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Yaeram, Jakrit. "The effect of whole body heating on testis morphology and fertility of male mice". Title page, table of contents and summary only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phj259.pdf.
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Larsen, Cory A. "Document Flash Thermography". DigitalCommons@USU, 2011. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/1018.
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This thesis presents the application of ash thermography techniques to the analysis of documents. The motivation for this research is to develop the ability to non-destructively reveal covered writings in archaeological artifacts such as the Codex Selden or Egyptian car- tonnage. Current common signal processing techniques are evaluated for their effectiveness in enhancing subsurface writings found within a set of test documents. These processing techniques include: false colorization, contrast stretching, histogram equalization, median altering, Gaussian low-pass altering, layered signal reconstruction and thermal signal reconstruction (TSR), several contrast image definitions, differential absolute contrast (DAC), correlated contrast, derivative images, principal component thermography (PCT), dynamic thermal tomography (DTT), pulse phase thermography (PPT), tying-correlation analysis (FCA), Hough transform thermography (PTHTa), and transmission line matrix tying algorithm (TLMFa). New processing techniques are developed and evaluated against the existing techniques. The ability of ash thermography coupled with processing techniques to reveal subsurface writings and document strikeouts is evaluated. Flash thermography parameters are evaluated to determine most eeffective value for the document. In summary, this thesis reports the following contributions to the existing scientific knowledge: 1. A comprehensive analysis of existing pulsed thermography processing techniques. 2. New pulsed thermography processing techniques that improve upon the results of the existing techniques were developed. 3. A proof-of-concept for detecting subsurface ink writings in documents. 4. Varies the capability of pulsed thermography techniques to detect document strike- outs. 5. Demonstrates the ability to enhance surface writings based on differences in thermal characteristics when optical characteristics do not vary significantly. 6. Demonstrates that pulsed thermography significantly improves upon multi-spectral imaging for subsurface and surface writing enhancement. 7. Provides an evaluation of ash thermography parameters for the most effective document imaging.
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Ratsakou, Almpion. "Multi-physical modeling of thermographic inspection methods and fast imaging Fast models dedicated to simulation of eddy current thermography Fast simulation approach dedicated to infrared thermographic inspection of delaminated planar pieces Model based characterisation of delamination by means of thermographic inspection". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASS002.
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L’inspection thermographique est une technique populaire de contrôle non destructif qui fournit des images de distributions de température sur de grandes étendues aux surfaces des pièces testées. Détecter les délaminations entre couches métalliques est le sujet ici. La simulation de ces inspections contribue en effet à compléter les études expérimentales, à évaluer les performances en termes de détection, et à être support d'algorithmes basés sur modèles. On se focalise sur un modèle semi-analytique basé sur un développement tronqué en fonctions propres par région. Le problème est résolu dans le domaine de Laplace en temps, et la distribution de température approximée par un développement sur une base produit tensoriel. Les sources considérées sont des lampes flash, mais aussi des sources courants de Foucault (conduisant à un couplage électromagnétisme et chaleur). La description des délaminages sous forme de minces couches d'air se révèle équivalente à l'introduction d'une résistance superficielle au flux de chaleur permettant le traitement via l'approche modale sans discrétisation supplémentaire. Des calculs complémentaires par des codes commercial (méthode des éléments finis) et interne (technique d'intégration finie) confirment l'exactitude. Puis une grande attention est donnée à l'imagerie et la détection. Une procédure en deux étapes est conçue : débruitage des signaux bruts et détection de tout éventuel défaut en utilisant une reconstruction de signal thermographique conduisant à une haute résolution spatiale et temporelle dans le plan transverse, complété par une détection de frontière, puis optimisation itérative, les résultats de la première étape étant utilisées pour la régularisation d'un schéma moindres carrés afin de caractériser épaisseurs et profondeurs. Tout ce qui précède est illustré par de nombreuses simulations numériques dans des conditions proches de l'applicationThermographic inspection is a popular nondestructive testing (NdT) technique that provides images of temperature distribution over large areas at surfaces of tested workpieces. Detecting delaminations between metallic layers is the matter here. Simulation of these inspections indeed helps to complement experimental studies, evaluate performance in terms of detection and support model-based algorithms. A semi-analytical model based on a truncated region eigenfunction expansion for simulation of thermographic inspection is focused onto. The problem is solved in the Laplace domain w.r.t time, and the temperature distribution approximated by expanding it on a tensor product basis. Considered sources are lamps providing thermal excitation but may also be eddy current sources (leading to a coupled electromagnetic and heat problem). The description of the delaminations as thin air gaps between the workpiece layers proves to be equivalent with introduction of a surface resistance to the heat flow, enabling treatment via the applied modal approach without additional discretisation. Complementary computations by industry (Finite Element Method) and in-house (Finite Integration Technique) codes confirm the accuracy of the developments. Then, much attention is put on imaging and detection. A two-step procedure is devised, first denoising of raw signals and detection of any possible defect using a thermographic signal reconstruction leading to high spatial and temporal resolution in the transverse plane, completed by proper edge detection, second an iterative optimization being employed, with results of the first step used for regularization of a least-square scheme to characterize thicknesses and depths. All the above is illustrated by comprehensive numerical simulations in conditions close to practice
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Groz, Marie-Marthe. "Reconstruction 3D de sources de chaleur volumiques à partir des champs de température de surface mesurés par thermographie InfraRouge". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0135.
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L'évaluation et le contrôle non destructifs (E.C.N.D.) des matériaux et des structures sont une problématique industrielle très importante dans les domaines du transport, de l'aéronautique et du spatial, et dans le milieu médical. La thermographie infrarouge active est une technique d'E.C.N.D qui consiste à apporter une excitation extérieure afin d'entraîner une élévation de température dans le matériau, puis à évaluer le champ de température résultant à la surface. Cependant, les excitateurs thermiques utilisés (lampes flash, halogènes, lasers) agissent uniquement sur la surface du matériau. Plusieurs systèmes de conversion d'énergie peuvent en revanche mener à l'apparition de sources volumiques : on peut citer en particulier les phénomènes de thermo-acoustique, de thermo-induction, de thermomécanique ou de thermochimie. Par exemple, une excitation par ondes ultrasonores peut entraîner des sources thermiques volumiques si le matériau est viscoélastique ou s'il y a présence de défaut. La reconstruction de ces sources est donc la première étape permettant de remonter aux paramètres responsables de l'échauffement. Caractériser une source thermique consiste à reconstruire sa géométrie et la puissance qu'elle génère. Cependant, l'identification de sources thermiques volumiques par la mesure des champs de température de surface est un problème mathématiquement mal posé. Le caractère diffusif de la température en est le principal responsable. Dans ce travail, la reconstruction 3D des sources volumiques à partir du champ de température résultant à la surface, mesuré par InfraRouge, est étudié. Tout d'abord, une analyse du problème physique permet de spécifier les limites de la reconstruction. En particulier, un critère sur la résolution spatiale atteignable est défini et une limitation de reconstruction pour les sources en profondeur est mise en lumière. Ensuite, une méthode de reconstruction par approche probabiliste est proposée et comparée aux méthodes d'inversions existantes. Le temps d'exécution et la sensibilité au bruit de mesure sont étudiés pour chacune de ces méthodes. Des applications numériques et expérimentales seront enfin présentées pour illustrer les résultatsNon Destructive Testing (N.D.T.) of materials and structures is a very important industrial issue in the fields of transport, aeronautics and space and in the medical domain. Active infrared thermography is a N.D.T. method that consists in providing an external excitation to cause an elevation of temperature field in the material and then to evaluate the resulting temperature field at the surface. However, thermal exciters used (flash lamps, halogen, lasers) act only on the surface of the sample. Several energy conversion systems can on the other hand lead to the generation of volumetric sources: the phenomena of thermo-acoustic, thermo-induction, thermomechanic or thermochemistry can be cited. For example, ultrasonic waves can generate volumetric heat sources if the material is viscoelastic or if there is a defect. The reconstruction of these sources is the first step for the quantification of parameters responsible of the heating. Characterizing a heat source means reconstructing its geometry and the power it generates. For example, a defect in a structure and / or the viscoelasticity of a material can be detected and quantified by this technique if it acts directly on temperature field. However, identification of volumetric heat sources from surface temperature fields is a mathematical ill-posed problem. The diffusive nature of the temperature is the main cause. In this work, the 3D reconstruction of the volumetric heat sources from the resulting surface temperature field, measured by InfraRed, is studied. First, an analysis of the physical problem enables to specify the limits of the reconstruction. In particular, a criterion on achievable spatial resolution is defined and a reconstruction limitation for in-depth sources is highlighted. Then, a probabilistic approach for the reconstruction is proposed and compared to existing inverse methods. The computation time and noise sensitivity are studied for each of these methods. Numerical and experimental applications will thus be presented to illustrate the results
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Hamzah, Ab Razak. "The application of transient thermography to defect detection". Thesis, University of Bath, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.296326.
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Leijon, Sundqvist Katarina. "Evaluation of hand skin temperature -Infrared thermography in combination with cold stress tests". Doctoral thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Medicinsk vetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-63216.
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Abstract Since ancient times, warm or cold skin on the human body has been used as a parameter in evaluating health. Changes in body temperature are attributed to diseases or disorders. The assessment of body temperature is often performed to measure fever by detecting an elevated core temperature. With techniques such as infrared thermography, it is possible to perform a non-contact temperature measurement on a large surface area. The overall aim of this thesis was to contribute to a better understanding of the hand skin temperature variability in healthy persons and in persons experiencing whitening fingers (WF). The enclosed four papers discuss issues such as thermal variability response to cold stress test (CST) in repeated investigations; the specific rewarming pattern after CST; the difference between the hand’s palmar and dorsal temperatures; and evaluating skin temperatures and response to CST in participants with WF and healthy participants. All four papers used an experimental approach involving healthy males (I-III) and females (III) as well as individuals with (IV) and without WF (I-IV). Data were generated using dynamic infrared imaging before and after a CST. The radiometric images were analyzed using image analysis and statistics. The study showed that: (I) there is variability in hand skin temperature; (II) there are cold and warm hand skin temperature response patterns; (III) the skin temperatures on the palmar and dorsal sides of the hand are closely related; and (IV) a baseline hand skin temperature measurement can distinguish between whitening fingers and controls. The conclusion of this thesis is that it is necessary to engage in thorough planning before an investigation in order to choose the most adequate method for evaluating peripheral skin temperature response depending on the question asked.
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Bangalore, Gurudutt S. "Nondestructive evaluation of FRP composite members using infrared thermography". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2002. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=2419.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2002.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 101 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 98-101).
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Jama, Bandile, Jasson Gryzagoridis e Graham Wilson. "Aspects of thermography for non-destructive testing in mechanical maintenance". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2579.
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Thesis (MTech (Mechanical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-contacting, non-destructive testing (NDT) technique that provides relatively fast results from inspections; for example, in the detection of defects in engineering components and in systems' condition monitoring. This study examines the use and possible effectiveness of infrared thermography for the detection of faults and defects in just a few aspects that one encounters in the vast mechanical maintenance arena. The study discusses three aspects of infrared thermography, namely internal leaks inspections using passive infrared thermography, pulse thermography and induction thermography both active IRT NDT techniques for the detection of subsurface and surface defects. The promising results that were obtained by performing an experiment in the laboratory using a model fluid handling pipe network, with three isolation valves connected in parallel, encouraged performing inspections in an operating power plant, where it was suspected that there were leaks from safety and drain isolation valves. In both situations, the results were obtained in a short period of time and indicated that passive infrared thermography can detect internal leaks in pipe networks. Pulsed thermography is an active non-contacting non-destructive testing technique used to detect subsurface defects in monolithic materials and delamination's in composites. In the particular experiment that was performed pulse thermography was benchmarked with the conventional technique of ultrasound testing. PVC, stainless steel and mild steel specimens manufactured with flat bottom holes (as models of subsurface defects) were subjected to pulse thermography. The time duration to detect the presence of a defect represented by a temperature contrast or a hot spot on the specimen's surface was approximately a couple of seconds following the thermal excitation. No further characterization of the defect was possible with the technique. In contrast when using the ultrasound testing technique to test the specimens, it took considerable time to detect the defects, however, data in terms of size and depth beneath the surface became available thus enabling their full characterization.
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Lee, Jeffrey Allen. "Nondestructive evaluation of reinforced concrete via infrared thermography: a feasibility study". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41987.
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An experimental investigation was conducted to develop a laboratory technique for the nondestructive evaluation of reinforced concrete. The methodologies were developed with the intent of eventual field implementation to determine the feasibility of utilizing infrared thermography to inspect substructural elements of concrete bridges.
Several specimen configurations were fabricated for thermographic inspection. A number of tests were performed on a variety of concrete specimens to determine the implementation parameters of the technique. The necessity of utilizing artificial heating methods for thermal input prior to inspection was evaluated.
The present study suggests that infrared thermography cannot be applied to substructural elements of bridges in a noncontact fashion. Internal thermal gradients produced by diurnal temperature fluctuation generally are not sufficient to produce the variations in surface temperature patterns necessary for thermographically detecting nonvisual subsurface defects. Rather, both the envelopment and artificial heating of the substructural element is required prior to thermographic inspection.
Master of Science
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Harik, Marc Anthony. "CHARACTERIZATION OF DEFECTS IN METAL SHEETS VIA INFRARED THERMOGRAPHY". UKnowledge, 2010. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/gradschool_theses/32.
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Defects in Aluminum, Stainless steel and galvanized steel sheets are studied in reflection mode infrared thermography. The effect of material properties, surface finish, heating intensity, heater emission spectra, pixel size and defect size are studied. Contrast is governed by heat quality, emissivity and defect geometry—which follows a logarithmic trend. The diameter detected via infrared thermography is found to be at least 30% larger than the measured diameter and sub-pixel defects can be detected. The use of gradient and Laplacian of temperature is introduced as a means of increasing defect contrast and mitigating heater variation.
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Shrestha, Survesh Bahadur. "Defect Detection on Rail Base Area Using Infrared Thermography". OpenSIUC, 2020. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2758.
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This research aims to investigate the application of infrared thermography (IRT) as a method of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) for the detection of defects in the rail base area. Rails have to withstand harsh conditions during their application. Therefore, defects can develop in the base area of rails due to stresses such as bending, shear, contact, and thermal stresses, fatigue, and corrosion. Such defects can cause catastrophic failures in the rails, ultimately leading to train derailments. Rail base defects due to fatigue and corrosion are difficult to detect and currently there are no reliable or practical non-destructive evaluation (NDE) methods for finding these types of defects in the revenue service. Transportation Technology Center, Inc. (TTCI) had previously conducted a research on the capability of flash IRT to detect defects in rail base area based on simulation approach. The research covered in this thesis is the continuation of the same project.In this research, three rail samples were prepared with each containing a notched-edge, side-drilled holes (SDHs), and bottom-drilled holes (BDHs). Two steel sample blocks containing BDHs and SDHs of different sizes and depths were also prepared. Preliminary IRT trials were conducted on the steel samples to obtain an optimal IRT setup configuration. The initial inspections for one of the steel samples were outsourced to Thermal Wave Imaging (TWI) where they employed Thermographic Signal Reconstruction (TSR) technique to enhance the resulting images. Additional inspections of the steel samples were performed in the Southern Illinois University-Carbondale (SIUC) facility. In case of the rail samples, the SDHs and the notched-edge reflectors could not be detected in any of the experimental trials performed in this research. In addition, two more rail samples containing BDHs were prepared to investigate the detection capabilities for three different surface conditions: painted, unpainted, and rusted. The painted surface provided a best-case scenario for inspections while the other conditions offered further insight on correlating the application to industry-like cases.A 1300 W halogen lamp was employed as the heat source for providing continuous thermal excitation for various durations. Post-processing and analysis of the resulting thermal images was performed within the acquisition software using built-in analysis tools such as temperature probes, Region of Interest (ROI) based intensity profiles, and smoothing filters. The minimum defect diameter to depth (aspect) ratio detected in preliminary trials for the steel sample blocks were 1.0 at a diameter of 4.7625 mm (0.1875 in) and 1.5 at a diameter of 3.175 mm (0.125 in). For the inspection of painted rail sample, the longest exposure times (10 sec) provided the best detection capabilities in all sets of trials. The three holes having aspect ratio greater or equal to 1.0 were indicated in the thermal response of the painted and rusted samples while only the two holes having aspect ratio greater or equal to 1.5 were indicated in the unaltered sample. Indications of reflectors were identified through qualitative graphical analysis of pixel intensity distributions obtained along a bending line profile. The results obtained from the painted sample provided a baseline for analyzing the results from the unpainted and rusted rail samples. This provided an insight on the limitations and requirements for future development. The primary takeaway is the need for an optimized heat source. Poor contrast in the resulting image for the unpainted and rusted rail samples is experienced due to both noise and lack of penetration of the heat energy. This could have been due to decreased emissivity values. Moreover, the excitation method employed in this research does not comply with current industry standards for track clearances. Therefore, exploration of alternative excitation methods is recommended.
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Joseph, Liselle AnnMarie. "Transition Detection for Low Speed Wind Tunnel Testing Using Infrared Thermography". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/78145.
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Transition is an important phenomenon in large scale, commercial, wind tunnel testing at low speeds because it is an excellent indicator of an airfoil performance. It is difficult to estimate transition through numerical techniques because of the complex nature of viscous flow. Therefore experimental techniques can be essential. Over the transition region the rate of heat transfer shows significant increases which can be detected using infrared thermography. This technique has been used predominantly at high speeds, on small models made of insulated materials, and for short test runs. Large scale testing has not been widely undertaken because the high sensitivity of transition to external factors makes it difficult to detect.
The present study records the process undertaken to develop, implement and validate a transition detection system for continual use in the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel: a low speed, commercial wind tunnel where large, aluminium models are tested. The final system developed comprises of two high resolution FLIR A655sc infrared cameras; four 63.5-mm diameter circular windows; aluminium models covered in 0.8-mm silicone rubber insulation and a top layer of ConTact© paper; and a series of 25.4-mm wide rubber silicone fiberglass insulated heaters mounted inside the model and controlled externally by experimenters. This system produces images or videos of the model and the associated transition location, which is later extracted through image processing methods to give a final transition location in percentage chord.
The system was validated using two DU96-W-180 airfoils of different chord lengths in the Virginia Tech Stability Wind Tunnel, each tested two months apart. The system proved to be robust and efficient, while not affecting the airfoil performance or any other system in use in the wind tunnel. Transition results produced by the system were compared to measurements obtained from pressure data and stethoscope tests as well as the numerical predictions of XFOIL. The transition results from all four methods showed excellent agreement with each other for the two models, for at least two Reynolds numbers and for several angles of attack on both suction and pressure side of the model. The agreement of data obtained under such different conditions and at different times suggests that the infrared thermography system efficiently and accurately detects transition for large aluminium models at low speeds.Master of Science
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Höglund, Kristofer. "Non-destructive Testing Using Thermographic Image Processing". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Datorseende, 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-89862.
