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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Terrestrial ecology"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 6 de setembro de 2023

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1

Harper, J. L., F. S. Chapin, J. Ehleringer, S. Ulfstrand e E. O. Wilson. "Ecology Institute Prizes 1990 in the field of Terrestrial Ecology". Archiv für Hydrobiologie 119, n.º 1 (20 de julho de 1990): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/119/1990/120.

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2

Agren, Goran I., e Folke O. Andersson. "Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology". Forestry Chronicle 88, n.º 02 (abril de 2012): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2012-041.

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3

Rosentreter, Roger, M. G. Barbour, J. H. Burk e W. D. Pitts. "Terrestrial Plant Ecology". Journal of Range Management 41, n.º 3 (maio de 1988): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3899191.

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4

Baskin, Carol C., Michael G. Barbour, Jack H. Burk e Wanna D. Pitts. "Terrestrial Plant Ecology, Second Edition." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 115, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1988): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996572.

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5

Morris, J., T. C. E. Wells e J. H. Willems. "Population Ecology of Terrestrial Orchids." Journal of Ecology 81, n.º 1 (março de 1993): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2261246.

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6

Cohen, Warren B., e Christopher O. Justice. "Validating MODIS Terrestrial Ecology Products". Remote Sensing of Environment 70, n.º 1 (outubro de 1999): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(99)00053-x.

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7

Stace, C. A. "Population ecology of terrestrial orchids". Biological Conservation 64, n.º 2 (1993): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0006-3207(93)90656-l.

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8

Batzer, Darold P., e Haitao Wu. "Ecology of Terrestrial Arthropods in Freshwater Wetlands". Annual Review of Entomology 65, n.º 1 (7 de janeiro de 2020): 101–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ento-011019-024902.

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The terrestrial arthropod fauna of wetlands has been largely ignored by scientists compared to other ecological elements, yet these organisms are among the most important influences on the ecology of these systems, with the vast majority of the biodiversity in wetlands found among the terrestrial arthropods. Wetlands present a range of habitat for terrestrial arthropods, with unique faunas being associated with soils and ground litter, living-plant substrates, and peatlands. Myriapoda, Araneae, Collembola, Carabidae, Formicidae, and assorted herbivorous Coleoptera and Lepidoptera are the terrestrial arthropod groups that most influence the ecology of wetlands. Despite their success, most terrestrial arthropods possess fairly rudimentary adaptations for life in wetlands, with most simply moving to higher ground or up vegetation during floods, although some species can tolerate immersion. Many terrestrial arthropods are environmentally sensitive and show considerable promise as bioindicators of wetland ecological conditions.

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9

Dighton, John. "Fungal ecology in research institutes: Institute of Terrestrial Ecology". Mycologist 2, n.º 4 (outubro de 1988): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0269-915x(88)80058-2.

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10

Wong, Mark K. L., Benoit Guénard e Owen T. Lewis. "Trait‐based ecology of terrestrial arthropods". Biological Reviews 94, n.º 3 (13 de dezembro de 2018): 999–1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/brv.12488.

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11

Agren, Goran I., e Folke O. Andersson. "Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology Principles and Applications". Forestry Chronicle 88, n.º 03 (junho de 2012): 363–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2012-066.

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12

Sork, Victoria. "The Ecology of Terrestrial Plant- Animal Interactions". Ecology 69, n.º 6 (dezembro de 1988): 2035. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941183.

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13

HIYAMA, Tetsuya. "Principles of Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology Second Editions". JOURNAL OF JAPAN SOCIETY OF HYDROLOGY AND WATER RESOURCES 32, n.º 1 (5 de janeiro de 2019): 47–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3178/jjshwr.32.47.

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14

Byers, Robert A. "Terrestrial Slugs: Biology, Ecology and Control.A. South". Quarterly Review of Biology 68, n.º 1 (março de 1993): 124–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/417980.

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15

Ponomarenko, A. G. "Terrestrial Ecology around the Permian–Triassic Boundary". Paleontological Journal 51, n.º 6 (novembro de 2017): 623–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0031030117060041.

