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Mykowiecka, Agnieszka, Małgorzata Marciniak e Piotr Rychlik. "Recognition of irrelevant phrases in automatically extracted lists of domain terms". Computational terminology and filtering of terminological information 24, n.º 1 (31 de maio de 2018): 66–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.00014.myk.
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Abstract In our paper, we address the problem of recognition of irrelevant phrases in terminology lists obtained with an automatic term extraction tool. We focus on identification of multi-word phrases that are general terms or discourse expressions. We defined several methods based on comparison of domain corpora and a method based on contexts of phrases identified in a large corpus of general language. The methods were tested on Polish data. We used six domain corpora and one general corpus. Two test sets were prepared to evaluate the methods. The first one consisted of many presumably irrelevant phrases, as we selected phrases which occurred in at least three domain corpora. The second set mainly consisted of domain terms, as it was composed of the top-ranked phrases automatically extracted from the analyzed domain corpora. The results show that the task is quite hard as the inter-annotator agreement is low. Several tested methods achieved similar overall results, although the phrase ordering varied between methods. The most successful method, with a precision of about 0.75 on half of the tested list, was the context based method using a modified contextual diversity coefficient. Although the methods were tested on Polish, they seems to be language independent.
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Pavelieva, Anna, Iryna Lobko e Inna Sotnichenko. "Methods of terms-phrases translation in IT". IMAGE OF THE MODERN PEDAGOGUE 1, n.º 3 (16 de junho de 2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33272/2522-9729-2020-3(198)-58-63.
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The article is devoted to the translation of English terms-phrases into Ukrainian according to their models. It is determined that as for the structure, one-component terms prevail in IT texts, but compound terms also make up a large proportion of terminological units. Among compound terms, the most common are two-component phrases (they make up 76.46% of terms), followed by three-component phrases (19.4%), while four-, five-, and six-component terminological phrases make up a small percentage of IT phrases in this terminology (4.14%). It is stated that separate elements of terms-phrases are translated with the help of transcoding, loan translation, descriptive translation, or translation by equivalents, but compound terms can contain various units that should be translated using different methods, and therefore for the analysis of such terminological units it is necessary to first identify their structural models that will allow research on ways to translate specific elements of terminological phrases. It is proved in the article that the most common models of compound terms in IT are two-component models N1 + N2 (42% of the total number), Adj + N (20%), Part.II + N (7%), which are translated into Ukrainian using the appropriate terms-phrases or compound terms that contain the elements of the original phrase, and other types of compound terms depending on the specific model. The most common three-component models N + N + N and (Adj + N) + N are also considered in the article.
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Lee, Taehyung. "Tail-to-Tail Span". FORUM / Revue internationale d’interprétation et de traduction / International Journal of Interpretation and Translation 1, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2003): 41–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/forum.1.1.03lee.
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Le terme TTS (tail-to-tail span), proposé pour la première fois dans ce mémoire, désigne l’écart de temps entre la fin d’une phrase à traduire et la fin de cette phrase traduite lors d’une interprétation simultanée. Le choix de ce laps de temps est une décision importante de l’interprète. Dans ce mémoire, les rapports entre cet écart de temps TTS et les autres variables sont étudiés par une analyse informatique des données réelles de l’interprétation simultanée. Cette analyse montre que l’EVS (ear-voice span), écart de temps entre l’écoute et la parole des interprètes est en moyenne de 3.46 secondes tandis que le TTS est lui, en moyenne de 4.11 secondes et plus la phrase d’origine ou la phrase traduite est longue, plus le TTS se prolonge statistiquement. Cette analyse révèle également que plus l’interprète se met à parler rapidement, plus le TTS se raccourcit et plus l’EVS est long, plus le TTS se prolonge. On remarque en particulier que, l’exactitude des phrases ayant un TTS de plus de 5 secondes est inférieure à celles ayant un TTS de moins de 3 secondes. Le TTS d’une phrase influence également les phrases suivantes en prolongeant leurs TTS et EVS, et en diminuant leur exactitude. Cela pourrait s’expliquer par le fait que la capacité de traitement des données et la mémorisation des vocabulaires sont surchargées lorsque le TTS se prolonge. De ce fait, lorsqu’un interprète passe trop de temps sur une phrase, l’exactitude des autres phrases risque de diminuer. En conclusion, il est important de donner l’équilibre au traitement des données dans la formation des interprètes au lieu d’engager trop de temps et d’efforts sur une seule phrase, ceci afin d’éviter les erreurs stratégiques de la part de l’interprète.
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Marciniak, Malgorzata, e Agnieszka Mykowiecka. "Nested term recognition driven by word connection strength". Terminology 21, n.º 2 (30 de dezembro de 2015): 180–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.21.2.03mar.
