Bibliografias temáticas / Textile Electrode

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Textile Electrode"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 31 de agosto de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Textile Electrode"

Guo, Li, Leif Sandsjö, Max Ortiz-Catalan e Mikael Skrifvars. "Systematic review of textile-based electrodes for long-term and continuous surface electromyography recording". Textile Research Journal 90, n.º 2 (4 de julho de 2019): 227–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519858768.

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This systematic review concerns the use of smart textiles enabled applications based on myoelectric activity. Electromyography (EMG) is the technique for recording and evaluating electric signals related to muscle activity (myoelectric). EMG is a well-established technique that provides a wealth of information for clinical diagnosis, monitoring, and treatment. Introducing sensor systems that allow for ubiquitous monitoring of health conditions using textile integrated solutions not only opens possibilities for ambulatory, long-term, and continuous health monitoring outside the hospital, but also for autonomous self-administration. Textile-based electrodes have demonstrated potential as a fully operational alternative to ‘standard’ Ag/AgCl electrodes for recording surface electromyography (sEMG) signals. As a substitute for Ag/AgCl electrodes fastened to the skin by taping or pre-gluing adhesive, textile-based electrodes have the advantages of being soft, flexible, and air permeable; thus, they have advantages in medicine and health monitoring, especially when self-administration, real-time, and long-term monitoring is required. Such advances have been achieved through various smart textile techniques; for instance, adding functions in textiles, including fibers, yarns, and fabrics, and various methods for incorporating functionality into textiles, such as knitting, weaving, embroidery, and coating. In this work, we reviewed articles from a textile perspective to provide an overview of sEMG applications enabled by smart textile strategies. The overview is based on a literature evaluation of 41 articles published in both peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings focusing on electrode materials, fabrication methods, construction, and sEMG applications. We introduce four textile integration levels to further describe the various textile electrode sEMG applications reported in the reviewed literature. We conclude with suggestions for future work along with recommendations for the reporting of essential benchmarking information in current and future textile electrode applications.

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An, Xiang, e George Stylios. "A Hybrid Textile Electrode for Electrocardiogram (ECG) Measurement and Motion Tracking". Materials 11, n.º 10 (2 de outubro de 2018): 1887. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11101887.

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Wearable sensors have great potential uses in personal health monitoring systems, in which textile-based electrodes are particularly useful because they are comfortable to wear and are skin and environmentally friendly. In this paper, a hybrid textile electrode for electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement and motion tracking was introduced. The hybrid textile electrode consists of two parts: A textile electrode for ECG monitoring, and a motion sensor for patient activity tracking. In designing the textile electrodes, their performance in ECG measurement was investigated. Two main influencing factors on the skin-electrode impedance of the electrodes were found: Textile material properties, and electrode sizes. The optimum textile electrode was silver plated, made of a high stitch density weft knitted conductive fabric and its size was 20 mm × 40 mm. A flexible motion sensor circuit was designed and integrated within the textile electrode. Systematic measurements were performed, and results have shown that the hybrid textile electrode is capable of recording ECG and motion signals synchronously, and is suitable for ambulatory ECG measurement and motion tracking applications.

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Su, Po-Cheng, Ya-Hsin Hsueh, Ming-Ta Ke, Jyun-Jhe Chen e Ping-Chen Lai. "Noncontact ECG Monitoring by Capacitive Coupling of Textiles in a Chair". Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2021 (16 de junho de 2021): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6698567.

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Some patients are uncomfortable with being wired to a device to have their heart activity measured. Accordingly, this study adopts a noncontact electrocardiogram (ECG) measurement system using coupled capacitance in a conductive textile. The textiles can be placed on a chair and are able to record some of the patient’s heart data. Height and distance between the conductive textile electrodes were influential when trying to obtain an optimal ECG signal. A soft and highly conductive textile was used as the electrode, and clothing was regarded as capacitance insulation. The conductive textile and body were treated as the two electrode plates. This study found that placing the two conductive textiles at the same height provided better data than different heights. The system also enabled identifying the P, Q, R, S, and T waves of the ECG signal and eliminated unnecessary noise successfully.

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Lee, Won Jae, Jin Yeong Park, Hyun Jin Nam e Sung-Hoon Choa. "The development of a highly stretchable, durable, and printable textile electrode". Textile Research Journal 89, n.º 19-20 (12 de fevereiro de 2019): 4104–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517519828992.

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In textile and wearable electronics, the demand for a stretchable, durable, and easily manufacturable electrode is ever increasing. This paper describes the development of a highly stretchable and durable textile electrode fabricated by simple stencil and screen printing methods. It specifically investigated the effects of an interface layer as a planarization layer between the conductive electrode and the textile on the durability of the textile electrode. A stretchable conductive paste was synthesized by mixing Ag flake powder in polyester. The conductive electrode was encapsulated with Ecoflex material. The stretchability and durability of the textile electrodes were evaluated via stretching, bending, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) folding, twisting, and dynamic endurance tests. The stretching and MIT folding tests indicated that the interface layer significantly enhanced the durability of the textile electrode. A highly stretchable and flexible textile electrode exhibited a low sheet resistance of 0.05 Ω/square, excellent stretchability of 70%, and a critical bending radius of 1.5 mm. The textile electrodes also withstood dynamic stretching and bending endurance tests of 10,000 cycles. The illumination of a light-emitting diode with the conductive electrode was also stable under 70% tensile strain and in water. The potential application of the textile electrode as a strain sensor was demonstrated by applying it to a glove to detect finger motion. The strain sensors responded well to the finger motion, with considerable stability and repeatability.

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Tseghai, Granch Berhe, Benny Malengier, Kinde Anlay Fante e Lieva Van Langenhove. "Validating Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) Polystyrene Sulfonate-Based Textile Electroencephalography Electrodes by a Textile-Based Head Phantom". Polymers 13, n.º 21 (21 de outubro de 2021): 3629. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213629.

