Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "The Second Franco-Mexican War"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "The Second Franco-Mexican War"
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Golson, Eric. "Spanish Civilian Labour for Germany During the Second World War?" Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian and Latin American Economic History 31, n.º 1 (março de 2013): 145–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0212610913000050.
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AbstractFor political reasons, the Spanish dictator Francisco Franco limited the number of civilian Spanish workers sent to Germany during the Second World War. Despite agreeing to send 100,000, the number of workers never exceeded 9,550. Their impact on the German war economy was small. This paper demonstrates that, in limiting worker transfers, Franco went against his own economic incentives, considering that the Spanish government was taking a commission from the workers’ remittances. By limiting the number of workers sent, Franco satisfied the Allies’ pressure to minimise cooperation with Germany. In support of this argument, this article offers updated estimates for the number of workers, their skill levels and remittances. It also provides the first estimates of Spanish costs and income from the programme.
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GREENFIELD, JEROME. "THE MEXICAN EXPEDITION OF 1862–1867 AND THE END OF THE FRENCH SECOND EMPIRE". Historical Journal 63, n.º 3 (12 de fevereiro de 2020): 660–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x19000657.
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AbstractThe French expedition to Mexico from 1862 to 1867 rarely features in accounts of the origins of the Franco-Prussian War or of the liberalization of the French Second Empire in its final years. By contrast, this article uses a range of archival and published sources to argue that the failure of the Mexican expedition was an important factor in the crisis that convulsed French politics in the late 1860s. The legitimacy of the fiscal-military system was undermined, partly because of the burdens that the expedition imposed on the French people. There resulted difficulties over finance and the army, which hindered the Second Empire's ability to confront the Prussian threat and accelerated the emergence of the ‘Liberal Empire’ with the constitutional reforms of 1867–70. Liberalization, though, could not rescue the imperial regime, and the legitimacy crisis of the Second Empire was only resolved by a transition to a parliamentary democracy under the Third Republic.
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Krelenko, Denis M. "Francoist Spain in the context of the Second World War: Deeds and intentions". Izvestiya of Saratov University. History. International Relations 22, n.º 1 (21 de fevereiro de 2022): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1819-4907-2022-22-1-71-81.
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The article is devoted to two peripheral problems of international relations on the eve and during the Second World War. At this time Spain was trying to solve its territorial problems in North Africa and the Iberian Peninsula. The author’s attention is focused on the activities of the caudillo F. Franco in solving these problems. Franco managed to strengthen the influence of Spain in Tangier, but was unable to return Gibraltar to his country.
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Lénárt, András. "Franco’s Choice: The Reevaluation of Spain’s Neutrality and Non-Belligerence During the Second World War". Studia Historyczne 63, n.º 1(249) (20 de julho de 2022): 61–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/sh.63.2020.01.04.
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General Francisco Franco established his dictatorship in Spain in 1939 after winning the Civil War fought against the democratic Republican government. The same year, the Second World War broke out. The Caudillo wanted his country to remain neutral, but Spain soon moved forward to the status of non-belligerence: Franco backed Mussolini and Hitler on the level of propaganda, and he also sent voluntary troops to help the Germans, although he also maintained relations with the Allies. Later, the country returned to the status of neutrality. The aim of my article is to highlight the main features of the Spanish attitude and the government’s diplomatic maneuvers between the Axis powers and the Allies, paying special attention to Franco’s possibilities and doubts.
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Drozda, Martin. "Prusko-francouzská válka v kramářských tiscích". Acta Musei Nationalis Pragae – Historia litterarum 66, n.º 3-4 (2021): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.37520/amnpsc.2021.018.
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The study deals with the Franco-Prussian War in chapbooks. This conflict provided the last major stimulus for this medium, which gradually disappeared in the second half of the 19th century. Chapbooks on the subject of the Franco-Prussian war comprised mostly broadside ballads, but prayers and small prose prints were created as well. The importance of satirical songs significantly increased at that time. The article studies the interpretation of the war conflict in chapbooks, especially the glorification of French commanders and the authors’ hatred for Prussian soldiers, which stemmed from the defeat of the Austrian army in 1866. Attention is also paid to reflections on the main figures in the conflict (Napoleon III, Otto von Bismarck). The paper shows the genre diversity of chapbooks in the second half of the 19th century, at a time when they were gradually disappearing.
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Soland, Peter. "The miracle (and mirage) of Mexican flight: Aviation development in Mexico, during and after the Second World War". Journal of Transport History 40, n.º 1 (15 de janeiro de 2019): 25–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022526618823931.
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This paper explores the development of Mexican commercial aviation (and more specifically the trajectory of Compañía Mexicana de Aviación) against the background of Mexico’s Second World War alliance with the USA and its post-war economic expansion. USA foreign aid allowed Mexican president Manuel Ávila Camacho (1940–46) to further develop the country’s aviation network and personnel. The Second World War’s disruption of tourism allowed Mexico to reap the benefits of a rapidly growing vacation industry. The election of Miguel Aléman in 1946 reinforced commercial aviation and tourism as crucial, co-dependent elements in modernising the country and making Compañía Mexicana de Aviación a symbol of national progress. Although the Second World War emerges as a crucial point in the development of Mexican aviation, the same processes that buoyed commercial airlines also reinforced cultural stereotypes that were exploited for USA tourists and masked reckless financial decisions that nearly bankrupted Compañía Mexicana de Aviación’s in late 1950s.
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Loseva, Evgeniya A. "Evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education". Journal of the Belarusian State University. History, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2020): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2520-6338-2020-1-69-77.
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For the first time in Russian-language historiography on the basis of an analysis of the most important components of Franco-German cooperation in the field of higher education the evolution of cooperation between higher education institutions of France and Germany in the post-war period is presented. The prerequisites for Franco-German cooperation after the Second World War are determined. The evolution of academic mobility between these countries is considered. The results of activities to create equivalents of documents on higher education in France and Germany are revealed. The Franco-German joint institutions of higher education are characterized. The aim of this work is to consider the evolution of cooperation between France and Germany in the field of higher education in the post-war period of time through the prism of its key aspects. The relevance of this study is due to the lack of research on this issue in Russian-language historiography. In addition, the study of Franco-German relations in the field of science and higher education in the post-war period is also of practical importance, since the experience of this cooperation, or its individual aspects, can be used in the field of higher education and science of our state. As a result of the analysis of key aspects of the Franco-German university cooperation, the following stages were identified in bilateral cooperation. 1. Establishment of Franco-German educational cooperation (1949–1963) – a period of post-war contradictions and the emergence of academic mobility between universities in France and Germany. The intensification of Franco-German cooperation in higher education was due to the unfolding Cold War and the ongoing process of European integration: the cultural sphere acted as a means of overcoming Franco-German antagonism. 2. Franco-German cooperation after the conclusion of the Treaty of Elysee (1963 – the end of the 1970s) – a period of expansion of academic mobility and the creation of new tools for its implementation; at the same time, this period of cooperation was marked by a shift in the attention of the governments of France and Germany towards national education issues. 3. The beginning of the process of institutionalization of Franco-German cooperation (late 1970s – 1993). The transition to the third stage of cooperation is due to the emergence of new trends in bilateral educational partnerships: the creation of coordinating institutes and joint educational institutions and the beginning of solving the problem of equivalence of diplomas. 4. The cooperation of France and Germany after the formation of the EU in 1993 – the Franco-German partnership at the present stage and within the European Higher Education Area. The implementation of the provisions of the Bologna Agreement in practice significantly unified the higher education systems of France and Germany, which facilitated bilateral academic exchanges, and the two countries’ participation in European educational programs became an additional incentive for their intensification.
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Khrishkevich, Tatiana. "Artistic commemoration of the wars in Germany". Metamorphoses of history, n.º 29 (2023): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.37490/s241436770026640-4.