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16

Kight, Scott. "Reproductive ecology of terrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea)". Terrestrial Arthropod Reviews 1, n.º 2 (2009): 95–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187498308x414724.

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AbstractTerrestrial isopods (Crustacea: Oniscidea) are important detritivores in many ecosystems. Because reproductive success and population dynamics of the Oniscidea depend on diverse biotic and abiotic environmental factors, the effects of global climate change on their biology may be significant. Although few studies have examined the relationship between climate change and population ecology in terrestrial isopods, much is known about their environment, genetics, physiology, behavior, life history, population biology, and evolutionary patterns. This review addresses the influence of biotic and abiotic environmental factors on terrestrial isopod reproduction. Significant biotic factors include microorganism-mediated sex determination, mate choice, sperm competition, maternal effects, food availability, and predation. Significant abiotic factors include temperature and moisture regimes, photoperiod, altitude, latitude, and microhabitat diversity. Studies of these factors reveal general patterns, as well as informative exceptions, in the ways different oniscid species, as well as different populations within a species, respond to environmental variation.

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17

Robinson, J. M. "Phanerozoic O2 variation, fire, and terrestrial ecology". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 75, n.º 3 (agosto de 1989): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0031-0182(89)90178-8.

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18

Pineau, John, e Bill Beese. "Journey with the Sherpas; Terrestrial Ecosystem Ecology". Forestry Chronicle 89, n.º 02 (abril de 2013): 265–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc2013-051.

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19

Robinson, J. M. "Phanerozoic O2 variation, fire, and terrestrial ecology". Global and Planetary Change 1, n.º 3 (agosto de 1989): 223–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-8181(89)90004-0.

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20

LaMontagne, Jalene M. "Terrestrial Ecology: Natural Selection for Mast Seeding". Current Biology 30, n.º 17 (setembro de 2020): R996—R998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2020.07.029.

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21

Danson, F. Mark, Mathias I. Disney, Rachel Gaulton, Crystal Schaaf e Alan Strahler. "The terrestrial laser scanning revolution in forest ecology". Interface Focus 8, n.º 2 (16 de fevereiro de 2018): 20180001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2018.0001.

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New laser scanning technologies are set to revolutionize the way in which we measure and understand changes in ecosystem structure and function. Forest ecosystems present a particular challenge because of their scale, complexity and structural dynamics. Traditional forestry techniques rely on manual measurement of easy-to-measure characteristics such as tree girth and height, along with time-consuming, logistically difficult and error-prone destructive sampling. Much more detailed and accurate three-dimensional measurements of forest structure and composition are key to reducing errors in biomass estimates and carbon dynamics and to better understanding the role of forests in global ecosystem and climate change processes. Terrestrial laser scanners are now starting to be deployed in forest ecology research and, at the same time, new terrestrial laser scanning (TLS) technologies are being developed to enhance and extend the range of measurements that can be made. These new TLS measurements provide a tantalizing glimpse of a completely new way to measure and understand forest structure. It is therefore a good time to take stock, assess the state of the art and identify the immediate challenges for continued development of TLS in forest ecology.

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22

Hagan, Annelise,B, T. Spencer, Jennifer Ashworth, Jude Bijoux, Rodney Quatre, Martin Callow, Ben Stobart e Pat Matyot. "Terrestrial and marine ecology of Desnoeufs, Amirantes, Seychelles". Atoll Research Bulletin 576 (2010): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.576.22.

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23

Hagan, Annelise,B, T. Spencer, Jennifer Ashworth, Jude Bijoux, Rodney Quatre, Martin Callow e Ben Stobart. "Terrestrial and marine ecology of Etoile, Amirantes, Seychelles". Atoll Research Bulletin 577 (2010): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.577.13.

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24

Webb, Thomas J. "Marine and terrestrial ecology: unifying concepts, revealing differences". Trends in Ecology & Evolution 27, n.º 10 (outubro de 2012): 535–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2012.06.002.

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25

Vermeij, Geerat J. "The ecology of marine colonization by terrestrial arthropods". Arthropod Structure & Development 56 (maio de 2020): 100930. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.asd.2020.100930.