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In certain industries, quality testing is crucial, to make sure that the components being manufactured do not contain any defects. One method to detect these defects is to heat the specimen being inspected and then to study the cooling process using infrared thermography. The explorations of non-destructive testing using thermography is at an early stage and therefore the purpose of this thesis is to analyse some of the existing techniques and to propose improvements. A test specimen containing several different defects was designed specifically for this thesis. A flash lamp was used to heat the specimen and a high-speed infrared camera was used to study both the spatial and temporal features of the cooling process. An algorithm was implemented to detect anomalies and different parameter settings were evaluated. The results show that the proposed method is successful at finding the searched for defects, and also outperforms one of the old methods.
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Musio, Antonio. "Modelling and experimental implementation of infrared thermography on concrete masonry structures". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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Industrialized countries have and are based on a network infrastructure is becoming increasingly complex and difficult to manage these systems, mainly due to a lack of financial resources. Asset management is a paradigm that is adopted to properly manage the infrastructure, ensuring that the available resources are properly utilized to ensure the necessary level of service to users of the infrastructure. It includes managing the entire life cycle, including design, construction, commissioning, operation, maintenance, modification, replacement or cancellation of physical infrastructure assets.
In this context, there is a big contribution by use of technology, and then using the methods that this thesis will aim to provide a quantitative assessment of structural systems and provide sufficient assistance to any strategy of asset management.
Non-destructive tests are types of test required by biggest companies around the world. These types of investigations are also mentioned in technical specifications of products, by norms and administrative orders.
Adaptability of non-destructive techniques related to the ability to detect defects, without harming sample, puts these techniques high in context of component reliability check.
About the subject of structural diagnostics, plays an important role the use of technology, which if properly exploited can provide a quantitative assessment of infrastructure systems. For example the feedback non-destructive as infrared (IR) and ultrasound (UT ) and others, are becoming more and more accessible and have the ability to assess damage to structures and materials at an early stage
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Kouadio, Thierry. "Thermographie infrarouge de champs ultrasonores en vue de l’évaluation et du contrôle non destructifs de matériaux composites". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013BOR14824/document.
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Les matériaux composites sont largement utilisés dans l'industrie en raison de leur bonne tenue mécanique et de leur faible densité. La diversité des domaines d’application des matériaux composites donne lieu à une grande variété de modes de sollicitation et d’endommagement. De ce fait, l’évaluation de leurs propriétés et le contrôle de leur état présentent un grand intérêt industriel. Dans ce travail, une nouvelle méthode d’évaluation et de contrôle non destructif dite par sonothermographie est explorée. Cette méthode est basée sur l'analyse du champ thermique induit par des ondes ultrasonores de puissance dans les matériaux absorbants tels que les composites. Deux applications complémentaires sont étudiées, d’une part l’évaluation des propriétés thermiques du matériau et d’autre part le contrôle non destructif de structures par thermographie infrarouge. Dans ce cadre, le problème direct de la sonothermographie est résolu numériquement à partir d’un modèle par éléments finis. Ce modèle permet de simuler le champ thermique induit par la propagation d’ondes ultrasonores dans un matériau absorbant dont les propriétés sont connues. Les simulations réalisées permettent de montrer l’applicabilité de la sonothermographie à la détection de défauts. Une nouvelle approche de caractérisation thermique est également développée. Cette approche basée sur la formulation faible de l’équation de conduction de la chaleur permet une estimation robuste de la diffusivité thermique du matériau à partir du champ thermique induit par les ondes ultrasonores de puissance. Des résultats expérimentaux sont présentés pour le cas de plaques mincesThe composite materials are widely used in industry because of their high mechanical resistance and low density. The diversity of composite materials application fields gives rise to a large variety of solicitation and damage conditions. For this reason, the evaluation of their properties and their health monitoring are of great industrial interest. In this work, a new method of evaluation and non-destructive testing named sonothermography is explored. This method is based on the analysis of thermal fields induced by ultrasonic waves in absorbent materials such as composites. Two additional applications are studied: the evaluation of the thermal properties of the material and the non-destructive testing of structures by infrared thermography. In this framework, the direct problem of sonothermography is solved numerically using a model based on the finite element method. This model allows to simulate the thermal field induced by the propagation of ultrasonic waves in absorbent material whose properties are known. The simulations carried out show the applicability of the sonothermography for the detection of defects. An innovative approach for thermal characterization is also developed. This approach based on the weak formulation of the heat conduction equation allows a robust estimate of the thermal diffusivity of the material from the thermal field induced by ultrasonic waves. Experimental results are presented for thin plates
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Thiam, Abdoulahad. "Contribution à l’étude et à l’optimisation du procédé de thermographie active appliquée à la détection de défauts surfaciques". Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017UBFCK040/document.
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Les travaux que nous avons menés concernent la modélisation de l’interaction laser-matière couplée à de la thermographie infrarouge, pour la détection de défauts débouchants et sous-jacents dans des matériaux métalliques. A terme, ce procédé de thermographie se veut être une alternative possible à la magnétoscopie et au ressuage dans le domaine des contrôles non destructifs. Ces travaux se sont déroulés en trois phases. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes intéressés à la caractérisation des propriétés optiques et thermophysiques des matériaux, pour alimenter le modèle de simulation numérique mais également pour les besoins des mesures de validation du modèle numérique. La deuxième partie de l’étude a permis la mise en place d’un modèle de simulation numérique représentatif de la réalité avec une approche en deux étapes : une première consistant à calculer des champs de températures éléments finis et une seconde à modéliser la caméra de thermographie infrarouge représentatif de celle utilisée dans le projet. Des solutions innovantes ont été utilisées pour obtenir un modèle qui intègre tous les paramètres, avec des temps de calculs faibles. Ce modèle a été ensuite validé par des mesures comparatives des champs de températures numériques et expérimentaux. Enfin, nous nous sommes appuyés sur ce modèle pour rechercher les paramètres optimaux de ce procédé, grâce à la méthode des plans d’expériences numériquesThe aim of this work is the detection of open and subjacent defects in metallic materials using laser-material interaction coupled with infrared thermography. This process is a possible alternative for magnetic particles testing and dye penetrant testing in the field of non-destructive testing. This work is divided into three main parties. At first, we have been interested in the characterization of optical and thermophysical properties of materials we used, in order to have good boundary conditions and also for the needs of temperatures fields measurements for validation. The second part concern the development of a numerical simulation model with two step approach: the first involves modelling temperature field with finite element method and the second details the infrared camera modelling. Innovative solutions were used to obtain model which integrates all parameters, with low time calculation. After validated temperature field, this model allows us to look for the process optimal parameters through numerical experimental designs
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Kuhn, Eric. "Contrôle non destructif d'un matériau excité par une onde acoustique ou thermique, observation par thermographie". Thesis, Paris 10, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA100177/document.
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Afin de pouvoir détecter un défaut dans un composite, plusieurs méthodes de contrôle non destructif ont été développées. Le but de ce travail est de localiser un délaminage dans un stratifié carbone / époxyde en utilisant deux méthodes : la thermosonique et la thermographie. La première méthode consiste en une excitation par ultrasons et une détection par caméra IR. Pour la seconde technique, le matériau est irradié par une onde thermique et la détection est aussi réalisée par une caméra IR. Afin de comparer les résultats obtenus, des tests par immersion ultrasons C-scan ont été réalisés sur les échantillons. Cette méthode permet d'obtenir une cartographie du délaminage présent dans le stratifié. Un algorithme de comparaison entre la détection du délaminage faite par les ultrasons C-scan et les deux méthodes a permis de révéler les différences de forme du défaut détecté. Différents traitements d'images ont été appliqués aux images IR obtenues : des analyses temporelles et des analyses spatiales/temporelles. L'étude de l'évolution instantanée ainsi que l'évolution globale de la température se sont révélées prometteuses pour la thermosonique. L'image la plus décorrélée obtenus par l'analyse en composante principales donne un résultat tout aussi satisfaisant pour cette méthode. Pour la méthode sans contact, la thermographie, l'étude de la phase a permis de révéler la forme du délaminage avec la même précision que la thermosonique.Une comparaison de ces deux méthodes a été réalisée afin de mettre en évidence leurs avantages et leurs inconvénientsTo detect a defect in a composite, several methods of non destructive testing have been developped. The aim of this work is to find a delamination in polymer matrix laminates thanks to two methods : thermosonics and thermography. The first method consists of an ultrasonic excitation and a detection by an IR camera. For the second technique, the plate is irradiated with a thermal wave and the detection is also performed by an IR camera. To compare the results, ultrasonic immersion tests were performed on the samples. This method provides a map of the delamination in the laminate. An algorithm for comparing the detection of delamination made by the ultrasonic C-scan and both methods revealed differences in the shape of the detected defect. Several image processing have been applied to the IR images recorded : temporal analysis and spatial / temporal analysis. The study of the instant evolution and the global evolution of the temperature are promissing for thermosonics. The most uncorrelated image obtained by principal component analysis gives is satisfactory for this method. For thermography, the non contact method, the phase study revealed the shape of delamination with the same precision as thermosonics.A comparison between the two methods was realised to highlight their advantages and their drawbacks
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Du, Tao. "Thermographie infrarouge active par induction électromagnétique. : application à l'auscultation d'éléments en béton renforcé". Thesis, Artois, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ARTO0203/document.
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Les enjeux économiques et sécuritaires majeurs portant sur l'évaluation de la pérennité des systèmes de précontrainte dans les ouvrages d'art conduisent au développement de nouvelles méthodes d'auscultation. Ces travaux représentent la contribution du LGCgE au programme national de recherche ANR ACTENA sur l'auscultation des câbles tendus non-accessibles. Les objectifs de ce travail sont la détermination du tracé des câbles de précontrainte et la détection des zones de défauts d'injection par thermographie infrarouge active. Le premier chapitre rappelle le contexte de cette étude, ainsi que les travaux antérieurs. L'introduction d'un mode de chauffage par induction conduit à une indétermination sur la présence éventuelle de défaut. Afin de lever cet artefact, le deuxième chapitre introduit une méthode originale de traitement fréquentiel des thermogrammes bruts basée sur une approche systémique dans le domaine fréquentiel. Une modélisation par éléments finis des spécimens expérimentaux permet d'étudier la diffusion et d'élaborer les paramètres expérimentaux. Le troisième chapitre expose les résultats expérimentaux obtenus sur trois spécimens de poutres. La procédure de traitement fréquentiel est appliquée aux séries de thermogrammes bruts obtenus. Les résultats sont discutés et mettent en avant l'intérêt des images de phase. Une approche quantitative est appliquée aux résultats de thermographie infrarouge dans le quatrième chapitre. La méthode d'inversion présentée permet la détermination de la diffusivité thermique du béton d'enrobage ainsi que son épaisseurThe economical and security aspects of the durability of the prestressed concrete construction works lead to develop new non destructive testing methods. This work was developed within the framework of the ANR ACTENA French research project. The main arms are to contribute to the localization of prestressed tendon ducts or rebars and also to the detection of the poor filling defects. The context of this study and previous works are described in the chapter I. The introduction of an inductor heating provides a non uniformity of the heating. In order to avoid any misinterpretation of thermograms, a frequential method based on transfer functions is proposed in chapter II. A 3D numerical model of the experimental specimens is performed by finite element method. Chapter III shows experimental results for three concrete beam specimens. The frequential procedure is applied to the raw thermograms. The results are discussed and highlighted the interest of phase images. A quantitative approach is applied to infrared thermographical results in the chapter IV. Finally, an inverse method is proposed and allowed to the determination of thermal diffusivity and the thickness of the cover concrete
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Polatcelik, Remzi Mert. "The assessment of effectiveness and compatibility of water repellents in heritage masonry conservation: laboratory tests and non-destructive investigation through IR thermography". Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2022.
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Moisture jeopardizes the durability of historic buildings by speeding up the deterioration mechanisms. One way to protect the historic masonry walls from exterior moisture agents is the application of water repellant chemicals. Those chemicals have been used as surface treatments for more than 60 years in historic buildings for conservation purposes. However, most of the time the effectiveness and the performance of the treatments are not evaluated after the onsite application. In this thesis, the evaluation of the effectiveness of those chemicals is investigated through IR thermography and other lab techniques. Small-scale brick samples are used to obtain qualitative and quantitative data to assess the behavior of the brick when it interacts with moisture through capillary action. Moreover, those data are used to compare the results with the thermal image that are obtained from a masonry wall made with the same commercial bricks. These comparisons are aimed to propose a cheap, effective, and continuous monitoring method for the evaluation of the effectiveness of surface treatments for the preservation of historic buildings.
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Larget, Mathilde. "Contribution à l’évaluation de la dégradation du béton : thermographie infrarouge et couplage de techniques". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011BOR14318/document.
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Ces travaux traitent de l'utilisation de la thermographie infrarouge dans le cadre du contrôle non destructif des ouvrages de génie civil.Une première partie, traite de l’étude des paramètres influençant la mesure in situ, de la capacité de la technique à détecter la variation de propriétés intrinsèques au matériau, et de la détection de délaminations. Les résultats présentés sont issus de mesures expérimentales appuyées par une approche numérique aux éléments finis. Dans un premier temps, une étude sur la capacité de la thermographie infrarouge à détecter des variations de porosité ou de teneur en eau a été réalisée. Dans un second temps, des travaux sont menés sur la détermination des seuils de détection des délaminations en fonction des conditions d’exposition. Ils ont montré un seuil de détection correspondant à un rapport de 2, entre l’extension latérale du défaut et sa profondeur, pour un ensoleillement direct, et à un rapport de 3,3 pour un ouvrage soumis uniquement aux variations de température de l’air. La réalisation d’un suivi temporel combiné à l’étude de l’évolution des gradients temporels de température permet d’améliorer ces seuils de détection. Enfin, une étude originale sur le pontage présent au niveau des délaminations, a montré la prédominance de l’influence de celui‐ci sur la profondeur des délaminations.Une deuxième partie porte sur les travaux réalisés dans le cadre du projet ANR‐SENSO. Ils traitent de la combinaison des résultats issus de différentes techniques de CND dans le cadre plus large de l'amélioration des diagnostics pour la gestion du patrimoineThis thesis focuses on the use of infrared thermography as a tool for non destructive testing ofbuildings. Mainly, the application is on civil engineering projects.The first part includes identifying the parameters that can affect this in situ technique. Thisparticularly deals with the infrared thermography capacity to detect intrinsic property variations, anddelamination detection. Combination of experiments on concrete slabs and numerical simulationsare used. In a first step, a study on the capacity of thermography to detect porosity and watercontent variation was conducted. In a second step a study on the thresholds for detectingdelaminations based on exposure conditions is carried out. As an outcome, the threshold that hasbeen detected corresponds to a ratio of 2 between the lateral extension of the defect and its depthto direct sunlight; while a ratio of 3,3 if it is exposed to air temperature variations. This studysuggests that a time monitoring combined with the study of the evolution of temporal temperaturegradients can improve the detection limits. Finally, an original study showed the predominance ofthe influence of bridging on the depth of delamination.The second part tackles the works carried out during the ANR project SENSO. Results fromdifferent non destructive tools were coupled for the purpose of improving diagnosis in the assetmanagement
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Akevren, Selen. "Non-destructive Examination Of Stone Masonry Historic Structures-quantitative Ir Thermography And Ultrasonic Velocity". Master's thesis, METU, 2010. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12611673/index.pdf.
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The in-situ examination of historical structures for diagnostic and monitoring
purposes is a troublesome work that necessitates the use of non-destructive
investigation (NDT) techniques. The methods of quantitative infrared
thermography (QIRT) and ultrasonic testing have distinct importance in this
regard. The key concern of the study was developing the in-situ use of QIRT for
assessment of stone masonry wall sections having different sublayer(s) and
failures. For that purpose, the non-destructive in-situ survey composed of QIRT
and ultrasonic testing was conducted on a 16th century monument, Cenabi Ahmet
PaSa Camisi, suffering from structural cracks, dampness problems and materials
deterioration. The combined use of these two methods allowed to define the
thermal inertia characteristics of structural cracks in relation to their depth. The
temperature evolution in time during the controlled heating and cooling process
was deployed for the cracks/defects inspection. The superficial and deep cracks
were found to have different thermal responses to exposed conditions which made
them easily distinguishable by QIRT analyses. The depth of cracks was precisely
estimated by the in-situ ultrasonic testing data taken in the indirect transmission
mode. The inherently good thermal resistivity of the wall structure was found to
have failed due to entrapped moisture resulting from incompatible recent plaster
repairs. The IRT survey allowed to detect the wall surfaces with different sublayer
configurations due to their different thermal inertia characteristics. The knowledge
and experience gained on the experimental set-ups and analytic methods were
useful for the improvement of in-situ applications of QIRT and ultrasonic testing.
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Tatara, Dianne Marie. "A wear test of men's polypropylene indoor exercise prototypes with heat and moisture measurements: an experimentation with infrared thermography". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53190.
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A wear test of men’s polypropylene indoor exercise prototypes was conducted to investigate heat and moisture measurements during exercise and compare the results to a man exercising in a partially nude condition. The usefulness of infrared thermography as instrumentation for observation of surface temperature during a wear test was also investigated.
Based on Univariate Analysis of Variance with Repeated Measures, one prototype was shown to react in a more similar manner to the skin of a man exercising in a partially nude condition. Pearson Correlation was used to determine the relationships between the data from the infrared camera and the data from wearer sensation scales. Little correlation was found and the results were not consistent over time. Results from the data obtained with the infrared camera suggested other uses for the instrumentation, such as observation of heat flow properties of various fibers.
A description of various methods and instrumentation for collecting heat and moisture data during a wear test is included. The wear test procedure and use of the infrared camera are described.Master of Science
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Elias, Isabelle. "Ensaio sobre o uso da termografia infravermelha na avaliação da vitalidade pulpar in vivo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23145/tde-20012009-161311/.