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The research addresses the topic of artistic commemoration of the wars in which Germany took part: from the victorious Franco-Prussian War to two crushing defeats in world wars. The article is devoted to the military monuments (Kriegerdenkmal), which were erected at every stage of German history: the Second Reich, the Weimar Republic, the Third Reich, the GDR and the FRG. The commemoration of the wars pursued various goals: the rise of Reich patriotism and the glorification of national unity, popular pacifism, instilling aggressive nationalism, overcoming the past. The symbolism of the memorials stemmed not only from the results of the wars, but also from previous historical experience. This is the time during which the nation has gone from the idea of its own exclusivity to the need for atonement and the formation of a "culture of memory" addressed to the younger generation. War memorials erected in the second half of the XIX – XX centuries are of two different types: tombstones erected directly over the graves of fallen soldiers and monuments commemorating the event, but not being an index of the grave. For the Franco-Prussian and World War I, examples of war memorials installed on graves, including monuments to opponents, are most characteristic. The theme of memorials dedicated to the Second World War is much more diverse. In addition to military cemeteries, they reflect the history of concentration camps, Resistance, Operation Tiergartenstrasse 4. After World War II, the memorial was assigned the role of a monument in the name of peace.
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Kisatsky, Deborah. "Joan Maria Thomàs. Roosevelt, Franco, and the End of the Second World War." American Historical Review 117, n.º 4 (21 de setembro de 2012): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ahr/117.4.1196.
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Vershinin, A. A. "USSR and the Red Army through the Eyes of the French Military Attaché E. Mendras (1933–1934)". Modern History of Russia 11, n.º 3 (2021): 686–704. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu24.2021.308.
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The article, largely based on new documents from Russian and French archives, examines an important aspect of Franco-Soviet relations on the eve of the Second World War: the interaction between the militaries of the two countries. The question of cooperation between the two armies was raised immediately after the signing of the Franco-Soviet non-aggression pact in 1932. The following year, the first French military attaché, E. Mendras, arrived in Moscow. A proponent of the revival of the Franco-Russian alliance, he explored Soviet reality to determine the real potential of the USSR as a possible ally. Despite a number of shortcomings of the Soviet socio-political system, Mendras came to the conclusion that the political regime in the country was quite stable, and its armed forces had the necessary resources to conduct a European war. At the same time, he questioned Moscow’s foreign policy goals and was critical of Soviet ideology as a factor in political decision-making. At first, the military attaché recommended that the French leadership enhance the alliance with the USSR. However, his attitude gradually changed against the background of a lack of complete mutual understanding with the Soviets and contradictions on the issue of rapprochement with Moscow, which cleaved the military-political leadership in Paris. In 1934, Mendras was skeptical about the prospects for cooperation with the USSR. This turn, in many ways, reflects a general change in the vector in Soviet-French relations in the mid-1930s, which led to their deterioration on the eve of the Second World War.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "The Second Franco-Mexican War"
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La, Monica Alessandro. "Édition critique de La guerra a Milano de Franco Fortini". Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040064.
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Ma recherche est une étude qui reconstitue le milieu littéraire, culturel et intellectuel dans lequel se trouve l’écrivain italien Franco Fortini (1917-1994) pendant son séjour en Suisse. La section centrale de la thèse est une édition critique de La guerra a Milano qui, d’un côté, fait ressortir la leçon originaire destinée à être publiée en Suisse, et qui de l’autre rend évident, à travers l’apparat critique, l’évolution des variantes introduites par les éditions de presse. Le texte qui fut publié en 1963, en effet, issu d’un travail de correction effectué vingt ans plus tard, fut privé des passages en italique qui, décrivant la condition de réfugié du jeune écrivain, créaient un remarquable contrepoint à la narration historique. Le texte du ’63, de plus, n’a plus un rôle autonome, mais est accompagné (ou mieux – contre la chronologie – anticipé) par le récit Sere in Valdossola. Avoir récupéré cette forme originaire du texte, en la préférant aux deux éditions (1963 et 1985), nous a fait pencher pour une édition qui mette en évidence la leçon de Z (1943-44) et signale en apparat soit les variantes génétiques (celles de Z, placées dans le premier paragraphe), soit les variantes évolutives des éditions de presse (à recenser dans un second paragraphe). Dans l’appendice on a reproduit aussi la leçon du manuscrit, accompagnée d’un apparat qui signale les variantes internes. Un bref commentaire final comprend des notes explicatives du texte (des traductions des passages en langue étrangère, des références à des personnages ou à des évènements historiques, etc.). Ma recherche permettra ainsi aux chercheurs (et, plus tard, par une éventuelle publication de la thèse à des lecteurs plus nombreux) de connaître un document inédit d’un des auteurs italiens les plus remarquables de la seconde moitié du vingtième siècleMy research examines the literary, cultural and intellectual milieu in which the Italian writer Franco Fortini (1917-1994) lived during his stay in Switzerland. During this stay, in fact, Fortini tied many friendships with Italian and French intellectuals, such as Ignazio Silone, Adriano Olivetti, Gianfranco Contini, Starobinski, Paul Eluard, Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir. The central section of the thesis is a critical edition of La guerra a Milano which, on one hand, highlights the original lesson to be published in Switzerland, and on the other, makes clear, through the critical apparatus, the changing variants introduced by the new editions. The text was published in 1963, in fact, after a twenty-years-long correction work, and was deprived of the italicized passages describing the refugee status of the young writer, that created a remarkable counterpoint to the historical narration. The 1963 text has an autonomous role, but it is accompanied (or better - against the timing - advanced) by the story in Sere Valdossola. To have recovered this original text, instead of the two editions (1963 and 1985), highlights the lesson of the typescript (1943-1944). In the appendix we have also reproduced the lesson of the manuscript, accompanied by notes that signal internal variants. A brief final comment includes explanatory notes of the text (translations of foreign-language passages, references to characters or historical events, etc.). My research will thus enable researchers (and, later, thanks to eventual publication of the thesis, many others readers) knowing an unpublished document of one of the most outstanding Italian writers of the second half of the twentieth century. La guerra a Milano is Fortini’s first text to be written in its entirety and to be reissued during the postwar period with the publication of Sere in Valdossola (1963)
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Drira, Abdelhamid. "Albert de Biberstein Kazimirski (1808–1887) : Fleuron de l’orientalisme franco-polonais". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022SORUL064.
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Cette thèse présente Albert de Biberstein Kazimirski (1808–1887) à travers trois prismes : l’exilé polonais, l’orientaliste et le diplomate. L’enquête se base sur une multitude de sources réunies à travers une dizaine de pays en Europe. Kazimirski est un patriote polonais acteur de l’Insurrection de 1830-31. Il étudia les langues orientales en Pologne, en Allemagne et en France. Drogman de l’ambassade française en Iran en 1839-40, il fit une carrière respectable avec trente-six années de services au sein du ministère des Affaires étrangères en tant qu’interprète persan et agent de liaison officieux avec l’Hôtel Lambert. Il se démarqua durant la guerre de Crimée et à l’occasion du Traité de paix de 1857 entre l’Angleterre et la Perse. Il fut fait officier de la Légion d’honneur, et était consulté par les Princes Czartoryski. Auteur de la plus populaire des traductions francophones du Coran et du premier dictionnaire arabe français, il est un arabisant de référence jusqu’aujourd’hui. Pourtant, il était surtout spécialiste de la Perse, même s’il a toujours échoué à obtenir une chaire au Collège de France et à l’École des langues orientales. La découverte de la vie et de l’œuvre de cet homme est associée à l’exploration de certains aspects peu exploités des rapports entre l’Orient et l’Occident au XIXe siècle. Ainsi, cette recherche propose la première étude globale des linguistes polonais du ministère des Affaires étrangères à travers le monde au XIXe siècle. De plus, une synthèse nouvelle de l’histoire et des spécificités de l’orientalisme polonais en Europe est présentée, permettant de pleinement apprécier Kazimirski comme un fleuron de l’orientalisme franco-polonaisThis thesis presents Albert de Biberstein Kazimirski (1808–1887) through three prisms: the Polish exiled, the orientalist and the diplomat. The investigation is based on a multitude of sources gathered throughout ten countries in Europe. Kazimirski was a Polish patriot actor of the Uprising of 1830-31. He studied oriental languages in Poland, Germany and France. Dragoman of the French Embassy in Iran in 1839-40, he had a respectable career for thirty-six years of at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as a Persian interpreter and an unofficial liaison officer with the Hôtel Lambert. He stood out during the Crimean War and the 1857 Peace Treaty between England and Persia. He was nominated as an officer of the Légion d’honneur and was consulted by the Czartoryski Princes. Author of the most popular French translation of the Koran and of the first Arabic -French dictionary, he has been considered as a prominent Arabist until today. However, he first was a Persian specialist, even if he always failed to obtain a chair at the Collège de France and at the École des langues orientales. The discovery of the life and work of this man is associated with the exploration of certain little-known aspects of the relations between the Eastern and Western parts of the world in the 19th century. Thus, this research offers the first comprehensive study of the Polish linguists of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs worldwide during the 19th century. In addition, a new synthesis of the history and specificities of Polish Orientalism in Europe is presented, allowing Kazimirski to be fully appreciated as a jewel of Franco-Polish Orientalism
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Williams, Nicholas J. "An ‘evil year in exile’? The evacuation of the Franco-German border areas in 1939 under democratic and totalitarian conditions". Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040209.