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26

Resco, Víctor, Juan P. Ferrio, José A. Carreira, Leonor Calvo, Pere Casals, Ángel Ferrero-Serrano, Elena Marcos et al. "The stable isotope ecology of terrestrial plant succession". Plant Ecology & Diversity 4, n.º 2-3 (junho de 2011): 117–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17550874.2011.576708.

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27

Vitale, Marcello, e Alessio Collalti. "Preface: Climate Change Impact on Plant Ecology". Climate 8, n.º 5 (25 de abril de 2020): 59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cli8050059.

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28

Syrjänen, J., K. Korsu, P. Louhi, R. Paavola e T. Muotka. "Stream salmonids as opportunistic foragers: the importance of terrestrial invertebrates along a stream-size gradient". Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 68, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2011): 2146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f2011-118.

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Terrestrial invertebrates have been reported to be positively selected by stream salmonids. We assessed the importance of terrestrial and aquatic invertebrates to salmonid diets in 25 streams in Finland, with the hypothesis that terrestrial prey would be important in only the smallest forest streams. Several measures of prey availability were used, including proportional abundance in benthic or drift samples, compared with a trait-based approach, to predict diet composition. Across all 25 streams in autumn, blackfly and caddis larvae were the most important prey items. Terrestrial invertebrates were of moderate importance in all streams, including the smallest. Pure availability predicted diet best and provided, in most cases, a significant fit with the observed diet. In a quantitative literature review, the mean proportion of terrestrial prey in salmonid diets was 17%, being highest for the largest fish (≥15 cm). Species of the genus Salmo consumed significantly less terrestrials than did other salmonid genera. The proportion of terrestrial prey was highest in streams flowing through deciduous forests, but it was only weakly correlated with channel width.

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29

Di Iorio, Antonino, e Agostino Sorgonà. "The Ecology of Fine Roots across Forest Biomes". Forests 12, n.º 5 (19 de maio de 2021): 643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12050643.

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30

Hesselberg, Thomas, e Dumas Gálvez. "Spider Ecology and Behaviour—Spiders as Model Organisms". Insects 14, n.º 4 (28 de março de 2023): 330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects14040330.

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31

Pandey, P. S. "Geography and ecology of Indian clubmosses". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 86 (1985): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000008204.

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SynopsisObservations are made on the geographical and ecological distribution of the clubmosses (Lycopodiuni) in India, and their habitats and reproductive abilities.The requirements of clubmosses in India for conditions of good illumination plus habitats of low vegetational competition pressure are probably the most important factors in restricting the species to either well lit forest canopies in the tropics or to open, treeless hillsides in the temperate zone. In the former, the epiphytic habit has become important. In the latter, the terrestrial habit has been exploited. Reproduction in the epiphytes is by spores, which establish in mossy epiphytic cushions. Reproduction in the terrestrial species is either by spores which establish in mosses or in areas opened by erosion and landslides, or by bulbils. The latter achieve a useful, local, additional means of reproduction in climates where, because of low temperatures, the rates of growth can be very slow.

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32

Machovsky-Capuska, Gabriel E., e David Raubenheimer. "The Nutritional Ecology of Marine Apex Predators". Annual Review of Marine Science 12, n.º 1 (3 de janeiro de 2020): 361–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095411.

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Apex predators play pivotal roles in marine ecosystems, mediated principally through diet and nutrition. Yet, compared with terrestrial animals, the nutritional ecology of marine predators is poorly understood. One reason is that the field has adhered to an approach that evaluates diet principally in terms of energy gain. Studies in terrestrial systems, by contrast, increasingly adopt a multidimensional approach, the nutritional geometry framework, that distinguishes specific nutrients and calories. We provide evidence that a nutritional approach is likewise relevant to marine apex predators, then demonstrate how nutritional geometry can characterize the nutrient and energy content of marine prey. Next, we show how this framework can be used to reconceptualize ecological interactions via the ecological niche concept, and close with a consideration of its application to problems in marine predator research.

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33

Hagan, Annelise,B, T. Spencer, Jennifer Ashworth, Jude Bijoux, Rodney Quatre, Martin Callow, Ben Stobart e Pat Matyot. "Terrestrial and marine ecology of Marie-Louise, Amirantes, Seychelles". Atoll Research Bulletin 578 (2010): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5479/si.00775630.578.30.

