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Pavelieva, Anna, Iryna Lobko e Inna Sotnichenko. "Methods of terms-phrases translation in IT". IMAGE OF THE MODERN PEDAGOGUE 1, n.º 3 (16 de junho de 2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33272/2522-9729-2020-3(198)-58-63.
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The article is devoted to the translation of English terms-phrases into Ukrainian according to their models. It is determined that as for the structure, one-component terms prevail in IT texts, but compound terms also make up a large proportion of terminological units. Among compound terms, the most common are two-component phrases (they make up 76.46% of terms), followed by three-component phrases (19.4%), while four-, five-, and six-component terminological phrases make up a small percentage of IT phrases in this terminology (4.14%). It is stated that separate elements of terms-phrases are translated with the help of transcoding, loan translation, descriptive translation, or translation by equivalents, but compound terms can contain various units that should be translated using different methods, and therefore for the analysis of such terminological units it is necessary to first identify their structural models that will allow research on ways to translate specific elements of terminological phrases. It is proved in the article that the most common models of compound terms in IT are two-component models N1 + N2 (42% of the total number), Adj + N (20%), Part.II + N (7%), which are translated into Ukrainian using the appropriate terms-phrases or compound terms that contain the elements of the original phrase, and other types of compound terms depending on the specific model. The most common three-component models N + N + N and (Adj + N) + N are also considered in the article.
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Mykowiecka, Agnieszka, Małgorzata Marciniak e Piotr Rychlik. "Recognition of irrelevant phrases in automatically extracted lists of domain terms". Computational terminology and filtering of terminological information 24, n.º 1 (31 de maio de 2018): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00014.myk.
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Abstract In our paper, we address the problem of recognition of irrelevant phrases in terminology lists obtained with an automatic term extraction tool. We focus on identification of multi-word phrases that are general terms or discourse expressions. We defined several methods based on comparison of domain corpora and a method based on contexts of phrases identified in a large corpus of general language. The methods were tested on Polish data. We used six domain corpora and one general corpus. Two test sets were prepared to evaluate the methods. The first one consisted of many presumably irrelevant phrases, as we selected phrases which occurred in at least three domain corpora. The second set mainly consisted of domain terms, as it was composed of the top-ranked phrases automatically extracted from the analyzed domain corpora. The results show that the task is quite hard as the inter-annotator agreement is low. Several tested methods achieved similar overall results, although the phrase ordering varied between methods. The most successful method, with a precision of about 0.75 on half of the tested list, was the context based method using a modified contextual diversity coefficient. Although the methods were tested on Polish, they seems to be language independent.
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Pllana, Sadete, e Albulena Pllana Breznica. "Fixed Word-Combination and Simple Word-Combination in the Terminology of Economy in Accordance with English Language". European Journal of Language and Literature 9, n.º 1 (10 de junho de 2017): 129. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls.v9i1.p129-136.
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The problems of economic terminology can be handled from different angles. Today, there are many discussions about the concept of phrase terms and their reflection in the explanatory dictionaries of economic terms. Phrasal terms are reflected lexicographically in the terminology dictionaries but are also included in the explanatory dictionaries, collective lexicographic works and of the codifying and normative character of the Albanian language. The subjects break down the concepts in a transparent way, so today they have become one of the key tools for constructing terms in general. The widespread dissemination of fixed word-combination phrases in language as a specific lexical-syntax unit, especially in the terminology of the economy, creates a special layer in the terminology lexicon circle, which is characterized by specific features and attributes. Therefore, in this paper, we have been dealing with fixed and simple word-combination phrases, more widespread in the terminology of the economy, in accordance with the English language.
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Prematilake, H. I. "A Contrastive Analysis of English-Hindi Noun Phrase in the Discipline of Translation". Vidyodaya Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 08, n.º 01 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 01–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.31357/fhss/vjhss.v08i01.01.
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A noun phrase is an extension of a noun, in which one or more adjectives or modifiers are used with the noun. In terms of translation studies, the analysis of internal and external textual factors contributes to the knowledge of the source text and to a better understanding of the text and its aim. Noun phrases are an important element in terms of intertextual factors of the source text. Hence, the objectives of the present study are to describe and explain the function of noun phrases in English and Hindi languages in terms of text analysis for understanding a source text, producing an acceptable translation, and the assessment of that translation and to indicate an investigation of the similarities and differences of the noun phrase in the two languages. The present study focuses on the similarities and differences between Hindi and English noun phrases. Data were gathered using library surveys. Data analysis was performed as a comparative study based on contrastive analysis techniques. The key research findings of this paper are based on identifying several comparative elements of English and Hindi noun phrases. This paper emphasizes that the classification of noun phrases and Englis-hHindi noun phrases may play with respect to the action or state described by a governing verb.
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Jia, Hongyi, e Feng-hsi Liu. "Acquisition of time and locative phrases in Mandarin Chinese". Chinese as a Second Language (漢語教學研究—美國中文教師學會學報). The journal of the Chinese Language Teachers Association, USA 51, n.º 1 (20 de junho de 2016): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/csl.51.1.01jia.
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In this study we explore the role played by input saliency in L2 acquisition of the time phrase and the locative phrase in Mandarin Chinese. In Chinese the time phrase that indicates when an event takes place and the locative phrase that indicates where an event takes place are similar in that neither can occur after the verb. L1 English L2 learners of Chinese have to learn to place both phrases pre-verbally. Our goal is to find out whether learners acquire the placement of the two types of phrases equally well. On the basis of input saliency measured in terms of form-function mapping and type frequency, we predicted that the time phrase will be easier to acquire than the locative phrase. We then conducted an experiment and put the hypothesis to test on learners at an early stage. The findings largely support our hypothesis: Simple time phrases are easier to acquire than simple locative phrases for beginning learners. In addition, the same group of learners had difficulty with both complex time phrases and complex locative phrases, suggesting that structural complexity also plays a role.
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Wang, Sue, e Gulbahar H. Beckett. "“My Excellent College Entrance Examination Achievement” — Noun Phrase Use of Chinese EFL Students’ Writing". Journal of Language Teaching and Research 8, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2017): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.17507/jltr.0802.07.
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Previous studies have shown that phrasal structure, particularly complex noun phrases with phrasal modifiers, is a feature of advanced academic writing. Therefore, it would be important for those who plan to pursue further studies to learn to write in the way that is appropriate for academic writing. Using the manual annotation function of UAM corpus tool, this study compared the noun phrase use of Chinese EFL students’ writing with that of proficient language users. This study also discussed the significant differences found between these two groups in terms of noun phrase use and their implications for EFL/ ESL writing instruction.
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Booij, Geert. "Phrasal names: A constructionist analysis". Word Structure 2, n.º 2 (outubro de 2009): 219–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/e1750124509000427.