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Entre fin août et début septembre 1939 entre 700 000 et un million de civils sont évacués de la Sarre, du Palatinat et du pays de Bade vers le centre de l’Allemagne. En Moselle et en Alsace, environ 600 000 civils sont transportés vers le sud-ouest. Cette mesure est le résultat d’un long développement, influencé par les guerres napoléoniennes et la Grande Guerre. Ce travail analyse les étapes qui aboutissent à ces évacuations dans le cadre de la défense passive pendant l’entre-deux-guerres en France et en Allemagne. Il étudie, principalement de manière comparative, l’exécution des évacuations dans les deux pays en se concentrant sur les exemples de la Moselle et de la Sarre. La totalisation de la guerre à travers l’érection de lignes fortifiées puis l’évacuation des civils apparaît alors être un phénomène indépendant des systèmes politiques et des cadres nationaux : elle est un phénomène transnational. De plus, certains aspects des mouvements de réfugiés ne peuvent être contrôlés par les États. C’est ainsi que des pillages sont observables des deux côtés de la frontière. Cependant, la Troisième République arrive, également grâce à ses expériences avec les réfugiés pendant la Grande Guerre, à mieux organiser et encadrer les réfugiés. Leur administration et le soutien qu’ils reçoivent sur place sont organisés d’une manière plus cohérente par rapport à l’Allemagne nationale-socialiste, où des prétentions idéologiques et la dualité entre les administrations civiles et le parti nazi empêchent l’exécution efficace du programme d’évacuationBetween the end of August and early September 1939, between 700,000 and one million civilians were evacuated from the Saarland, the Palatinate, and Baden to the centre of what was then Germany. From the Moselle and Alsace, around 600,000 civilians were evacuated to south-west France. Those measures were the result of a long development, the origins of which can be traced back the Napoleonic Wars and the Great War. The present thesis analyses the developments which led to those evacuations within the framework of civil defence policies during the interwar period in France and Germany. It explores the execution of the evacuation programme in both countries from a comparative perspective, concentrating on the Moselle and the Saarland. What results is that the totalisation of warfare, in this case as seen in the erection of fortified defence lines and the evacuation of civilians later resulting therefrom, are phenomena independent of any given political systems or national frameworks, and therefore transnational ones. Moreover, the movements of refugees are only to a certain degree controllable on either side of the border, and looting likewise occurs on both sides. Nevertheless, the Third Republic managed, in part due to the experience the country had with refugees during the First World War, to organise and look after their refugees more efficiently than Germany did. The French administration and support system for refugees was more efficiently organised, compared with their German counterparts, where ideological constraints and the duality of civilian administrations and the National Socialist party greatly hampered efficiency in the execution of the evacuation programme
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Williams, Nicholas J. "An ‘evil year in exile’? The evacuation of the Franco-German border areas in 1939 under democratic and totalitarian conditions". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040209.
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Entre fin août et début septembre 1939 entre 700 000 et un million de civils sont évacués de la Sarre, du Palatinat et du pays de Bade vers le centre de l’Allemagne. En Moselle et en Alsace, environ 600 000 civils sont transportés vers le sud-ouest. Cette mesure est le résultat d’un long développement, influencé par les guerres napoléoniennes et la Grande Guerre. Ce travail analyse les étapes qui aboutissent à ces évacuations dans le cadre de la défense passive pendant l’entre-deux-guerres en France et en Allemagne. Il étudie, principalement de manière comparative, l’exécution des évacuations dans les deux pays en se concentrant sur les exemples de la Moselle et de la Sarre. La totalisation de la guerre à travers l’érection de lignes fortifiées puis l’évacuation des civils apparaît alors être un phénomène indépendant des systèmes politiques et des cadres nationaux : elle est un phénomène transnational. De plus, certains aspects des mouvements de réfugiés ne peuvent être contrôlés par les États. C’est ainsi que des pillages sont observables des deux côtés de la frontière. Cependant, la Troisième République arrive, également grâce à ses expériences avec les réfugiés pendant la Grande Guerre, à mieux organiser et encadrer les réfugiés. Leur administration et le soutien qu’ils reçoivent sur place sont organisés d’une manière plus cohérente par rapport à l’Allemagne nationale-socialiste, où des prétentions idéologiques et la dualité entre les administrations civiles et le parti nazi empêchent l’exécution efficace du programme d’évacuationBetween the end of August and early September 1939, between 700,000 and one million civilians were evacuated from the Saarland, the Palatinate, and Baden to the centre of what was then Germany. From the Moselle and Alsace, around 600,000 civilians were evacuated to south-west France. Those measures were the result of a long development, the origins of which can be traced back the Napoleonic Wars and the Great War. The present thesis analyses the developments which led to those evacuations within the framework of civil defence policies during the interwar period in France and Germany. It explores the execution of the evacuation programme in both countries from a comparative perspective, concentrating on the Moselle and the Saarland. What results is that the totalisation of warfare, in this case as seen in the erection of fortified defence lines and the evacuation of civilians later resulting therefrom, are phenomena independent of any given political systems or national frameworks, and therefore transnational ones. Moreover, the movements of refugees are only to a certain degree controllable on either side of the border, and looting likewise occurs on both sides. Nevertheless, the Third Republic managed, in part due to the experience the country had with refugees during the First World War, to organise and look after their refugees more efficiently than Germany did. The French administration and support system for refugees was more efficiently organised, compared with their German counterparts, where ideological constraints and the duality of civilian administrations and the National Socialist party greatly hampered efficiency in the execution of the evacuation programme
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Pommier, Christophe. "Innovation et artillerie en France (1852-1914) : une radicale transformation technologique de l’armement au regard de l’histoire de l’innovation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUL147.
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De 1852 à 1914, l’artillerie connaît plusieurs innovations qui révolutionnent l’arme et son emploi. Outre l’apparition et les cheminements de ces innovations, cette thèse a pour objectif de comprendre les défis qu’elles posent au monde militaire, les réponses qu’il y apporte et les réformes qui en résultent. La guerre de 1870-1871 constitue ainsi un test majeur pour les innovations du Second Empire – âme rayée et chargement par la culasse : les réformes des décennies suivantes découlent des enseignements qui en ont été tirés. Pour l’artillerie, cela implique de moderniser l’armement afin de revenir au niveau de l’Allemagne, puis d’innover délibérément et radicalement en venant à bout de deux blocages structurels : remplacer la poudre noire et maîtriser le tir rapide. Les solutions trouvées – mises au point d’une poudre propulsive sans fumée (1884), de la mélinite (1885) et du canon de campagne à tir rapide (1896) – constituent de véritables réussites techniques. Toutefois, le conservatisme général du commandement et ses doutes, mêlés de déni, quant aux effets létaux de l’armement empêchent ces innovations d’avoir une incidence forte et rapide dans les règlements militaires : le potentiel destructeur de la mélinite, le changement d’apparence du champ de bataille dû aux poudres sans fumée et sa saturation en projectiles par l’action généralisée d’une artillerie à tir rapide restent relativement méconnus. Les lourdes pertes humaines du début de la Première Guerre mondiale sont le prix à payer de de cette inadaptation doctrinaleFrom 1852 to 1914, Artillery experienced several innovations that revolutionized these and its use. In addition to the emergence and development of these innovations, this thesis aims to understand the challenges they pose to the military world, the responses they provide and the resulting reforms. The war of 1870-1871 thus constitutes a major test for the innovations of the Second Empire - rifled bore and breech loading: the reforms of the following decades ones stem from the lessons which were drawn from them. For artillery, this requires modernizing weaponry to bring it back to German level, and then deliberately and radically innovating by overcoming two structural blockings: replacing black powder and mastering rapid fire. The solutions found - development of a smokeless propellant powder (1884), picric acid (1885) and the quick-firing gun (1896) - constituting real technical successes. However, the command's general conservatism and its doubts, mixed with denial, about the lethal effects of weaponry prevent these innovations from having a strong and rapid impact in military regulations: the destructive potential of picric acid, the change of appearance of the battlefield due to smokeless powders and its saturation in projectiles by the widespread action of relatively unrecognized rapid-fire artillery remain relatively unknown. The heavy human losses at the start of the First World War are the price to pay for this doctrinal maladjustment
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Stüssi, Garcia Susana. "Les arts méconnus des Anciens Américains : discours savants, goût privé et évolutions dans le commerce en France au XIXe siècle". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 1, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023PA01H090.
