs.2023.1.2.39.
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The Ancient Tea-Horse Road, with its core spanning Yunnan, Sichuan, and Tibet, encompassed numerous trade routes across the southwest frontier, extending its influence into South Asia and Southeast Asia. Within this intricate trade network, the chieftain system served as a localized political structure “governed by custom”, strategically employed by the central dynasty to maintain national unity in ethnically diverse regions. As regional rulers, the chieftains of Southwest China played pivotal roles in facilitating the emergence and expansion of the Ancient Tea-Horse Road. This study focuses on the distinctive characteristics of Yunnan Mushi chieftains and Sichuan Mingzheng chieftains, both situated along the Ancient Tea-Horse Road. These chieftains exemplify the broader chieftain landscape in the southwest frontier. Operating along the Yunnan-Tibet Tea and Horse Ancient Road, the Mushi Chieftains significantly contributed to the economic development of Lijiang and fostered cross-cultural exchanges between two ethnic groups. Conversely, the Mingzheng Chieftains established Guozhuang along the ancient Sichuan-Tibetan Tea and Horse Ancient Road, fostering the prosperity of the Dajianlu trade and laying the groundwork for Han-Tibetan integration. This study underscores the paramount importance of southwest frontier chieftains in managing the Ancient Tea-Horse Road, a role critical to the economic advancement of border regions and the historical process of integrating the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the southwest ethnic communities into the Chinese national fabric.
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Boesi, Alessandro. "Traditional knowledge of wild food plants in a few Tibetan communities". Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 10, n.º 1 (2014): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1746-4269-10-75.
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Hu, Jing, Jihua Wu, Miaojun Ma, Uffe N. Nielsen, Jing Wang e Guozhen Du. "Nematode communities response to long-term grazing disturbance on Tibetan plateau". European Journal of Soil Biology 69 (julho de 2015): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejsobi.2015.04.003.
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Deng, Zhaoheng, Jingxue Zhao, Zhong Wang, Ruicheng Li, Ying Guo, Tianxiang Luo e Lin Zhang. "Stochastic Processes Drive Plant Community Assembly in Alpine Grassland during the Restoration Period". Diversity 14, n.º 10 (3 de outubro de 2022): 832. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14100832.
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Enclosure (prohibition of grazing) is an important process to restore alpine grassland on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. However, few studies have quantified the extent to which the long-term enclosure may contribute to the changes in plant phylogenetic diversity and community assembly in alpine grassland under environmental change. In this study, based on an 11-year fencing experiment along an altitudinal gradient ranging from 4400 m to 5200 m in central Tibet, we conducted an observation of species composition and coverage within and outside the fences in the fifth, eighth and eleventh year, and monitored the related climate and soil factors at 7 sites. Our aim is to quantify the relative effects of environmental change and grassland management on the alpine plant community assemblage. The results were: (1) the overall phylogenetic structure (NRI) of the alpine plant communities, whether inside or outside the enclosure, was divergent at altitudes where the environment was relatively unextreme (4800–5100 m), but aggregative at altitudes with low precipitation (4400–4650 m) or with low temperature (5200 m). (2) The phylogenetic structure of the nearest taxon of species (NTI) was more aggregative along the whole gradient. (3) Precipitation was the dominant factor driving the changes in species richness, phylogenetic diversity and community α-phylogenetic structure indices (NRI and NTI), followed by enclosure duration and soil C:N ratio. (4) The phylogenetic structure of the communities was similar at higher altitudes under grazing or enclosure treatments, and was opposite at lower sites. Stochastic processes have driven the changes in the communities between inside and outside the fences at all altitudes. In addition, homogeneous dispersal occurred in communities at higher sites. In summary, the 11-year enclosure had little effect on community structure of alpine meadows where the grazing pressure is relative lower, whereas it could help restore the community of steppe meadow at lower altitudes where the grazing pressure is extensively higher. This study may provide a vital theoretical support for the formulation of differential management for alpine grassland on the Tibetan Plateau.
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Townsend, Dominique. "Feeling the Way to Revelation: Patterns of Doubt and Persuasion in Tibetan Buddhist Auto/biographical Treasure Narratives". Numen 68, n.º 5-6 (20 de setembro de 2021): 513–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685276-12341638.