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Some types of phrases share the naming function with complex words. Hence both phrases and words can be lexical units stored in the lexicon. This article discusses how the functional equivalence between words and phrases can be accounted for without ignoring their formal differences. Such types of phrases can be characterized in terms of phrasal schemas with specific properties, that is, as constructions. The article focuses on the formal properties of adjective+noun sequences with a naming function, in particular in Modern Greek and Dutch. The constructionist approach is able to do justice to the lexical unit properties of phrasal names, and highlights the parallelism between phrasal and morphological constructions.
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Agabekova, Zh, e Sh Zhalmakhanov. "USAGE OF FHRASES IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE IN THE AZ-ZAMAKSHARI’S DICTIONARY "MUKHADIMAT AL-ADAB"". Bulletin of the Eurasian Humanities Institute, Philology Series, n.º 1 (30 de março de 2023): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.55808/1999-4214.2023-1.01.
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Az-Zamakhshari is a great historian, geographer, literary critic, linguist, teacher and a poet of his time. In modern terms, as a public figure he left to the next generation invaluable works on logic, grammar, religion, dictionaries, literature, literary studies, pedagogy, history and geography. Many of his writings have reached us. One of his precious legacies left to the generations is his dictionary, titled «Muqaddimat al-Adab». This article discusses the structure of phrases in Az-Zamakhshari's work «Muqaddimat al-Adab». The manuscript of his unique four-language Arabic-Turkish-Mongolian work in the world is currently kept in the Alisher Nauai Literature Museum in Tashkent. According to the researchers, the scholar's «Muqaddimat al-Adab» includes Arabic-Persian-Turkish-Mongolian languages, however the Turkish section is not finished. The difference between the dictionary and the modern bilingual dictionaries is, firstly, that it includes several languages, and secondly, it was created by combining it with phrases, not just a list of words. This article talks about phrases from the dictionary «Muqaddimat al-Adab». Their transmission structures are shown and the similarity with modern Kazakh phrases is analyzed. In the dictionary, phrases are represented by a root cell. In this regard, it is discovered that it corresponds to the structure of the dictionaries created during the period of Muslim civilization. In most dictionaries of the Middle Ages, words and phrases were created using cells (models) similar to the phonetic structure of the Arabic language. Here, the root of the word is shown first, followed by a phrase made from that word. Words and phrases are arranged not according to their meaning, but according to the external form of the word. Phrasal verbs are also listed in the dictionary. However, it can be seen that their translations are not aligned with the phrasal verbs in the translated language. Several verbs are formed from one root, and various phrases formed from them are concentrated. Phrasal verbs formed within one word are collected as a group. From this aspect, the article considers phrases taken from dictionaries. The materials collected in this article are given as a general description of the phrases in the dictionary. In our future studies, it is planned to consider them together with the phonetic-morphological aspect.
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Justeson, John S., e Slava M. Katz. "Technical terminology: some linguistic properties and an algorithm for identification in text". Natural Language Engineering 1, n.º 1 (março de 1995): 9–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324900000048.
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AbstractThis paper identifies some linguistic properties of technical terminology, and uses them to formulate an algorithm for identifying technical terms in running text. The grammatical properties discussed are preferred phrase structures: technical terms consist mostly of noun phrases containing adjectives, nouns, and occasionally prepositions; rerely do terms contain verbs, adverbs, or conjunctions. The discourse properties are patterns of repetition that distinguish noun phrases that are technical terms, especially those multi-word phrases that constitute a substantial majority of all technical vocabulary, from other types of noun phrase.The paper presents a terminology indentification algorithm that is motivated by these linguistic properties. An implementation of the algorithm is described; it recovers a high proportion of the technical terms in a text, and a high proportaion of the recovered strings are vaild technical terms. The algorithm proves to be effective regardless of the domain of the text to which it is applied.
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Pavelieva, Anna, Iryna Lobko e Inna Sotnichenko. "Methods of terms-phrases translation in IT". IMAGE OF THE MODERN PEDAGOGUE 1, n.º 3 (16 de junho de 2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33272/2522-9729-2021-3(198)-58-63.
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Aini, Nurul. "Neologi Istilah Politik Dalam Bahasa Arab Modern Kajian Morfologi". Arabiyatuna : Jurnal Bahasa Arab 2, n.º 2 (26 de dezembro de 2018): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/jba.v2i2.488.
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This study aims to determine the forms and rules of formation of political terms in Arabic language examined from the morphological aspects. This type of research is literature research. Data collection using direct observation method. Data analysis using top down method of distribution technique and data presentation using informal method. The results of this study show the form of political terms in Arabic consists of the form of words and phrases. The word form consists of nouns and verbs, either in the basic form of the word or affixation. The form of phrase consists of tarkib idhafi, verbal phrases, nominal phrases, jarr majrur and tarkib wasfi. The rule formation of Arabic political terms viewed from the morphological aspect consists of: a) the derivation of masdar, isim fā'il, isim maf'ūl, isim makān b) absorption, c) translation.
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Marciniak, Malgorzata, e Agnieszka Mykowiecka. "Nested term recognition driven by word connection strength". Terminology 21, n.º 2 (30 de dezembro de 2015): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.21.2.03mar.
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Domain corpora are often not very voluminous and even important terms can occur in them not as isolated maximal phrases but only within more complex constructions. Appropriate recognition of nested terms can thus influence the content of the extracted candidate term list and its order. We propose a new method for identifying nested terms based on a combination of two aspects: grammatical correctness and normalised pointwise mutual information (NPMI) counted for all bigrams in a given corpus. NPMI is typically used for recognition of strong word connections, but in our solution we use it to recognise the weakest points to suggest the best place for division of a phrase into two parts. By creating, at most, two nested phrases in each step, we introduce a binary term structure. We test the impact of the proposed method applied, together with the C-value ranking method, to the automatic term recognition task performed on three corpora, two in Polish and one in English.
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Kim, Soyun, Jennifer Cowley e Michael S. Wogalter. "Emphasis Terms for Warning Directives on Compliance Intent". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, n.º 9 (outubro de 2007): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100904.
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Instructions on how to avoid hazards are an important aspect of warnings. Because message brevity is beneficial for effectiveness, the wording ought to be useful in motivating compliance. Participants ( N=132) evaluated 37 single and two-word emphasis phrases (e.g., “critical” or “absolutely crucial”) that could be added to a directive (or instructions) statement to indicate the degree of compliance necessity. Manipulated were one or two-word (phrase) emphasis terms (e.g., “critical,” “must,” and “absolutely critical”). Participants rated the compliance intent for each of these. Results showed a wide range of ratings across word/phrase conditions (from “extremely critical” and “urgent” as the highest to “optional” as the lowest). Linear (additive) and non linear effects were yielded by the pattern of means for word/phrase combinations. “Federal Law” was one of the highest rated items confirming similar previous findings. Implications are discussed including the potential for matching terms with hazard levels.