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Cette thèse étudie plusieurs moments marqués par un intérêt et engouement forts pour les artefacts et monuments précolombiens – ou pensés comme tels – pour comprendre leur présence et usages en France durant le long 19ème et avant leur appréhension esthétique de la première moitié du 20ème siècle. Suivant surtout des objets provenant du Mexique et de l’Amérique Centrale, cette étude privilégie deux aspects jusqu’alors moins explorés : le goût, les espaces et les usages privés d’une part; leur place dans le commerce de l’antiquité, de la curiosité et de l’art de l’autre. Le dépouillement de catalogues de collections et de ventes, de publications savantes artistiques et des enquêtes archivistiques en France et aux États-Unis ont permis de relever des moments où créativité érudite, intérêt amateur et marché ont évolués ensemble. Après suivre la formulation d’une valeur d’«antiquité» pour les «objets anciens» des Amériques à la fin du 18ème siècle, l’arrivée de nouvelles collections mexicaines à Paris et le projet de publication des Antiquités mexicaines (1834-1840) permettent d’identifier un nouveau foyer d’intérêt pour l’antiquité américaine et ses œuvres d’art au sein de la Société Libre des Beaux-Arts de Paris. A partir des années 1830 et en parallèle à l’intensification des échanges avec l’Amérique Latine, il est dès lors possible d’identifier des marchands et offrant des artefacts des Amériques et de suivre l’émergence des premiers «experts» de ce marché. La Deuxième Intervention Française au Mexique (1861-1867) permet d’explorer l’idée d’une relation privilégiée entre la France et le Mexique. L’étude des mutations du marché et des sensibilités montre comment cet épisode et l’engouement contemporain pour l’univers du «primitif» se sont traduits par un développement considérable du commerce et du collectionnisme d’artefacts des Amériques. Deux études de cas sur le marchand Eugène Boban et le collectionneur Eugène Goupil permettent de recontextualiser ces développements structuraux à l’échelle de l’individu. Enfin, l’étude d’un réseau de collectionneurs franco-mexicains et nord-américains, sous le double prisme de l’affirmation de discours patrimoniaux patriotiques et d’un marché de l’art transnational, éclairent la nouvelle valeur marchande et la mutation en «ouvre d’art» de ces objets partir des années 1920This thesis examines different moments characterized by a strong interest for and fascination with Pre-Columbian artefacts – or though as such – to better understand their place in 19th century France, before their aesthetic “rediscovery” in the 20th century. Focusing on artefacts from Mexico and Central America and drawing from sales catalogues, scholarly and artistic publications and archival research, this thesis explores the role played by personal taste and private usages in collecting as well as the place occupied by these objects in the developping art and antiquities market. In the 1830s, the arrival of new collections in Paris and the publication of Antiquités mexicaines serve as the starting point from which to consider the Société Libre des Beaux-Arts as one of the main centres structuring interest for American Antiquity. It is now also possible to identify the first merchants and “experts” to offer Pre-Columbian artefacts for sale. We then examine the aftermath of the Second Franco-Mexican War (1861-67) : how it contributed to articulate the idea of a privileged relationship between France and Mexico and how the emergence of a new taste for all things “primitive” affected the commerce of Pre-Columbian artefacts. Finally, through the study of dealer Eugène Boban and collector Eugène Goupil we analyse these structural changes at the level of the individual and follow a network of Franco- Mexican and North American collectors whose activity, considered in terms of patriotic heritage discourses and the emergence of a transnational art market, contribute to understanding the transformation of Pre-Columbian material culture into “artworks” in the 1920s
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Mahé, Yann. "La guerre franco-thaïlandaise, 1940-1941 : déroulement et conséquences mondiales d'un conflit régional oublié". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM1074.
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Découlant des conflits qui ont opposé France et Siam à la fin du XIXe siècle pour le contrôle du Laos et du Cambodge, la crise franco-thaïlandaise de l’hiver 1940-1941 est le résultat d’un processus politique initié en 1932 et porté par les militaires nationalistes siamois au pouvoir. Influencés par le fascisme, ces derniers diffusent une propagande entretenant la nostalgie des « territoires perdus » et forgent, tout au long des années 1930, des forces armées formatées pour une guerre de revanche contre les puissances coloniales. Confrontée à partir de l’armistice de juin 1940 à l’isolement de la colonie dont elle assure la sécurité intérieure, l’armée d’Indochine est la première troupe coloniale française qui fait face à l’invasion d’un territoire de l’empire par une armée régulière. La Thaïlande s’appuie aussi sur des mouvements indépendantistes régionaux et la fidélité relative des dynasties locales envers la France afin de déstabiliser l’Union indochinoise, en même temps que la tournure des combats fragilise la position du colonisateur aux yeux de ses administrés. Position rendue encore plus précaire par la diplomatie du Japon qui impose sa médiation pour remplir ses propres objectifs politico-militaires. Par le biais d’une analyse exhaustive des archives militaires françaises et de celles du gouvernement général d’Indochine, ainsi que de correspondances privées de généraux et de la presse, nous verrons l’adaptabilité et les capacités de projection des troupes du groupe de l’Indochine, la difficulté pour celles-ci de mener une guerre sur des territoires, et les conséquences régionales et mondiales de ce conflit frontalier indissociable de la guerre d’Asie-PacifiqueThe Franco-Thai crisis of the winter 1940-1941, resulting from the conflicts that brought into opposition France and Siam because of the control of Laos and Cambodia in the late nineteenth century, was the consequence of a political process initiated in 1932 and supported by the Siamese military nationalists in power. Influenced by the fascism, they dissiminated a propaganda that maintained the nostalgia of the "lost territories". They equally forged throughout the 1930s the armed forces prepared for a revenge war against the colonial powers. Facing the colony’s isolation starting from the armistice of June 1940 and being in charge of the colony’s internal security, the Indochinese army was the first French colonial troop coping with the invasion of the empire’s territory by a regular army. Thailand was also based on the regional independence movements and relative loyalty of the local dynasties to France in order to destabilize the Indochinese Union. At the same time, the turn of the combats weakened the colonizer’s position in the eyes of the citizens. This position was made even more precarious by the Japanese diplomacy which imposed its mediation in order to fulfill its political and military objectives. Through an exhaustive analysis of the French military archives, the Indochinese general government’s archives, the generals’ private correspondence and the press, we will see the adaptability and projection capacities of the Indochinese troops, their difficulty to wage war on the territories, as well as regional and global consequences of this border conflict that is inseparable from the Asia-Pacific war
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Pane, Caroline. "Francia Italia in mostra : les expositions comme observatoires des relations franco-italiennes dans la construction d’une diplomatie culturelle européenne après la Seconde Guerre mondiale". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3092/document.