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It is important to go through a validation process when developing new electroencephalography (EEG) electrodes, but it is impossible to keep the human mind constant, making the process difficult. It is also very difficult to identify noise and signals as the input signal is unknown. In this work, we have validated textile-based EEG electrodes constructed from a poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate:/polydimethylsiloxane coated cotton fabric using a textile-based head phantom. The performance of the textile-based electrode has also been compared against a commercial dry electrode. The textile electrodes collected a signal to a smaller skin-to-electrode impedance (−18.9%) and a higher signal-to-noise ratio (+3.45%) than Ag/AgCl dry electrodes. From an EEGLAB, it was observed that the inter-trial coherence and event-related spectral perturbation graphs of the textile-based electrodes were identical to the Ag/AgCl electrodes. Thus, these textile-based electrodes can be a potential alternative to monitor brain activity.

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Kakiage, Kenji, Emi Fujimura, Masayuki Abe, Hajime Shinoda, Toru Kyomen e Minoru Hanaya. "Application of Micro-Metal Textile for Flexible Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell". Key Engineering Materials 459 (dezembro de 2010): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.459.92.

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As a means to make a flexible dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC), we prepared a TiO2 electrode by using a micro-metal textile made from Sn-plated Cu wires, and examined applicability of the micro-metal textile as a substrate for the electrode. The TiO2 electrodes were prepared successfully by painting a TiO2 paste to the textile using a squeegee method followed by sintering at 500 °C, and the electrodes showed no exfoliation of the TiO2 layer from the textile even when the electrode was bent to a cylindrical shape with 10-mm diameter. The solar cells constructed with these electrodes, on which N3 dye was adsorbed as a sensitizer, exhibited actually a photovoltaic performance. The results indicated the applicability of the micro-metal textile as the flexible substrate for the TiO2 electrode producing an efficient flexible DSSC.

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Song, Jinzhong, Tianshu Zhou, Zhonggang Liang, Ruoxi Liu, Jianping Guo, Xinming Yu, Zhongping Cao, Chuang Yu, Qingjun Liu e Jingsong Li. "Electrochemical Characteristics Based on Skin-Electrode Contact Pressure for Dry Biomedical Electrodes and the Application to Wearable ECG Signal Acquisition". Journal of Sensors 2021 (15 de setembro de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/7741881.

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Based on one simulated skin-electrode electrochemical interface, some electrochemical characteristics based on skin-electrode contact pressure (SECP) for dry biomedical electrodes were analysed and applied in this research. First, 14 electrochemical characteristics including 2 static impedance (SI) characteristics, 11 alternating current impedance (ACI) characteristics and one polarization voltage (PV), and 4 SECP characteristics were extracted in one electrochemical evaluation platform, and their correlation trends were statistically analysed. Second, dry biomedical electrode samples developed by the company and the laboratory, including textile electrodes, Apple watch, AMAZFIT rice health bracelet 1S, and stainless steel electrodes, were placed horizontally and vertically on the “skin” surface of the electrochemical evaluation platform, whose polarization voltages were quantitatively analysed. Third, electrocardiogram (ECG) collection circuits based on an impedance transformation (IT) circuit for textile electrodes were designed, and a wearable ECG acquisition device was designed, which could obtain complete ECG signals. Experimental results showed SECP characteristics for dry electrodes had good correlations with static impedance and ACI characteristics and the better correlation values among 2-10 Hz. In addition, polarization voltages in vertical state were smaller in horizontal state for dry biomedical electrodes, and polarization voltage of electrode pair (PVEP) values for Apple watch bottom was always smaller than ones for Apple watch crown and LMF-2 textile electrode. And the skin-electrode contact impedance of IT textile electrodes was less than the traditional textile electrodes.

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Etana, Bulcha Belay, Benny Malengier, Timothy Kwa, Janarthanan Krishnamoorthy e Lieva Van Langenhove. "Evaluation of Novel Embroidered Textile-Electrodes Made from Hybrid Polyamide Conductive Threads for Surface EMG Sensing". Sensors 23, n.º 9 (29 de abril de 2023): 4397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23094397.

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Recently, there has been an increase in the number of reports on textile-based dry electrodes that can detect biopotentials without the need for electrolytic gels. However, these textile electrodes have a higher electrode skin interface impedance due to the improper contact between the skin and the electrode, diminishing the reliability and repeatability of the sensor. To facilitate improved skin–electrode contact, the effects of load and holding contact pressure were monitored for an embroidered textile electrode composed of multifilament hybrid thread for its application as a surface electromyography (sEMG) sensor. The effect of the textile’s inter-electrode distance and double layering of embroidery that increases the density of the conductive threads were studied. Electrodes embroidered onto an elastic strap were wrapped around the forearm with a hook and loop fastener and tested for their performance. Time domain features such as the Root Mean Square (RMS), Average Rectified Value (ARV), and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) were quantitatively monitored in relation to the contact pressure and load. Experiments were performed in triplicates, and the sEMG signal characteristics were observed for various loads (0, 2, 4, and 6 kg) and holding contact pressures (5, 10, and 20 mmHg). sEMG signals recorded with textile electrodes were comparable in amplitude to those recorded using typical Ag/AgCl electrodes (28.45 dB recorded), while the signal-to-noise ratios were, 11.77, 19.60, 19.91, and 20.93 dB for the different loads, and 21.33, 23.34, and 17.45 dB for different holding pressures. The signal quality increased as the elastic strap was tightened further, but a pressure higher than 20 mmHg is not recommended because of the discomfort experienced by the subjects during data collection.

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Dölker, Eva-Maria, Stephan Lau, Daniel Gröllich, Elke Haase, Sybille Krzywinski, Martin Schmauder e Jens Haueisen. "Techniken zur Bestimmung von Parametern für die elektrische Personenwarnung". ASU Arbeitsmedizin Sozialmedizin Umweltmedizin 2020, n.º 10 (29 de setembro de 2020): 645–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.17147/asu-2010-9157.