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Puja Ayu Asy’ari e Aninditya Sri Nugraheni. "Synthactic Study of Verba Phrases in The Novel Princess Izatunnuha by Salma Izatunnuha". Aksis : Jurnal Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia 4, n.º 2 (12 de dezembro de 2020): 283–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/aksis.040204.
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The research "Analysis of Verbal Phrases in Princess Sayaka's novel by Salma Izatunnuha in terms of Syntactic Studies" is motivated because today many novels are written not only from adults, even children and adolescents have dared to express their ideas and creativity in a work, especially works contained in the KKPK (Small-Owned Work) published by DAR! Mizan Where KKPK is a place to put the works of the nation's children to be published in writing, both in the form of novels or short stories. Because the novels or other works contained in the KKPK (Small-Owned Works), are specialized containers for children and adolescents aged 7-12 years, the sentences used pay attention to the sentence patterns that can be understood by their circles. This study aims to analyze the verb phrases found in the 12-year-old Prinsess Sayaka Novel by Salma Izatunnuha. This research belongs to a descriptive qualitative research. Where the data used in this study in the form of a set of words that form a verb phrase in Novel Princess Sayaka. The process of collecting data is by reading, marking and taking notes. The results of this study are that there are several verb phrases in the novel Princess Sayaka, the form of the phrase used is also a word that is often found in everyday life. Based on the results of research conducted along with the discussion, the conclusion is the verb phrase is a phrase in which the central element is a verb or verb. Verbal phrases have 3 types, namely: modification verb phrases, coordinative verb phrases, and apositive verb phrases. Of these three types of verb phrases, in Princess Sayaka's novel there are only modificative and coordinative verb phrases.
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P. Bhopale, Bhopale, e Ashish Tiwari. "LEVERAGING NEURAL NETWORK PHRASE EMBEDDING MODEL FOR QUERY REFORMULATION IN AD-HOC BIOMEDICAL INFORMATION RETRIEVAL". Malaysian Journal of Computer Science 34, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2021): 151–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/mjcs.vol34no2.2.
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This study presents a spark enhanced neural network phrase embedding model to leverage query representation for relevant biomedical literature retrieval. Information retrieval for clinical decision support demands high precision. In recent years, word embeddings have been evolved as a solution to such requirements. It represents vocabulary words in low-dimensional vectors in the context of their similar words; however, it is inadequate to deal with semantic phrases or multi-word units. Learning vector embeddings for phrases by maintaining word meanings is a challenging task. This study proposes a scalable phrase embedding technique to embed multi-word units into vector representations using a state-of-the-art word embedding technique, keeping both word and phrase in the same vectors space. It will enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of query language models by expanding unseen query terms and phrases for the semantically associated query terms. Embedding vectors are evaluated via a query expansion technique for ad-hoc retrieval task over two benchmark corpora viz. TREC-CDS 2014 collection with 733,138 PubMed articles and OHSUMED corpus having 348,566 articles collected from a Medline database. The results show that the proposed technique has significantly outperformed other state-of-the-art retrieval techniques
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Darma Yoga Pratama, Agus. "Translation Strategy and Accuracy in Balinese Terms". Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 12, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2022.v12.i01.p13.
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This research attempts to find out the strategy used by the translator in translating Balinese terms also to explain the accuracy of the translated terms. The data used in this research were in the form of phrases in the book entitled Tigang Satua Bali by Sutjaja (2007). The data collection was done through reading and note taking techniques. The data then were analyzed using theory of translation strategy and accuracy. The result showed that the strategy used within the translation of Balinese terms into target languages (Indonesian and English) are translation by paraphrase, related word, loan phrase, and cultural substitution. Then the accuracy levels of the translation strategy are in three criteria, namely correct, misguided, and unclear.
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ARIPZHAN, G. ZH, e A. N. MAKHAL. "ESSENTIAL TRAVEL TERMS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS". Bulletin of the International University of Tourism and Hospitality 2, n.º 2 (29 de dezembro de 2023): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.62867/3007-0848.2023-2.06.
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In general, learning English is essential today. This language is very in demand for the best jobs, and is even a requirement to study at some universities. However, it is also key to learn it to be able to communicate with different people from all over the world. Thus, the English for tourism is essential. First of all, for a matter of communication. The possibility of assisting travelers, if you are a professional, is a necessity that will be demanded of you at work. And since English is a Universal language, spoken by millions of people, will be very helpful in different contexts. English phrases for travel are useful to communicate in a shop or hotel, ask for directions, learn something about local attractions and monuments, or simply not to get lost at the airport in the maze of English-language information. Knowledge of the English language in today’s world is really a necessity.
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Herzlinger, Andrei. "Hebrew Language Expressions, Phrases, and Terms in Ulysses". James Joyce Quarterly 60, n.º 4 (junho de 2023): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjq.2023.a914623.
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Šoba, Blaž. "GENDER MARKING IN SLOVENE AND RUSSIAN ADDRESSING CONSTRUCTIONS". PHILOLOGICAL STUDIES 18, n.º 2 (2020): 273–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/1857-6060-2020-18-2-273-295.
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The article discusses the problematic use of the male gender forms, referring to the biological female gender subject. In the Russian language, the usage is standardized, when anoun in a clause carries the attributive function and is, as such, universal. On the other hand, the female gender formis used for the actual referential subject. In Slovene forms of addressing, a male gender form is used when referring to a female subject –the »antiagreeing« phrases Mrs professor and Mrs doctorcoexist with the matching (systematical) phrases, where the headword of each nominal phrase ends with a derivational suffix, denoting female gender. The difference between »antiagreement« and thematching phrases lies in the context of addressing and is mainly of stylistic nature. The article shows some options for either strategy and later on focuses on the comparison with a strategy of addressing in the Russian language: the equivalents of the Slovene phrases (Mrs professor, Mrs doctor, and their matching phrases, where the headword of each nominal phrase ends with a derivational suffix, denoting female gender), addressing by the first name and patronym, addressing by the combination Mrs/mr + last/first name and addressing by general terms, aiming for a neutral meaning.
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Ishchenko, Valentyna, e Sofia Horbunova. "Specificity of economic terms in structural, semantic and translation aspects". Linguistics, n.º 1 (42) (2020): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2020-1-42-114-124.