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Abstract In the Tibetan Buddhist Treasure (gter ma) tradition, communities cohere around the marking of certain visions as offering insight into the proper method of ritual practices, the veracity of reincarnation claims, decisions about institutional structures, assertions of lineage relationships, and most importantly for the purposes of this article, the phenomenology of Buddhist enlightenment for readers lacking such experience. There is a long and robust history of doubt around such visions and their narrative accounts. Doubters seek to debunk and disenfranchise those whose visions they dispute. This article analyzes the emotional dynamics and aesthetic charge of five exemplary visionary accounts from the 17th–20th century, with a focus on how doubts are overcome through intense positive sensory experiences within their life stories. Such narratives generate a sense of religious belonging in Tibetan Buddhist Treasure communities, beginning with the visionary him- or herself whose successful navigation of doubt is resolved by the persuasive power of intensely positive aesthetic experience.
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Luo, Runbo, Aohan Guan, Bin Ma, Yuan Gao, Yuna Peng, Yanling He, Qianshuai Xu et al. "Developmental Dynamics of the Gut Virome in Tibetan Pigs at High Altitude: A Metagenomic Perspective across Age Groups". Viruses 16, n.º 4 (14 de abril de 2024): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v16040606.
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Tibetan pig is a geographically isolated pig breed that inhabits high-altitude areas of the Qinghai–Tibetan plateau. At present, there is limited research on viral diseases in Tibetan pigs. This study provides a novel metagenomic exploration of the gut virome in Tibetan pigs (altitude ≈ 3000 m) across three critical developmental stages, including lactation, nursery, and fattening. The composition of viral communities in the Tibetan pig intestine, with a dominant presence of Microviridae phages observed across all stages of development, in combination with the previous literature, suggest that it may be associated with geographical locations with high altitude. Functional annotation of viral operational taxonomic units (vOTUs) highlights that, among the constantly increasing vOTUs groups, the adaptability of viruses to environmental stressors such as salt and heat indicates an evolutionary response to high-altitude conditions. It shows that the lactation group has more abundant viral auxiliary metabolic genes (vAMGs) than the nursery and fattening groups. During the nursery and fattening stages, this leaves only DNMT1 at a high level. which may be a contributing factor in promoting gut health. The study found that viruses preferentially adopt lytic lifestyles at all three developmental stages. These findings not only elucidate the dynamic interplay between the gut virome and host development, offering novel insights into the virome ecology of Tibetan pigs and their adaptation to high-altitude environments, but also provide a theoretical basis for further studies on pig production and epidemic prevention under extreme environmental conditions.
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Yonnetti, Eben. "Masks and Mantras: The COVID-19 Pandemic and Spiritual Reterritorialization Among Tibetan Buddhist Communities in Taiwan". Journal of Global Buddhism 25, n.º 1 (18 de junho de 2024): 135–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/lu.jgb.2024.3958.
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This article examines how Tibetan Buddhist teachers’ and communities’ responses to the COVID-19 pandemic have facilitated the contemporary global transmission of this tradition. Based upon fifteen months of ethnographic research in Taiwan, I examine how one community, the Bhumang Nyiöling Buddhist Society, was introduced to and adopted practices to the deity Parṇaśavarī, a protectress against pandemic illnesses, in response to COVID-19. Drawing upon Deleuze and Guattari, I introduce the concepts of spiritual deterritorialization and reterritorialization to describe the processes whereby divinities in the Buddhist cosmos are unbound from specific geographies and expand their intercessory powers across new contexts. I argue that the introduction of Parṇaśavarī practices to the Bhumang Nyiöling community during the COVID-19 pandemic serves as a vibrant example of how processes of spiritual deterritorialization and reterritorialization can play a powerful role in the broader transmission of Tibetan Buddhism globally, particularly when catalyzed by critical moments of crisis.
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Langelaar, Reinier J. "Chasing the Colours of the Rainbow". Medieval History Journal 21, n.º 2 (18 de julho de 2018): 328–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0971945818775455.
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This article charts various permutations of a little known ethnogenealogical tradition found in Classical Tibetan literature, which, depending on the version, plots the shared ancestry of Tibetan, Chinese, Mongol and other Asian populations. First, a contextualisation of the ethnonym ‘Tibetan’ (Bod-pa) is offered, followed by a brief overview of other extant origin narratives of this ethnic group. We then subsequently turn to discussions and comparisons of the selected myth’s renditions, which began being written in the fourteenth century at the very latest and seem to have been particularly current on the eastern stretches of the Tibetan Plateau. This survey illustrates that depending on the time period, geographic location, authorial strategy and religious affiliation, the narrative was adapted to fit specific historical developments and socio-literary contexts and goals. Accordingly, the list of incorporated ethnic groups varies from source to source, as do their internal hierarchical ranking and specific interpretive twists. All in all, the article thus paints a picture of a fluid and malleable account in which different narrators and communities actively enlisted, adapted and instrumentalised specific visions of the ethnic group’s deep past.