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Methods for the determination of parameters for the electrical warning of persons Objectives: The aims of this publication are to present the main findings of research into the development of a wearable system for electrical warning, identify the current challenges and introduce the next research objectives. Methods: A basic study (n = 81) with self-adhesive electrodes on the right upper arm was used to investigate the influence of pulse width, electrode size and electrode position on perceived thresholds as well as qualitative and spatial perception. Varying textile cuff types were developed and tested. The suitability of varying support materials and textile electrodes was investigated with regard to adaptability, comfort, electrical conductivity, DC resistance and traction elastic behaviour. The textile and self-adhesive electrodes were compared with regard to thresholds as well as qualitative and spatial perceptions (n = 30). Results: Practical parameter sets of the thresholds (perception, attention, intolerance) were determined for various pulse widths, electrode sizes and positions. The dominant qualitative perceptions were “Knocking” (perception and attention threshold) and “Muscle twitch” (intolerance threshold). The spatial perception was located at the stimulation area. The resulting textile cuff contains a knitted fabric with electrically conductive surfaces and a layer of an electrically conductive silicone compound. The comparison between textile and self-adhesive electrodes showed no differences regarding thresholds and qualitative and spatial perceptions. The impedance of the textile electrodes was (1.5 to 3 times) higher than that of the self-adhesive electrodes. Conclusions: Future studies will investigate the influences of working conditions, climatic conditions, age, gender and skin properties. The further development of the textile cuffs is focused on the improvement of the contact between electrode and skin to optimise the transition impedance. Keywords: electric stimulation – electrode – TENS – smart textile – wearable

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Asl, Sara Nazari, Frank Ludwig e Meinhard Schilling. "Noise properties of textile, capacitive EEG electrodes". Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 1, n.º 1 (1 de setembro de 2015): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2015-0009.

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AbstractThe rigid surface of the conventional PCB-based capacitive electrode produces an undefined distance between the skin and the electrode surface. Therefore, the capacitance introduced by them is uncertain and can vary from electrode to electrode due to their different positions on the scalp. However, textile electrodes which use conductive fabric as electrode surfaces, are bendable over the scalp. Therefore, it provides a certain value of the capacitance which is predictable and calculable accurately if the effective distance to the scalp surface can be determined. In this paper noise characteristics of textile electrodes with different fabric sizes as electrode’s surface and capacity calculations related to each size are presented to determine the effective distances for each electrode size.

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Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Textile Electrode"

Backe, Carin. "Enhancing textile electrode performance : Regulating moisture management through textile structure". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-12389.

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The medical field has been a part of the smart textile area for quite some time. With time come technological advancement and the two fields converge on more and more areas. One such area is that of using textile electrodes, textrodes, for measuring bioelectrical activity, such as heart rate for ECG analysis. There are many components that make for a successful textile electrode and though many studies have been made in the subject there are several aspects that still are difficult. By using textile electrodes the problem with skin irritation from electrolyte gels, commonly used for conventional electrodes, is avoided, however dry textrodes create disturbances in the output signal (heart rate) while subjected to movement and internal dimensional changes. The addition of moisture to a textrode has shown to decrease these intermittent disturbances but the knowledge about fundamental textile structural influence in the matter has not been fully investigated. This study investigates a flat, a 2-thread fleece and an open structure, and their relation to moisture both as textile structures and as textrodes. This way the possibilities of utilising moisture to increase performance in a textrode purpose can be examined and to what extent the textile structure plays a part in that exploitation. The material composition of textile structures also affects their properties The introduction of assistive materials, polyester and viscose, into the Shieldex (conductive yarn) structures is done to test core moisture management properties such as surface tension, absorption and moisture content, and correlate them to electrical properties necessary for textrode function. In the end the gap between textile structure and end product in form of a textrode is closed as the impedance and microclimate of the textrodes are studied. This is mainly to tie together the fundamental textile structures with a complex textile construction. In conclusion the complexity is also confirmed as structural, materialistic and external influences has an impact on the results. The influence of moisture on lowered resistance and impedance in the structures is confirmed but the impact of textile structure can also be seen. The 2-thread fleece and open structures often has a more positive impact on results and therefore has the possibility of enhancing performance of a textrode for bioelectrical signal monitoring. With these results a more effective way of producing long-lasting, patient-friendly, textrodes can be derived and in the future lead to better care in the medical areas.

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Taji, Bahareh. "Reconstruction of ECG Signals Acquired with Conductive Textile Eletrodes". Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26303.

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Physicians’ understanding of bio-signals, measured using medical instruments, becomes the foundation of their decisions and diagnoses of patients, as they rely strongly on what the instruments show. Thus, it is critical and very important to ensure that the instruments’ readings exactly reflect what is happening in the patient’s body so that the detected signal is the real one or at least as close to the real in-body signal as possible and carries all of the appropriate information. This is such an important issue that sometimes physicians use invasive measurements in order to obtain the real bio-signal. Generating an in-body signal from what a measurement device shows is called “signal purification” or “reconstruction,” and can be done only when we have adequate information about the interface between the body and the monitoring device. In this research, first, we present a device that we developed for electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition and transfer to PC. In order to evaluate the performance of the device, we use it to measure ECG and apply conductive textile as our ECG electrode. Then, we evaluate ECG signals captured by different electrodes, specifically traditional gel Ag/AgCl and dry golden plate electrodes, and compare the results. Next, we propose a method to reconstruct the ECG signal from the signal we detected with our device with respect to the interface characteristics and their relation to the detected ECG. The interface in this study is the skin-electrode interface for conductive textiles. In the last stage of this work, we explore the effects of pressure on skin-electrode interface impedance and its parametrical variation.

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Euler, Luisa. "Impedance and Stimulation Comfort of Knitted Electrodes for Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation (NMES) : Influence of electrode construction and pressure application to the electrode". Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23896.