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Atualmente, sabe-se que determinar a vitalidade pulpar testando apenas a sua resposta sensorial nervosa, através de testes térmicos ou elétricos, é discutível, pois tais procedimentos não são suficientemente sensíveis para determinar, em definitivo, o real grau de envolvimento pulpar. Além disso, a vitalidade da polpa não depende apenas de seu suprimento nervoso, mas de seu suprimento sanguíneo. Outro fator a considerar com relação ao diagnóstico pulpar, deve-se à possibilidade da ocorrência de respostas pouco confiáveis em pacientes excessivamente ansiosos ao tratamento odontológico, independente do estímulo empregado e da intensidade do teste. O diagnóstico da vitalidade pulpar através de meios de mensuração da temperatura da coroa do dente, como a termografia infravermelha, que avalia a distribuição de temperatura num corpo através da radiação emitida pela sua superfície, surge como possibilidade para superar as desvantagens dos testes de sensibilidade, como a necessidade da estimulação, as variáveis decorrentes da espessura de dentinaesmalte dos dentes, a idade dos pacientes, a condição da estrutura dentária, entre outras. Esta pesquisa verificou a aplicabilidade da imagem infravermelha na análise da queda de temperatura produzida pelo teste térmico com gás refrigerante e a viabilidade como recurso semiotécnico para diagnóstico endodôntico. Para tal, foram analisados quatro dentes portadores de polpa vital e dois dentes tratados endodonticamente. A metodologia utilizada avaliou, através da imagem térmica, a temperatura da superfície coronária submetidos à queda de temperatura, com e sem a utilização do isolamento absoluto. Os resultados não mostraram diferença significante entre os dentes estudados, no que diz respeito à temperatura da superfície coronária e que a utilização do isolamento absoluto também não alterou os resultados. A metodologia proposta neste estudo mostrou-se altamente eficaz para a análise de mudanças térmicas na superfície dentária. No entanto, novos estudos devem ser realizados para que a termografia infravermelha possa se tornar um recurso viável para utilização em Endodontia.Nowadays, it is known that the determination of the pulp vitality testing only its nerve sensorial response through thermal or electrical tests is discussable because those procedures are not sufficiently sensitive to determine the degree of pulp involvement. Besides the vitality of the pulp does not only depend on its nerve condition, but on its blood supply too. Another factor to consider during the pulp diagnostic, independently of the nature of stimulus or their intensity, is the possibility to occur non reliable responses in excessively anxious patients face to the dentistry treatment. The diagnosis of the pulp vitality by the measurement of the dental crown temperature such as the infrared thermography (which evaluates the temperature distribution in a body through the radiation emitted by its surface) arises as a possibility to overcome the sensitivity tests disadvantages, for example: the stimulation necessity, the variants due to the thickness of the dentin and enamel, the age, the condition of the dental structure and etc. This study evaluated the applicability of the infrared thermography test in the analysis of temperatures decline produced by thermal test using cold spray, and its viability as an aid for the endodontic diagnostic. Using thermal imaging, this methodology analyzed the temperature of the crowns surface of four teeth with vitality and two endodontically treated teeth when submitted to the cold test with and without the use of rubber dam. The results did not show a significant difference between teeth conditions with regard to the crowns surface temperature and the use of rubber dam did not affect these results. The proposed methodology used in this study showed to be highly efficient to analyzing the thermal changes on the dental surface; however new studies must be performed to turn infrared thermography a practicable aid into the endodontic practice.
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Tejedor, Herrán Blanca. "Contributions to the determination of thermal behaviour of façades using quantitative internal IRT (Infrared Thermography)". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665319.
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Within the European framework, most of residential buildings do not satisfy the minimum thermal specifications. In fact, the renovation rate across the EU is estimated at 1% per year. To fulfil with the goals stated by European Directives 2010/31/EU and 2012/27/EU, it is necessary to ensure a minimum energy performance gap. From a thorough literature review, it was detected that the thermal behavior of a building is often underestimated or neglected during its construction and operation stages. For this reason, an accurate non-destructive testing (NDT) should be required, improving the shortcomings given by the current modelling tools and diagnostic techniques. The purpose of this thesis was to develop a method for determining in-situ the thermal behavior of façades under steady-state conditions using quantitative internal infrared thermography (IRT). After drawing up a numerical model to estimate the thermal transmittance (U-value) as a key parameter of the built quality, the dissertation continued with a validation process that was executed in two typical Spanish walls from different construction periods. This allowed: (i) refining the proposed method; (ii) exploring the boundaries conditions; (iii) assessing the influence of tabulated values set by international standards for wall emissivity and convective heat transfer coefficients among other aspects. The results revealed lower deviations related to the theoretical U-values (1.24 to 3.97%) for test durations of 2-3 hours. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the use of tabulated values might entail high deviations (40%) in heavy multi-leaf walls with low U-values. Broadly, construction project documents for existing buildings, especially the oldest ones, are not available. Hence, this method may provide information about the building envelope for future refurbishment. In the case of new buildings, the method might allow the thermal behaviour of building façades to be checked according to the design parameters. Despite this, a subsequent literature review highlighted that a gap in the standardization of this method for in-situ building diagnostics is still to fill. Considering this aspect, three studies were developed in order to enhance the applicability of the quantitative internal IRT within the construction industry field. Firstly, the most influential operating conditions were analyzed through an experimental room with a heavy single-leaf wall tested under a wide temperature difference range (3.8 < DT < 21ºC). Secondly, this dissertation performed tests in a public housing stock comprised of four unoccupied buildings (without electric and heating systems in operation), to assess the influence of non-transient thermophysical properties of the wall (i.e. heat capacity per unit of area) on the accuracy of the method. Thirdly, a data-processing method based on U-value time series analysis was proposed and validated through six building façades with heavy multi-leaf walls. The aim was to find a common criterion for stopping the test when it is not necessary more data to obtain a reliable result. Having investigated the aspects mentioned above, it can be extrapolated that: (i) the optimum temperature difference range is found to be between 7 and 16ºC; (ii) the variance in the thermal transmittance could mainly be predicted by changes in the outer air temperature; (iii) the quantitative internal IRT is more accurate in heavy multi-leaf walls with high heat capacities per unit of area, reaching maximum deviations of 0.20%; (iv) the test might be executed in only 30 minutes; (v) the method could allow the assessment of aspects related to the determination of U-value of unoccupied buildings for DT under 10ºC, especially in Spain or European countries with a Mediterranean climate where these test conditions might represent a limitation. Hence, the decision-making could be streamlined in real built environments, increasing the European renovation rate in the mid-term.Dins el Marc Europeu, la majoria dels edificis residencials no satisfan les especificacions tèrmiques mínimes. De fet, la taxa de renovació a Europa és estimada en 1% anual. Per complir amb els objectius de les Directives Europees 2010/31/UE i 2012/27/UE, és necessari assegurar una bretxa energètica mínima. A partir d'un estat de l'art exhaustiu, es va detectar que el comportament tèrmic d'un edifici sovint és subestimat o negligit durant les etapes de construcció i operació. Per aquest motiu, una prova no destructiva i precisa hauria de ser requerida, per tal de millorar les deficiències donades per les actuals eines de modelització i diagnosi d'edificis. El propòsit de la tesi era desenvolupar un mètode per determinar in-situ el comportament tèrmic de les façanes sota condicions estacionàries mitjançant la termografia quantitativa interna (IRT). Després d'elaborar un model numèric per estimar la transmitància tèrmica (U-value) com a paràmetre clau de la qualitat construïda, la dissertació va continuar amb un procés de validació executat en dues parets típiques espanyoles de diferents períodes de construcció. Això va permetre: (i) refinar el mètode proposat; (ii) explorar les condicions de contorn; (iii) avaluar la influència dels valors tabulats establerts per les normatives internacionals per l'emissivitat de la paret i els coeficients de transferència de calor per convecció. Els resultats van revelar baixes desviacions respecte als valors teòrics de transmitància tèrmica (1.24 a 3.97%) per duracions de test entre 2 i 3 hores. A més a més, els resultats van demostrar que l’ús de valors tabulats podria implicar altes desviacions (40%) en parets compostes. En general, els projectes de construcció d'edificis existents antics no estan disponibles. Per tant, aquest mètode podria proporcionar informació sobre la façana per futures rehabilitacions. En el cas d’edificis nous, el mètode podria permetre verificar el comportament tèrmic de les parets d’acord amb els paràmetres de disseny. Malgrat això, una revisió bibliogràfica posterior va posar de manifest que encara hi ha una bretxa en la estandardització d’aquest mètode per la diagnosi in-situ. Considerant aquest aspecte, es van desenvolupar tres estudis per tal de millorar l’aplicabilitat de la termografia quantitativa interna dins el camp de la indústria de la construcció. En primer lloc, es va analitzar la influència de les condicions operatives en la determinació de la transmitància tèrmica mesurada a través duna cambra experimental amb una façana simple sota un ampli rang de diferència de temperatura (3.8 < DT < 21ºC). En segon lloc, es van dur a terme tests en un parc d’habitatges públics constituïts per quatre pisos desocupats (sense sistemes elèctrics ni de calefacció en funcionament), amb la finalitat d’analitzar la influència de les propietats termofísiques no transitòries (ex. la capacitat de calor per unitat d’àrea) en la precisió del mètode. En tercer lloc, es va proposar i validar un mètode de processat de dades basat en l’anàlisi de sèries de temps de la U-value mitjançant sis parets compostes. L’objectiu era trobar un criteri comú per aturar la prova quan no són necessàries més dades per obtenir un resultat fiable. Havent investigat els aspectes mencionats anteriorment, es pot extrapolar que: (i) el gradient de temperatura òptim es troba entre 7 i 16ºC; (ii) la variància en la transmitància tèrmica podria ser principalment atribuïda a canvis en la temperatura ambient de l’aire exterior; (iii) la IRT quantitativa interna és més acurada en parets compostes amb altes capacitats de calor per unitat d’àrea, aconseguint unes desviacions màximes del 0.20%; (iv) el test podria ser executat en només 30 minuts; (v) el mètode podria permetre l’avaluació d’aspectes relacionats amb la determinació de la U-value en edificis desocupats per T sota 10ºC, especialment a Espanya o països europeus amb un clima mediterrani on aquestes condicions de test podrien representar una limitació. Per tant, la presa de decisions es podria simplificar en entorns construïts reals. De fet, aquesta recerca podria conduir a una millor execució del procés de rehabilitació en edificis que s’espera que tinguin deficiències l’any 2050, augmentant així la taxa de renovació europea a mig termini. La dissertació conclou resumint les principals aportacions d’aquesta investigació. Els temes que s’han plantejat durant la recerca realitzada, i que no es van poder abordar, es comenten i es proposen com a línies de treball futures.
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Štefanovič, Peter. "Hodnocení dynamického poškození kompozitní konstrukce". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta strojního inženýrství, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-377753.
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The first part of the diploma thesis with name „Evaluation of dynamic damage of composite structure“ focuses on designing device for impact experiments and suitable laminate samples made from prepregs. The conditions and problems of impact tests are also demonstrated here. The second part of the thesis deals with non-destructive control of damaged specimens based on thermography. This is mainly the extent of defects in the impaired area and the evaluation of results using the pulse infrared thermography method. Finally, the relative deviation in the crack size comparison between the visual method and thermographic are compared. Consequently, the residual strength of the damaged samples against undamaged specimens are compared using bending tests.
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Alves, Maíra Bianchi Rodrigues. "Tratamento da degeneração testicular em carneiros com suplementação de vitamina A ou laserterapia de baixa intensidade". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-18092014-112108/.
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A degeneração testicular (DT) possui grande relevância dentre os distúrbios da reprodução e pode ser causada pelo aumento da temperatura testicular. Este provoca aumento do metabolismo celular, levando ao estresse oxidativo (EO) e apoptose. O tratamento usual consiste na retirada do agente causador e administração de antioxidantes; entretanto, pode não ser eficiente. Dessa forma, o presente estudo preconizou o tratamento da DT por meio de agentes com poder proliferativo: vitamina A e laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LTBI). Foram realizados três experimentos; o experimento 1 objetivou definir a dose de energia da LTBI necessária para a bioestimulação testicular. Foram utilizados seis carneiros distribuídos em três grupos: GC) insulação escrotal (IE) e sem tratamento (n=2); G28) IE e tratado com LTBI com 808 nm de comprimento de onda, 30 mW de potência e 28 J/cm² de densidade de energia por 15 dias a cada 48 horas (n=2); G56) IE e tratado com LTBI com 808 nm, 30 mW e 56 J/cm² por 15 dias a cada 48 horas (n=2). Foram feitas análises clínicas, reprodutivas e histopatológicas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) e teste de Tukey. Apesar da LTBI diminuir as taxas de espermatozoides com membrana acrossomal íntegra, esta foi eficiente em aumentar a população celular dos túbulos seminíferos no G28. Portanto, a LBTI provocou efeito bioestimulatório em testículos degenerados de carneiros. O experimento 2 objetivou validar a técnica de avaliação do EO espermático por meio da sonda fluorescente CellROX Deep Red®. Foram realizados dois experimentos; o primeiro utilizou ejaculados de três carneiros tratados em T0 (ejaculado não submetido à indução de EO), T50 (50% não induzido e 50% induzido ao EO) e T100 (submetido ao EO). Os dados foram submetidos à regressão linear. No segundo experimento foram utilizados 16 carneiros submetidos à IE. Foram feitas avaliações do EO antes e após a IE. Os dados foram submetidos à ANOVA e teste LSD de Fisher. O coeficiente de determinação foi de 0,728 e houve aumento do EO após a IE. Assim, a sonda CellROX® foi capaz de detectar o EO espermático. No experimento 3 foi proposto tratamento para a DT baseado na suplementação vitamínica ou LTBI. Foram utilizados 33 carneiros distribuídos em seis grupos: CC) sem IE e sem tratamento (n=5); CA) sem IE e tratado com vitamina A IM 120.000 UI/animal, duas vezes por semana durante três semanas (n=6); CL) sem IE e tratado com LTBI protocolo G28 (experimento 1) (n=5); IC) IE e sem tratamento (n = 5); IA) IE e tratado com vitamina A IM 120.000 UI/animal, duas vezes por semana durante três semanas (n=6); IL) IE e tratado com LTBI protocolo G28 (n=6). Foram realizadas análises clínicas, reprodutivas, hormonais e histopatológicas. Os dados foram analisados usando o procedimento de modelos mistos e os efeitos dos tratamentos foram avaliados utilizando contrastes ortogonais. Não houve efeito benéfico dos tratamentos para as características ultrassonográficas, qualidade espermática, concentração de testosterona e aspectos histopatológicos. Assim, os tratamentos não foram eficientes para melhorar a qualidade espermática nem promover a proliferação celular.The testicular degeneration (TD) has great significance among the reproductive disorders and one of the main causes is the increase in testicular temperature. High testicular temperature results in increase cellular metabolism, leading to oxidative stress and apoptosis. The treatment consists in removing the causative agent and administration of antioxidants; however, it could be not efficient. The objective of this study is to recommend the treatment of TD by administering agents with proliferative action: vitamin A and low level laser therapy (LLLT). For this, three experiments were conducted. In experiment 1 the objective was to define the dose of energy for LLLT testicular biostimulation; it was used six rams distributed in three groups: GC) scrotal insulation (SI) and untreated (n=2); G28) SI and treated with LLLT with 808 nm, 30 mW and 28 J/cm ² of power density for 15 days every 48 hours (n=2); G56) SI and treated with LLLT with 808 nm, 30 mW and 56 J/cm² for 15 days every 48 hours (n=2). Clinics, reproductive and histopathological analyzes were done. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and Tukey test. The rates of sperm with intact acrosome membrane were decreased by LLLT, but the LLLT was effective in increasing the cell population of the seminiferous tubules in the G28. Thus, LLLT was able of causing stimulatory effect in degenerate testis of rams. The objective of experiment 2 was to assess the technique of evaluation of sperm oxidative stress (OS). This study was divided in two experiments; in experiment 1 was used ejaculates of three rams treated in T0 (ejaculate that was not submitted to OS induction), T50 (50% without OS and 50% inducted to OS) and T100 (entire submitted to OS induction). Data obtained were evaluated by linear regression analysis. In experiment 2, sixteen rams were submitted to SI. Analyses of OS were done before and after the SI. Data obtained were evaluated by analysis of variance and Fisher\'s LSD test. The determination coefficient was of 0.728 and there were increase in sperm showing OS after SI period. Thus, CellROX® fluorescent probe was able to detect sperm OS. The objective of experiment 3 was establish a treatment for TD based on vitamin A supplementation or LLLT; 33 rams were distributed in six groups: CC) no SI and non-treated (n=5); CA) no SI and treated with 120,000 IU/animal of IM vitamin A, twice a week for three weeks (n=6); CL) no SI and treated with LLLT G28 protocol (experiment 1) (n=5); IC) SI and untreated (n=5); IA) SI and treated with 120,000 IU/animal of IM vitamin A, twice a week for three weeks (n=6); IL) SI and treated with LLLT G28 protocol (n=6). Clinics, reproductive, hormonal and histopathological analyzes were performed. Data were analyzed using the mixed models procedure and treatments effects were evaluated using orthogonal contrasts. There was no beneficial effect of treatments for ultrasonographic characteristics, sperm quality, testosterone concentration and histopathological aspects. Thus, the treatments were not effective for improving sperm quality or promoting cell proliferation.
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Haddad, Denise Sabbagh. "Estudo da distribuição térmica da superfície cutânea facial por meio de termografia infravermelha: termoanatomia da face". Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23139/tde-15042015-171442/.
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Pelo fato da face ser uma estrutura que envolve multissistemas, ela é considerada anatomica e funcionalmente muito complexa em sua avaliação clínica. Muitos diagnósticos de doenças que afetam a região facial são realizados por meio de métodos de imagem, entretanto, as técnicas convencionais são incompletas, pois apresentam um déficit de informações em relação aos aspectos funcionais, relativos à microcirculação regional e o sistema nervoso autônomo. Para documentação objetiva destas alterações, a termografia por imagem infravermelha tem sido proposta como método auxiliar diagnóstico. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar, mapear e quantificar pontos de referência baseados na termoanatomia da face, a partir de gradientes térmicos, em uma população adulta. A amostra constituiu-se por 161 voluntários, ambos os gêneros, entre 26 e 84 anos (63 ±15 anos). Foram identificados 28 pontos de referência termoanatômicos fixos em 94,6% da amostra. A temperatura média desses pontos de referência termoanatômicos variou entre 33,3°C a 35,6°C, sendo que o melhor valor de corte para sua correta identificação na face foi acima de 34,5ºC. Não houve diferença estatística quando os comparou entre as hemifaces correspondentes e nem quanto à idade dos voluntários (?T = 0,11°C), exceto entre os gêneros e grupo racial (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a face apresenta pontos termoanatômicos fixos e confiáveis em adultos, a qual a termografia tem o potencial de auxiliar na identificação de alterações a partir destes pontos.Anatomical and functional information of the structures of interest are the basis for interpretation of imaging exams. For recognizing diseases it is necessary to understand and identify the anatomical structures and its variations. Diagnosis of some facial diseases may be done through medical imaging techniques; however, the most conventional methods present lack of information regarding physiological and functional aspects such as microcirculation and autonomous nervous system. The aim of this study was to identify, map and quantify the facial thermal gradients (thermo-anatomical points) in healthy adult population. A hundred sixty-one volunteers of both gender and mean age of 63 ±15 years were included. The results showed that twenty eight thermo-anatomical points have been identified in 94.6% of the sample, with a significant difference of the temperature in gender and racial groups (p<0.05). Moreover, there was no statistically significant difference between ages and sides in healthy individuals (?T = 0.11°C). The average temperature of the points ranged from 33.3°C to 35.6°C. When the maximum temperature reached to detect a facial thermal gradient is higher than 34.5°C, the thermo-anatomical point is meant to be correctly delineated. For detection of functional changes from thermoanatomical points on the face, thermography may be used as an auxiliary diagnostic imaging method.