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Chen, Han, Shuaiwei Luo, Guixin Li, Wanyanhan Jiang, Wei Qi, Jing Hu, Miaojun Ma e Guozhen Du. "Large-Scale Patterns of Soil Nematodes across Grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau: Relationships with Climate, Soil and Plants". Diversity 13, n.º 8 (9 de agosto de 2021): 369. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13080369.
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Soil nematodes are important contributors to soil biodiversity. Nonetheless, the distribution patterns and environmental drivers of soil nematode communities are poorly understood, especially at the large scale, where multiple environmental variables covary. We collected 520 soil samples from 104 sites representing alpine meadow and steppe ecosystems. First, we explored the soil nematode community characteristics and compared community patterns between the ecosystems. Then, we examined the contributions of aboveground and belowground factors on these patterns. The genus richness and abundance of nematodes on the Tibetan Plateau are lower than other alpine ecosystems, but are comparable to desert or polar ecosystems. Alpine meadows supported a higher nematode abundance and genus richness than alpine steppes; bacterial-based energy channels were pre-dominant in both the ecosystems. Soil factors explained the most variation in the soil nematode community composition in the alpine meadows, while plant factors were as essential as soil factors in the alpine steppes. Unexpectedly, the climate variables barely impacted the nematode communities. This is the first study to explore the spatial patterns of soil nematode compositions on the Tibetan Plateau, and we found that the contributions of climate, plants, and soil properties on soil nematodes community were essentially different from the previous knowledge for well-studied plant and animal communities.
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Che, Rongxiao, Yongcui Deng, Fang Wang, Weijin Wang, Zhihong Xu, Yanbin Hao, Kai Xue et al. "Autotrophic and symbiotic diazotrophs dominate nitrogen-fixing communities in Tibetan grassland soils". Science of The Total Environment 639 (outubro de 2018): 997–1006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.238.
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He, Yuanyuan, Lele He, Zhe Wang, Ting Liang, Shichun Sun e Xiaoshou Liu. "Salinity Shapes the Microbial Communities in Surface Sediments of Salt Lakes on the Tibetan Plateau, China". Water 14, n.º 24 (11 de dezembro de 2022): 4043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14244043.
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The extreme geographical and climatic conditions of the Tibetan Plateau result in lakes spanning a diverse range of environmental conditions. Studying microbial response to extreme environmental conditions is important for understanding their adaptation and evolution in the natural environment. In this study, the microbial community composition in the surface sediments from 12 lakes with different salinities on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed using the Illumina high-throughput sequencing platform. The results showed that the phyla Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota were the major bacteria, and Crenarchaeota was the major group of archaea in low and moderately saline lakes (salinity 0.64–33.88PSU), whereas Firmicutes and Halobacterota increased significantly in high saline lakes (salinity 44.25–106.9PSU). Salinity was the most important factor impacting bacterial α-diversity, characterized by a significant decrease in microbial diversity indices with increasing salinity. Salinity was also the main driving factor determining the microbial community composition of these lakes. Other factors, including Chl-a, OM and glacial meltwater, also had important effects to some extent. In contrast, geographic factors had no remarkable effect on microbial community composition.
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Zhu, Yan, Yingying Cao, Min Yang, Pengchen Wen, Lei Cao, Jiang Ma, Zhongmin Zhang e Weibing Zhang. "Bacterial diversity and community in Qula from the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau in China". PeerJ 6 (5 de dezembro de 2018): e6044. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6044.
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Qula is a cheese-like product usually prepared with unpasteurized yak milk under open conditions, with both endogenous and exogenous microorganisms involved in the fermentation process. In the present study, 15 Qula samples were collected from five different regions in China to investigate the diversity of microbial communities using high-throughput sequencing targeting the V3–V4 region of 16S rRNA gene. The bacterial diversity significantly differed among samples of different origins, indicating a possible effect of geography. The result also showed that microbial communities significantly differed in samples of different origin and these differences were greater at the genus than the phylum level. A total of six phyla were identified in the samples, and Firmicutes and Proteobacteria had a relative abundance >20%. A total of 73 bacterial genera were identified in the samples. Two dominant genera (Lactobacillus and Acetobacter) were common to all samples, and a total of 47 operational taxonomic units at different levels significantly differed between samples of different origin. The predicted functional genes of the bacteria present in samples also indicated differences in bacterial communities between the samples of different origin. The network analysis showed that microbial interactions between bacterial communities in Qula were very complex. This study lays a foundation for further investigations into its food ecology.