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Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a modality of electrotherapy which is aiming to restore and improve muscle function by injecting small levels of current into the muscle using different types of electrodes. Advantages are seen in using textile electrodes which can be integrated into wearables. Previous research has been done for the development of textile stimulation electrodes. However, the focus has not been on the electrode construction itself. Therefore, the influence of electrode construction parameters of knitted electrodes as well as of the electrode condition, i.e. wet or dry, on the skin-electrode impedance and on the perceived stimulation comfort were analysed. Further, the application of pressure to the electrode was investigated. It was found that the electrode condition is the most important parameter for the electrode performance as a wet electrode showed a lower impedance and an improved stimulation comfort with a better skin contact. Followed by this, the pressure was the second most important factor, especially for dry electrodes. A higher pressure reduced the skin-electrode impedance and improved the skin contact in dry condition. Nevertheless, dry electrodes with a high applied pressure still performed worse than wet electrodes. Regarding the electrode design, the most important factor was the electrode size. A bigger size reduced the impedance. Nevertheless, for the application in NMES, a smaller electrode size is to be preferred as it improved the stimulation selectivity and thus, a lower NMES level was required to induce a plantarflexion without affecting the stimulation comfort. The other investigated construction parameters (binding, yarn density, shape) only showed minor influences on the electrode performance. Therefore, the possibilities of applying pressure to the electrode to improve the performance of dry textile electrodes should be further investigated.

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Lee, Graham. "An investigation into the feasibility of the integration of microwave circuitry into a woven textile". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13560.

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To investigate the integration of a textile antenna into a woven substrate at the point of production. The antenna was to have the characteristics of a conventional fabric interms of the handle and drape.

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Jafari, Ehsan. "Novel Approaches in Functional Electrical Stimulation for Rehabilitation : Development, Analysis, and Optimization". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ENSL0008.

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Cette thèse vise à surmonter les limites de la stimulation électrique fonctionnelle (SEF) grâce à une approche novatrice et multimodale, qui explore aussi bien le développement d'électrodes transcutanées, que les stratégies de stimulation, ainsi que les perspectives d'optimisation biomécanique. Une première étude compare l'efficacité des électrodes textiles intégrées dans les vêtements, utilisées avec une lotion hydratante, par rapport aux électrodes conventionnelles à hydrogel auto-adhésives. L'évaluation porte sur des aspects tels que le confort de la stimulation, la cohérence temporelle, l'efficacité, et le comportement de l'impédance électrique dans des conditions isométriques. Les participants à l'étude ont effectué des tests avec les deux types d'électrodes, nous permettant d’évaluer des paramètres tels que les intensités minimales générant une contraction musculaire ou une sensation de brûlure, et l'intensité maximale tolérable. Les résultats indiquent que les électrodes textiles, lorsqu'elles sont complétées par une lotion, sont comparables aux électrodes à hydrogel en termes de confort, de consistance et d'efficacité. Une seconde étude examine l'impact de la stimulation séquentielle distribuée spatialement (SSDS) à intensité moyenne ou haute, sur la réduction de la fatigue chez les personnes souffrant d'une lésion de la moelle épinière. L'étude révèle que la SSDS est significativement plus efficace à moyenne intensité. En outre, une étude de cas a été réalisée pour évaluer les différences de puissance et fatigue produites lors d’un exercice de cyclisme électrostimulé utilisant la SSDS. Il s'agissait de stimuler les quadriceps de quatre participants paraplégiques moteurs complets. L’étude a montré que la SSDS génère non seulement plus de puissance que la configuration à une seule électrode, mais également sans avoir d'impact significatif sur le niveau de fatigue. La dernière étude se concentre sur l'optimisation des propriétés biomécaniques du cyclisme et de la séquence de stimulation afin d'obtenir une puissance de sortie maximale avec une stimulation appliquée minimale. Un modèle musculaire précis et facile à utiliser, associé à des fonctions de transfert de couple basées sur le Jacobien, a été adopté pour déterminer la position assise optimale, l'angle du tronc, la longueur du bras de manivelle et les séquences de stimulation. En outre, l'impact de la fonction force-vitesse du muscle sur la détermination de la position assise optimale et des séquences de stimulation a été étudié. Les modèles de simulation ont montré un effet insignifiant de la fonction force-vitesse sur la position assise optimale de six sujets sains simulés. Nous pensons que les contributions de cette thèse augmenteront l'efficacité de la SEF en tant que technique de rééducation fonctionnelle
This thesis aims to overcome the limitations of functional electrical stimulation (FES) through a multifaceted novel approach that concentrates on developing transcutaneous electrodes, stimulation strategies, and biomechanical optimization perspectives. The first study investigates the effectiveness of garment-embedded textile electrodes, used with a moisturizing lotion, against conventional self-adhesive hydrogel electrodes. The evaluation encompasses aspects such as stimulation comfort, temporal consistency, efficiency, and electrical impedance behavior under isometric conditions. Participants in the study underwent tests with both electrode types, evaluating parameters like motor threshold intensity, burning sensation intensity, and maximum tolerable intensity. The results indicate that textile electrodes, when supplemented with lotion, perform comparably to hydrogel electrodes in terms of comfort, consistency, and efficiency. The next study investigates the impact of spatially distributed sequential stimulation (SDSS) at high and moderate intensities on reducing fatigue in individuals with spinal cord injury. The study, focusing on the quadriceps muscle group, found that moderate-intensity SDSS is significantly more effective than high-intensity SDSS. Additionally, a case study was conducted to assess the differences in power generation and fatigue levels between FES cycling using SDSS and a single electrode setup. This involved stimulating the paralyzed quadriceps muscles of four participants over multiple days during motor-assisted FES cycling. The results indicated that SDSS not only generated more power compared to the single electrode setup but did so without significantly impacting fatigue levels. The last study focuses on the optimization of the cycling biomechanical properties and stimulation pattern to achieve maximum output power with minimum applied stimulation. In this work, an easy-to-use and precise muscle model in conjunction with Jacobian-based torque transfer functions was adopted to determine the optimal seating position, trunk angle, crank arm length, and stimulation intervals. Furthermore, the impact of muscle force-velocity factor in finding the optimal seating position and stimulation intervals was investigated. The simulation models showed the trivial effect of the force-velocity factor on the resulting optimal seating position of six healthy simulated subjects. We believe that the contributions of this thesis will increase the efficacy of FES as a rehabilitation technique

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Ekhagen, Sebastian. "Stability of electron acceptor materials for organic solar cells : a work function study of C60/C70 derivatives and N2200". Thesis, Karlstads universitet, Institutionen för ingenjörsvetenskap och fysik (from 2013), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kau:diva-72727.