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SILVA, JÚNIOR José Jorge da. "Análise de óleos lubrificantes sob a ótica da termografia em ensaios de atrito cisalhante". Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/488.
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Capes
O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar a capacidade da Termografia de monitorar o comportamento dos óleos lubrificantes SAE 20W50 API SJ e ISO VG 10 do ponto de vista térmico até o momento de ruptura do filme lubrificante, caracterizado pela brusca elevação no atrito, ruído, vibração e temperatura em ensaios de atrito cisalhante. A metodologia utilizada é baseada na análise de termogramas que indicam perfis de temperatura durante os ensaios de atrito e no momento de falha mecânica, comparando-se estes resultados com os obtidos por um termopar. Deste modo, é possível obter informações que podem ser usadas como referências visuais não invasivas durante uma situação de atrito. Os corpos de prova, constituídos por pinos cilíndricos de aço SAE 1045, são atritados contra um anel de desgaste que consiste em um rolamento travado por solda sob condição de regime de lubrificação limite. Testes foram realizados em condições crescentes de carga até 180 N em rotações de 10, 15 e 20 Hz (600, 900 e 1200 rpm). Os resultados mostram a capacidade qualitativa e quantitativa da Termografia na detecção de falhas de lubrificação, considerando a emissividade da película lubrificante de óleo igual a 0,82. Além disso, os picos de temperatura associados ao scuffing (desgaste severo causado pelo rompimento da película) mostrados pela Termografia são maiores que os mostrados pelo termopar, o que facilita a visualização deste fenômeno. Conclui-se que a Termografia pode ser usada para a detecção do rompimento da película lubrificante em ensaios de atrito do tipo pino sobre anel.
The aim of this work is to evaluate the Thermography ability to monitor the behavior of the lubricating oils SAE 20W50 API SJ and ISO VG 10 from the thermal point of view until the moment of the lubricating film rupture, characterized by the sudden elevation in the friction, noise, vibration and temperature in shear friction tests. The methodology used is based on the analysis of thermograms that indicate temperature profiles during the friction tests and at the moment of mechanical failure, comparing these results with those obtained by a thermocouple. Thus, it is possible to obtain information that can be used as noninvasive visual references during a friction situation. The specimens, consisting of cylindrical SAE 1045 steel pins, are rubbed against a wear ring consisting of a weld-locked bearing under the condition of a boundary lubrication regime. Tests were performed under increasing load conditions up to 180 N at 10, 15 and 20 Hz (600, 900 and 1200 rpm) rotations. The results show the qualitative and quantitative capacity of the Thermography in the detection of lubrication failures, considering the emissivity of the lubricating oil film equal to 0.82. In addition, the temperature peaks associated with scuffing shown by Thermography are larger than those shown by the thermocouple, which facilitates the visualization of this phenomenon. It will be concluded that the Thermography can be used for detecting the breakdown of the lubricant film in pin-on-ring friction tests.
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Nina, Marcos Ishimoto Della. "Avaliação termográfica comparativa da articulação do joelho íntegro e de cães submetidos a duas técnicas de osteotomia corretiva para estabilização articular após ruptura de ligamento cruzado cranial". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-03072013-103405/.
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A grande casuística relacionada à afecção ortopédica denominada ruptura do ligamento cruzado cranial na articulação fêmoro tíbio patelar canina tem gerado diversos estudos avaliando a biomecânica articular, fatores extrínsecos ao paciente e características metabólicas que poderiam influenciar na predisposição e no prognóstico dos pacientes acometidos por esta afecção. As dificuldades em identificar os diferentes níveis de instabilidade articular durante o diagnóstico e de estabilidade após o tratamento proposto, seja cirúrgico ou conservativo, provocou o desenvolvimento de diversas técnicas visando um melhor diagnóstico e estabilização articular pós operatória. Apesar da ampla variedade de técnicas cirúrgicas atualmente descritas para a insuficiência do ligamento cruzado cranial (LCC) em cães o tratamento ideal para esta freqüente condição ortopédica permanece indeterminado. Foram avaliados através da termografia infravermelha 30 pacientes caninos acima de 20 quilos sendo divididos em três grupos, o primeiro composto por dez animais hígidos onde foram analisados termograficamente os joelhos bilaterais a fim de padronizar valores térmicos de joelhos caninos normais, o segundo grupo composto por dez pacientes diagnosticados com instabilidade da articulação fêmoro tíbio patelar unilateral que foram submetidos a técnica cirúrgica de TTA para estabilização articular e o terceiro grupo composto por dez animais com diagnóstico de instabilidade da articulação fêmoro tíbio patelar unilateral que foram submetidos a técnica cirúrgica de TPLO para estabilização articular. Os grupos TTA e TPLO foram avaliados termograficamente em período pré operatório e nos momentos 30, 60 e 90 dias de pós operatório. Aos 30 dias de pós operatório houve diferença estatística com o grupo TPLO obtendo valores superiores ao grupo TTA. No período de 60 e 90 dias, não encontramos diferenças estatisticamente significantes nos valores comparativos dos membros operados em relação ao contralateral hígido podendo indicar que as duas técnicas cirúrgicas são capazes de trazer a articulação operada a uma condição de normalidade do ponto de vista termográfico.The large number of cases related to the orthopedic condition called cranial cruciate ligament rupture in dogs has generated several studies evaluating the joint biomechanics, metabolic and environment characteristics that could influence the susceptibility and prognosis of patients affected by this condition. The difficulties in identifying the different levels of joint instability during diagnosis and joint stability after surgical or conservative treatment led to the development of several surgical techniques aiming a better diagnosis and joint stabilization. Despite the wide variety of surgical techniques currently described for the insufficiency of the cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) in dogs the ideal treatment for this common orthopedic condition remains uncertain. We evaluated using infrared thermography 30 canine patients over 20 kg. They were separated into three groups: the first group were consisted of ten healthy dogs, where we evaluated thermographycally their bilateral stifle in order to acquire thermal values of normal canine knees, the second group had ten patients diagnosed with instability of one stifle and were operated using the surgical technique called TTA and the third group were consisted of ten animals with a diagnosis of instability of unilateral stifle who underwent surgical procedure using the surgical technique called TPLO. The TTA and TPLO groups were evaluated thermographycally before surgery and at times 30, 60 and 90 days postoperatively. At 30 days evaluation we found significant differences between the TPLO and the TTA groups. At 60 and 90 days evaluation there were no significant differences between the operated limb in both groups and their contralateral not affected stifle. This results may indicate that both surgical techniques can bring the stifle back to normal thermographic parameters.
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Corrêa, Paulo Roberto. "Desenvolvimento de uma interface de comunicação para determinação da difusividade térmica em função da temperatura, por termografia no infravermelho". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/85/85134/tde-15042013-084244/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver um software, de fácil operação e eficiente, para determinar a difusividade térmica de biomateriais. A necessidade de se conhecer a difusividade térmica de materiais como, por exemplo, esmalte e dentina, é essencial para o estabelecimento de protocolos de utilização clínica laser, para evitar danos colaterais ao paciente. O software desenvolvido, denominado CZ ThermaDiff, baseia-se no processamento de imagens térmicas adquiridas por uma câmera termográfica no infravermelho (ThermaCam SC3000, FLIR System, EUA). Foi desenvolvido em ambiente LabView, o que permitiu criar um painel de controle de fácil operação, contendo apenas duas funções básicas (Start e Stop). O software arquiva os dados em formato de tabela contendo todas as medidas de difusividade térmica, suas médias para intervalos de 10 °C e suas respectivas temperaturas, para uma amostra. Foi observado, tanto para o esmalte quanto para a dentina, que os valores de difusividade não são constantes e aumentavam em função da temperatura. Os valores encontrados foram aplicados a um modelo de transferência de calor, simulando um dente molar humano com as seguintes estruturas: esmalte, dentina e polpa. O modelo baseia-se no método de resistores térmicos, sendo que para a polpa foi utilizado o modelo de difusão de calor, considerando a circulação sanguínea. Os valores de temperatura obtidos neste modelo teórico, utilizando difusividades dependentes da temperatura foram maiores que as obtidas com um valor constante de difusividade, medido à temperatura ambiente. Este fato realça a importância da mensuração da difusividade em função da temperatura e da interface desenvolvida neste trabalho.The aim of this work was to develop a software, easy to operate and efficient, to determine the thermal diffusivity of biomaterials as enamel and dentin. It is necessary to know the thermal diffusivity of these materials to establish laser irradiation protocols, to avoid collateral damage to the patient. The software developed named called CZ ThermaDiff, processes thermographic images from a thermographic camera (ThermaCam SC300, FLIR System, USA). The software was programmed in LabView environment, allowing easy operation from a control window with only two buttons (start and stop). Thermal diffusivity values, the mean values for intervals of 10 °C and its respective temperature, for one sample are saved in table form. For both biomaterials, thermal diffusivity increased as function of the temperature increase. The experimental thermal diffusivity data were used in a heat transfer model, for a human molar tooth with three layers: enamel, dentin and pulp. The model was based on the thermal resistors method, for the three layers and for the pulp, it was applied the heat diffusion model, taking into account the blood circulation. Using temperature dependent diffusivities, temperatures where values were higher than the temperatures of the theoretical model using a constant diffusivity value, obtained at ambient temperature. This fact emphasized the importance of both: the temperature dependent diffusivity measurement and the software developed in this work.
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Blaney, Sean. "Unmanned aerial vehicle-based non-destructive testing methods for concrete structures". Thesis, Elsevier; Cement and Concrete Composites, 2018. https://dspace.library.uvic.ca//handle/1828/9757.
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In this work, unmanned aerial vehicle-based non-destructive testing methods for concrete structures are evaluated and developed. There exists a need for improved infrastructure inspection techniques with increased expediency. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are highly mobile and have shown promise towards achieving this directive, but more work is required to adapt traditional NDT methods to be UAV-compatible. To this end, concrete sounding techniques were evaluated with a quantitative acoustic frequency analysis procedure on a series of concrete slabs. One such method was adapted for use with a UAV and was used to detect subsurface voids in one of the concrete samples and offer a means of depth estimation. This work was complemented with experiments concerning UAV-based visual and infrared imaging techniques already in practice for UAV-based concrete inspection. Together, findings indicate the strengths and weaknesses of the NDTs tested and suggest further improvements for UAV-based NDTs and inspection strategies moving forward. Development of a novel sensor platform for UAV-based measurement, as well as results of an actual bridge inspection using infrared and optical methods demonstrate the present capabilities of the UAV-based instrumentation.Graduate
2019-07-03
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Gavérina, Ludovic. "Caractérisation thermique de milieux hétérogènes par excitation laser mobile et thermographie infrarouge". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0012/document.
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De nos jours, les matériaux composites sont très largement utilisés dans l’industrie aéronautique et aérospatiale car ils ont de très bonnes tenues mécaniques, mais ces matériaux comportent de fortes hétérogénéités dues aux fibres et aux liants qui les constituent. Ainsi, depuis de nombreuses années, l’équipe TIFC «Thermal Imaging Fields and Characterization » du département TREFLE de l’institut I2M développe des méthodes de mesure des propriétés thermophysiques de matériaux hétérogènes dans le plan ou dans l’épaisseur. Ces méthodes sont très variées du point de vue des méthodes inverses (transformée intégrale, double décomposition en valeurs singulières, …) ou expérimentale (Flash, diode laser, …). Le faible coût des diodes lasers et des systèmes de déplacement de miroirs galvanométriques ont permis de développer un système complet de scanner optique laser, monté sur un banc de mesure. Il permet de revisiter les différents types de sollicitations thermiques et de réaliser une infinité de combinaisons spatiotemporelles d’excitations thermiques par méthode laser. Ceci est une des principales originalités de ce travail. De nouvelles méthodes inverses basées sur la réponse thermique au point source impulsionnel et sur la séparabilité des champs de température ont été proposées. Ces méthodes ont permis d’estimer le tenseur de diffusivité thermique selon les axes principaux d’anisotropie, mais aussi hors des axes du repère de l’image, où il est possible de déterminer l’orientation des axes d’anisotropie, lorsque le transfert de chaleur s’effectue hors des axes du repère de l’image. Ces méthodes ont permis d’obtenir des résultats intéressants comptetenu de leur simplicité. De plus, elles ont permis d’obtenir des cartographies de diffusivités thermiques dans le plan car, comparées aux autres méthodes, elles permettent d’obtenir des estimations du tenseur de diffusivité thermique localement grâce à l’obtention d’une cartographie de flux thermique surfacique via le scanner optique laserNowadays, composite materials are widely used in the aeronautic and aerospace industries because of their high mechanical resistance. However, they have a large heterogeneity due to the fiber and matrix they are made of. In this way, for many years, the TIC team «Thermal Imaging Fields and Characterization » from TREFLE department of I2M laboratory develops methods to measure thermal in-plane properties of heterogeneous materials such as inverses (integral transforms, double singular value decomposition…) or experimental (Flash, laser diode…) methods. The recent progress made in optical control, lasers and infrared (IR) cameras enables the development of a new scanning system (based on galvanometer-mirror) which allows the easy control of a laser hot spot spatial and temporal displacements over a plane surface. The low cost of laser diodes and optical control (galvanometric mirror) systems allows to develop a laser scanning system fixed on a test bench. We can revisit the different types of thermal excitation and realize infinite spatio-temporal combinations of thermal excitations by laser method. This is one of this thesis aims. New inverse methods based on the thermal response to an instantaneous point source heating, and temperature fields separability, have been proposed. These methods allow to estimate the thermal diffusivity tensor along the main axes of anisotropy, but also out of those axes, where it is possible to estimate the anisotropy axes orientation when the heat transfer takes place out of the image axes. These methods have produced interesting results in view of their simplicity. Moreover, they made it possible to obtain in-plane thermal diffusivities maps because, compared to the other methods, they allow to obtain, locally, thermal diffusivity tensor estimations by getting a surface heat flux map using the laser optical scanner
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Ricci, Gisele Dela. "Efeitos da climatização ambiental no comportamento e bem-estar de matrizes e leitões em maternidades livres de gaiolas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-13022019-082413/.