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S’inscrivant dans le courant historiographique de l’histoire culturelle des relations internationales, cette thèse interroge le rôle des échanges artistiques dans les relations diplomatiques franco-italiennes, du lendemain de la Seconde Guerre mondiale à la construction européenne. L’analyse des expositions réalisées par les services culturels des Affaires étrangères français et italien, respectivement en Italie et en France, met en évidence les rapports de force et les clés du rapprochement franco-italien après 1945. La reconstruction des identités nationales, leurs représentations et leurs circulations de part et d’autre des Alpes, sont ici interrogées au regard de l’élaboration d’une nouvelle forme de diplomatie culturelle dans l’Europe de la Guerre froide. Nous nous attachons, d’abord, à reconstruire l’héritage des politiques culturelles de l’entre-deux-guerres ainsi que la transformation des institutions, et des discours, de l’avant à l’après-guerre. Puis nous détaillons les expositions « militantes », objets de tensions et de forts enjeux géopolitiques sur la scène internationale de 1944 à 1948. Enfin, nous analysons pendant les années 1950 l’émergence de modèles récurrents et des typologies d’expositions qui répondent au besoin d’équilibre diplomatique poursuivi par les gouvernements français et italien dans la formation de l’Europe culturelle après 1945As part of the current historiography of the cultural studies of international relationships, this thesis questions the role of artistic exchanges in Franco-Italian diplomatic relations, from the aftermath of World War II to the beginnings of European construction. The analysis of exhibitions held by the Cultural Services of the French and Italian Ministries of Foreign Affairs, respectively in Italy and France, highlights the balance of power and the keys to the Franco-Italian reconciliation after 1945. The reconstruction of national identities, their representations and their circulations in both sides of the Alps are questioned in the particular context of the Cold War leading to the rise of a new form of European cultural diplomacy. We focus, firstly, on the modalities of institutional and ideological transition before and after World War II, introducing elements of interruptions and continuities. We then analyze the "militant" exhibitions, main focus of tensions and strong geopolitical issues in the international stage. Finally, we show the emergence of recurring patterns and exhibition typologies which address the need for diplomatic balance pursued by the French and Italian governments in the formation of cultural Europe after 1945
Questa tesi si inserisce nel quadro storiografico della Storia culturale delle relazioni internazionali e interroga piùspecificatamente il ruolo degli scambi artistici nelle relazioni diplomatiche italo-francesi, dalla fine della Seconda Guerramondiale agli esordi della costruzione europea. L’analisi delle mostre realizzate dai servizi culturali dei ministeri degli AffariEsteri francese e italiano, rispettivamente in Italia e in Francia, mette in evidenza i giochi di potere e le chiavi dellariconciliazione italo-francese dopo il 1945. La ricostruzione delle identità nazionali, le loro rappresentazioni e le circolazionida una parte all’altra delle Alpi sono qui interrogate in funzione dell’elaborazione di una nuova forma di diplomazia culturalenell’Europa della Guerra fredda. Ci siamo prima impegnati a ricostruire la transizione istituzionale e ideologica dal periodofra le due guerre all’indomani del 1945, mostrandone i punti di rottura e di continuità. Poi, abbiamo esaminato le mostre“militanti”, oggetti di tensioni dai forti accenti geopolitici nello scenario internazionale dal 1944 al 1948. Infine, abbiamoanalizzato il sorgere di modelli ripetitivi e delle tipologie di mostre che rispondono al bisogno di equilibrio diplomaticoperseguito dai governi francese e italiano nell’ambito della formazione di un’Europa culturale dopo il 1945
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Franco, Caterina. "Dans le lieu et dans le temps : pour une histoire environnementale des infrastructures touristiques des Alpes franco-italiennes (1945-1975)". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAH022.
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La thèse étudie les stations de sports d’hiver planifiées et construites en haute altitude après la Seconde Guerre mondiale dans les Alpes franco-italiennes.Les deux contextes nationaux, différents du fait de leurs histoires économiques, politiques et situations géographiques, partagent aujourd’hui des problèmes similaires. Ceux-ci concernent le futur d’un modèle touristique basé sur une fréquentation massive, de longs séjours et une offre concentrée autour de la pratique du ski. En effet, l’aléa climatique, le changement dans les modes et les temps de la fréquentation touristique, le vieillissement des structures et infrastructures, représentent seulement une partie des enjeux auxquels ces lieux se confrontent. Plusieurs chercheurs provenant de diverses disciplines suggèrent alors de repenser la station comme étant en continuité avec le territoire d’implantation, ce dernier compris dans sa nature économique, géographique ou administrative.La recherche, menée dans le domaine de l’architecture, souhaite contribuer à la réflexion autour de ces questionnements par une étude historique. En interrogeant les relations établies entre la station et le territoire (dans ses composantes spatiales, environnementales, paysagères), durant le processus de conception, de construction et d’évolution, nous souhaitons aller au-delà d’une lecture des établissements touristiques de haute montagne considérés comme des objets décontextualisés.En nous appuyant sur la coordonnée spatiale du territoire, nous formulons l’hypothèse que l’implantation des stations de sports d’hiver a entrainé des transformations à grande échelle, et que, en même temps, les caractères environnementaux, historiques, économiques, géomorphologiques des sites concernés ont joué un rôle actif dans le processus de conception et construction.À partir de la coordonnée temporelle du territoire, nous supposons que l’histoire des stations de sports d’hiver construites dans les années 1960 et 1970 n’est qu’une étape dans le processus long de transformation touristique des sites de haute altitude. Dans cette perspective, l’histoire des activités précédentes au tourisme, implantées sur les mêmes lieux, joue un rôle décisif.Le travail se déroule à travers l’étude de quatre cas : Pila et Sansicario, dans les Alpes italiennes ; Chamrousse et La Plagne dans les Alpes françaises. Pour cela, nous nous appuyons sur une méthode mise en place par les historiens de l’environnement, tels que William Cronon, qui considèrent l’histoire d’un territoire comme le résultat des interactions entre activités humaines et données naturelles, sur un temps long. Nous mobilisons un corpus principalement constitué de documents appartenant à différents fonds d’archives (des collectivités territoriales, des architectes et urbanistes, des techniciens), que nous traitons par l’analyse de documents textuels, graphiques et cartographiques qui le composent, ainsi que par le re-dessin et la construction de frises chrono-systémiques.Au-delà de contribuer à la compréhension de l’histoire de la mise en tourisme des territoires de haute montagne nous souhaitons, par ce travail, participer à la réflexion autour des enjeux méthodologiques de la recherche en histoire de l’architectureThe thesis studies ski resorts planned and built at high altitude after the Second World War in the Franco-Italian Alps.The two national contexts, different for economic history, politics and geographical location, now share similar problems, which look to the future of a tourism model based on mass attendance, long stays and an offer concentrated around skiing. Indeed, climatic hazards, changes in the modes and times of tourist use, ageing of structures and infrastructures, are only some of the challenges which these places are facing today. Several researchers from various disciplines then suggested that the station could be rethought in continuity with the territory, the latter included in its economic, geographical or administrative nature.The research aims at investigating these questions in the field of architecture and through a historical study. By questioning the relationships established between the station and the territory (in its spatial, environmental and landscape components) during the design, construction and evolution process, the wish is to go beyond a reading of high mountain tourist establishments as decontextualized objects.Working on the spatial coordinate of the territory, we formulate the hypothesis that the establishment of winter sports resorts has led to large-scale transformations, and that, at the same time, the environmental, historical, economic and geomorphological characteristics of the sites concerned have played an active role in the design and construction process.Working on the temporal coordinate of the territory, we assume that the history of the winter sports resorts built in the 1960s and 1970s is only one step in the long process of transforming high-altitude sites for tourism. In this perspective, the history of activities preceding tourism, located in the same places, plays a decisive role.We rely on a method developed by environmental historians such as William Cronon, who considers the history of a territory as the result of interactions between human actions and natural data over a long period of time. The work is carried out through the study of four cases: Pila and Sansicario, in the Italian Alps; Chamrousse and La Plagne in the French Alps. We mobilize a corpus mainly constituted by documents belonging to different archival collections (local authorities, architects and urban planners, technicians), which we process by analyzing textual, graphic and cartographic documents, as well as by re-drawing and constructing chronosystem systemic timelines.In addition to give a contribution to the understanding of the history of tourism development in high mountain areas, we hope, through this work, to contribute to the debate on the methodological issues of research in the history of architecture
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"The second conquest of Mexico: American volunteers, republicanism, and the Mexican War". Tulane University, 2011.