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34

Hocking, Morgan D., Richard A. Ring e Thomas E. Reimchen. "The ecology of terrestrial invertebrates on Pacific salmon carcasses". Ecological Research 24, n.º 5 (25 de fevereiro de 2009): 1091–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11284-009-0586-5.

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35

Shear, William A., e Jarmila Kukalová-Peck. "The ecology of Paleozoic terrestrial arthropods: the fossil evidence". Canadian Journal of Zoology 68, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 1990): 1807–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z90-262.

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The available fossil evidence for the ecology of terrestrial arthropods in the Paleozoic is reviewed and reinterpreted. Some original data are provided, derived mainly from the detailed morphology of mouthparts, genitalia, cuticular vestiture, and body form. Paleozoic chelicerates were more diverse than their modern descendants and were probably dominant ground-level and arboreal predators. Web-building spiders and highly diversified mites appear to have been absent. Paleozoic myriapods include possibly the earliest land animals, and as abundant detritivores, provided a major conduit for primary productivity into higher trophic levels. Paleozoic insects present many difficulties of interpretation, but appear to have been extraordinarily diverse and may have played quite different ecological roles from today's insects, viewed as a whole. It is postulated that herbivory, defined as predation on living plants, may have been rare in early Paleozoic terrestrial ecosystems, and that most primary productivity was funneled through detritivores and decomposers. In the late Paleozoic, the evidence for herbivory by insects, except for feeding on fructifications, is rare. Insects seem to have played a major part as a selective force on plant fructifications.

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36

Calders, Kim, Jennifer Adams, John Armston, Harm Bartholomeus, Sebastien Bauwens, Lisa Patrick Bentley, Jerome Chave et al. "Terrestrial laser scanning in forest ecology: Expanding the horizon". Remote Sensing of Environment 251 (dezembro de 2020): 112102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2020.112102.

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37

Tyler, G., A. M. Balsberg P�hlsson, G. Bengtsson, E. B��th e L. Tranvik. "Heavy-metal ecology of terrestrial plants, microorganisms and invertebrates". Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 47, n.º 3-4 (outubro de 1989): 189–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00279327.

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38

Bärlocher, Felix, e Lynne Boddy. "Aquatic fungal ecology – How does it differ from terrestrial?" Fungal Ecology 19 (fevereiro de 2016): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.funeco.2015.09.001.

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39

Kindlmann, Pavel, Tiiu Kull, Dennis Whigham e Jo Willems. "Ecology and population dynamics of terrestrial orchids: An introduction". Folia Geobotanica 41, n.º 1 (março de 2006): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02805257.

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40

Lalonde, K., A. V. Vähätalo e Y. Gélinas. "Revisiting the disappearance of terrestrial dissolved organic matter in the ocean: a <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C study". Biogeosciences 11, n.º 13 (15 de julho de 2014): 3707–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-11-3707-2014.

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Abstract. Organic carbon (OC) depleted in 13C is a widely used tracer for terrestrial organic matter (OM) in aquatic systems. Photochemical reactions can, however, change δ13C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) when chromophoric, aromatic-rich terrestrial OC is selectively mineralized. We assessed the robustness of the δ13C signature of DOC (δ13CDOC) as a tracer for terrestrial OM by estimating its change during the photobleaching of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) from 10 large rivers. These rivers cumulatively account for approximately one-third of the world's freshwater discharge to the global ocean. Photobleaching of CDOM by simulated solar radiation was associated with the photochemical mineralization of 16 to 43% of the DOC and, by preferentially removing compounds depleted in 13C, caused a 1 to 2.9‰ enrichment in δ13C in the residual DOC. Such solar-radiation-induced photochemical isotopic shift could bias the calculations of terrestrial OM discharge in coastal oceans towards the marine end-member. Shifts in terrestrial δ13CDOC should be taken into account when constraining the terrestrial end-member in global calculation of terrestrially derived DOM in the world ocean.