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Suínos se adaptam às adversidades ambientais impostas pelo confinamento à partir de alterações fisiológicas e comportamentais e a inserção de climatizações simples podem melhorar o conforto e o bem-estar dos animais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da climatização ambiental da maternidade livre de gaiolas, no comportamento e bem-estar de matrizes e leitões. Foram utilizadas 26 fêmeas e 281 leitões da linhagem Large White x Landrace, desmamados aos 21 dias, mantidos em dois tipos de ambiente: climatizado (ventilador e aspersor em telhado) e não climatizado (controle), no setor de suinocultura da Prefeitura do campus Fernando Costa, da USP, em Pirassununga. A temperatura interna no ambiente controle às 7 horas foi de 23,7°C±0,64 com umidade de 74% ±1,64 e às 13 horas de 26,2°C± 1,23 com umidade de 70,4%± 1,68. No ambiente climatizado, às 7 horas a temperatura ambiental encontrada foi de 22,1°C±0,66C com umidade de 81,9%±1,66 e às 13 horas 24,5°C±0,85 e umidade de 85,7%±1,34. A frequência respiratória e a temperatura retal foram obtidas três vezes por semana, duas vezes ao dia, de manhã e à tarde, por contagem do flanco por minuto e termômetro retal digital, respectivamente. As colheitas de saliva para análise de cortisol (apenas matrizes) foram realizadas uma vez por semana, duas vezes ao dia, de manhã e à tarde. A avaliação da hierarquia de dominância e os registros da escolha das tetas foram realizados em três análises por semana a partir de observações focais diretas, sendo duas por período, de manhã e à tarde. A classificação em leitões dominantes, intermediários e subordinados foi obtida por porca, de acordo com a apresentação de brigas entre leitões. Para análise estatística da hierarquia foi construída uma matriz binária de dominância baseada nas ocorrências das brigas, identificando os indivíduos das linhas que dominam indivíduos das colunas, analisados por meio de variância com efeitos fixos de tratamento, períodos, sexo e suas interações. O comportamento e a preferência ambiental foram obtidos três vezes por semana, duas vezes ao dia, duas horas por período, de manhã e à tarde. Os locais avaliados foram esquerdo (lado com bebedouros), direito (barra antiesmagamento), meio (cama e enriquecimento), frente (piso de concreto) e atrás (cama de bagaço de cana). As medidas de comportamento e preferência ambiental foram avaliadas por análise de variância, com efeitos de tratamento, hora e local. As temperaturas superficiais dorsais, ventrais, das patas, pernis, cabeças, focinhos, oculares e de glândula mamária (porcas) foram medidas utilizando câmera termográfica de infravermelho, além das temperaturas do telhado, da cama e do piso. A temperatura do ar, umidade relativa e a temperatura do globo negro também foram obtidas e armazenadas em datalogger e foram realizadas correlações entre os dados ambientais e de temperatura superficial. As imagens termográficas foram analisadas pelo software IRSoft Version 3.6 Testo e analisadas por variância com efeitos fixos de tratamento e estação do ano. Os resultados mostraram que em relação à hierarquia não houve efeito dos fatores fixos (P>0,05). Os leitões procuraram com maior frequência as tetas intermediárias, superiores e inferiores. O sexo não influenciou na classificação de hierarquia. Leitões classificados como leves apresentaram menor ganho de peso ao desmame no ambiente climatizado. Em relação ao comportamento, não houve interação entre os períodos e os locais para as porcas e leitões. As fêmeas preferiram o lado esquerdo, seguido pelo direito, na frente, atrás e no meio da baia. O peso ao desmame e a perda de peso das fêmeas não apresentaram efeito dos ambientes (P>0,05). Em relação às análises de termografia de infravermelho, as estações do ano influenciaram as temperaturas da cama, do concreto e telhado, devido as maiores temperaturas encontradas no verão. Foram encontradas correlações positivas em relação a temperatura interna das instalações para cama (r=0,28; P<0,05) e concreto (r=0,26; P<0,05). Para as fêmeas, as estações do ano influenciaram as temperaturas corporais. Foram encontradas correlações positivas em relação a cama e as temperaturas do dorso, ventre, glândula mamária, pernil, cabeça e olhos. A frequência respiratória apresentou correlação positiva com o dorso, focinho, cama, concreto e telhado. O cortisol salivar não apresentou correlações positivas e significativa com as instalações. As estações do ano e os períodos do dia influenciaram as temperaturas superficiais dos leitões, com maiores temperaturas no verão e no período da tarde. A frequência respiratória teve influência do período do dia com maiores frequências apresentadas à tarde. Conclui-se com este estudo que a climatização não influencia na escolha das tetas na glândula mamária. A climatização ambiental gerou maior conforto térmico às matrizes, no entanto, não alterou o conforto de leitões, uma vez que estes possuíam escamoteadores com a função de proteger contra temperaturas abaixo da sua zona de conforto térmico. A presença de ventiladores e aspersores de água no telhado não foi suficiente para reduzir a temperatura superficial corporal de fêmeas e leitões inseridos em baias livres de gaiolas em fase de maternidade.Pigs adapt to the environmental adversities imposed by confinement from physiological and behavioral changes and the insertion of simple climatizations can improve the comfort and well-being of the animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of environmental conditioning of cage-free motherhood on the behavior and well-being of sows and piglets. Twenty-six females and 281 piglets of the Large White x Landrace strain, weaned at 21 days, were kept in two types of environment: climated (ventilator and sprinkler on roof) and non-climated (control) Costa, of the USP, in Pirassununga. The internal temperature in the control environment at 7 hours was 23.7 ° C ± 0.64 with humidity of 74% ± 1.64 and at 13 hours of 26.2 ° C ± 1.23 with humidity of 70.4% ± 1.68. In the air-conditioned environment, at 7 o\'clock the ambient temperature was 22.1 ° C ± 0.66C with humidity of 81.9% ± 1.66 and at 13 hours 24.5 ° C ± 0.85 and humidity of 85 , 7% ± 1.34. Respiratory rate and rectal temperature were obtained three times a week, twice a day, morning and afternoon, by counting the flank per minute and digital rectal thermometer, respectively. Saliva harvests for cortisol analysis (matrices only) were performed once a week, twice daily in the morning and afternoon. The evaluation of dominance hierarchy and teat selection records were performed in three analyzes per week from direct focal observations, two per period, morning and afternoon. Classification in dominant, intermediate and subordinate piglets was obtained by sow, according to the presentation of fights among piglets. For statistical analysis of the hierarchy, a binary matrix of dominance based on occurrences of fights was constructed, identifying the individuals of the lines dominating column individuals, analyzed by means of variance with fixed treatment effects, periods, sex and their interactions. Behavior and environmental preference were obtained three times per week, twice a day, two hours per period, morning and afternoon. The sites evaluated were left (side with drinking fountains), right (anti-crushing bar), middle (bed and enrichment), front (concrete floor) and behind (cane bagasse bed). The measures of behavior and environmental preference were evaluated by analysis of variance, with effects of treatment, time and place. Dorsal, ventral surface temperatures of the legs, legs, heads, muzzles, eyepieces and mammary gland (sows) were measured using infrared thermographic camera, as well as roof, bed and floor temperatures. The air temperature, relative humidity and black globe temperature were also obtained and stored in a datalogger and correlations were made between environmental and surface temperature data. The thermographic images were analyzed by the software IRSoft Version 3.6 Testo and analyzed by variance with fixed effects of treatment and season of the year. The results showed that in relation to the hierarchy there was no effect of the fixed factors (P> 0.05). The piglets sought more often the intermediate, upper and lower teats. Sex did not influence the classification of hierarchy. Piglets classified as lightweight presented lower weight gain at weaning in the air-conditioned environment. Regarding the behavior, there was no interaction between periods and sites for sows and piglets. The females preferred the left side, followed by the right, front, back and middle of the bay. Weaning weight and weight loss of the females had no effect of the environments (P> 0.05). Regarding infrared thermography analyzes, the seasons of the year influenced bed, concrete and roof temperatures due to the higher summer temperatures. Positive correlations were found regarding the internal temperature of bed facilities (r = 0.28, P <0.05) and concrete (r = 0.26, P <0.05). For females, the seasons influenced the body temperatures. Positive correlations were found regarding bed and temperatures of the back, belly, mammary gland, thigh, head and eyes. The respiratory rate showed a positive correlation with the back, snout, bed, concrete and roof. Salivary cortisol did not present positive and significant correlations with the facilities. The seasons and the periods of the day influenced the superficial temperatures of the piglets, with higher temperatures in the summer and in the afternoon. The respiratory rate was influenced by the period of the day with higher frequencies presented in the afternoon. It is concluded with this study that the climatization does not influence the choice of the tits in the mammary gland. The ambient climated generated greater thermal comfort to the matrices, however, did not alter the comfort of piglets, since they had escamoteadores with the function of protecting against temperatures below their zone of thermal comfort. The presence of ventilators and water sprinklers on the roof was not sufficient to reduce the body surface temperature of females and piglets inserted in stalls free of maternity cages.
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Issakowicz, Ana Claudia Koki Sampaio. "Efeitos do transporte e do tempo de espera no bem-estar e na qualidade de carne de cordeiros". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/64/64134/tde-04072016-153041/.
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Com este estudo objetivou-se avaliar os níveis de estresse e a qualidade de carne de cordeiros mestiços Santa Inês x Dorper, submetidos a transporte de percurso curto (duas horas) e longo (seis horas) e em dois períodos de espera pré-abate (12 ou 24 horas). Foram utilizados 32 cordeiros com 127 ± 7 dias de idade e 30,4 ± 2,1 kg de peso vivo. Antes de serem submetidos aos períodos de transporte, os animais estavam alocados em baias coletivas e receberam ração concentrada (farelo de soja e milho, calcário calcítico e núcleo com monensina), bagaço úmido de citros e capim Napier (Pennisetum purpureum) e água ad libitum. Foram realizadas avaliações de reatividade dos animais no momento do embarque, desembarque e durante a contenção dos animais para as colheitas de sangue, urina e temperatura ocular por termografia infravermelho. Durante o período de espera pré-abate, realizou-se a colheita de dados comportamentais dos animais. Foram avaliadas as concentrações de cortisol no soro, na urina e as concentrações de haptoglobina no soro nos períodos que antecederam a insensibilização, assim como no momento do abate. Os animais apresentaram baixa reatividade durante todos os manejos. Houve diferença significativa no comportamento dos cordeiros durante os períodos de espera (P < 0,05) que durante as 12 horas apresentaram frequência de comportamentos que indicaram bem-estar favorável, enquanto que o período de transporte não afetou (P > 0,05). Os níveis de cortisol no soro mantiveram-se semelhantes da saída dos animais para o transporte até o final do período de espera (P > 0,05), enquanto houve oscilação dessas concentrações no cortisol na urina (P < 0,05), com pico no desembarque dos animais de duas horas de transporte e diminuição ao final do período de descanso. Os níveis de haptoglobina mantiveram-se semelhantes da colheita realizada antes do transporte, no embarque e no desembarque (P > 0,05) e diminuíram no final do período de espera pré-abate (P < 0,05). A temperatura ocular elevou-se no embarque e no desembarque dos animais, com diminuição da temperatura ao final do período de espera (P < 0,05). No momento do abate, foi observado aumento das concentrações de haptoglobina (P < 0,05), enquanto não houve alteração nas concentrações de cortisol no soro (P > 0,05). Animais que permaneceram por 24 horas de espera pré-abate apresentaram maior força de cisalhamento e menor luminosidade (L*) e intensidade de amarelo (b*). As variáveis comportamentais foram pouco afetadas pelos períodos de transporte e de espera pré-abate, porém o período de 12 horas de espera favoreceu a qualidade da carneThis study aimed to evaluate the stress levels and the meat quality from crossbred Santa Inês x Dorper lambs transported in short route (two hours) and long route (six hours) and maintained in two lairage periods (12 or 24 hours). Thirty-two crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs with 127 ± 7 days of age and 30.4 ± 2.1 kg of body weight were used. Before the transport, the animals were allocated in collective pens and received concentrated feed (soy and corn meal, limestone and nucleus with monensin), wet bagasse citrus, Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) and water ad libitum. Reactivity evaluations were performed at loading, unloading and restraint of animals during the blood and urine collection and eye temperature by infrared thermography. During the pre-slaughter period (lairage), behavioral data were collected. Cortisol and haptoglobin serum concentrations and urine cortisol concentrations were measured in periods prior to stunning and at bleeding. The animals had low reactivity for all managements. The lairage periods changed the behavior of lambs (P < 0.05) with animals which have remained for 12 hours showed frequency of behaviors that indicate favorable welfare. The transport period did not affect (P > 0.05) the behavior of animals. The serum cortisol levels remained similar of the output for transport to the end of the lairage period (P > 0.05), while there was oscillation these concentrations in urine (p < 0.05) with peak on unloading in animals transported for two hours and a decrease at the end of the lairage period. The haptoglobin levels were similar between the collection performed before transportation, loading and unloading (P > 0.05) and decreased at the end of pre slaughter lairage (P <0.05). Ocular temperature rose at loading and unloading, with decreasing at the end of lairage period (P <0.05). At slaughter was observed increase of haptoglobin concentrations (P < 0.05), while there was no change in cortisol concentrations in serum (P> 0.05). Animals that remained for 24 hours lairaged before slaughter had higher shear force and lower luminosity (L *) and yellow intensity (b *). Behavioral variables were little affected by transport and lairage periods, but 12 hours of lairage favored the quality of meat
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Peronnet, Élodie. "Identification expérimentale du comportement d'un fuselage composite : détection de défauts par mesures de champs". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012INPT0062/document.
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Le contexte de ce travail concerne le process d'Infusion de Résine Liquide (LRI) développé dans le cadre du projet « FUSelage COMPosite » par DAHER SOCATA. Ce process de fabrication permet de réaliser des pièces de formes complexes et des panneaux entiers de fuselage en composites, ce qui réduit considérablement les étapes d'assemblages et donc les temps de production. Les travaux de thèse portent sur l'identification expérimentale du comportement d'un fuselage composite. Ce travail se divise en deux parties qui sont la qualification du contrôle non destructif (CND) par rapport à une taille de défaut critique et l'identification du comportement d'une structure composite orthotrope en présence de ce défaut. Le premier volet consiste à évaluer les techniques de CND basées sur des mesures de champs (acoustiques, thermiques et densimétriques), capables de détecter des défauts internes de types délaminage et porosité au sein de structures composites monolithiques et sandwichs, et fournissant une visualisation des résultats par une cartographie de défauts 2D ou 3D. Le choix de ces méthodes a été motivé par la volonté de DAHER SOCATA d'acquérir de nouvelles compétences en matière de CND. Le deuxième volet consiste à évaluer les paramètres élastiques d'une structure composite orthotrope (structure comprenant une zone saine et une zone localement dégradée) via une procédure d'identification, à partir de mesures de champs, globale et locale par recalage de modèles éléments finis. Cette procédure se décompose en quatre parties avec tout d'abord l'identification des propriétés de la structure saine, ensuite la localisation de la zone dégradée, l'intégration de celle-ci dans le modèle éléments finis, et l'identification des propriétés de cette dernièreThe context of this work concerns the process of Liquid Resin Infusion (LRI) developed under the project "composite fuselage" by DAHER SOCATA. This manufacturing process can produce parts with complex shapes and entire panels of composite fuselage, reducing assembly steps and therefore the production time. The thesis work focused on the experimental identification of the behavior of a composite fuselage. This work is divided into two parts which are the qualification of non destructive testing (NDT) compared to a critical defect size and the identification of the behavior of an orthotropic composite structure with defect. The first part is to evaluate the NDT techniques based on full field measurements (acoustic, thermal and densimetric), capable of detecting internal defects as porosities and delaminations in monolithic and sandwich composite structures, and providing a results visualization by a 2D or 3D defects map. The choice of these methods was motivated by DAHER SOCATA which wants to learn new NDT skills. The second part is to evaluate the elastic parameters of an orthotropic composite structure (structure composed by a virgin zone and a damaged zone) through an identification process from field measurements, by global and local step. This procedure is divided into four parts with two identification steps and a image processing step
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González, Fernández Daniel Aquilino. "Contribuciones a las técnicas no destructivas para evaluación y prueba de procesos y materiales basadas en radiaciones infrarrojas". Doctoral thesis, Universidad de Cantabria, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/10706.
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La inspección térmica basada en radiación infrarroja provee medidas rápidas, sin contacto y desde una única posición. Su principio básico es el control y estimación de diferencias de temperaturas en una superficie. Conscientes de su aplicabilidad potencial en la evaluación no destructiva ni invasiva, se planteó como objetivo general el efectuar contribuciones al conocimiento y la técnica que, además, tuviesen visos de aplicación real. Ante la variedad de sistemas termográficos existentes, se detectan carencias de unos respecto de otros que limitan su aplicabilidad. Surge la necesidad de compararlos y con ello la definición de parámetros que valoren los beneficios de cada uno de ellos. Igualmente, se requiere una automatización de los procesos de toma de decisión para eludir la subjetividad en el análisis de las secuencias térmicas. Se aportan diferentes propuestas basadas en métodos estadísticos y técnicas transformadas que procuran imágenes únicas donde todos los defectos detectables son localizados.Thermal inspection based on infrared radiation provides fast and contactless measurements from one location. Its basic principle is the control and assessment of temperature differences on a surface. Given its potential applicability for non-destructive and non-invasive evaluation and testing, the main goal of this thesis is the contribution to the knowledge and technique state of the art, always from a real-application point of view. Considering the wide variety of thermographic systems, several lacks have been detected in some systems limiting their use. It could be interesting to compare these systems and, hence, to establish a set of parameters that objectively evaluates the benefits of any of them. In addition, an automation of the decision process should be provided to avoid the human subjectivity in the analysis of thermographic sequences. Here, different proposals based on statistical methods and data transforms are detailed. They provide unique images where defects are highlighted.
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Taram, Abdoulaye. "Détection et caractérisation de défauts sous-jacents à la surface dans des bandes d’acier décapées par thermographie infrarouge stimulée". Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS008.
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Dans le contexte actuel d’ouverture des marchés, le contrôle qualité est primordial dans le domaine de la production sidérurgique où qualité se conjugue avec réduction de coûts de fabrication. Ce contrôle peut être décrit comme un ensemble de systèmes déployés pour vérifier et maintenir le niveau de qualité souhaité. Cela implique une inspection minutieuse, accompagnée le plus souvent d’actions correctives. Cette inspection se traduit par l’utilisation, à différentes étapes de la production, d’outils de Contrôle Non-Destructif (CND) pour détecter des défauts. Etant donné que la détection au stade le plus en amont possible de la production est essentielle pour réduire le coût de la qualité et améliorer la production, des systèmes d’inspection à ultrasons sont utilisés au stade du décapage pour détecter certains défauts internes sans ralentir la cadence de production. Toutefois, le besoin de disposer d’une technique de CND sensible aux défauts sub-surfaciques très proches de la surface pouvant se transformer en défauts surfaciques demeure.Parmi les techniques courantes de CND, la thermographie infrarouge stimulée a été identifiée comme ayant un fort potentiel pour la détection des défauts internes très proches de la surface. En outre, cette technique présente des avantages remarquables : elle est sans contact, relativement rapide et adaptable. Son principe est relativement simple : il consiste à créer un transitoire thermique dans un échantillon et à surveiller la réponse de sa surface avec une caméra infrarouge (IR). La présence d’éventuel défaut interne créerait un contraste sous forme de motifs thermiques irréguliers dans la séquence thermique enregistrée. Cette technique, bien qu’attractive n’est pas encore déployée en ligne de production pour détecter des défauts dans les bandes d’aciers décapées. C’est ce qui constitue d’ailleurs l’innovation majeure de cette thèse.La thèse explore les limites théoriques et expérimentales de la thermographie infrarouge stimulée pour la détection de défauts internes dans des métaux. Elle a abouti aux développements d'outils de laboratoire capables de détecter des défauts très proches de la surface, tant dans des configurations statiques qu’en défilement. Ces développements se sont appuyés sur des simulations numériques en 3D qui ont permis d’évaluer le potentiel de la technique ; gagner en expertise ; obtenir des indications pour optimiser et concevoir les dispositifs expérimentaux. Les connaissances acquises à la suite des développements des outils de laboratoire ont montré qu’il est possible d’implémenter la technique directement dans la chaîne de production, particulièrement au stade de décapage où la bande se déplace généralement à 5 m / s. Par conséquent, un système d’inspection a été construit et déployé avec succès pour l’inspection d’une fraction de bande d’acier en milieu industriel. Les résultats obtenus et présentés dans cette thèse sont très encourageants. Des points d’améliorations sont mis en évidence et leur prise en compte permettra d’aboutir sur un système industriel finalisé, robuste et efficientIn today’s competitive market, the quality control is vital in steelmaking industry where high quality product must pair with cost reduction. This control can be described as a system used for verifying and maintaining a desired level of quality. It implies careful inspection and corrective action if needed. The inspection can be performed with several Non-Destructive Testing (NDT) techniques to detect defects. Since the detection at the earliest possible stage is vital for the reduction of the quality cost, the ultrasonic systems have been used at pickling stage to detect internal defects without slowing down the production paces. However, there is still a need of a sensitive NDT technique to detect near subsurface defects which may turn into surface defects at downstream stages or even worse, at the customers during forming.Amongst the common NDT techniques, Active Infrared Thermography (AIRT) was identified as having a great potential for the detection of near surface internal defects. As an attractive NDT technique, AIRT has remarkable: it is contactless, relatively fast and versatile. Its principle is relatively simple: it consists in heating the sample and monitoring the surface response with an Infrared (IR) camera. The presence of any subsurface defect appears as specific thermal patterns in the recorded thermal sequence. Despite being an attractive technique, AIRT is not deployed yet to detect subsurface defects in steel strip at pickling stage on an industrial production line which is the innovative part of this thesis.The work provided in the thesis investigates the theoretical and experimental limits of AIRT for the detection of subsurface defects in steel samples. First, the investigation led to the development of laboratory tools capable of detecting near subsurface defects in static as well as moving samples. These developments are supported by 3D simulations which allowed evaluating the potential of the technique; gaining comprehensive knowledge; getting guidance for and/or optimize experimental designs. Then, the knowledge developed in laboratory has allowed outlining that the technique can be implemented directly in production line; especially at pickling stage where the strip travels at typically 5 m/s. Therefore, an inspection system was built and successfully implemented for the inspection of a reduced width of the moving strip in industrial environment. The thesis presents encouraging results and some keys identified points that should be considered for the design of full-integrated industrial AIRT inspection system
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Azevedo, Mirian Denise Stringasci de. "Avaliação termográfica para a detecção de lesões cutâneas clinicamente semelhantes". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/76/76132/tde-15092017-091639/.