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The Mexican War was one of the most significant events in American history, but only recently have historians begun to examine the men who fought it. Building on the pioneering work of these social, cultural, and intellectual historians, this study furthers our understanding of the participants in the Mexican War. By combining elements of the new military history and studies of Jacksonian America this dissertation focuses new light on why men volunteered for service, and how their understanding of that service changed over time Beginning with an examination of how and why Americans volunteered for the war, the dissertation then takes a detailed look at what these men believed they knew about Mexico. The study makes use of many of the most popular books written about Mexico that were available to the potential recruits, and determines that their views of the nation were deeply shaped by these works. From there the dissertation examines what Americans believed they were fighting for once they arrived in Mexico. Influenced by their own society, volunteers believed that they were crusaders for republicanism. Their goal was to turn Mexico into a nation more in step with the United States. The dissertation concludes by following the volunteers back to America after the war. By looking at their memoirs, and other writings, it is clear that the hope to spread republicanism was generally left in Mexicoacase@tulane.edu
Livros sobre o assunto "The Second Franco-Mexican War"
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. Roosevelt and Franco during the Second World War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230616905.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. Roosevelt, Franco, and the End of the Second World War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118676.
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Le dernier été du Second Empire. Paris: Editions des écrivains, 2001.
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Foreign policy of the French Second Empire: A bibliography. New York: Greenwood Press, 1988.
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Denise, Joseph Harriett, Knopp Anthony K. 1940- e Murphy Douglas A, eds. Papers of the Second Palo Alto Conference. Brownsville, TX: National Park Service, Palo Alto Battlefield National Historic Site, 1997.
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Tulard, Jean, writer of preface, ed. La chute du Second Empire: Reichshoffen, Sedan, Metz. Paris: Economica, 2015.
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Echard, William E. Foreign policy of the French Second Empire: A bibliography. New York: Greenwood, 1988.
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Roosevelt and Franco during the Second World War: From the Spanish Civil War to Pearl Harbor. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.
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Second empire and commune: France 1848-1871. London: Longman, 1985.
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Smith, W. H. C. Second Empire and Commune: France, 1848-1871. 2a ed. London: Longman, 1996.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "The Second Franco-Mexican War"
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Matson, Robert W. "An Autobiographical Allegory: Franco Zeffirelli’s Tea With Mussolini". In Repicturing the Second World War, 39–54. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230592582_4.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. "Between Two Wars: From the Spanish Civil War to the Second World War (1 April – 1 September 1939)". In Roosevelt and Franco during the Second World War, 25–43. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230616905_2.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. "Roosevelt and Franco During the Spanish Civil War (18 July 1936–1 April 1939)". In Roosevelt and Franco during the Second World War, 3–23. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230616905_1.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. "The First Stage of Alexander W. Weddell’S Embassy (May 1939– August 1940)". In Roosevelt and Franco during the Second World War, 47–102. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230616905_3.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. "The Second Stage of Alexander W. Weddell’S Embassy (August 1940–March 1942)". In Roosevelt and Franco during the Second World War, 103–213. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230616905_4.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. "Conclusion". In Roosevelt and Franco during the Second World War, 215–18. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230616905_5.
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Martinez, Nicolas. "The field of Franco-Belgian Western comics after the Second World War". In Reframing Western Comics in Translation, 19–31. New York: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003225256-3.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. "The Relations Between the United States and Spain under Franco: From Pearl Harbor to the Beginnings of the Battle for Wolfram (December 1941–September 1943)". In Roosevelt, Franco, and the End of the Second World War, 1–33. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118676_1.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. "Spain’s Return to Neutrality and the Historical Background of the Battle for Wolfram: The Laurel Incident (July–December 1943)". In Roosevelt, Franco, and the End of the Second World War, 35–65. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118676_2.
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Thomàs, Joan Maria. "The Battle for Wolfram (January–May 1944)". In Roosevelt, Franco, and the End of the Second World War, 67–127. New York: Palgrave Macmillan US, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230118676_3.
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Galay, K. "THE FORGOTTEN EHRENBURG IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FRENCH MEDIA". In VIII International Conference “Russian Literature of the 20th-21st Centuries as a Whole Process (Issues of Theoretical and Methodological Research)”. LCC MAKS Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m3749.rus_lit_20-21/303-307.
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I.G. Ehrenburg was a writer, poet, publicist, whose creative legacy can be called an important asset of Russian literature of the twentieth century. The writer, who lived for a long time both in Russia and abroad, was also known in France - his figure was quite significant for the French readers and he was mentioned in various French weeklies. Moreover, he was invited as a journalist, wrote articles himself and gave interviews to French newspapers and magazines. A huge interest in the personality of Ilya Ehrenburg appeared during the Second World War: he was spoken of as a “combat writer”, as a supporter of Franco-Soviet relations, and as a great traveller. And, of course, the French media could not miss Ehrenburg's novel “The Fall of Paris”. In the 90s of the twentieth century, various biographical books about Ehrenburg are published, in which he, from one point of view, was called “a mediocre novelist”, “a weak writer”, but “the embodiment of the era”, and from another point of view - “a travelling Jew” and “a man of conviction”, “a nomad of the world” and “a missionary of culture”. In modern times, we only encounter references to the name of Ilya Ehrenburg as an outstanding journalist, a writer from the 'first wave' of emigration, who stood as a symbol of his era.
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Negri, Paolo. "La difesa dei territori dell’Ossola, sul corridoio spagnolo delle Fiandre, negli ultimi decenni del secolo XVII". In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11362.
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The defense of Ossola territories, on the Spanish passageway to Flanders, in the late seventeenth centuryThe Ossola territories, in the area to the northwest of Milan, have constituted the western border most in contact with the nordic and tens-alpine world, ever since the first establishment of the Duchy of Milan. It is already known from G. Parker’s monography on the camino español that one of the common routes, which allowed overland redeployment of Spanish troops headed towards Flanders, from the Liguria region across central Europe, would go through Ossola and cross the Simplon Pass or the Gries Pass. During the turbulent historical period of the Thirty Years’ War and the following one, the changing fortunes of the Duchy of Milan in Spanish hands led to the fast and strategic conquest of Piedmontese cities (1639) and their equally rapid loss on the western border. Especially in the second half of the seventeenth century, the Franco-Savoy advance threw the Piedmontese borders into a severe crisis and the Spanish governors of Milan accordingly adopted all the military measures needed to address the issue. Fearing incursions from the north, through Romandie, Valais and Ossola, in the late seventeenth century, many field engineers among whom Beretta and Formenti, arranged the transformation of Domodossola, the outermost military stronghold only equipped with obsolete medieval walls at the time, into a “modern” rampart city (1687-1690). The engineers produced an accurate study of the territory, preserved today in the Historical Civic Archive and at the Trivulziana library in Milan in a cartographic manuscript series of all the Ossola valleys and the Swiss territory from Brig to Lake Leman.
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Ulianitckaia, Liubov A. "THE PECULIARITIES OF THE FRENCH SPOKEN IN BRUSSELS". In Second Scientific readings in memory of Professor V. P. Berkov. St. Petersburg State University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/9785288063590.
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The article discusses the main stages in the development of the language situation in the Brussels — Capital Region in the context of historical and socio-cultural phenomena. The purpose of the study is to illustrate the influence of the Dutch language on the Belgian varieties of French. The tasks to be solved are the substantiation of the legitimacy of the division of the Belgian variants of the French language into Brussels and Walloon variants, as well as the clarification of the issue of recognizing the Marolian as a mixed Franco-Dutch language. As a result of the study, it was revealed that the division of the Belgian version of the French language into Brussels and Walloon is, to a greater extent, of a historical nature and is currently difficult. Modern Dutch, along with English and Arabic, influences Belgian French throughout the country, however, given Brussels’ metropolitan status, as well as being surrounded by Flemish territory, it can be assumed that this influence is especially noticeable in the Brussels-Capital Region. Elements of the Marolian language are used mainly as original linguocultural inclusions in the Dutch and French languages of the capital. The result of this study of the features of the french spoken in Brussels is the conclusion that this variant retains features that are very different from Walloon French. On the one hand, the transition to a common French norm blurs the lines between these two options, on the other hand, the Flemish prehistory of the Brussels-Capital Region introduces many Dutch elements into the French language of this enclave. The scientific novelty of the study lies in the fact that for the first time it takes into account the influence of the Marolian language on the formation of the Brussels version of French, and also reveals the specifics of the functioning of this version in the conditions of multilingualism, characteristic of modern Brussels.
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López-Parra, Marcelo, Vicente Borja, Alejandro Ramírez-Reivich e Osiris Ricardo-Torres. "Embedding the Innovation Process in the CDMIT: Mexican Engineers Face New Challenges Today". In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70167.