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Thin films of the fullerenes PC60BM and PC70BM and the non-fullerene N2200, three popular electron acceptor materials in organic photovoltaics, have been studied, using both the Kelvin probe method as well as ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy. With these methods the work function was measured, as well as the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) onset. Additionally band bending effects were studied by illuminating the samples while measuring the work function with the Kelvin probe so called surface photovoltage. Sample of each material was exposed to either air and simulated sunlight or N2 and simulated sunlight, for different length of time, to observe how the materials work function evolves after exposure to the different conditions. It was observed that, as expected from previous studies, that PC60BM was less photo-stable than PC70BM. Additionally, the work function of PC60BM changed significantly by storage in N2. Each material after exposure for 24h to air and light, was annealed and measured with the Kelvin probe. A restoring effect was observed, for the non-fullerene material N2200. All three materials developed an increasing surface photovoltage, which suggest increased band bending, when exposed to air and light, indicating that due phot-oxidization, charges are redistributed at the surface of the film. The fullerenes showed a larger surface photovoltage effect than the non-fullerene materials. A difference between the work function values obtained from the Kelvin probe method and the ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy could be seen, however the exact reason for this couldn't be isolated within this thesis, but was discussed.

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Marquez, Juan Carlos. "On the Feasibility of Using Textile Electrodes for Electrical Bioimpedance Measurements". Licentiate thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-3607.

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The application of textile electrodes has been widely studied for biopotential recordings,especially for monitoring cardiac activity. Commercially available applications, such as theAdistar T-shirt and the Numetrex Cardioshirt, have shown good performance for heart ratemonitoring and are available worldwide.Textile technology can also be used for electrical bioimpedance (EBI) spectroscopymeasurements in home and personalized health monitoring applications, however solid basicresearch about the measurement performance of the electrodes must be performed prior to thedevelopment of any textile-enabled EBI application.This research work studies the performance of EBI spectroscopy measurements whenperformed with textile electrodes. An analysis using an electrical circuit equivalent model andexperimental data obtained with the Impedimed spectrometer SFB7 was carried out. Theexperimental study focused on EBI spectroscopy measurements obtained with different types oftextile electrodes and in different measurement scenarios. The equivalent model analysis focusedon the influence of the electrode polarization impedance Zep on the EBI spectroscopymeasurements in the frequency range of 3 kHz to 500 kHz.The analysis of the obtained complex EBI spectra shows that the measurements obtainedwith textile electrodes produce constant and reliable EBI spectra. The results also indicate theimportance of the skin-electrode interface in EBI spectroscopy measurement.Textile technology, if successfully integrated, may enable the performance of EBIspectroscopy measurements in new scenarios, which would allow the generation of novel,wearable, or textile-enabled applications for home and personal health monitoring

Thesis Supervisors: Kaj Lindecrantz and Fernando Seoane

Sponsorship:

Mexican CONACYT

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Jenkins, L. "Development of environmental scanning electron microscopy for textile hydration studies". Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.605085.

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The possibility of supporting a saturated water vapour atmosphere together with the presence of liquid water in the Environmental Scanning Electron Microscope (ESEM) presents new opportunities for the observation of water-textile interactions. It is important to understand such interactions because they will affect many manufacturing and performance processes, including dyeing, finishing, comfort and washing behaviour. Control of temperature and pressure conditions surrounding the sample in the ESEM allows the performance of in situ hydration experiments at high magnification and resolution. Many organic materials are very susceptible to the effects of the beam in an electron microscope. Beam specimen interactions will change the nature and therefore behaviour of the sample. Experiments with cellulosic fibres showed that some of the visible signs of damage are identical to those indicating interaction with water. These signs include smoothing of the fibre surfaces, and loss of surface and edge detail. Experiments were performed to investigate the effect of various experimental parameters on the time of onset of damage. From the results of these experiments, conditions were found which delayed the onset of visible damage for 40-50 minutes. Using the damage-free conditions, mounting and hydration techniques were developed which allow the observation of cross-section area increase in fibres as they interact with liquid water. The results obtained for the lyocell fibres chosen for these experiments show good agreement with similar swelling experiments in the optical microscope performed to confirm the temperature independence of swelling at low temperature. The possibility of assessing the effect of packing density on swelling using the same hydration technique has also been investigated, but limitations of the mounting method prevent the acquisition of useful data for this purpose. A method has been developed for the observation of the wetting behaviour of various textile fabrics. It has been shown that the ESEM provides a quick and easy method of comparing the behaviours of sample materials. Ability to interpret the images produced in the microscope depends on a knowledge of wetting processes. Conditions have been found which allow the condensation of water droplets onto individual textile fibres. Initial assessment has been made to determine the suitability of the ESEM micrographs for the measurement of contact angles.

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Awad, Hernández Fahmi. "Desafíos de la capa física para el monitoreo y control remoto de pacientes". Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2016. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/142483.