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Dentre os diferentes tipos, o câncer de pele é o tipo de câncer com maior incidência no mundo. É crescente o interesse em explorar técnicas que auxiliem no diagnóstico de lesões malignas e pré-malignas, assim como no monitoramento da eficácia dos tratamentos existentes. As lesões tumorais apresentam temperatura diferente se comparadas a tecidos normais e, com o desenvolvimento de detectores térmicos cada vez mais sensíveis e com melhor qualidade de resolução, a termografia tem se apresentado como uma abordagem de interesse cada vez maior. Os objetivos deste estudo foram: (1) avaliar o uso do imageamento termográfico para o monitoramento e diferenciação de lesões clinicamente semelhantes e (2) analisar a eficiência da terapia fotodinâmica durante o tratamento. Um monitoramento piloto por termografia do crescimento de tumores de Ehrlich (hipotérmicos) injetados no dorso de camundongos Swiss mostrou capacidade para a detecção de tumores a partir de 4 mm de diâmetro. Na avaliação de lesões clínicas, foi investigada a discriminação de pares de lesões cutâneas potencialmente semelhantes clinicamente: CBC versus nevo intradérmico, carcinoma espinocelular (CEC) versus queratose actínica (QA) e queratose seborreica (QSP) versus melanoma. As lesões de CEC foram discriminadas com maior facilidade, apresentando aumento da temperatura na área da lesão em comparação com a região adjacente, enquanto as outras lesões clinicamente identificadas como QA, que podem evoluir para CEC, quase não se diferenciam termicamente do tecido saudável circundante. Uma rotina de processamento das imagens das lesões utilizando um classificador de rede neural mostrou capacidade de diferenciar as lesões dos tipos CBC versus nevo em 67,2% dos casos; em 80% para as lesões de CEC versus QA, e em 50% para as lesões QSP versus melanoma. O monitoramento da terapia fotodinâmica (TFD) foi realizado em lesões clínicas de CBC tratadas em duas sessões. Verificou-se que a região da lesão fica mais evidente termicamente ao longo do procedimento, e as definições das bordas da lesão tornam-se mais delimitadas após o término da iluminação. Com a obtenção das imagens térmicas de TFD criou-se um modelo simplificado para estimar a energia convertida nos processos de transferência de energia envolvidos na TFD. Mesmo com as aproximações realizadas, mostrou-se que a maior parte da energia depositada foi convertida em ação fotodinâmica (53,8%), seguida da parcela que foi dissipada pela perfusão do sangue (37,2%), mostrando que a maior parte da energia depositada no tecido durante o procedimento é incorporada ao efeito fotodinâmico. Esta é uma evidencia de que a ação fotodinâmica não apresenta componente térmica relevante, aspecto importante para o estudo de seus mecanismos.Among the different cancer types, skin cancer is the most prevalent type of cancer in the world. In most cases, the survival rates are higher when the diagnosis occurs in the early stages of the disease. Thus, there is a growing interest in techniques that aid in the diagnosis of malignant and premalignant lesions, as well as in monitoring the efficacy of existing treatments. Concerning tumor diagnosis, tumor lesions present different temperature compared to normal tissues. Thermography has been presented as an approach of increasing interest due to the development of thermal detectors with better resolution quality and increased sensitivity. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the possibility of differentiating clinically similar lesions and monitoring the efficiency of photodynamic therapy during the treatment by using thermographic images and neural network classifiers. A monitoring of the growth of Ehrlich (hypothermic) tumors injected into the Swiss mouse back using thermography showed the technique is able to detect tumors from 4 mm in diameter. For the evaluation of clinical lesions, the discrimination of potentially clinically similar cutaneous lesions: BCC versus intradermal nevus, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) versus actinic keratosis (AK) and seborrheic keratosis (PSK) versus melanoma were investigated. SCC lesions were more easily discriminated, showing an increase of temperature in the lesion area compared to the adjacent region, while the lesions that were clinically identified as AK (which can possible progress towards SCC lesions) can hardly be thermally differentiated differ thermally from the surrounding healthy tissue. This is a very relevant result, given the great difficulty in diagnosing SCC lesions by the standard dermatoscopy technique. An images processing routine using a neural network classifier showed the ability to differentiate lesions between BCC and nevus types in 67.2% of the cases; 80% for SCC versus AK lesions, and 50% for PSK lesions versus melanoma. The monitoring of photodynamic therapy (PDT) was performed in BCC lesions treated in two sessions. The lesion region becomes more thermally evident throughout the procedure, and the definitions of the lesion edges become more clearly delimited visually after the end of the illumination. By obtaining the thermal images of PDT a model was created to calculate the amount of light energy converted to heat, damage, and other energy transfer processes involved in the PDT. Despite the approximations made, it was shown that most of the deposited energy was converted into photodynamic action (53.8%), followed by the portion cleared from the irradiated tissue by the blood perfusion (37.2%), showing that most of the energy deposited in the tissue during the procedure is incorporated into the photodynamic effect. This is an evidence that the photodynamic action does not present a relevant thermal component, an important aspect for the study of its mechanisms.
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Almeida, Euripedes Guilherme Raphael de. "Inspeção termográfica de danos por impacto em laminados compósitos sólidos de matriz polimérica reforçada com fibras de carbono". Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/88/88131/tde-27052010-215815/.
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Laminados compósitos com matrizes poliméricas, respectivamente termorrígida e termoplástica, reforçadas com fibras contínuas de carbono foram submetidos a impacto único transversal com diferentes níveis de energia. Os danos imprimidos aos materiais estruturais foram avaliados por termografia ativa infravermelha na modalidade transmissão. Em geral, os termogramas do laminado termoplástico apresentaram indicações mais claras e bem definidas dos danos causados por impacto, se comparados aos do compósito termorrígido. O aquecimento convectivo das amostras por fluxo controlado de ar se mostrou mais eficaz que o realizado por irradiação, empregando-se lâmpadas incadecentes. Observou-se também que tempos mais longos de aquecimento favoreceram a visualização dos danos. O posicionamento da face impactada do espécime, relativamente à câmera infravermelha e à fonte de calor, não afetou a qualidade dos termogramas no caso do laminado termorrígido, enquanto que influenciou significativamente os termogramas do compósito termoplástico. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a termografia infravermelha é um método de ensaio não-destrutivo simples, robusto e confiável para a detecção de danos por impacto inferior à 5 Joules em laminados compósitos poliméricos reforçados com fibras de carbono.Continuous carbon fiber-reinforced thermosetting and thermoplastic composite laminates were exposed to single transversal impact with different energy levels. The damages marked to the structural materials were evaluated by active infrared thermography in transmission mode. In general, the thermoplastic laminate thermograms showed more clear and delineated damage indications when compared to the ones from thermosetting composite. The convective heating of the samples by controlled hot air flow was more efficient than via irradiation using lamp. It was also observed that longer heating times improved the damage visualization. The positioning of the specimen´s impacted face regarding the infrared camera and the heating source did not affect the thermo-imaging of thermosetting specimens, whereas it substantially influenced the thermograms of thermoplastic laminates. The results allow concluding that infrared thermography is a simple, robust and trustworthy methodology for detecting impact damages as light as 5 Joules in carbon fiber composite laminates.
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Mac-Lean, Priscilla Ayleen Bustos. "Programa de suplementação de luz e relações entre variáveis fisiológicas e termográficas de bezerros em aleitamento em clima quente". Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-04072012-114215/.
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Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar um programa de suplementação de luz no desenvolvimento, desempenho e comportamento de bezerros em aleitamento e o uso da câmera termográfica como método para avaliação de variáveis fisiológicas por método não invasivo. O experimento foi realizado na Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios - APTA, em Ribeirão Preto, SP. Foram utilizados 20 bezerros Jersey e mestiços da raça, divididos em dois tratamentos, com e sem programa de suplementação de luz artificial. O programa de suplementação de luz artificial consistiu em 6 h de luz artificial (das 00:00 as 6:00 h), completando 18 horas de luz por dia. Foram avaliadas as características fisiológicas dos animais: frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura da superfície do pelame (TSP), temperatura auricular (TA), temperatura caudal (TC) e temperatura retal (TR). A ingestão de ração e água também foi estudada. Avaliou-se também o desenvolvimento dos animais através dos ganhos médios diários de peso (GPMD), de altura, de comprimento e de perímetro torácico (PT). Foi estudado o comportamento social e ingestivo dos animais. E por fim, através de cinco coletas de dados em dias de alta entalpia, onde os dados foram registrados em quatro horários (18:00, 00:00, 06:00 e 12:00 h). Foram registradas as seguintes variáveis fisiológicas: TSP e TC, TA, e TR (método convencional). As fotos termográficas foram registradas com uma câmera termográfica, nos mesmos dias e horários de registros das variáveis fisiológicas pelo método convencional. As variáveis fisiológicas não apresentaram diferença significativa entre os tratamentos (P>0,0001), porém apresentaram diferença entre os horários de coleta, sendo que as maiores temperaturas foram encontradas na coleta das 12 h. O consumo de água e ração no experimento não teve variação significativa (P>0.01). Nos dias de alta entalpia a ingestão de água variou somente para o período de 31 a 75 dias de idade dos animais. O desenvolvimento dos animais mostrou diferença quando foram submetidos ao programa de suplementação de luz. O GPMD e o PT dos animais foi maior (P<0,001) para o tratamento sem luz, a altura foi influenciada (P=0,008) pela idade dos animais e o comprimento variou de acordo com o tratamento (P=0,006) e a idade (P=0,001). O programa de suplementação de luz não mostra diferenças nas variáveis fisiológicas e no consumo de alimento de bezerros em aleitamento, e o desenvolvimento dos animais é prejudicado nesta fase. O comportamento social dos animais não sofreu efeito significativo (P>0,05) do tratamento de luz, porém os períodos do dia dividido de seis em seis horas, influenciou a comportamento dos animais. As atividades de ócio e dormindo são as mais frequentes na criação de bezerros em aleitamento. O comportamento ingestivo é alterado pela presença de luz e pelo período do dia, sendo que os animais mostram maior consumo de água e ração quando não são submetidos a luz artificial. Os valores obtidos pelos dois métodos de colheita de dados foram correlacionados. Contudo, é possível relacionar fotos termográficas de bezerros em aleitamento com o método convencional de registro de temperaturas corporais. Para este trabalho, utilizou-se a temperatura auricular, na qual foi apresentada uma regressão para obter as demais temperaturas corporais do animal.This study aimed to evaluate a light supplementation program on the development, performance and behavior of suckling calves and the use of thermographic camera as an evaluation method of physiological variables by a non-invasive method. The experiment was conducted in Sao Paulo Agency of Agribusiness Technology - APTA, in Ribeirao Preto, SP, Brazil. Were used 20 Jersey and crossbred calves, divided in two treatments, with and without artificial light supplementation. The light supplementation program consisted on 6 hours of artificial light (from 00:00 to 6:00 h), completing 18 hours of light per day. Were evaluated the physiological characteristics of the animals: respiratory frequency (RF), coat surface temperature (CST), ear temperature (ET), tail temperature (TT) e rectal temperature (RT). The ingestion of food and water was also considered. Was also evaluated the development of the animals through the daily average weight gain (BG), height, length and thoracic girth (TG). It was also evaluated the social and ingestive behavior of the animals. The experiment consisted of collecting data on five days of high enthalpy, where the data were recorded at four times (18, 00, 06 and 12 hours). It recorded the following physiological variables: coat surface temperature (CST) and flow temperature (FT) with infrared thermometer, ear temperature (ET) with digital ear thermometer, and rectal temperature (RT) with digital thermometer (conventional method). The thermography images were recorded with a thermography camera, on the same days and hours of record of physiological variables by the conventional method. Physiological variables showed no signicant difference between treatments (P>0,0001), but differ between the collection times, and the highest temperatures were found in the collection of 12 h. The water and food intake in the experimente did not change significantly (P>0.01). In the days of high water intake varied only for the period from 31 to 75 days old animals. The development of the animals showed a difference when they were submitted to the program of supplemental ligth. The ABW and TG of the animals was higher (P<0,001) for the treatment without light, and was also influenced (P=0,008)bye the age and length of the animals varied according to treatment (P=0,006) and age (P=0,001). The programo f supplementary light shows no diferences in physiological parameters, feed intake of suckling calves, and development of animals is impaired at this stage. The social behavior of animals was not affected (P>0,05) of the light treatment but the periods of the divided every six hours, influenced the behavior of animals. The leisure and sleeping activities are the most frequente in the creation of suckling calves. Feeding behavior is altered by the presence of light and time of day, and the animals show higher consumption of water and food when they are not subjected to artificial light. The values obtained by two methods of data collection were correlated. It is possible to relate thermography pictures of suckling calves on the conventional method if recording body temperatures. For this work we use the ear temperature, which was presented in a regression to obtain the rest of the animal body temperatures.
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Ross, Joseph Christopher. "Evaluating CFRP-Masonry Bond Using Thermal Imaging". Scholar Commons, 2013. http://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/4838.
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This study presents results from non-destructive testing to evaluate the degradation of the CFRP-masonry bond using thermal imaging. The goal of the research was to identify locations where there was evidence of bond deterioration that could subsequently be verified through destructive pull-off testing.
Four full-scale masonry walls were built outdoors at the University of South Florida in 1995 to evaluate the effectiveness of CFRP for repairing settlement damage. Two of the settlement-damaged walls were repaired using single layer, commercially available unidirectional CFRP systems that used Tonen (wall 3) and Henkel (wall 2) epoxies. These two walls were the subject of this investigation.
Before non-destructive tests were initiated, historical site data on temperature, humidity and rainfall variation was compiled. Over seventeen years, the walls experienced ambient temperatures as high as 98°F and as low as 25°F. The average rainfall in Tampa is about 34 inches and the annual average high humidity is around 87%#37;. Because of the high temperature and humidity, the CFRP-masonry bond was exposed to a particularly aggressive environment.
Three types of thermal evaluation were carried out: thermocouple monitoring and both passive (solar) and active (localized heating) infrared thermal imaging. Twenty-four thermocouples were used to observe the spatial variations in temperature on the wall. Data showed that the surface temperatures of the wall are uneven with one end being hotter than the other. Measurements indicated that the wall temperatures went as high as 103°F during the week of data collection in late March and early April of 2012. In contrast, the highest ambient temperature over the same period was 92°F. The high temperature experienced by the wall is below the glass transition temperature for the epoxies, which ranges from 140°F to 180°F.
A FLIR Tau 320 thermal imaging camera was used to identify localized de-bonding. Solar radiation heated the walls and the goal of thermal imaging was to detect hot spots which are indicative of de-bonding. Although this technique is ideal for exterior applications, initial attempts were unsuccessful. Once de-bonds were located by sounding, the camera was capable of confirming two hot spots on wall 2.
A thermal scanner built by the university from a series of ten Omega OS137 thermal sensors was used to obtain more complete thermal images of the walls. This scanner had a heating element which supplied heat and allowed for active thermography. The scanner detected 16 hot spots not seen with the thermal camera. Ten of the twelve spots on wall 2 are concentrated on a region of the wall which experienced the highest daily changes in temperature, which indicates that higher thermal and environmental cycling has caused greater de-bond.
Based on the number of hot spots found using both active and passive thermography the Tonen epoxy is performing better than the Henkel epoxy. In general, the bond has endured; however, there are a few localized areas that have de-bonded. Pull-off tests are recommended on walls 2 and 3. Five locations in regions suspected to have poor bond and five locations in regions suspected to have good bond are identified for each wall.
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Weber, Marcelo. "Dor muscular e temperatura muscular: estudo termográfico longitudinal". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23139/tde-03112016-191804/.
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Embora as causas de DTM tenham sido muito estudadas e discutidas na literatura atual, a associação entre a dor muscular e sua temperatura não está totalmente clara. Para esta investigação, 40 pacientes com dor muscular foram encaminhados da clínica odontológica e foram examinados. Um total de 31 pacientes foram diagnosticados com dor miofascial no musculo masseter pelo RDC e foram incluídos neste estudo. O musculo masseter no lado com dor foi anestesiado e foi comparado ao lado oposto ao longo do tempo. Na análise estatística de comparação, foi encontrada associação entre o aumento de temperatura e a diminuição da dor relatada. Possíveis fatores de confusão, como tempo da dor crônica, idade, índice de massa corpórea, pontos de incapacidade, ICD, pior dor sentida nos últimos meses e dor media nos últimos meses foram levados em consideração e foram estatisticamente analisados e o único fator que mostrou estatisticamente correlação com a diminuição da dor foi o fator tempo. Conclusão: existe uma correlação negativa entre o aumento de temperatura e a diminuição da dor.Although, TMD causes have been widely studied in the last years, the association between muscle pain and temperature remains unclear. For this investigation, 40 muscle pain patients were referred from dental clinic and were examined. A total of 31 patients were diagnosed with masseter myofascial pain by RDC criteria and were included in this study. Masseter muscle was blocked in the pain side and was compared among the time to opposite side. In the matching statistics association analysis, it was found association between temperature increase and related pain decrease. Possible confounders (time of chronic pain, age, Body Mass Index, ICD, incapacity points, worst pain in the last six months, average pain in last six month) were took in consideration and only time since the pain started seems to be related to decrease in pain. Conclusion: there is a negative association between muscle pain and muscle temperature.
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Possagnolo, Beatriz de Oliveira. "Avaliação de tapete de borracha reciclável em piso de escamoteadores e sua influência no desenvolvimento e bem-estar de leitões na fase de maternidade". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11152/tde-02102017-101114/.