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Since 1976 the Mechanical Design Center of UNAM (CDMIT) has worked under the premise that experiential learning is a scheme that substantially helps in the task of educating engineers. The work of the CDMIT over the years has yielded good results that have underpinned the education process of its engineering students. Using real-world sponsored projects to integrate engineering knowledge taught in the classroom is not a novel idea though; CDMIT’s method of organizing teams of students essentially follows Kolb’s framework of learning through experience (LTE). The CDMIT implemented a way of bringing real-world engineering projects closer to the students, sometimes emulating such experiences in the classroom and some other times via the realization of senior capstone projects that involve the design and manufacture of automatic machine systems that are developed to either displace intensive manual work needed in production lines or to avoid importing expensive pieces of production equipment. This paper reports on the results and impact that these design projects and application of the LTE model have had on the students’ education. On the other hand, Mexico is also experiencing new opportunities and challenges; the country became the fourth world largest exporter of automobiles not long ago, in 2014. The automotive companies established in Mexico are mainly looking for engineers that have a generic and solid technical background in the core knowledge areas of the curriculum, this allows their training and development departments to better guide young engineers towards specific strategic technical fields that are considered important. The automotive industry boom, besides creating new job positions, has helped Mexico to come onboard the train of future transportation technologies. This trend has been particularly appealing to young engineers who envisage great business opportunities. Under this scenario, the LTE method has therefore to be strengthened in different ways. The second part of the paper explains how the CDMIT is embedding the innovation process in the curricula; the final goal is to help students learn the tools that will allow them to develop a design ability, emphasizing innovation and ingenuity.
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Olivares González, Adriana I., e Tania Córdova Martínez. "Coastal landscape management in mexican tourist regions: Punta de Mita case in Bahía de Banderas, Nayarit". In Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.8157.
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This article analyzes the process of coastal landscape management in the Mexican tourist region from the transformation of the landscape of Punta de Mita. This peninsula is part of the interstate metropolitan zone of Puerto Vallarta - Bahía de Banderas, located between the State of Jalisco and State of Nayarit. It is one of three coastal metropolitan zones of Mexico.
This research has a qualitative approach and adopts the concept of the landscape defined by the European Landscape Convention as “any part of the territory, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors” (Council of Europe, 2000).
The units of analysis were the peninsular zone of Punta de Mita and the actors who participated in their transformation. The information was collected through semi-structured interviews with key informants selected using the snowball technique, qualitative observation, review of official documentary sources (plans, projects, reports) as well as historiographical and aerial photographs.
The identification of the participation of each type of actor is highlighted in the transformation of the landscape: the State provides the land and enables for tourism investment; economic actors take ownership and monetize their aesthetic values; social actors are deprived of the use and enjoyment of the landscape. The symbols printed on the territory are mainly touristic and, in the second instance, natural whose conservation represents a point of agreement between the state and the residents.
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Mercader-Trejo, Flora. "Practice In The Industry as a Mean of Social Integration of Metrologists". In NCSL International Workshop & Symposium. NCSL International, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.51843/wsproceedings.2015.16.
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Polytechnic University of Santa Rosa Jáuregui (UPSRJ) is a Mexican public institution where a new generation of metrologists is finishing the second year of studies leading to a bachelor degree as Industrial Metrology Engineers. The curriculum of the undergraduate program is based on the development of skills and to achieve this goal, the curriculum aims to develop two halftime stays at the end of the first and second year of study. Finally, the students complete their studies by a 600 hours full time third stay in the productive sector. The objective of practices is that students apply the skills acquired in school integrating theory and practice by case-based learning. The stay is performed under real-life conditions inside a company or in a research center or within a testing and calibration laboratory. The condition is that students develop short projects related to what they learned in college in the field of metrology and quality. During each stay, a university professor and a technical advisor belonging to the company guide the student. The professor will conduct the evaluation of the stay jointly by his counterpart in the company taking into account performance criteria previously defined. As part of the evidence of this process, the student will submit a report of the project results. This paper is a reflection of the results obtained through the experience of the students after the end of the second period of practical in-company. This practice ensures skilled metrologists with real-life training, but also facilitates the young people's transition into the labor market. This training strategy is a way to facilitate the social integration of the new generation in the workplace.
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Strappa, Giuseppe, e Marta Crognale. "The forming process of Fiumicino". In 24th ISUF 2017 - City and Territory in the Globalization Age. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/isuf2017.2017.6474.
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This analysis, carried out within the Lettura e Progetto Laboratory of "Sapienza" University of Rome and based on the “processual” method, proposes the reconstruction, through the reading and interpretation of the formative process, of the urban settlement of Fiumicino, on the east coast of Rome . The area was formed by a set of fragmented interventions developed in different phases, with heterogeneous destinations and, apparently, no relation of necessity. The site appears mainly linked to the development of illegal buildings that date back to the second postwar period. However, a deeper analysis based on the reading and interpretation of the character of the building fabric, shows the existence of a clear relation of historical continuity between the today town and the territorial structures developed starting from the ancient city of Portus. Through this reading emerges the plan of a town connected to the activities of Porto Canale (Channel Port) in function since XVI Century. From the analysis of the historical cartography appears as a matrix route based on the continuation of the ancient via Portuense was formed in time and developed on the building routes that have resulted. We believe that this is a remarkable case study that exemplifies the formation of local identity at the edge of the metropolis as over time the area has developed a complex structure, connected to port activities, that is now forming its own urban character and individuality, so that recently it was constituted in autonomous municipality. References Ciano, A. (1936) Il Porto urbano di Roma (Soc. Tipo-Litografica Ligure, Genova) Strappa,G. (2014) L’architettura come processo (Franco Angeli, Milano 2014) Strappa, G., Carlotti, P., Camiz, A. (2016) Urban Morphology and Historical Fabrics. Contemporary Design of Small Towns in Latium (Gangemi, Roma)
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Rezende, Rubens Barbosa, e Larissa Teodoro. "Presence of genetic polymorphisms may impact on predisposition to Parkinson’s disease". In XIII Congresso Paulista de Neurologia. Zeppelini Editorial e Comunicação, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5327/1516-3180.004.
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Introduction: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is characterized by the degeneration and loss of dopaminergic neurons in the black substantia and the formation of Lewy bodies, thus being considered a neurodegenerative disease. Thus, the objective was to understand the impact of polymorphisms in the predisposition to PD. Methods: It’s a narrative review of literature in the PubMed and SciELO databases, using the descriptors: “Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide” and “Parkinson disease”, registered in DeCS/MeSH, and using the Boolean operator AND. The inclusion criteria were: complete articles and made available free of charge, published in English, Spanish and Portuguese, between 2016 and January 2021. Results: After the research, 167 publications were found and seven were included. The data from the first study indicate that the rs33949390 of the LRRK2 gene helps in predisposition to PD in Asian populations, mainly Chinese. The second study indicated that the NFE2L2 rs6721961 allele was linked to a reduced risk of PD. The third study found that the GSK3B rs1732170, STK11 rs8111699, SNCA rs356219 and FCHSD1 rs456998 polymorphisms were linked to a high risk of PD. The fourth study found that the SNCA variants rs7684318, rs356220, rs356203 and rs2736990 were linked to the disease and were at high risk of developing PD in the Mexican population. The fifth and sixth study are meta-analyzes, the fifth confirming the lower allele rs11558538 of HNMT is associated with a reduced risk of developing PD. And the sixth assumes a possible link between CCDC62 rs12817488 and the risk of PD in the Chinese population. Conclusion: However, the analyzed data indicate that the polymorphisms contributed to the susceptibility to PD, however further studies related to the polymorphisms and their relationship to PD are still needed for more ethnic groups, and thus early diagnosis is possible.
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Srebro, Richard. "Cortical activity localized by the Laplacian of the evoked potential field on the scalp". In Noninvasive Assessment of Visual Function. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navf.1985.wb1.