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Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico
En la actualidad existe una gran necesidad de monitorear pacientes en forma remota dado que hay capacidades limitadas en centros médicos, tanto de profesionales como de instrumental e insumos. Más allá de esto, respecto al electrocardiograma en particular, se utiliza un método en el cual se coloca doce electrodos en el cuerpo del paciente, además de filtrar los datos con máquinas bastante grandes, lo que se traduce en incomodidad para el sujeto y una maquinaria costosa que puede ser reemplazada. Este trabajo se enfoca en el desarrollo de un sistema de amplificación y filtrado simplificado para un electrocardiograma utilizando el método de Einthoven, y en la implementación de electrodos de una composición química diferente, denominados PEDOT:PSS. Se trabaja con éstos como reemplazo de los comúnmente utilizados dado que son hidrofílicos, lavables y no producen irritación, por lo cual son considerados un avance respecto al ámbito invasivo de la detección. La amplificación sin ruido es una parte crítica en el diseño del circuito, por lo tanto es imperativo obtener el filtrado necesario. Se diseñan circuitos para la inversión de voltaje necesaria, el amplificador y los filtros pasa bajos de 150 Hz, pasa altos de 0.1 Hz y notch de 50 Hz a utilizar. Los resultados obtenidos se pueden organizar de la siguiente forma: inicialmente se obtiene una señal alimentando con 3 y 5 V, con y sin filtro notch, en una prueba con sensores comunes, midiendo con osciloscopio Rigol. Luego se analiza el mismo circuito alimentado con baterías y medido con el DSO Nano V3 y finalmente se examina con un electrodo PEDOT:PSS. Se opta por una alimentación independiente ya que se disminuye el ruido y se tiene un sistema aislado de la red. Se describe la construcción de los nuevos electrodos y se presentan los experimentos realizados con éstos. Se concluye por medio de una prueba de concepto que es posible obtener un sistema ECG no invasivo, pero que al tener una fuente dependiente de la red eléctrica existe una alta filtración de ruido de 50 Hz. La señal obtenida con el circuito y el electrodo PEDOT:PSS es satisfactoria y similar a la representación con electrodos convencionales, alimentando con un voltaje independiente de la red. Se indica los trabajos futuros respecto a esta memoria.

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ACHILLI, ANDREA. "Conception, development and evaluation of polymer-based screen-printed textile electrodes for biopotential monitoring". Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Genova, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11567/977988.

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Wearable technologies represent the new frontier of vital signs monitoring in different applications, from fitness to health. With the progressive miniaturization of the electronic components, enabling the implementation of portable and hand-held acquisition and recording devices, the research focus has shifted toward the development of effective and unobtrusive textile electrodes. This work deals with the study, development and characterization of organic-polymer-based electrodes for biopotentials. After an overview of the main materials and fabrication technologies presented so far in the scientific literature, the possibility to use these electrodes as an alternative to the Ag/AgCl disposable gelled electrodes usually adopted in clinical practice was tested. For this purpose, several textile electrode realization techniques were studied and optimized, in order to create electrodes with adequate features to detect two fundamental physiological signals: the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the electromyogram (EMG). The electrodes were obtained by depositing on the fabric the organic bio-compatible polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) doped with poly(4-styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) with three deposition procedures: dipcoating, ink-jet printing and screen printing. The physical–chemical properties of the polymer solution were varied for each procedure to obtain an optimal and reproducible result. For what concerns the ECG signal, the research activity focused on screen-printed textile electrodes and their performance was first assessed by benchtop measurements and then by human trials. The first tests demonstrated that, by adding solid or liquid electrolytes the electrodes, the largest part of the characteristics required by the ANSI/AAMI EC12:2000 standard for gelled ECG electrodes can be achieved. Tests performed in different conditions showed that the skin contact impedance and the ECG morphological features are highly similar to those obtainable with disposable gelled Ag/AgCl electrodes (ρ > 0.99). A trial with ten subjects revealed also the capability of the proposed electrodes to accurately capture with clinical instruments an ECG morphology with performance comparable to off-the-shelf disposable electrodes. Furthermore, the proposed textile electrodes preserve their electrical properties and functionality even after several mild washing cycles, while they suffered physical stretching. Similar tests were performed on screen-printed textile electrodes fabricated in two different sizes to test them as EMG sensors, with and without electrolytes. After a series of controlled acquisitions performed by electro-stimulating the muscles in order to analyze the waveform morphologu of the M-wave, the statistical analysis showed a high similarity in terms of rms of the noise and electrode-skin impedance between conventional and textile electrodes with the addition of solid hydrogel and saline solution. Furthermore, the M-wave recorded on the tibialis anterior muscle during the stimulation of the peroneal nerve was comparatively analyzed between conventional and textile electrodes. The comparison provided an R2 value higher than 97% in all measurement conditions. These results opened their use in smart garments for real application scenarios and for this purpose were developed a couple of smart shirts able to detect the EGC and the EMG signal. The results indicated that this approach could be adopted in the future for the development of smart garments able to comfortably detect physiological signals.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Textile Electrode"

Mahaffy, Philip Robert. Replacement of the existing combined hydraulic and electro-mechanical controls on the Autoleveller system fitted to the Lummus Mackie Mark 3 Speedmack textile machine, with the latest in AC Servo drive technology, an industrial microprocessor and electronic hardware. [S.l: The Author], 1992.

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Zhang, H., X. M. Tao e P. J. Xu. Textile-Structured Electrodes for Electrocardiogram. Taylor & Francis Group, 2009.

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Fibres: Microscopy of archaeological textiles and furs. Budapest: Archaeolingua Alapítvány, 2016.

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Monitorización cardíaca mediante dispositivos Holter con electrodos textiles para detección de fibrilación auricular tras ictus criptogénico. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4321/repisalud.14666.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Textile Electrode"

Goto, Daisuke, e Naruhiro Shiozawa. "Can Textile Electrode for ECG Apply to EMG Measurement?" In IFMBE Proceedings, 431–34. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-9038-7_81.

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Tuohimäki, Katariina, Shadi Mahdiani, Vala Jeyhani, Antti Vehkaoja, Pekka Iso-Ketola, Jukka Vanhala, Jari Viik e Matti Mäntysalo. "Electrode Comparison for Textile-Integrated Electrocardiogram and Impedance Pneumography Measurement". In EMBEC & NBC 2017, 302–5. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-5122-7_76.