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The features of structure, semantics and translation of polycomponent economic terms from English into Ukrainian are analyzed in the article. The study found that English polycomponent economic terms are formed by two-, three- and four-component models, characterized by different degrees of usage in language, depending on extralinguistic factors, namely the need for the specified type of terminological phrases. The most productive model of the syntactic method of term formation is „adjective + noun”, which accounts for about 57% of selected terms. The semantic links between the components of terminological phrases are different – absolutely stable or relatively stable. A relatively stable link between components means that the components retain their direct meaning in English polycomponent economic terms. The meaning of terms with absolute stability is not (or almost not) derived from the meaning of their constituents. The terminology of economics is characterized by terms with a relatively stable relationship. Their share is 68% of the sample. The complexity of translating English multicomponent economic terms into Ukrainian is that some terms are ambiguous. When translating English polycomponent economic terms into Ukrainian, methods of literal translation, permutations, descriptive translation are used. The two-component terms are translated using the following constructions: „adjective + noun”, „noun + noun in the genitive case”, as well as a phrase of two nouns with a preposition. Three-component terms can be translated by a corresponding phrase, the components of which fully or partially coincide with the original English polycomponent economic term in form and meaning. We see further research prospects in the study of the structure, semantics and features of translation of these terminological units in other contexts.
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Kügler, Frank. "Phonological phrasing and ATR vowel harmony in Akan". Phonology 32, n.º 1 (maio de 2015): 177–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952675715000081.
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This paper examines phonological phrasing in the Kwa language Akan. Regressive [+ATR] vowel harmony between words (RVH) serves as a hitherto unreported diagnostic of phonological phrasing. In this paper I discuss VP-internal and NP-internal structures, as well as SVO(O) and serial verb constructions. RVH is a general process in Akan grammar, although it is blocked in certain contexts. The analysis of phonological phrasing relies on universal syntax–phonology mapping constraints whereby lexically headed syntactic phrases are mapped onto phonological phrases. Blocking contexts call for a domain-sensitive analysis of RVH assuming recursive prosodic structure which makes reference to maximal and non-maximal phonological phrases. It is proposed (i) that phonological phrase structure is isomorphic to syntactic structure in Akan, and (ii) that the process of RVH is blocked at the edge of a maximal phonological phrase; this is formulated in terms of a domain-sensitive CrispEdge constraint.
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Ding, Haoran, e Xiao Luo. "Attention-based Unsupervised Keyphrase Extraction and Phrase Graph for COVID-19 Medical Literature Retrieval". ACM Transactions on Computing for Healthcare 3, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2022): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3473939.
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Searching, reading, and finding information from the massive medical text collections are challenging. A typical biomedical search engine is not feasible to navigate each article to find critical information or keyphrases. Moreover, few tools provide a visualization of the relevant phrases to the query. However, there is a need to extract the keyphrases from each document for indexing and efficient search. The transformer-based neural networks—BERT has been used for various natural language processing tasks. The built-in self-attention mechanism can capture the associations between words and phrases in a sentence. This research investigates whether the self-attentions can be utilized to extract keyphrases from a document in an unsupervised manner and identify relevancy between phrases to construct a query relevancy phrase graph to visualize the search corpus phrases on their relevancy and importance. The comparison with six baseline methods shows that the self-attention-based unsupervised keyphrase extraction works well on a medical literature dataset. This unsupervised keyphrase extraction model can also be applied to other text data. The query relevancy graph model is applied to the COVID-19 literature dataset and to demonstrate that the attention-based phrase graph can successfully identify the medical phrases relevant to the query terms.
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Bakhmatov, Daniil Andreevich. "On life cycle of a phrase (a case study of German language)". Litera, n.º 8 (agosto de 2020): 9–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8698.2020.8.33502.
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The goal of this research consists in identification and complex description of the stages of existence of a phrase. The subject of this research is changes in the use that afflict phrases in diachrony. The author determines the types of such changes, which characterize the stages of existence of a phrase since its emergence, as well as possible ways of development of a phrase (in terms of unchangeability of its composition and level of idiomaticity).Based on the material of verbal-nominal phrases in German language, both free and phraseologisms, and attraction of corpus-based data, the changes in use are perceived as elements of a single process. The scientific novelty lies in the attempt to describe the models of diachronic changes as cyclic processes; reveal common trends in development of phrases and in applicability of the definition of “life cycle” to the indicted processes. The concept of “life cycle”, used in various sciences for designating the natural, repeating processes, found its reflection in linguistics. However, cyclic processes in phraseology yet remain unstudied, despite the existing description of such phenomena as usualization, phraseologization, and dephraseologization. In conclusion, the author presents a dynamic model of life cycle of a phrase; the changes in use are viewed as its part; as well as offers the terms “deusualization” and “reusualization”. The obtained life cycle model can find application in further research in the area of diachronic phraseology and phrase formation.
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Abdullabekova, Umsalimat Bagautdinovna. "Structural-typological description of beekeeping terms in the Kumyk, Russian and English languages". Филология: научные исследования, n.º 5 (maio de 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.5.35345.
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The subject of this research is the word-forming structure of beekeeping terms in the Kumyk, Russian and English languages. The article describes the distinctive features of terminological word formation in the area of “beekeeping” in the aforementioned languages. For determining the type of word formation, the author uses the number and composition of the components. The similarities in common literary and terminological word formation are identified. It is demonstrated that in the corresponding terminology of the Kumyk language prevail the terminological phrases. The prevalence of phrases in the languages under reviews is explained by the fact that the term not only denotes the concept, but to a certain extent reflects to its content. This requires the creation of mainly terms-phrases that can reflect the characteristics of the concept to the fullest. On the other hand, the growing number of terminological phrases in the Kumyk language indicates that beekeeping terms in the Kumyk language are translated from the Russian language, therefore part of the terms first appear as a result of clarification of their meaning. Whole terms comprise approximately 30% of all terms of the corpus. These terms are naturally included in the terminological phrases as the nuclear words and defining in the terminological phrases. In beekeeping terminology of tge Kumyk and English languages, prevail N/R + N/R models, which the authors believe is a reflection of common literary word formation.
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Fitzgerald, Laurie A., e Frans M. van Eijnatten. "Chaos speak: a glossary of chaordic terms and phrases". Journal of Organizational Change Management 15, n.º 4 (agosto de 2002): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810210433719.
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Beken Ahmetollauly, Sholan. "SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THE USE OF TERMS AND PHRASES". Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3, n.º 74 (27 de setembro de 2023): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52026/2788-5291_2023_74_3_207.
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Since our country entered the twenty-first century, new words related to the accelerated development of the economy, politics, finance, science, technology and other industries have entered and become widely used in our daily life. In addition, thanks to independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has established close ties with advanced states through the conclusion of contracts, agreements, contracts, and the progressive step towards a market economy has introduced many innovations. Thanks to this, hundreds of terms and phrases have also undergone significant changes. World civilization and scientific progress are developing very rapidly and have a significant impact on language and culture, art and literature, and other spheres of the state. In this regard, the article focuses on some topical issues, mainly related to the language, especially the quality of the translation language. Many legislative acts state that obsolete words and phrases are used along with new ones, although terms that have been used in different ways, or, depending on the passage of time, fall out of everyday use. The point is that the relevant state bodies face urgent and large-scale tasks, in particular, it is necessary to take a bold step towards the development and discussion of draft legislative acts in the state language, as well as to improve the quality of translation of legal texts. The most effective ways to achieve this are suggested. The article notes that when amendments and additions are made to legislative acts, the translation of new versions of terms and words has become differentiated and gradually adjusted, and this trend will continue. The author lists them, noting that there are all prerequisites for this, which should be paid close attention to by the relevant authorities and responsible persons and get down to business.