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The Laplacian of the potential field on the scalp ∇ 2 V= ∂ 2 V ∂ x 2 + ∂ 2 V ∂ y 2 , where V(x,y,t) is the time-varying potential field in x,y scalp dimensions, can be conveniently estimated using 5 electrodes arranged as a cross to measure the sum of orthogonal second differences (Laplacian derivation). The three concentric sphere model of the human head was used to assess some important properties. The Laplacian derivation may be represented by a spatial filter through which brain activity is "seen". The point spread function has a "Mexican hat" shape, or equivalently, brain activity is seen through a spatial bandpass filter different from that of a conventional, "monopolar", electrode derivation which approximates a lowpass filter. As the distance between the individual electrodes of the Laplacian derivation is made smaller, the peak spatial frequency increases, the bandpass narrows, sidelobes become increasingly prominent, and overall signal-to-noise decreases. At a distance of 2.5 cm between individual electrodes, the ratio of spatial resolution (approximately 2.0 cm, bandpass approximately .3 to 1.6 cycles per cm on the surface of the cortex) to signal-to-noise is nearly optimal. The Laplacian derivation is about ten times more sensitive to radially oriented than to tangentially oriented source-sink configurations. Thus, the Laplacian derivation has several useful attributes for localization studies, i.e. it is reference free, sensitive mostly to activity in the cortical mantle, has a resolution of 2 cm or better, and is insensitive to alpha activity. Because the passive properties of the head are nearly linear, no inversion of scalp potential field to yield a unique configuration of the underlying brain activity is in general possible without initial highly restrictive assumptions. But, the initial assumption required when the Laplacian derivation is used is relaxed to one concerning the dimension of the cortical region activated.
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Calderón, Roberto, Jorge Augusto Arredondo, Erasmo Cadenas e Fernando Mayagoitia. "Vivienda net-zero en Mexicali, B.C, un camino hacia las políticas energéticas en desarrollos habitacionales sustentables". In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7634.
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En México, la energía es considerada una de las actividades económicas más importantes; además de constituir la fuente principal del ingreso público. El sector energético contribuye al PIB en un 3%; las exportaciones petroleras representan el 8.4% del total nacional y los impuestos de los hidrocarburos aportan el 37% de los ingresos fiscales.
En esta investigación, se realizó una evaluación térmica de dos viviendas ubicadas en Mexicali, B.C.; una denominada caso base y otra Net-Zero. La primera es la vivienda con el sistema constructivo tal y como el desarrollador la entrega, y la segunda, es una vivienda a la cual se le aplicaron los sistemas de aislamientos propuesto por Norma 460 de eficiencia energética mexicana (NMX-460), además de los electrodomésticos de alta eficiencia, focos ahorradores y sistemas de aire acondicionado EER 13.
Las viviendas evaluadas son de interés medio alto, con una superficie aproximada de 137 m2; los objetivos generales de esta investigación se centraron en reducir la vivienda caso base con un consumo eléctrico anual de 15,000 kWh a una línea base de consumo mínima (Net-Zero) de 8000 kWh, consumo que permitirá diseñar un sistema fotovoltaico que servirá para autoabastecer a la propia vivienda; aunado a esto, el programa REEP (Renewable Energy Efficiency Program), fondo canadiense se involucró en la financiación del programa piloto de monitoreo de vivienda Net-Zero, sumándose a este esfuerzo la CONAVI (Comisión Nacional de Vivienda) y apoyando con la validación y factibilidad de dicho proyecto en la parte técnica-operativa la CFE (Comisión Federal de Electricidad) subdivisión Mexicali.
Los resultados mostraron que la vivienda Net-Zero es posible desarrollarla bajo el contexto Mexicano, con el sentido de generar políticas energéticas que direccionen desde la construcción del sistema físico, las tecnologías aplicadas, los electrodomésticos utilizados, los sistemas de aire acondicionado eficientes, el patrón de uso de la misma, así como las características de la energía fotovoltaica y sus técnicas de aplicación, tanto de interconexión a la red como los sistemas de medidores bidireccionales aplicados a este tipo de sistemas. Finalmente, la investigación muestra el costo beneficio y el retorno de inversión de un sistema fotovoltaico aplicado a una vivienda con estas características. In Mexico, energy is considered one of the most important economic activities; besides constituting the main source of public inputs, the power sector contributes the PIB in a 3%; petroleum exports represent the 8 4% of the national total and the hydrocarbon taxes contribute 37% of the fiscal income. In this investigation, a thermal evaluation of two houses located in Mexicali, B.C. was made; one denominated as case base and the other as Net-Zero. First we have the house with the constructive system as the developer delivers it and the second, is a house to which insulation systems were applied, proposed by Mexican energy efficiency norm 460 (NMX-460), besides the electric home appliances of high efficiency, saving and air conditioned systems EER 14. The evaluated dwellings are medium high interest, with an approximated surface of 137 m2, the general purpose of this research consists in reducing the dwelling case base with an annual electrical consumption of 15.000 kWh to a minimum consumption (Net-Zero) of 8000 kWh, allowing to design a photovoltaic system that will serve to self supply the house; combined to this, REEP (Renewable Energy Efficiency Program) Canadian funds, that became involved in the financed test monitoring program of Net-Zero dwelling, included to this effort the CONAVI (National Commission of Dwelling) and supported with the validation and feasibility of this project in the technique-operative part by CFE (Federal Commission of Electricity) Mexicali’s subdivision.
The results showed that it is possible to develop the Net-Zero house under a Mexican context, with the intention of generating energetic policies that conduct the construction of the physical system, the applied technologies, the used electric home appliances, the efficient air conditioned systems, the factor use, the characteristics of photovoltaic energy and their technicians meaning the ones in charge of interconnection to the network like the systems of bidirectional measurers applied to this type of systems. Finally the research shows the cost benefit and the reinvestment applying photovoltaic systems to a house with these characteristics and the energy policies that must be considered.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "The Second Franco-Mexican War"
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Vélez-Grajales, Viviana, e Roberto Vélez-Grajales. Intergenerational Mobility and Income Effects for Entrepreneurial Activity in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, julho de 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011393.
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This paper uses the Mexican Social Mobility Survey 2006 to analyze intergenerational social mobility as it relates to entrepreneurial activity. First, the paper analyzes whether entrepreneurs experience greater upward social mobility than self-employed workers or employees. Second, probit models are estimated to identify whether predetermined characteristics are the main determinants of the decision to become an entrepreneur. Third, using the propensity score matching method (PSM), the paper estimates the effect of entrepreneurial activity on income. Results show that entrepreneurs have more options for upward social mobility. For entrepreneurs with low-income parents, it is more difficult to reach the top of the socioeconomic distribution compared to those with middle- or upper-class parents. Second, the probability of becoming an entrepreneur increases when the respondent's father was an entrepreneur. Finally, the mean effect of entrepreneurial activity on income is positive, and is greater for those whose parents belonged to the extreme ends of the socioeconomic distribution.
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Chong, Alberto E., e Florencio López-de-Silanes. Privatization in Mexico. Inter-American Development Bank, agosto de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010832.
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Over the last 20 years, Mexico redefined the role of the state in its economy through an ambitious program to liberalize trade, promote efficiency and reduce the size and scope of the state-owned sector. In Mexico, privatization led to a significant improvement in firm performance, as profitability increased 24 percentage points and converged to levels similar to those of private firms. From this increase, at most 5 percent can be attributed to higher prices and 31 percent to transfers from workers, with the remaining 64 percent representing productivity gains. There is evidence that privatization provides other social benefits, as greater access to services, which usually follows privatization, leads to welfare gains for the poorest consumers that outweigh any increase in prices. Moreover, an often-overlooked aspect of privatization is its fiscal impact, whereby the proceeds from the sale are augmented by reduced subsidies and increased taxes and can help pay off debt or finance social spending. The Mexican privatization program can provide a valuable guide to privatization dos and donts: First, the privatization process must be carefully designed and run in a transparent way. Special requirements such as bans on foreign direct investment or cash-only payments lead to substantial price discounts for firms sold, while simplicity breeds competition and leads to higher prices. A transparent program can also help quell the tendency of politicians to favor their friends by tweaking the rules of the game. Second, restructuring firms prior to privatization is counterproductive in raising net sale prices and should be avoided. Governments spend substantial resources on politically motivated investment or efficiency programs that are not valued by bidders and which can rarely be justified on the social ground on which they are sold. Additionally, restructuring programs lengthen the privatization process considerably and lower prices for firms sold in the case of Mexico, each month of delay reduced the sale price by 2.2 percent. Finally, this paper argues that it is essential to carefully deregulate and re-regulate privatized firms to ensure that they behave appropriately as well as to provide a corporate governance framework to ensure firms are able to finance their operations without relying on the Government for help.