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Xiong, Fan, Dongyi Chen, Zhenghao Chen, Chen Jin e Shumei Dai. "Impedance Characteristics of the Skin-Electrode Interface of Dry Textile Electrodes for Wearable Electrocardiogram". In Internet of Things, 343–56. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02819-0_26.

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Drits, Victor A. "Oblique-Texture Electron Diffraction". In Electron Diffraction and High-Resolution Electron Microscopy of Mineral Structures, 149–76. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71729-1_9.

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Mason, Jeremy K., e Christopher A. Schuh. "Representations of Texture". In Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Materials Science, 35–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-88136-2_3.

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Hao, Liu, e Xiaoming Tao. "Evaluation Methods and Instruments of Dry Biopotential Electrodes". In Handbook of Smart Textiles, 775–808. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-45-1_33.

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Hao, Liu, e Tao Xiaoming. "Evaluation Methods and Instruments of Dry Biopotential Electrodes". In Handbook of Smart Textiles, 1–28. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-4451-68-0_33-1.

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Elsheikh, Mahmoud A., Hazem I. Saleh, Hany S. Guirguis e Karim Taha. "Treatment of Textile Dyes Wastewater Using Electro-Coagulation". In Computational and Experimental Simulations in Engineering, 175–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27053-7_17.

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Rai, Newton, Habibuddin Shaik, N. Veerapandi, Veda Sandeep Nagaraj e S. Veena. "Carbon-Based Textile Dry and Flexible Electrodes for ECG Measurement". In Advances in Renewable Energy and Electric Vehicles, 37–53. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1642-6_4.

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Thite, Amol G., Kumar Krishnanand e Prasanta K. Panda. "Recent Advances in Electron Beam Processing of Textile Materials". In Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials, 457–94. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9048-9_14.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Textile Electrode"

Oliveira, Cristina C., Jose Machado da Silva, Isabel G. Trindade e Frederico Martins. "Characterization of the electrode-skin impedance of textile electrodes". In 2014 Conference on Design of Circuits and Integrated Systems (DCIS). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dcis.2014.7035526.

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Etana, Bulcha Belay, Benny Malengier, Janarthanan Krishnamoorthy e Lieve Van Langenhove. "Improved Skin–Electrode Impedance Characteristics of Embroidered Textile Electrodes for Sustainable Long-Term EMG Monitoring". In E-Textiles 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023052029.

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Taji, Bahareh, Shervin Shirmohammadi e Voicu Groza. "Measuring skin-electrode impedance variation of conductive textile electrodes under pressure". In 2014 IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference (I2MTC). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/i2mtc.2014.6860909.

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Kuznetsov, Ivan A., Warren Jasper, Srinivasan Rasipuram, Andrey V. Kuznetsov, Alan Brown e Alexei V. Saveliev. "Development of Plasma Textile for Nanoparticle Filtration and Bacterial Deactivation". In ASME 2012 10th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels collocated with the ASME 2012 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2012 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2012-73019.

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A novel woven textile material capable of generating stable low temperature plasma was created. This resulted in enhancing the capture efficiency of nanoparticles when the material was used as a filter as well as exhibiting anti-bacterial properties. The primary supposition of the study is that a micro-plasma array can be embedded into a textile fabric to induce a plasma sheath that filters and deactivates bacterial pathogens coming into contact with the fabric. The work proceeded through a series of steps: (1) determining the optimal type of plasma discharge; (2) finding the ideal wire electrode material, radii and placement to achieve stable uniform generation of non-thermal plasmas; (3) modeling the electric field surrounding the electrodes to evaluate the impact of an insulating textile on the electrode system; (4) testing various polymers and developing a plasma textile based on electrode geometries found in experimentation; (5) measuring the filtration efficiencies of the plasmas using a differential mobility and a condensation particle counter; and (6) testing the textile fabric’s ability to deactivate bacteria. The work confirmed the existence of sustainable, uniform plasma on the surface of the developed fabric capable of capturing over 98% of bacteria-sized particles and deactivating tested bacteria.

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Aghaei, Ali, Saba Sajjadieh, Bahareh Ghalebi, Fatemeh Irannejad e Mohsen Shanbeh. "A Single-Electrode, Textile-Based, Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensor Array". In E-Textiles 2023. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2023052013.

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Simonič, Marjana. "Electrocoagulation Implementation for Textile Wastewater Treatment Processes". In International Conference on Technologies & Business Models for Circular Economy. University of Maribor Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18690/um.fkkt.1.2023.6.

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Electrocoagulation (EC) has been employed recently to treat tannery, textile, and coloured wastewater. Three main processes are gathered in EC process, namely electrochemistry, coagulation, and flotation. This technique uses DC currents source between metal electrodes immersed in the textile effluent, which causes the dissolution of electrode plates into the effluent. The main advantage of EC compared to chemical coagulation technique is that EC generates less sludge. The objective of the present manuscript is to review the potential of electrocoagulation for the treatment of textile effluent. The most influential factors on removal efficiency, such as initial pH, time of EC, conductivity, current density, initial dye concentration and periodically reversal current on electrodes were discussed. Considering the circular economy concept, which focuses on positive society-wide benefits, manufacturing brick or ceramic materials is feasible method for disposing sludge.

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Liu, Meijing, Zeeshan Ahmed, Neil Grabham, Stephen Beeby, John Tudor e Kai Yang. "An All Dispenser Printed Electrode Structure on Textile for Wearable Healthcare". In E-Textiles 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/engproc2022015016.

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Takamatsu, Seiichi, e Toshihiro Itoh. "Mechanical characterization of biomedical electrode on knit textile". In 2016 Symposium on Design, Test, Integration and Packaging of MEMS/MOEMS (DTIP). IEEE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/dtip.2016.7514836.

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Zhang, Hui, Weiru Li, Xiaoming Tao, Pengjun Xu e Hao Liu. "Textile-structured human body surface biopotential signal acquisition electrode". In 2011 4th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing (CISP). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cisp.2011.6100739.