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Um dos grandes pilares para o sucesso da produtividade da produção de suínos é o aumento da taxa de leitões nascidos por matriz. Porém, para que esse resultado seja satisfatório, é necessário reduzir as taxas de mortalidade de leitões ao nascimento e aumentar o ganho de peso por leitegada. Nesse sentido, deve-se priorizar o bem-estar dos animais, reduzir os custos na produção e utilizar recursos favoráveis à sustentabilidade da produção. A borracha reciclável é um excelente recurso sustentável, podendo trazer benefícios para os leitões por ser um produto resistente, que absorve impacto e apresenta consistência macia, tornando o ambiente mais confortável, bom condutor térmico e antiderrapante. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência da cobertura do piso de escamoteadores com borracha reciclável com a utilização de dois diferentes tipos de tapete, em relação à utilização de piso convencional (piso de concreto coberto por maravalha), com o propósito de identificar a melhor adaptação dos leitões, observando o conforto térmico e consequentemente o desenvolvimento animal e aumento da produtividade. A pesquisa foi realizada no município de Mogi-Mirim/SP entre os meses de julho a agosto de 2015. Foram estabelecidos três tipos de tratamento: Tratamento 1 (T1) - piso coberto por maravalha; Tratamento 2 (T2) - piso coberto com tapete de borracha inteiriça; Tratamento 3 (T3) - piso coberto com tapete de borracha vazada, para 12 leitegadas (±50 animais/ tratamento). Os parâmetros analisados foram: comportamento e avaliação fisiológica avaliados em dias intercalados durante o experimento, em três períodos: manhã (H1 - 7:00h às 11:00h), tarde (H2 - 12:00h às 15:00h) e noite (H3 - 16:00h às 18:00h); e os índices zootécnicos e microclima das instalações avaliados diariamente. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC) para as análises dos dados referentes à entalpia, ITU e comportamento; e delineamento em blocos casualiazados (DBC) referente aos dados das análises fisiológicas. As médias foram analisadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de significância. A análise do microclima das instalações evidenciou estresse por frio constante, caracterizado pela entalpia abaixo de 68,40, porém dentro da faixa ideal dada pelo índice de temperatura e umidade (menor ou igual a 70). Os animais dos tratamentos com piso do escamoteador coberto por tapete de borra (vazado e inteiriço) mativeram-se por maior tempo, e expressaram uma maior quantidade de comportamentos dentro do escamoteador, quando evidencianda a escolha por um local de melhor conforto, em comparação ao tratamento convencional (maravalha). A utilização do tapete (inteiriço e vazado) influenciou de forma positiva, em melhorias na produção, ao que se refere ao índice de mortalidade por esmagamento. Este trabalho abre novas possibilidades de se avaliar a utilização de tapete de borracha reciclável na produção de suínos. Inaugura possibilidades de estudo de novos designs de tapete e de local de instalação, a fim de estabelecer um produto inovador e sustentável, tornando-o uma ferramenta rentável e eficientemente econômica na produção de suínos.One of the great pillars for the swine production productive success is the increase in the rate of piglets by sow. However, for this result to be satisfactory it is necessary to reduce the piglet death rate at birth and increase the weight gain by litter. Hence, the animal welfare must be prioritized, the production costs reduced and favorable resources to the production sustainability used. The rubber is recyclable and it is an excellent sustainable resource that can benefit the piglets since it is a resistant material capable of absorbing impact, soft, able to make the environment more comfortable, good heat conductor and non-slip. The objective of this research is to evaluate the efficiency of covering the creep ground with recyclable rubber with the utilization of two different kinds of mats in relation to conventional ground (concrete covered by shavings), aiming to identify the best piglets adaptation taking in observation the thermal comfort, the animal development and increase in productivity. The research took place in the municipality of Mogi-Mirim/SP from July to August of 2015. Three treatments were established: Treatment 1 (T1) - ground covered by shavings; Treatment 2 (T2) - ground covered by rubber mat; Treatment 3 (T3) - ground covered by leaked rubber mat, for 12 litters (+-50 animals/treatment). The analyzed parameters were: behavior and physiological evaluation every other day during the experiment, in three periods: mornings (H1 - 7:00h to 11:00h), afternoon (H2 - 12:00h to 15:00h) and evening (H3 - 16:00h to 18:00h); and the zootechnical indices and the facilities microclimate evaluated daily. It was utilized a Completely Randomized Design (DIC) for the analyses of the enthalpy data, ITU and behavior; and Randomized-Completeblocks Design (DBC) for the physiological analysis. The averages were analysed by the Tuckey\'s test at 5% significance. The facilities microclimate analysis emphasized a constant cold stress, characterized by the enthalpy below 68,40, however, it falls in the ideal range given by the humidity and temperature index (less or equal to 70). The animals from the treatments with rubber mats maintained for a longer period of time and expressed a greater quantity inside of the creep, evidencing a choice for a place of better comfort, compared to the conventional treatment (shavings). The utilization of mats influenced in a positive way in the production when it comes to mortality by crushing. This study opens up new possibilities of evaluating the utilization of recyclable rubber in swine production. Inaugurate possibilities of studying new mat designs, placing in order to establish an innovative product, sustainable, making it a rentable tool, economically efficient in the swine production.
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Gonzaga, Vitor Hugo Guilger. "Degeneração testicular em touros: alterações espermáticas e sua relação com a termodinâmica e hemodinâmica testicular". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10131/tde-20022018-123207/.
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O estresse térmico em touros é um fator muito importante, pois afeta negativamente o comportamento reprodutivo e diminui a eficiência reprodutiva. Uma das causas deste efeito adverso é a ineficiência da termorregulação testicular, que conduz ao aumento do metabolismo celular, causando estresse oxidativo e apoptose das células germinativas, o que caracteriza a degeneração testicular, que pode levar à infertilidade, ou mesmo à esterilidade do animal. A degeneração testicular pode ser diagnosticada pela palpação do órgão, aferição do perímetro escrotal e pelo espermograma. No entanto, outras ferramentas podem ser empregadas para auxiliar no diagnóstico desta alteração, entre elas estão a termografia e a ultrassonografia. Desta forma, neste trabalho avaliou-se a eficiência do termógrafo e do ultrassom como instrumentos auxiliares para o diagnóstico da degeneração testicular em bovinos. Para o presente estudo utilizaram-se 16 touros da raça Nelore separados em dois grupos experimentais: Controle: animais sem indução à degeneração testicular (CON, n = 08); e Degeneração: animais induzidos à degeneração testicular (INS, n = 08) por meio de bolsas insuladoras mantidas por 96 horas. Os animais foram submetidos semanalmente a avaliações das características clínicas e seminais, realizando-se as análises duas semanas antes da insulação testicular (S-2 e S-1), no dia da retirada da bolsa (D0) e durante quatro semanas após a retirada da mesma (S+1 a S+4). Foram avaliadas frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR) e temperatura retal (TR); avaliações testiculares: perímetro escrotal (PE), consistência testicular (CT), temperatura média da superfície escrotal (TMSE), ecotextura (ETT), ecogenicidade (EGT) e vascularização do parênquima testicular (EVT), vascularização (EVP) e índice de resistência vascular (RIP) do plexo pampiniforme. O sêmen dos touros foi colhido e avaliado considerando motilidade (MT), vigor (VG), morfologia (defeitos maiores, menores e totais), integridade das membranas plasmática e acrossomal e potencial de membrana mitocondrial (PIAIA). Para a análise estatística foi utilizado o Statistical Analysis Software (SAS 9.3). Os dados das avaliações realizadas em S-2 e S-1 foram submetidos ao procedimento MIXED considerando dois grupos (CON e INS). Os dados das avaliações realizadas após a insulação foram submetidos ao procedimento MIXED e adicionando o fator tempo por meio do comando REPEATED. O nível de significância considerado foi de P≤0,05, sendo considerada tendência quando este ficou entre 0,051 e 0,1. Foram realizadas correlações de Pearson, utilizando-se o programa StatView (SAS, 1999). Os grupos de touros foram semelhantes nas semanas pré-insulação. Nas semanas pós-insulação, notou-se interação entre tempo e tratamento para FR (p=0,04), CT (p=0,0003) e RIP (p=0,03) e tendência para EVT (p=0,08). Foram observados maiores valores para TMSE, ETT e EVT para INS do que para CON, mas menores valores de PE, CT, EVP e RIP para INS do que para CON. Além disso, encontrou-se interação entre tempo e tratamento para MT (p=0,01), defeitos morfológicos (p<0,001) e alto potencial mitocondrial (AP, p=0,01) e tendência para PIAIA (p=0,07). O grupo INS apresentou queda na MT, PIAIA e AP, associado com aumento nos defeitos morfológicos. Foram verificadas correlações entre as características ambientais (temperatura ambiente e umidade relativa do ar) e os termogramas. Os termogramas apresentaram correlações com parâmetros vitais e achados testiculares. A hemodinâmica apresentou correlações mais fracas com outras características testiculares. Concluiu-se que o estresse térmico testicular provoca um quadro de degeneração testicular, caracterizado por redução na CT e na MT, PIAIA, PI e AP, além de aumento de defeitos morfológicos espermáticos. Este quadro é acompanhado pelo aumento da TMSE somente no dia da retirada das bolsas, provoca heterogeneidade do parênquima testicular, aumenta a vascularização testicular, reduz a vascularização do plexo pampiniforme e o RI dos vasos do plexo pampiniforme. Desta forma, a termografia e a ultrassonografia testiculares contribuem para o diagnóstico da degeneração testicular em touros.Heat stress in bulls is a very important factor because it adversely affects the reproductive behavior and reduces the reproductive efficiency. One of the causes of this adverse effect is the inefficiency of testicular thermoregulation, which leads to increased cellular metabolism, causing oxidative stress and apoptosis of germ cells, which characterizes testicular degeneration, which can lead to infertility or even to animal sterility. Testicular degeneration can be diagnosed by palpation of the testicles, scrotal perimeter and sperm analyses. However, other tools can be used to aid in the diagnosis of this alteration, such as thermography and ultrasonography. Thus, this study evaluated the effectiveness of thermography and ultrasound as auxiliary tools in the diagnosis of testicular degeneration in cattle. For the present study, 16 Nelore bulls were divided in two experimental groups: Control: animals without induction to testicular degeneration (CON, n = 08); and Degeneration: animals induced to testicular degeneration (INS, n = 08) through insulation bags, maintained for 96 hours. Animals underwent weekly evaluations of clinical and seminal characteristics, performed assessments two weeks prior to testicular insulation (S-2 and S-1), on the day of the removal of the bag (D0) and during four week after removal of the bag (S+1 to S+4). The following were evaluated: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR) and rectal temperature (RT); testicular evaluations: scrotal circumference (SC), testicular consistency (TC), mean temperature of the scrotal surface (MTSS), echotexture (ETT), echogenicity (EGT), vascularization of testicular parenchyma (VTP), vascularization of the pampiniform plexus (VPP) and resistance index (RI). The semen of the bulls was collected and evaluated considering motility (MT), vigor (VG), morphology (major, minor and total defects), plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity and mitochondrial membrane potential (PIAIA). Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Analysis Software (SAS 9.3). Data from the S-2 and S-1 evaluations were submitted to the MIXED procedure considering two groups (CON and INS). Data from the evaluations performed after the insulation were submitted to the MIXED procedure adding the time factor through the REPEATED command. The significance level considered was P≤0,05, being considered a trend when it was between 0,051 and 0,1. Pearson correlations were performed using the StatView program (SAS, 1999). The groups were similar in the pre-insulation period. In the post-insulation weeks, it was noted the interaction between time and treatment for RR (p = 0.04), TC (p = 0.0003) and RI (p = 0.03) and a tendency to VTP (p = 0, 08). Greater values were observed for MTSS, ETT and VTP for INS than for CON, but lower values of SC, TC, VPP and RI for INS than for CON. In addition, there was interaction between time and treatment for MT (p = 0.01), morphological defects (p <0.001) and high mitochondrial potential (HMP, p = 0.01) and tendency for PIAIA (p = 0, 07). The INS group presented decrease in MT, PIAIA and HMP, associated with increase in morphological defects. Correlations were found between the environmental characteristics (temperature and relative humidity) and thermograms. The thermograms presented correlations with vital parameters and testicular findings. Hemodynamics showed weaker correlations with other testicular characteristics. In conclusion, testicular heat stress causes a testicular degeneration, characterized by reduction in TC and MT, PIAIA, PI and HMP, in addition to an increase in spermatic morphological defects. This situation, accompanied by the increase in MTSS only on the day of the removal of the bags, causes testicular parenchyma heterogeneity, increases testicular vascularization, reduces pampiniform plexus vascularization and RI of pampiniform plexus vessels. Thus, testicular thermography and ultrasonography contribute to the diagnosis of testicular degeneration in bulls.
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Israel, Marcus Coimbra. "Ensaios não destrutivos aplicados à avaliação de revestimentos de argamassa". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3146/tde-15072016-150954/.
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Mudanças causadas pela industrialização dos canteiros de obra geram incompatibilidades executivas entre sistemas conflitantes e ininterrupção de controles com significativa variabilidade, tal como o uso do fio de prumo para controle geométrico das estruturas de concreto, responsável por acúmulo de erros com reflexo no consumo de matérias e no aumento de defeitos em revestimentos de fachada. Como alternativa, este trabalho busca colaborar com a ampliação do uso das técnicas não destrutivas no controle preventivo e corretivo das edificações em substituição aos tradicionais ensaios destrutivos, tornando o processo mais simples e confiável, além de proporcionar uma recuperação mais rápida e econômica. Para isso, analisou - através de um estudo de caso - a aplicação da tecnologia de escaneamento 3D laser para mapear a planicidade superficial da fachada de um edifício e, de forma inédita, para quantificar o volume de argamassa por intermédio da análise dos modelos 3D gerados por softwares de mercado; e através das etapas experimentais de laboratório, campo e in situ, analisou o potencial da termografia infravermelha na identificação e no mapeamento de fissuras e descolamentos ocultos nos revestimentos de argamassa e cerâmico, aplicando abordagens de aquecimento ativa ou passiva e resfriamento natural ou forçado. Os resultados do escaneamento mostraram a viabilidade da técnica como solução para identificar com precisão as áreas críticas da fachada sobre a estrutura de concreto periférica e alvenaria e, a partir da volumetria, calcular o impacto financeiro associado às sobrespessuras de argamassa nas áreas críticas comparativamente a reduções de espessura após tratamento dessas áreas. Por fim, a termografia identificou quanto à forma, tamanho e posição os defeitos de fissura e descolamento estudados, identificou influências intrínsecas ao processo de uso da tecnologia in situ e uso de recursos do equipamento para melhor visualização dos defeitos.Changes caused by industrialization of construction sites generate executive incompatibilities between conflicting systems and uninterrupted controls with significant variability, such as the use of a plumb line for geometric control of concrete structures, responsible for error buildup with reflection in the consumption of materials and the increase of defects on facade coatings. Alternatively, this work seeks to collaborate with the expanded use of non-destructive techniques in preventive and corrective control of buildings to replace the traditional destructive testing, making the most simple and reliable process, in addition to providing a faster and economic recovery. For this analyzed by a case study the application of 3D laser scanning technology to map the surface flatness of the facade of a building, and unprecedentedly to quantify the amount of mortar through the analysis of 3D models generated by software market; and through the experimental stages of laboratory, field and in site, examined the potential of infrared thermography in the identification and mapping of hidden cracks and detachments in mortar coatings and ceramic tile, applying active or passive heating and natural cooling or forced cooling. The results of the scan showed the technical viability as a solution to accurately identify the critical areas of the facade on the peripheral concrete structure and masonry and from the volumes, calculate the financial impact associated with extra thick grout in critical areas compared the thickness reductions after treatment of these areas. Finally, thermography identified as the shape, size and position the cleft defects and detachment studied, identified influences the use of technology in situ and use of equipment resources to better visualization of defects.
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Rodríguez, Lina Fernanda Pulido. "Bagaço de cana como enriquecimento ambiental para leitões recém desmamados". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74131/tde-05052016-081527/.
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O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o uso de bagaço de cana como enriquecimento ambiental para suínos a partir do comportamento e respostas fisiológicas do estresse causado pelo confinamento e mudança de ambiente, na fase de creche. O projeto foi conduzido no Laboratório de Biometeorologia e Etologia, da Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga-SP, e no setor da Suinocultura da Prefeitura do Campus Administrativo Fernando Costa (PUSP-FC), entre os meses de abril e junho de 2015. Foram utilizados 66 leitões (NK75 X Naïma), machos e fêmeas desmamados aos 28 dias, separados em grupos homogêneos com relação ao peso, transferidos para baias da creche e distribuídos em dois tratamentos: Tratamento Enriquecido (TE) onde as baias foram fornecidas com cama profunda de bagaço de cana, de até 15 cm de profundidade e Tratamento Não Enriquecido (TNE) as baias foram utilizadas da forma convencional, sem cobertura no piso cimentado. Foram avaliadas diferentes respostas fisiológicas, especificamente, níveis de cortisol salivar, temperatura superficial por meio de um termómetro infravermelho e temperatura ocular a través de fotos termográficas. O comportamento dos leitões foi registrado e as análises das observações das atividades foram realizadas pelo efeito dos tratamentos e a interação do tempo. Os dados de desempenho dos animais foram analisados, igualmente como o Ganho de peso diário (GPD) e a conversão alimentar (CA). Animais que receberam enriquecimento ambiental apresentaram concentrações de cortisol mais baixas (P<0,001) durante a primeira semana pós-desmama. A partir da segunda semana pós desmama até o final da fase da creche houve efeito do tratamento (P<0,05), encontrando níveis de cortisol até quatro vezes mais altos para o TNE referentes aos níveis basais, enquanto o TE continua tendo níveis mais baixos (P<0,05). Animais que receberam enriquecimento ambiental tiveram maior frequência em comportamentos exploratórios (P<0,05) e maior atividade brincando (P<0,05) durante toda a fase experimental. Leitões que foram criados em baias pobres manifestaram maior frequência em comportamentos agonísticos (P<0,05) e em repouso (P<0,05). A correlação entre a temperatura superficial do dorso e termografia ocular indicou uma associação moderada positiva (P<0,0001) com a temperatura ocular mínima (r=0,43) e máxima (r=0,41). Apesar de não existir diferença estatística para o desempenho entre tratamentos (P>0,05), o TE apresentou maior ganho de peso diário (0,47±0,015 kg.dia-1) e total (23,47±0,73 kg.dia-1). A conversão alimentar foi maior no TE (2,88±0,25), provavelmente porque os leitões precisavam de mais alimento para compensar a energia gasta pela sua atividade de fuçar e brincar. Ambientes enriquecidos durante a fase da creche melhoram o bem-estar dos animais em confinamento, diminuindo o estresse pela desmama, motivando o animal a expressar comportamentos próprios da espécie suína, tais como fuçar e explorar.The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of sugarcane bagasse as environmental enrichment for pigs by analyzing the behavioral and physiological responses to stress caused by confinement and change of environment at the nursery phase. The project was conducted in Biometeorology and Ethology Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga-SP, in the Swine sector of the Administrative Campus of Fernando Costa (PUSP-FC), from April to June, 2015. Sixty-six piglets (NK75 X Naïma), males and females weaned at 28 days were used in the study. the animals were separated in homogeneous groups respecting the weight, transferred to the nursery stalls and distributed into two treatments: Enriched Treatment (TE) the stalls were provided with deep bed of sugarcane bagasse, up to 15 cm deep and Enriched Treatment (TNE) the stalls were used in the conventional way, without coverage in the cemented floor. Different physiological responses were evaluated, specifically salivary cortisol levels, surface temperature by means of an infrared thermometer and temperature eyepiece through thermography images. The behavior of piglets were recorded and analysis of observations of the activities were carried out by the effect of the treatments and the interaction time. The animal performance data were analyzed also as daily weight gain (ADG) and feed conversion (CA).The animals that received environmental enrichment showed lower cortisol concentrations (P<0.001) during the first post-weaning. From the second week after weaning until the end of the nursery phase, there was effect of treatment (P<0.05), with four times higher cortisol levels to NET related to the baseline, and the ET for this phase continues to have lower levels (P<0.05). The ones that received environmental enrichment had higher frequency in exploratory behaviors (P<0.05) and playing activity (P<0.05) throughout the whole experimental period. The piglets created in poor stalls had higher frequency of agonistic behavior (P<0.05) and at rest (P<0.05). The correlation between the dorsal\' surface temperature and ocular thermography indicated a moderate positive association (P<0.0001) with the minimal eye temperature (r = 0.43) and maximum (r = 0.41). Although there is no difference statistical in performance between treatments (P>0.05), ET showed higher daily gain (0,47±0,015 kg.dia-1) and total (23,47±0,73 kg.dia-1). weight. Feed conversion was higher in ET (2,88±0,25), probably because the piglets needed more food to compensate the energy used for its poke around and exploratory activities. Enriched environments during the nursery phase improve the animals\' welfare in confinement, reducing stress by weaning, prompting the animal to express specific behaviors of the species such as poke around and explore.