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Jawaid, Bushra, e Daniel Zeman. "Word-Order Issues in English-to-Urdu Statistical Machine Translation". Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 95, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2011): 87–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10108-011-0007-0.
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Word-Order Issues in English-to-Urdu Statistical Machine Translation We investigate phrase-based statistical machine translation between English and Urdu, two Indo-European languages that differ significantly in their word-order preferences. Reordering of words and phrases is thus a necessary part of the translation process. While local reordering is modeled nicely by phrase-based systems, long-distance reordering is known to be a hard problem. We perform experiments using the Moses SMT system and discuss reordering models available in Moses. We then present our novel, Urdu-aware, yet generalizable approach based on reordering phrases in syntactic parse tree of the source English sentence. Our technique significantly improves quality of English-Urdu translation with Moses, both in terms of BLEU score and of subjective human judgments.
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ZIANKO, M. "STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGLISH-LANGUAGE BRANDING TERMINOLOGY PRESENTED IN THE DOCUMENTS OF WORLD INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY ORGANIZATION". Herald of Polotsk State University. Series A. Humanity sciences, n.º 3 (17 de agosto de 2023): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.52928/2070-1608-2023-68-3-38-42.
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The research of the structural characteristics of terminology is determined by the importance of identifying the peculiarities of the fixation of scientific knowledge in the formal structure of terms of a certain language for special purposes (LSP). The analysis of the formal structure of English-language terms reflecting the system of branding concepts has shown that the terms-phrases prevail in the studied terminology. One-word terms are not numerous and are mainly of the suffixal type. Among the affixal derivatives the terms of the suffixal type prevail. The most productive structural model of terms-phrases is a two-component attributive-prepositive phrase with adjunction. The presence of regularly repeated basic term elements can serve as a basis for the categorization of concepts. The presence of a commonality of attributive term elements in various terminological nests is considered as a system-forming factor within a spontaneously forming term system. The identification of logical-conceptual relationships between term elements can serve as a basis for the hierarchical organization of branding terminology.
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Faber, Pamela, e Melania Cabezas-García. "Specialized Knowledge Representation: from Terms to Frames". Research in Language 17, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2019): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.17.2.06.
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Understanding specialized discourse requires the identification and activation of knowledge structures underlying the text. The expansion and enhancement of knowledge is thus an important part of the specialized translation process (Faber 2015). This paper explores how the analysis of terminological meaning can be addressed from the perspective of Frame-Based Terminology (FBT) (Faber 2012, 2015), a cognitive approach to domain-specific language, which directly links specialized knowledge representation to cognitive linguistics and cognitive semantics. In this study, context expansion was explored in a three-stage procedure: from single terms to multi-word terms, from multi-word terms to phrases, and from phrases to frames. Our results showed that this approach provides valuable insights into the identification of the knowledge structures underlying specialized texts.
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Faber, Pamela, e Melania Cabezas-García. "Specialized Knowledge Representation: From Terms to Frames". Research in Language 17, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2019): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2019-0012.
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Abstract Understanding specialized discourse requires the identification and activation of knowledge structures underlying the text. The expansion and enhancement of knowledge is thus an important part of the specialized translation process (Faber 2015). This paper explores how the analysis of terminological meaning can be addressed from the perspective of Frame-Based Terminology (FBT) (Faber 2012, 2015), a cognitive approach to domain-specific language, which directly links specialized knowledge representation to cognitive linguistics and cognitive semantics. In this study, context expansion was explored in a three-stage procedure: from single terms to multi-word terms, from multi-word terms to phrases, and from phrases to frames. Our results showed that this approach provides valuable insights into the identification of the knowledge structures underlying specialized texts.
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Abdikarim, N., O. Mahsut e B. Isak. "KAZAKH TERM PHRASES DERIVED VIA THE SYNTACTIC APPROACH (BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TERMS)". Tiltanym, n.º 2 (20 de julho de 2023): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2023-2-3-13.
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The research paper discusses the features, structure, and linguistic nature of the syntactically created Kazakh terms on artificial intelligence approved by the State Commission on Terminology. An overview of the opinions provided by scholars and research papers on terminological phrases is given in the paper. Taking into account the criteria underlying the grouping of syntactic phrases and terminological expressions, their similarity and differences are indicated. The correlation of terminological expressions with the syntax of phrases, the definiteness, and preservation of meaning in the process of lexicalization, and the ways of isolation from free and other stable expressions are studied.A statistical analysis of the content of artificial intelligence terms adopted in Kazakh is carried out. It is determined that the number of binary term combinations is greater than that of multicomponent ones, and the number of term combinations is greater than that of single terms. The importance of considering term phrases not only from the lexical-syntactic point of view but also from the morphosyntactic point of view is mentioned and its need for modern linguistic research is mentioned. A number of features that reveal the definition and nature of term phrases are shown, and term names and definitions are offered.
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Tarigan, Fatin Nadifa. "Domestication and Foreignization of Cultural Terms in Economics Textbook". SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning) 1, n.º 1 (25 de janeiro de 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v1i1.2.
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The research deals with domestication and foreignization strategies in translating culture specific items in economics bilingual textbook for junior high school students. The objectives of this study was to investigate the most frequent strategies used in translating culture specific items in economics bilingual textbook for junior high school. The research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this study were words, phrases, and clauses containing culture specific items. The data were collected through documentary technique. The technique of data analysis was interactive model. The finding of this study revealed that for domestication there were 25% cultural terms in the form of word and 46,4% in the form of phrase. While for foreignization, it was found only 21,5% in the form of word, and 7,1% in the form of phrase. It was not found the culture specific items in the form of clause both in domestication strategy and in foreignization strategy. The domestication was the dominant strategy used in translating cultural items in economics bilingual textbook. It indicates the translators tend to introduce Indonesian culture specific items into TL cultureKeywords: Domestication, foreignization, cultural terms, economics textbook
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Tsarova, Iryna. "Peculiar Features of Terms Word Combinations in the Criminal Code of Ukrainian Language". Terminological Bulletin, n.º 5 (2019): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-28.
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The article analyzes the structural models of terminological phrases of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The essence of the phenomenon of the term “terminological phrases” is determined; attention is paid to the fact that terminological phrases are noted by the constant character of the structure. The paper describes the features of legal language as a specialized system of legal concepts, which provides communication needs in the field of legal science and practice. Attention is focused on the study of the semantic structure of the Ukrainian legal terms. From this perspective it is important to make complex typological analysis of the term system of the Ukrainian language legal on the basis of termmaking processes of the modern world. The researches of the Ukrainian legal borrowings of terminological legal system of term elements of other languages due to different historical conditions and traditions are connected with mentioned above is the result of from above research. Term-words by lexical and grammatical affiliation are divided into nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Terminological phrases can be two-, three-, four- and multi-component “criminal prosecution”.