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Aileni, Raluca maria. "SOFTWARE BASED ON GRID NETWORK FOR TEXTILE ELECTROCONDUCTIVITY AND RESISTIVITY ANALYZE". In eLSE 2015. Carol I National Defence University Publishing House, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.12753/2066-026x-15-274.

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The paper present a software application developed by modular programming FORTRAN and distributed computing processes by using Grid Network. The software application goal is to analyze conductivity and resistivity correlation when electricity flows through textile structures (yarns or woven structure with additional inserted conductive yarns on weft direction). The electrical intensity on textile structure was measured by using a digital multimeter, after the connection of the conductive part from textile structure to a source of continuous current. The data used in software are from tests made according to standard SR EN 1149- 1:2006 -regarding determinations for textile surface resistivity, for vertical resistivity and load dissipation capacity. The electrostatic energy dissipation is a requirement for develop protective garment with electronic devices integrated. The aim of usage conductive yarns in textile area is to obtain flexible conductive structures with possibilities of usage in many areas of interest (military, medical of protective equipment). The textile structures (yarns, knit or woven) can be considered like an anisotropic model and this purpose can conduct to different values for conductivity or resistivity. For this software the surface was considered to be anisotropic and the tests for conductivity and resistivity were performed assuming a grid network model with fixed lengths and nodes. The resistance is associated with contact resistance between neighboring yarns and numerous contact points at the crossing between yarns in the sample (M. Tokarska, M. Frydrysiak, J. Zieba).Tests for the contact resistance between the textile substrate and the electrode are important part of research of electro conductive properties of textiles (M. Tokarska, M. Frydrysiak , J. Zieba). This software was realized by suing Grid Network due to the power computing in solving difficult mathematical expressions.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Textile Electrode"

Zhai, Tongguang, Chi-Sing Man e James Morris. Field Emission Gun Scanning Electron Microscopy with Electron Back Scatter Diffraction for Texture, Formability and Fatigue Studies of Advanced Materials. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, maio de 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada484492.

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Zhu, M. J., Aubrey F. Mendonca, E. J. Lee, K. C. Nam, M. Du, H. A. Ismail e Dong U. Ahn. Effects of Electron Beam Irradiation and Antimicrobials on the Volatiles, Color and Texture of Ready-to-Eat Turkey Breast Roll. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, janeiro de 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-1108.

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Banin, Amos, Joseph Stucki e Joel Kostka. Redox Processes in Soils Irrigated with Reclaimed Sewage Effluents: Field Cycles and Basic Mechanism. United States Department of Agriculture, julho de 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7695870.bard.

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The overall objectives of the project were: (a) To measure and study in situ the effect of irrigation with reclaimed sewage effluents on redox processes and related chemical dynamics in soil profiles of agricultural fields. (b) To study under controlled conditions the kinetics and equilibrium states of selected processes that affect redox conditions in field soils or that are effected by them. Specifically, these include the effects on heavy metals sorption and desorption, and the effect on pesticide degradation. On the basis of the initial results from the field study, increased effort was devoted to clarifying and quantifying the effects of plants and water regime on the soil's redox potential while the study of heavy metals sorption was limited. The use of reclaimed sewage effluents as agricultural irrigation water is increasing at a significant rate. The relatively high levels of suspended and, especially, dissolved organic matter and nitrogen in effluents may affect the redox regime in field soils irrigated with them. In turn, the changes in redox regime may affect, among other parameters, the organic matter and nitrogen dynamics of the root zone and trace organic decomposition processes. Detailed data of the redox potential regime in field plots is lacking, and the detailed mechanisms of its control are obscure and not quantified. The study established the feasibility of long-term, non-disturbing monitoring of redox potential regime in field soils. This may enable to manage soil redox under conditions of continued inputs of wastewater. The importance of controlling the degree of wastewater treatment, particularly of adding ultrafiltration steps and/or tertiary treatment, may be assessed based on these and similar results. Low redox potential was measured in a field site (Site A, KibutzGivat Brenner), that has been irrigated with effluents for 30 years and was used for 15 years for continuous commercial sod production. A permanently reduced horizon (Time weighted averaged pe= 0.33±3.0) was found in this site at the 15 cm depth throughout the measurement period of 10 months. A drastic cultivation intervention, involving prolonged drying and deep plowing operations may be required to reclaim such soils. Site B, characterized by a loamy texture, irrigated with tap water for about 20 years was oxidized (Time weighted average pe=8.1±1.0) throughout the measurement period. Iron in the solid phases of the Givat Brenner soils is chemically-reduced by irrigation. Reduced Fe in these soils causes a change in reactivity toward the pesticide oxamyl, which has been determined to be both cytotoxic and genotoxic to mammalian cells. Reaction of oxamyl with reduced-Fe clay minerals dramatically decreases its cytotoxicity and genotoxicity to mammalian cells. Some other pesticides are affected in the same manner, whereas others are affected in the opposite direction (become more cyto- and genotoxic). Iron-reducing bacteria (FeRB) are abundant in the Givat Brenner soils. FeRB are capable of coupling the oxidation of small molecular weight carbon compounds (fermentation products) to the respiration of iron under anoxic conditions, such as those that occur under flooded soil conditions. FeRB from these soils utilize a variety of Fe forms, including Fe-containing clay minerals, as the sole electron acceptor. Daily cycles of the soil redox potential were discovered and documented in controlled-conditions lysimeter experiments. In the oxic range (pe=12-8) soil redox potential cycling is attributed to the effect of the daily temperature cycle on the equilibrium constant of the oxygenation reaction of H⁺ to form H₂O, and is observed under both effluent and freshwater irrigation. The presence of plants affects considerably the redox potential regime of soils. Redox potential cycling coupled to the irrigation cycles is observed when the soil becomes anoxic and the redox potential is controlled by the Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox couple. This is particularly seen when plants are grown. Re-oxidation of the soil after soil drying at the end of an irrigation cycle is affected to some degree by the water quality. Surprisingly, the results suggest that under certain conditions recovery is less pronounced in the freshwater irrigated soils.

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