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Milani, Giovana Barbosa. "Correlação entre o ângulo de curvatura da lordose lombar e o grau de Lipodistrofia Ginóide (celulite) em mulheres assintomáticas". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/5/5163/tde-10072008-151255/.
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Introdução: A Lipodistrofia Ginóide (celulite), é uma afecção dermatológica comum. Afeta principalmente mulheres em idade adulta concentrando-se preferencialmente em coxas e glúteos. Sua presença e grau de comprometimento estão relacionados a diversos fatores como biótipo, idade, sexo, perturbações circulatórias. Alguns autores sugerem uma possível relação com alterações biomecânicas como a hiperlordose. Objetivo: Correlacionar o grau de comprometimento da celulite e o grau de curvatura da lordose lombar em mulheres assintomáticas. Métodos: As voluntárias foram avaliadas por fotografia, palpação e termografia. O grau da celulite foi classificado em 1, 2, 3 e 4. As avaliações foram realizadas nas regiões glúteas superiores e inferiores, direitas e esquerdas (GSD, GID, GSE, GIE), coxa superior direita e esquerda (CSD, CSE). As voluntárias realizaram um exame de RX em vista lateral e o ângulo da curvatura da coluna lombar foi medido pelo método Cobb (platô inferior de T12 e superior de S1). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente pelos testes ANOVA e Correlação de Spearman com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Na amostra analisada de 50 indivíduos, idade média=26,14±4,45anos, IMC=20,79±1,92Kg/m2, os resultados para o teste ANOVA indicaram não haver diferença entre os grupos de celulite grau 2 e 3 quando analisados com relação à média de Cobb, com valores de p >= 0,297. Para a Correlação de Spearman, os valores de p >= 0,085 indicaram não haver correlação estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: As análises demonstraram que não houve correlação entre o grau de comprometimento da celulite e o grau de curvatura da coluna lombar quando medido pelo método de Cobb.Introduction: Gynoid Lypodystrophy (cellulite) is a common dermatological alteration, it mainly occurs in adult women and tends to gather around the thighs and buttocks. Its presence and severity have been related to many factors as biotype, age, sex, circulatory alteration and some authors have suggested also a relation with some mechanical alterations like the hyperlordosis. Objective: To correlate the cellulite grading with the angle of lumbar lordosis in asymptomatic women. Methods: The volunteers were evaluated by using photograph, palpation and thermograph. Therefore the cellulite grading was classified in 1,2,3 and 4. The analyses were performed in superior, inferior, right and left buttocks (SRB, IRB, SLB, ILB) and superior thighs right and left (SRT, ILT). The volunteers performed the x-ray in lateral view and the angle of lumbar lordosis was measured by using Cobb\'s method (inferior endplate of T12 and superior endplate of S1). The dada was statistically analyzed by ANOVA test and by Spearman\'s correlation. The significance level of 5% was adopted. Results: In the group of 50 volunteers, age mean=26,14±4,45 years, BMI=20,79±1,92Kg/m2, results obtained from ANOVA demonstrated that there was no difference between groups of cellulite 2 and 3 when analyzed according to Cobb\'s mean with values of p >= 0,297. For Spearman\'s correlation, the values of p >= 0,085 demonstrated no significant statistical correlation. Conclusions: The analysis demonstrated no correlation between cellulite grading and the angle of lumbar lordosis when measured by using Cobb\'s method.
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Melo, Samanta Rios. "Estudo crítico de mastocitomas caninos e avaliação termográfica de técnicas de anaplastia". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10137/tde-23112017-114613/.
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Em grande parte das vezes, a excisão cirúrgica apropriada de mastocitomas em cães requer a realização de técnicas de reconstrução para o fechamento da ferida resultante, e o seu conhecimento se torna essencial para todo o cirurgião. Alcançar margens livres tem uma influência significativa sobre o tempo de sobrevida, e deve ser o objetivo para a maioria dos pacientes. A avaliação da evolução de retalhos cutâneos e a mensuração da aderência e neovascularização do tecido no local intencionado é extremamente importante para diagnóstico precoce de falhas na implantação do tecido. Não há evidências em literatura de trabalhos relacionados a avaliação da perfusão tecidual de retalhos cutâneos em animais de companhia, com o uso de técnicas de termografia. Neste trabalho, foram obtidas imagens, do tipo padrão e do tipo termográficas, de 63 mastocitomas, provenientes de 60 cães. A classificação histológica determinada neste estudo foi significativa na influência à sobrevida (p<0,001). A pontuação prognóstica (0-13) aqui proposta, adaptada de Melo e colaboradores (2015) teve forte associação com sobrevida (p<0,001). A presença de metástase foi observada em 17% dos casos, e de recidiva em 14%. Em ambas as ocorrências 90% dos animais acometidos vieram a óbito. Por meio de analises estatísticas comprovamos a associação entre esses dois fatores (metástase e recidiva) com o tempo de sobrevida (em ambas p<0,001). Dentro do nosso estudo foi observado que, em tumores com a presença de AIM (agrupamentos independentes de mastócitos) há um risco de mortalidade 8,57 vezes maior do que animais com margens livres ou mesmo comprometidas. Esse risco é inclusive maior do que o risco de óbito em animais com recidiva (HR 5,13). VEGF-A se mostrou de significância estatística perante sobrevida; confirmando estudo anteriores e sugerido mais uma vez a inclusão desse marcador no perfil prognóstico do mastocitomas. Todas as formações apresentadas neste estudo tiveram análise termográfica concluída e documentada. Nota-se que mesmo quando considerado ponto central ou quando considerada toda área tumoral, 65 e 67% respectivamente, dos mastocitomas eram mais quentes que a pele sadia circundante. A causa destas mudanças de temperatura não é totalmente compreendida, mas sugere-se que esteja associada a neoangiogênese e inflamação local (XIE et al., 2004). Por meio das análises estatísticas é possível afirmar que as regiões tumoral e não tumoral são significativamente diferentes, tanto na avaliação de ponto central (SpT e SPNT) como na avaliação da área (AT e ANT) do tumor e pele circundante sadia (p < 0,001). Ainda por meio de termografia, pudemos estabelecer que retalhos cutâneos pediculados apresentaram chance de deiscência 5,57 vezes maior do que o uso de outras técnicas de anaplastia e deslizamento de tecidos. Por fim, conseguimos estabelecer uma curva térmica de evolução das feridas da nossa população do estudo, bem como diferenciar o comportamento térmico quando há ou não deiscência. Isso pode ser útil a estudos futuros ou mesmo à prática clínico-cirúrgica, de modo a comparar a evolução de pacientes com as curvas previamente aqui estabelecidas, sendo factível assim prever a cicatrização da ferida. Acreditamos, por meio deste estudo, que a análise termográfica da evolução de retalhos cutâneos pode ser usada como correspondente a perfusão tecidual, conforme indicado em literatura e ser usada como ferramenta de reconhecimento precoces de deiscência da ferida cirúrgica, conforme proposto por diversos autores (SALMI et al., 1995; EICHHORN et al., 2009; WEERD et al., 2009; WEERD et al., 2011).In most cases, proper surgical excision of mast cell tumors in dogs requires reconstructive techniques for the closure of the resulting wound, and it knowledge becomes essential for the surgeon. Achieving free margins has a significant influence on survival time, and should be the goal for most patients. The evaluation of the evolution of cutaneous flaps and the measurement of tissue adherence and vascularization at the intended site is extremely important for early diagnosis of defects in tissue implantation. There is no evidence in literature of studies related to evaluate tissue perfusion of skin flaps in companion animals, using thermography techniques. In this study, standard images and thermographic ones were obtained from 63 mast cell tumors from 60 dogs. The histological classification of the tumors in this study was significant in survival time (p <0.001). The prognostic score (0-13) proposed here, adapted from Melo et al. (2015), had also strong association with survival time (p <0.001). The presence of metastasis was observed in 17% of cases, and relapse in 14%. In both cases, 90% of the affected animals died. By means of statistical analyzes, we verified the association between these two factors (metastasis and relapse) in survival time (for both p <0.001). Within our study it was observed that in tumors with the presence of AIM (independent mast cell groups) there is a mortality risk 8.57 times higher than animals with free or even compromised margins. This risk is even greater than the risk of death in animals with relapse (HR 5,13). Also, VEGF-A was shown to be statistically significant at survival time; confirming previous studys and leading us to suggets once again the inclusion of this marker in the prognostic profile of mast cell tumors. All the tumors presented in this study had a thermographic analysis completed and documented. It is noted that even when considered central point or tumor area, 65 and 67% respectively, of the mast cell tumors were warmer than the surrounding healthy tissue. The cause of these temperature changes is not fully understood, but it is suggested to be associated with neoangiogenesis and local inflammation (XIE et al., 2004). By means of the statistical analyzes it is possible to affirm that the tumoral and non-tumoral regions are significantly different, as well as in the evaluation of the central point (SpT and SPNT) and in the evaluation of the tumoral area (TA and ANT) im comparison with healthy surrounding skin (p <0.001 ). Also through thermography, we could establish that skin flaps had a chance of dehiscence 5.57 times greater than the use of other techniques of reconstructive surgery. Finally, we were able to establish a thermal curve of evolution of the wounds of our study population, as well as to differentiate the thermal behavior when there is or not dehiscence. This may be useful for future studies or even clinical-surgical practice, in order to compare the evolution of patients with the curves previously established here, and it is feasible to predict wound healing. We believe, by means of this study, that the thermographic analysis of the evolution of cutaneous flaps can be used as corresponding to tissue perfusion, as indicated in the literature and be used as an early recognition tool for surgical wound dehiscence, as proposed by several authors (SALMI et al., 1995; EICHHORN et al., 2009; WEERD et al., 2009; WEERD et al., 2011).
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Oliveira, Débora Caroline Gonçalves de. "Percepção de suínos em relação ao ambiente térmico promovido por diferentes sistemas de resfriamento". Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/74/74132/tde-13102015-104350/.
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O controle ambiental nas instalações pecuárias é um fator importante a ser levado em consideração para promover o bem-estar e otimizar a produção animal. Como o clima brasileiro é predominantemente tropical, sistemas de resfriamento são essenciais em instalações pecuárias em todo o país. Diferentes sistemas de resfriamento estão disponíveis no mercado brasileiro e, apesar de possuírem o mesmo objetivo, de atenuar a temperatura dentro do galpão, podem ser percebidos pelos animais de modos diferentes. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar a percepção de suínos através de sua preferência em relação a diferentes sistemas de resfriamento do ambiente em uma câmara de preferência ambiental. Esta avaliação foi feita por meio do teste de preferência, que consiste em fornecer alternativas entre diferentes situações ou recursos, para que os animais transmitam suas respostas. Para tanto, foi utilizada uma câmara de preferência ambiental composta por quatro compartimentos interligados entre si por uma área neutra. Cada compartimento teve seu ambiente controlado independentemente, podendo assim fornecer, quatro diferentes tipos de sistemas de resfriamento: nebulização associada à ventilação forçada, ventilação forçada, aspersão e aspersão associada a ventilação forçada. Nesse estudo de preferência, dois grupos principais de suínos foram utilizados: os suínos-teste e os suínos-companhia. Os suínos-teste foram os animais com livre acesso aos distintos compartimentos da câmara e os suínos-companhia, por sua vez, ficaram confinados em seus respectivos sistemas. Para caracterização do ambiente no interior e no exterior da câmara, foram utilizados data-loggers para coleta das variáveis: temperatura ambiental, umidade relativa, temperatura de globo negro e ponto de orvalho; para determinação dos índices de conforto térmico: índice de temperatura de globo e umidade e entalpia. Também foi coletada a velocidade do ar com anemômetro digital. Foram verificadas medidas fisiológicas: frequência respiratória e temperatura de superfície corporal na região da nuca no horário das 14 horas. Para analisar o desempenho dos animais foi avaliado ganho de peso diário e conversão alimentar, além das medidas in vivo de espessura de toucinho, rendimento de carne magra e profundidade da área do lombo. Para avaliação do teste de preferência foram considerados dias que caracterizassem condições climáticas em que os sistemas de resfriamento estivessem em operação. Para isto vídeos coletaram e registraram as imagens e estas foram analisadas automaticamente e interpretadas como preferência por (ou rejeição de) certos ambientes através de frequência e tempo do suíno-teste em cada um dos ambientes. A câmara conseguiu atender os valores recomendados para o índice de temperatura de globo e umidade, temperatura ambiental e umidade relativa ao longo dos períodos do dia, os valores obtidos para entalpia estiveram acima do recomendado na literatura. Porém o desempenho da câmara foi satisfatório, uma vez que as medidas fisiológicas de frequência respiratória e temperatura superficial, e as variáveis de desempenho indicaram que os animais estavam em conforto térmico e obtiveram medidas de espessura de toucinho, rendimento de carne magra e profundidade da área do lombo característicos para a categoria. Em relação à preferência dos suínos-teste, observou-se a maior frequência de permanência nos sistemas de aspersão (40%) e aspersão associada à ventilação forçada (34,7%). Assim os resultados obtidos validaram o uso da câmara de preferência ambiental para experimentação com suínos a fim de verificar sua preferência em relação a diferentes ambientes térmicos com diferentes sistemas de resfriamento.Environmental control in livestock buildings is an important factor to be taken into account to promote the welfare and optimize the animal production. As the Brazilian climate is predominantly tropical, cooling systems are essential in animal facilities across the country. Different cooling systems are available in the Brazilian market and, despite having the same goal, to mitigate the temperature inside the shed, they can be perceived by the animals in different ways. The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception of pigs through their preference in relation to the different environment of the cooling systems in an environmental preference chamber. This assessment was made by the preference test, which is to provide alternatives between different situations or resources, so that the animals transmit their responses. An environmental preference chamber was used, and consisted of four compartments connected to each other by a neutral area. Each compartment has its environmental conditions controlled independently, and may thus provide four different types of cooling system: nebulizer associated to forced ventilation, forced ventilation, sprinkler and sprinkler associated to forced ventilation. In this preference study, two main groups of pigs were used: the test-pigs and companion-pigs. The test-pigs were the animals with free access to the chamber and companion-pigs, in turn, were confined in their respective systems. To characterize the environment inside and outside the chamber, data-loggers were used to collect the variables: ambient temperature, relative humidity, black globe temperature and dew point; to determine the levels of index thermal comfort: globe temperature and humidity index and enthalpy. The air speed with digital anemometer also was collected. Physiological measures were also registered: respiratory rate and body surface temperature in the neck region in the schedule at 2pm. Daily gain and feed conversion were evaluated to analyze the performance of the animals in addition to the measures in vivo backfat thickness, lean yield and depth of loin area. The preference test considered days that characterize climatic conditions in which the cooling systems were in operation. The video images were collected and recorded and they were automatically analyzed and interpreted as a preference (or rejection) of certain environments through the frequency and time that test-pig in each environment. The environmental preference chamber conditions attended the recommended values for globe temperature and humidity index, ambient temperature and relative humidity over the periods of the day, and the values obtained for enthalpy were slightly above the recommended literature. The chamber performance was satisfactory since the physiological measures respiratory rate and body surface temperature and the performance variables indicated that the animals were in thermal comfort and obtained backfat thickness, lean yield and depth of loin area measures, characteristic for the category. Regarding the preference of the test-pigs, the highest frequency was observed in sprinkler (40%) and sprinkler associated to forced ventilation (34,7%) systems. Thus the results validated the use of the environmental preference chamber for experimentation with pigs in order to verify their perception to different thermal environments with different cooling systems.
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Park, Moses. "Avaliação da atividade vasomotora na perfusão tecidual da acupuntura em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular por meio da termografia infravermelha". Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/23/23139/tde-05112018-123846/.
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A proposição deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do efeito vasomotor simpático, por meio da termografia infravermelha, em pacientes com disfunção temporomandibular (DTM) submetidos à acupuntura. Foram selecionados 17 pacientes com diagnóstico de DTM muscular e articular. Todos receberam tratamento de acupuntura com aplicação dos seguintes pontos: E6, E44, ID18, TA17, TA23, EX HN3, VB2, VB34, IG4 e F3. Foram realizados exames de termografia antes e depois da acupuntura na primeira e quinta sessões, tendo como áreas de interesse a região facial nas vistas frontal, laterais direita e esquerda. Também foram realizadas medições do nível de dor através da escala visual analógica (EVA) e medida de abertura bucal (AB) antes e depois das sessões. Foi observada uma diminuição da temperatura a curto prazo entre os momentos antes e depois da primeira sessão para a maioria das regiões de interesse analisadas (p<0,05). Porém, a longo prazo, a temperatura em quase todas as regiões analisadas se igualou para os momentos antes da primeira e quinta sessões. O tratamento da DTM com acupuntura resultou numa diminuição da sintomatologia dolorosa e leve melhora na abertura bucal. A termografia infravermelha mostrou-se um método efetivo no monitoramento da reatividade vascular no tratamento para DTM pela acupuntura.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the response of the sympathetic vasomotor effect, through infrared thermography, in patients with temporomandibular dysfunction (TMD) submitted to acupuncture. Seventeen patients with a diagnosis of muscular and joint TMD were selected. All received acupuncture treatment with application of the following points: ST6, ST44, SI18, SJ17, SJ23, EX HN3, GB2, GB34, LI4, LR3. Thermography exams were performed before and after acupuncture in the first and fifth sessions, with areas of interest in the frontal region, right and left sides. Pain level measurements were also performed through visual analogue scale (EVA) and mouth opening measurement (AB) before and after the sessions. A short-term temperature decrease between the time before and after the first session was observed for most of the regions of interest analyzed (p <0.05). However, in the long run, the temperature in all regions analyzed equaled the moments before the first and fifth sessions. There was an improvement of the painful symptomatology and slight increase of the oral opening with acupuncture treatment for TMD. Infrared thermography showed to be an effective method for monitoring vascular reactivity in the treatment of TMD by acupuncture.