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Rogozińska, Marta. "Intonation phrase in a prosodic and pragmatic context". Germanica Wratislaviensia 145 (8 de março de 2021): 213–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/0435-5865.145.17.
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The article aims to describe the intonation phrase in a prosodic and pragmatic context. In the theoretical part, the concept of the intonation phrase will be defined. In the empirical part, I will analyze the intonation phrases in a live sports broadcast in terms of their phonetic properties and the context in which they occur. It will be shown that the intonation phrase is a prosodic expression and structuring unit that is independent of grammar, and had two functions: segmenting and stylistic-rhetorical
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Ott, Dennis, e Mark de Vries. "Thinking in the right direction". Linguistics in the Netherlands 29 (2 de novembro de 2012): 123–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/avt.29.10ott.
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We propose to analyze right-dislocation constructions in terms of clausal coordination, coupled with ellipsis. While neither rightward movement nor base-generation of backgrounded and afterthought phrases is descriptively accurate, we show that the facts follow straightforwardly on an analysis that takes the dislocated phrase to be the surface remnant of a second clause that is underlyingly parallel to the host clause and reduced by ellipsis at PF. Right-dislocated XPs are thus theoretically assimilated to sluiced wh-phrases, fragment answers, and other sentential fragments. We furthermore suggest that the two clauses in right-dislocation are syntactically related by an abstract coordinating head, making right-dislocation an instance of specifying coordination.
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Malabar, Fahria, Besse Wardatulljannah e Indri Wirahmi Bay. "Contrastive Analysis of Noun Phrase between English and Bugis Language". Jambura Journal of English Teaching and Literature 4, n.º 2 (2 de fevereiro de 2024): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.37905/jetl.v4i2.24306.
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This study aims to explore the similarities and differences in noun phrase structures between the English and Bugis languages. Using a documentation technique, the research selectively extracts data from the literature, specifically books and articles that focus on noun phrases. The researchers systematically collect and examine the data using the contrastive analysis technique. The findings reveal both similarities and differences in the form, structure and function of noun phrases between English and Bugis. Common features in both languages include numerals, demonstratives and quantifiers as modifiers preceding the noun (head), while prepositional phrases are positioned after the noun (head). Conversely, in English, articles, adjectives, possessives and ordinals precede the noun (head), whereas in Bugis they follow the noun (head). Relative clauses in English and Bugis have different structures and functions. Therefore, a contrastive analysis of noun phrases between English and Bugis proves to be very beneficial for learners, as it increases their awareness of the unique characteristics of both languages, especially in terms of their structural and functional aspects.
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Abdulla, Ra-id. "Terms and Phrases of Cardiac Morphology: A Call for Anarchy!" Pediatric Cardiology 21, n.º 2 (março de 2000): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002469910013.
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Gates, Jesse P. "Kinship terms in Stau". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 46, n.º 2 (9 de novembro de 2023): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.23006.gat.
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Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive synchronic study of Stau kinship terms, offering a detailed analysis of their classifications and characteristics. Stau kinship terms are categorized into vocative and referential/possessive forms. Vocative kinship terms follow the intonation pattern of other vocative phrases, particularly barytonesis, which involves stress and intonation shifting from the second syllable to the first. The paper explores the distinctions within younger sibling relationships, dividing kinship terms into male Ego and female Ego categories based on the sex of the connecting relative. The kinship prefix æ-, commonly found in Qiangic languages, is exclusively used in vocative and referential/possessive kinship terms referring to older kin (both male and female). The study also identifies specific vocative and referential kinship terms that describe dyads of kinship relationships, similar to Tibetic languages like the Amdo dialects spoken in Stau-speaking areas. Stau maintains a sex-based distinction for kinship terms across all generations. Referential/possessive kinship terms in Gen−1 and Gen−2 differentiate between lineal and collateral relationships, while in vocative terms, only Gen−1 distinguishes between lineal and collateral relatives. Gen+1 consanguineal vocative kinship terms exhibit distinctions for lineal/collateral and matrilateral/patrilateral relationships. However, the matrilateral/patrilateral distinction is neutralized in Gen+1 affinal vocative kinship terms. Gen+1 affinal referential/possessive kinship terms differentiate matrilateral and patrilateral relationships when using a possessive phrase, but not when using the simple base term. Age relative to Ego plays a distinct role in Gen0 kinship terms, both vocative and referential/possessive. Sibling terms are differentiated from cousin terms in Gen0 referential/possessive terms using the tʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə) ‘is a relative’ copula phrase. Regarding cousin kinship typology, Stau aligns with the Hawaiian type in the vocative and the Eskimo type in the referential. The Hawaiian type serves as the foundational basis due to shared roots in both vocative and referential contexts. For Gen+1 terms, Stau follows the Sudanese system, each consanguineal kin with their own term. Gen−1 terms follow the Eskimo system.
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Farkas, Donka F. "Specificity distinction". ZAS Papers in Linguistics 23 (1 de janeiro de 2001): 85–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/zaspil.23.2001.114.
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This paper is concerned with semantic noun phrase typology, focusing on the question of how to draw fine-grained distinctions necessary for an accurate account of natural language phenomena. In the extensive literature on this topic, the most commonly encountered parameters of classification concern the semantic type of the denotation of the noun phrase, the familiarity or novelty of its referent, the quantificational/nonquantificational distinction (connected to the weak/strong dichotomy), as well as, more recently, the question of whether the noun phrase is choice-functional or not (see Reinhart 1997, Winter 1997, Kratzer 1998, Matthewson 1999). In the discussion that follows I will attempt to make the following general points: (i) phenomena involving the behavior of noun phrases both within and across languages point to the need of establishing further distinctions that are too fine-grained to be caught in the net of these typologies; (ii) some of the relevant distinctions can be captured in terms of conditions on assignment functions; (iii) distribution and scopal peculiarities of noun phrases may result from constraints they impose on the way variables they introduce are to be assigned values.
Section 2 reviews the typology of definite noun phrases introduced in Farkas 2000 and the way it provides support for the general points above. Section 3 examines some of the problems raised by recognizing the rich variety of 'indefinite' noun phrases found in natural language and by attempting to capture their distribution and interpretation. Common to the typologies discussed in the two sections is the issue of marking different types of variation in the interpretation of a noun phrase. In the light of this discussion, specificity turns out to be an epiphenomenon connected to a family of distinctions that are marked differently in different languages.