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41

Lalonde, K., A. V. Vähätalo e Y. Gélinas. "Revisiting the disappearance of terrestrial dissolved organic matter in the ocean: a <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C study". Biogeosciences Discussions 10, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 2013): 17117–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-17117-2013.

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Abstract. Organic carbon (OC) depleted in 13C is a widely used tracer for terrestrial OM in aquatic systems. Photochemical reactions can however change δ13C of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) when chromophoric, aromatic-rich terrestrial OC is selectively mineralized. We assessed the robustness of the δ13C signature of DOC (δ13CDOC) as a tracer for terrestrial OM by estimating its change during the photobleaching of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) from ten large rivers. These rivers cumulatively account for approximately 1/3 of the world's freshwater discharge to the global ocean. Photobleaching of CDOM by simulated solar radiation was associated with the photochemical mineralization of 16 to 43% of the DOC and, by preferentially removing compounds depleted in 13C, caused a 1 to 2.9‰ enrichment in δ13C in the residual DOC. Such solar radiation-induced photochemical isotopic shift biases the calculations of terrestrial OM discharge in coastal oceans towards the marine end-member. Shifts in terrestrial δ13CDOC should be taken into account when constraining the terrestrial end-member in global calculation of terrestrially derived DOM in the world ocean.

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42

Kupfer, Alexander, Reinhard Langel, Stefan Scheu, Werner Himstedt e Mark Maraun. "Trophic ecology of a tropical aquatic and terrestrial food web: insights from stable isotopes (15N)". Journal of Tropical Ecology 22, n.º 4 (julho de 2006): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467406003336.

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We used stable isotope analysis (15N/14N) to characterize the trophic relationships of consumer communities of an aquatic food web (a permanent pond) and the adjacent terrestrial food web (secondary dry dipterocarp forest) from a seasonal tropical field site in north-eastern Thailand. In general, isotopic signatures of aquatic vertebrates were higher (δ15N range = 4.51–9.90‰) than those of invertebrates (δ15N range = 1.10–6.00‰). High 15N signatures identified water snakes and swamp eels as top predators in the pond food web. In the terrestrial food web 15N signatures of saprophagous litter invertebrates (diplopods, earthworms), termites, ants and beetle larvae were lower than in those of predatory invertebrates (scolopendrids, scorpions, whip spiders). Predatory terrestrial frogs and caecilians had lower 15N signatures than snakes, indicating that snakes are among the top predators in the terrestrial web. Based on the distribution of isotopic signatures, we estimated five trophic levels for both the aquatic and terrestrial food web. The food chains of a seasonal tropical site studied were rather short, which implies similarities to the structure of temperate food webs.

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RODDA, GORDON H., GAD PERRY, RENÉE J. RONDEAU e JAMES LAZELL. "The densest terrestrial vertebrate". Journal of Tropical Ecology 17, n.º 2 (março de 2001): 331–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467401001225.

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An understanding of the abundance of organisms is central to understanding ecology, but many population density estimates are unrepresentative because they were obtained from study areas chosen for the high abundance of the target species. For example, from a pool of 1072 lizard density estimates that we compiled from the literature, we sampled 303 estimates and scored each for its assessment of the degree to which the study site was representative. Less than half (45%) indicated that the study area was chosen to be representative of the population or habitat. An additional 15% reported that individual plots or transects were chosen randomly, but this often indicated only that the sample points were located randomly within a study area chosen for its high abundance of the target species. The remainder of the studies either gave no information or specified that the study area was chosen because the focal species was locally abundant.

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44

ADENIYI, MOBOLAJI, YEMI ODEYEMI e OLU ODEYEMI. "Ecology, diversity and seasonal distribution of wild mushrooms in a Nigerian tropical forest reserve". Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2018): 285–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190139.