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Barus, Windi Sahputra, Mhd Pujiono e Hesti Fibriasari. "CODE MIXING USED BY STUDENTS OF FRENCH STUDY PROGRAM STATE UNIVERSITY OF MEDAN". Language Literacy: Journal of Linguistics, Literature, and Language Teaching 3, n.º 1 (5 de julho de 2019): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.30743/ll.v3i1.980.
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The communication process involving a code mixing is an alternative to avoid misunderstandings in a bilingual community, a community having the phenomenon of speaking and understanding two or more languages, referring either to individuals or the entire society. This study aims to analyze the forms of code mixing using qualitative method. The data were obtained from recording of conversational discourse. The data collection strategy used the referral method, supported by basic techniques, namely tapping and advanced techniques, the skillful in-flight listening technique (SBLC). The results show that there are code mixing with the insertion of morphological elements in forms of nouns, numerals, verbs (infinitive and conjugation), adverbs (question and time), and adjectives; the insertion of phrase in terms of noun phrases (objects and numerals), verb phrases, and adverb phrases); the insertion of clause in the forms of noun clauses, numeral clauses, verb clauses, and adverb clauses; and the insertion of idiomatic forms. Code mixing of students of French language is also found in English language.
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Rescorla, Leslie, Nan Bernstein Ratner, Peter Jusczyk e Anne Marie Jusczyk. "Concurrent Validity of the Language Development Survey: Associations With the MacArthur—Bates Communicative Development Inventories". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 14, n.º 2 (maio de 2005): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2005/016).
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This study examined the concurrent validity of the Language Development Survey (LDS), a 310-word parent report screening tool for language delay in toddlers, by testing its associations with the MacArthur—Bates Communicative Development Inventories: Words and Sentences (CDI:WS), a 680-word parent report instrument. Participants were 239 toddlers 23–25 months of age. The correlation between total vocabulary score on the 2 instruments was .95, and correlations across comparable semantic categories ranged from .84 to .94. The correlation between the LDS and the CDI:WS for mean length of phrases calculated on 3 examples of the child’s longest and best phrases was .90. Both instruments demonstrated that parents reported higher vocabulary and mean phrase length scores for girls. The study indicates that information obtained from the LDS about rank ordering of toddlers in terms of their reported vocabulary and mean length of phrases is equivalent to that obtained from the longer CDI:WS.
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CHATTERJEE, NILADRI, e SUSMITA GUPTA. "Efficient Phrase Table pruning for Hindi to English machine translation through syntactic and marker-based filtering and hybrid similarity measurement". Natural Language Engineering 25, n.º 1 (9 de outubro de 2018): 171–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1351324918000360.
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AbstractFor a given training corpus of parallel sentences, the quality of the output produced by a translation system relies heavily on the underlying similarity measurement criteria. A phrase-based machine translation system derives its output through a generative process using a Phrase Table comprising source and target language phrases. As a consequence, the more effective the Phrase Table is, in terms of its size and the output that may be derived out of it, the better is the expected outcome of the underlying translation system. However, finding the most similar phrase(s) from a given training corpus that can help generate a good quality translation poses a serious challenge. In practice, often there are many parallel phrase entries in a Phrase Table that are either redundant, or do not contribute to the translation results effectively. Identifying these candidate entries and removing them from the Phrase Table will not only reduce the size of the Phrase Table, but should also help in improving the processing speed for generating the translations. The present paper develops a scheme based on syntactic structure and the marker hypothesis (Green 1979, The necessity of syntax markers: two experiments with artificial languages, Journal of Verbal Learning and Behavior) for reducing the size of a Phrase Table, without compromising much on the translation quality of the output, by retaining the non-redundant and meaningful parallel phrases only. The proposed scheme is complemented with an appropriate similarity measurement scheme to achieve maximum efficiency in terms of BLEU scores. Although designed for Hindi to English machine translation, the overall approach is quite general, and is expected to be easily adaptable for other language pairs as well.
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Klymenko, Nina. "From collocations to terms". Terminological Bulletin, n.º 4 (2017): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2017-4-3.
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Collocation as a syntactical and semantic unit, in which one of lexical components is combined with the other distinguished element with the high level of predictability, is in the focus of text researchers. They are studied using the automatic text analysis, compiling general and terminological dictionaries. A large amount of term combinations in scientific texts impels linguists to study conditions that have lead to forming such unities, and also possibilities of their summarization in one-word. The spreading of word combinations with adverbial or adjectival component has become the subject of this paper. A part of them form numerous term families of split nominations with a similar key word. In scientific text the number of terms grows and requires the attention of researchers to the structure of phrases and the possibility of converting them into a stable notion of unity and further shortening them into “words-univerbs” that become some kind of a simple affixed creation with one root: солянокислий гематин – гемін. Others turn into сomposites – consequences: blood corpuscle – білі кров’яні тільця – еритроцити – білокрівці, термофіли, теплолюбні організми, теплолюби. In systems of the automated text analysis it is important to highlight phrases-collocations (constant composition, frequent of repetition of the same meaning) claiming the role of terms. Outlining type of word-combinations according to their structure is relevant. Adjectives and nouns, nouns, nouns and verb word-combinations are best studied nowadays. Resent years three-componental adverbial-and-atributtive-and-substantive terms, that show the importance of fixing in a term some aspects of characteristics of basic component: біологічно активна речовина, морфологічно комунікативно спрямована категорія, морфологічна когнітивно орієнтована категорія, морфологічна формально спрямована категорія.
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Chen, Mei-Hua. "Computer-Assisted Synonymous Phrase Learning". International Journal of Computer-Assisted Language Learning and Teaching 9, n.º 2 (abril de 2019): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcallt.2019040101.
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It is not uncommon to see lists of semantically equivalent phrases in pedagogical materials. However, empirical investigations of the effect of synonymous phrase learning on vocabulary development are rarely attempted. The current study promotes computer-assisted synonymous phrase learning by introducing PREFER, a corpus-based paraphrasing system. The organized information including synonymous phrases, Chinese translations, usage patterns, and example sentences would help EFL learners develop vocabulary knowledge in terms of form, meaning, and use. The performances of 49 EFL first-year college students were evaluated using a 15-set multi-select test. The results showed that students consulting PREFER made greater progress than those consulting existing online tools. The improvements of the less proficient students were especially significant, which was to be expected. More importantly, the analyses of learners' errors indicated that their learning difficulties primarily resulted from the lack of attention to word form and the function words (i.e., word form and use) while learning vocabulary.
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Hasan, Abdul-Nafi' Kh. "Difficulties in Translating Culturally Bound Conversational Words and Phrases in English and Kurdish". Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 3, n.º 1 (28 de junho de 2020): 174–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.14500/kujhss.v3n1y2020.pp174-180.
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The purpose of conducting this study is to identify and handle the problems arising from translating conversational words and phrases rooted in culture from English into Kurdish and vice versa. To achieve the objectives of the current research, source language conversational texts associated with greetings, politeness terms, kinship terms, address terms and words and phrases used on different occasions are translated into their counterparts in the target language. The results obtained from the translations show that translating cultural concepts is problematic and burdensome, and the problems identified result from cultural differences between the two languages and from literal translation which often leads to unnatural and incomprehensible expressions although this technique is used to borrow a source language expression. The results also indicate that translating culturally-bound conversational words and phrases requires good knowledge and mastery of both languages and cultures and proper use of various translation techniques. This research paper is an attempt to identify the problems that arise in translating culturally-specific conversational words and phrases from English into Kurdish and vice versa. It also aims to find out effective ways of overcoming the problem through implementing appropriate techniques for translating culturally-loaded words and phrases associated with greetings, terms of address, politeness terms, family relationship, in both languages.
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Akimov, Tokhir. "HEART RELATED PHRASES IN CHINESE AND THEIR SEMANTIC MEANINGS". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF WORD ART 1, n.º 3 (30 de janeiro de 2020): 5–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2181-9297-2020-1-1.
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There public of Uzbekistan and the PRChavesocio-economic relations, and the development of relations ground up for stable.Language hasa significant role in the development of handing over the foreign language requirements come out well.Among the foreign languages,priorityis given to the development of Chinese language.Chinese is one of the oldest languages in terms of its historical origin and perfection, and differs from other languages in that it has a language construction system, pictographic writing, and has lived in a state of "development" in terms of language development
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Hlukhovtseva, Iryna. "Variant-synonymous varieties of generally used phrases in the works of M. Rudenko (lexical, morphological and phonetic)". Linguistics, n.º 1 (43) (2021): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2021-1-43-57-66.
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The article analyzes the variant-synonymous varieties of commonly used phrases used by M. Rudenko in his works, determines their functional load in the structure of the literary text. The subject of consideration are modified units that form variant or synonymous pairs with codified forms. In prose works, the author often uses variants of commonly used codified phraseological units or their synonyms. In the scientific literature, unfortunately, there are no clear criteria for distinguishing between variants and synonyms of phrases. Therefore, following V. Uzhchenko, we use the terms variant-synonymous pair (pair of phrases that are in synonymous relations or are considered as variants) or variant-synonymous type of phraseological unit (a type of commonly used expression that is its variant or synonym). The emergence of these units of the phraseological system is mainly due to the substitution of one structural component of the expression to another. Most often in a stable combination of words the verb is replaced (there are 19 such phrases), less often the noun (15 units). Adjectives or verbs, pronouns can also be replaced. Rudenko skillfully uses also known methods of creative comprehension of phraseology in the fabric of a work of art. First of all, he resorted to expanding the component composition of a stable combination of words, so that the newly introduced author’s words complicate the traditional formula of phraseology, while enhancing their expressiveness. By actualizing the statement, the author reduces the component composition of the phrase, because a short version of the phraseology involves knowledge of a more complete form and thus intrigues the reader. The general meaning of the whole image of the phrase is often conveyed by the author descriptively, which creates a new expression. Rudenko rarely introduces formal variants, but in artistic texts we find morphological and phonetic variants of commonly used phrases.
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Auliya, Nabila, Kusnul Khatimah e Sumarlam Sumarlam. "The Use of Nominal Phrases in Terminology of Covid-19 in Online Media (Syntax Study)". Jurnal Lingua Idea 11, n.º 2 (29 de dezembro de 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.20884/1.jli.2020.11.2.2630.
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This study aims to describe the use of noun phrase in from the terms of COVID-19 in CNNIndonesia.com online news. The object of this research is the nominal phrase found in the terms of COVID-19 in the CNN Indonesia.com online news . The data source of this research is 8 news articles that has been uploaded by CNNIndonesia.com online news from 26 to 27 march 2020. The method used in the provision of data is the observing method by using taking note technique. The method used in analyzing the data is the distributional method. The results of this research revealed that there were 27 nominal phrases used in 8 news articles that has been uploaded by CNNIndonesia.com online news from 26 to 27 March 2020.
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Koshkareva, N. B. "Basic Color Terms in Khanty". Critique and Semiotics 38, n.º 2 (2020): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-152-166.
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The Khanty language contains the minimum number of words ‒ color terms. For “black”, the word “pity” is used, presumably related to the single root “pătlam” “dark”, for “white” ‒ the word “nŏvi”, meaning also “light”, “moon”, for “red” ‒ the word “wŭrty” (from “wŭr” ‘blood’). One word “wŏsty” is used for the undifferentiated designation of shades of the yellow- green-blue spectrum. Currently, the differentiation of color terms is achieved by using phrases with the base word, which is a comparison standard (“blue as the sky”, “green as the grass”, etc.).
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Gotlieb, Rachael, Corinne Praska, Marissa A. Hendrickson, Jordan Marmet, Victoria Charpentier, Emily Hause, Katherine A. Allen, Scott Lunos e Michael B. Pitt. "Accuracy in Patient Understanding of Common Medical Phrases". JAMA Network Open 5, n.º 11 (30 de novembro de 2022): e2242972. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.42972.
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ImportanceDespite acknowledging that medical jargon should be avoided, health care practitioners frequently use it when communicating with patients.ObjectiveTo characterize the understanding of common medical jargon terms by surveying a cross section of the general public and studying phrases that have established meanings in regular usage but different meanings in a medical context (eg, negative and positive test results).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsIn this cross-sectional study, participants indicated their understanding of phrases that may have different meanings in medicine than in colloquial English via a mix of short answer and multiple choice questions. Several questions included paired phrases to assess for differences in understanding with or without jargon. Volunteers were recruited at the 2021 Minnesota State Fair near St Paul, Minnesota. An electronic survey was given to a volunteer sample of 215 adults (>18 years) who did not work or train to work in the medical field and spoke and read English.ExposuresCompleting a written or verbal survey.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was an accurate understanding of the medical terminology. Free-text responses were coded by 2 researchers for comprehension. Secondary outcomes looked for associations between volunteer demographics and understanding.ResultsThe 215 respondents (135 [63%] female; mean [SD] age, 42 [17] years) demonstrated a varied ability to interpret medical jargon phrases. For example, most participants (207 [96%]) knew that negative cancer screening results meant they did not have cancer, but fewer participants (143 [79%]) knew that the phrase “your tumor is progressing” was bad news, or that positive lymph nodes meant the cancer had spread (170 [67%]). While most (171 [80%]) recognized that an unremarkable chest radiography was good news, only 44 participants (21%) correctly understood that a clinician saying their radiography was impressive was generally bad news. In each of the paired phrases comparing jargon vs nonjargon approaches, the nonjargon phrase was understood significantly better (P < .001).Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings suggest that several common phrases are misunderstood when used in a medical setting, with the interpreted meaning frequently the exact opposite of what is intended.