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Adeniyi M, Odeyemi Y, Odeyemi O. 2018. Ecology, diversity and seasonal distribution of wild mushrooms in a Nigerian tropical forest reserve. Biodiversitas 19: 285-295. This study investigated the ecology, diversity and seasonal distribution of wild mushrooms at Environmental Pollution Science and Technology (ENPOST) forest reserve, Ilesa, Southwestern Nigeria. Mushrooms growing in the ligneous and terrestrial habitats of the forest were collected, identified and enumerated between March 2014 and March 2015. Diversity indices including species richness, dominance, and species diversity were evaluated. Correlation (p < 0.05) was determined among climatic data and diversity indices. A total of 151 mushroom species specific to their respective habitats were obtained. The highest monthly species richness (70) was obtained in October 2014. While a higher dominance was observed in the terrestrial habitat during the rainy and dry seasons (0.072 and 0.159 respectively), species diversity was higher in the ligneous and terrestrial habitats during the rainy season (3.912 and 3.304 respectively). Overall, the highest carpophores in ligneous and terrestrial habitats were recorded in Schizophyllum commune (10,737) and Mycena monticola (760) correspondingly. Correlation analysis revealed that average monthly precipitation positively correlated with the relative abundance of mushrooms in the terrestrial habitat (r = 0.716, p = 0.013). This study shows the diversity of mushrooms at ENPOST forest, thereby necessitating strict and sustainable conservation measures especially those with great economic values.

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45

Mooney, H. A. "Emergence of the Study of Global Ecology: Is Terrestrial Ecology an Impediment to Progress?" Ecological Applications 1, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1991): 2–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1941842.

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46

Dunham, Arthur E., Bruce W. Grant e Karen L. Overall. "Interfaces between Biophysical and Physiological Ecology and the Population Ecology of Terrestrial Vertebrate Ectotherms". Physiological Zoology 62, n.º 2 (março de 1989): 335–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/physzool.62.2.30156174.

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47

Rasher, Douglas B., E. Paige Stout, Sebastian Engel, Tonya L. Shearer, Julia Kubanek e Mark E. Hay. "Marine and terrestrial herbivores display convergent chemical ecology despite 400 million years of independent evolution". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, n.º 39 (31 de agosto de 2015): 12110–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1508133112.

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Chemical cues regulate key ecological interactions in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. They are particularly important in terrestrial plant–herbivore interactions, where they mediate both herbivore foraging and plant defense. Although well described for terrestrial interactions, the identity and ecological importance of herbivore foraging cues in marine ecosystems remain unknown. Here we show that the specialist gastropod Elysia tuca hunts its seaweed prey, Halimeda incrassata, by tracking 4-hydroxybenzoic acid to find vegetative prey and the defensive metabolite halimedatetraacetate to find reproductive prey. Foraging cues were predicted to be polar compounds but instead were nonpolar secondary metabolites similar to those used by specialist terrestrial insects. Tracking halimedatetraacetate enables Elysia to increase in abundance by 12- to 18-fold on reproductive Halimeda, despite reproduction in Halimeda being rare and lasting for only ∼36 h. Elysia swarm to reproductive Halimeda where they consume the alga’s gametes, which are resource rich but are chemically defended from most consumers. Elysia sequester functional chloroplasts and halimedatetraacetate from Halimeda to become photosynthetic and chemically defended. Feeding by Elysia suppresses the growth of vegetative Halimeda by ∼50%. Halimeda responds by dropping branches occupied by Elysia, apparently to prevent fungal infection associated with Elysia feeding. Elysia is remarkably similar to some terrestrial insects, not only in its hunting strategy, but also its feeding method, defense tactics, and effects on prey behavior and performance. Such striking parallels indicate that specialist herbivores in marine and terrestrial systems can evolve convergent ecological strategies despite 400 million years of independent evolution in vastly different habitats.

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48

Long, Steve, G. W. Koch e H. A. Mooney. "Carbon Dioxide and Terrestrial Ecosystems." Journal of Applied Ecology 34, n.º 2 (abril de 1997): 543. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2404900.

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49

Dennis, P., A. C. Gange e V. K. Brown. "Multitrophic Interactions in Terrestrial Systems." Journal of Applied Ecology 34, n.º 6 (dezembro de 1997): 1509. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2405266.

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50

Canadell, J. G., W. L. Steffen e P. S. White. "IGBP/GCTE terrestrial transects: Dynamics of terrestrial ecosystems under environmental change". Journal of Vegetation Science 13, n.º 3 (24 de fevereiro de 2002): 298–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2002.tb02054.x.

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