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Domain corpora are often not very voluminous and even important terms can occur in them not as isolated maximal phrases but only within more complex constructions. Appropriate recognition of nested terms can thus influence the content of the extracted candidate term list and its order. We propose a new method for identifying nested terms based on a combination of two aspects: grammatical correctness and normalised pointwise mutual information (NPMI) counted for all bigrams in a given corpus. NPMI is typically used for recognition of strong word connections, but in our solution we use it to recognise the weakest points to suggest the best place for division of a phrase into two parts. By creating, at most, two nested phrases in each step, we introduce a binary term structure. We test the impact of the proposed method applied, together with the C-value ranking method, to the automatic term recognition task performed on three corpora, two in Polish and one in English.
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Kim, Soyun, Jennifer Cowley e Michael S. Wogalter. "Emphasis Terms for Warning Directives on Compliance Intent". Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 51, n.º 9 (outubro de 2007): 569–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193120705100904.
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Instructions on how to avoid hazards are an important aspect of warnings. Because message brevity is beneficial for effectiveness, the wording ought to be useful in motivating compliance. Participants ( N=132) evaluated 37 single and two-word emphasis phrases (e.g., “critical” or “absolutely crucial”) that could be added to a directive (or instructions) statement to indicate the degree of compliance necessity. Manipulated were one or two-word (phrase) emphasis terms (e.g., “critical,” “must,” and “absolutely critical”). Participants rated the compliance intent for each of these. Results showed a wide range of ratings across word/phrase conditions (from “extremely critical” and “urgent” as the highest to “optional” as the lowest). Linear (additive) and non linear effects were yielded by the pattern of means for word/phrase combinations. “Federal Law” was one of the highest rated items confirming similar previous findings. Implications are discussed including the potential for matching terms with hazard levels.
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Tiedemann, Jörg. "Can bilingual word alignment improve monolingual phrasal term extraction?" Terminology 7, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2001): 199–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.7.2.05tie.
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This paper focuses on the improvement of statistically-extracted phrase lists by applying word alignment approaches to bitext. Such phrase lists serve several tasks such as the compilation of terminology or translation databases. Our investigations are based on the assumption that word alignment favors well-formed phrase structures rather than irregular text segments. If this is the case, word alignment will filter out irregular structures from automatically generated phrase lists. As a result, an improved phrase list, in terms of precision, may be compiled. Furthermore, word alignment approaches can be used to identify additional multi-word units, e.g. multi-word cognates. Our investigations are focused on a Swedish/English text corpus that has been aligned with the Uppsala Word Aligner (UWA). Finally, we describe and apply three approaches to evaluate the automatically generated phrase lists: an evaluation by comparing results with existing reference data (prior reference), an evaluation against given syntactic patterns (prior reference patterns), and a manual evaluation of sample data (posterior reference). The evaluations of the extraction of phrasal terms in English substantiate the assumption: precision has improved significantly with little loss in recall.
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Darma Yoga Pratama, Agus. "Translation Strategy and Accuracy in Balinese Terms". Jurnal Kajian Bali (Journal of Bali Studies) 12, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2022): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/jkb.2022.v12.i01.p13.
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This research attempts to find out the strategy used by the translator in translating Balinese terms also to explain the accuracy of the translated terms. The data used in this research were in the form of phrases in the book entitled Tigang Satua Bali by Sutjaja (2007). The data collection was done through reading and note taking techniques. The data then were analyzed using theory of translation strategy and accuracy. The result showed that the strategy used within the translation of Balinese terms into target languages (Indonesian and English) are translation by paraphrase, related word, loan phrase, and cultural substitution. Then the accuracy levels of the translation strategy are in three criteria, namely correct, misguided, and unclear.
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Ishchenko, Valentyna, e Sofia Horbunova. "Specificity of economic terms in structural, semantic and translation aspects". Linguistics, n.º 1 (42) (2020): 114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.12958/2227-2631-2020-1-42-114-124.
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The features of structure, semantics and translation of polycomponent economic terms from English into Ukrainian are analyzed in the article. The study found that English polycomponent economic terms are formed by two-, three- and four-component models, characterized by different degrees of usage in language, depending on extralinguistic factors, namely the need for the specified type of terminological phrases. The most productive model of the syntactic method of term formation is „adjective + noun”, which accounts for about 57% of selected terms. The semantic links between the components of terminological phrases are different – absolutely stable or relatively stable. A relatively stable link between components means that the components retain their direct meaning in English polycomponent economic terms. The meaning of terms with absolute stability is not (or almost not) derived from the meaning of their constituents. The terminology of economics is characterized by terms with a relatively stable relationship. Their share is 68% of the sample. The complexity of translating English multicomponent economic terms into Ukrainian is that some terms are ambiguous. When translating English polycomponent economic terms into Ukrainian, methods of literal translation, permutations, descriptive translation are used. The two-component terms are translated using the following constructions: „adjective + noun”, „noun + noun in the genitive case”, as well as a phrase of two nouns with a preposition. Three-component terms can be translated by a corresponding phrase, the components of which fully or partially coincide with the original English polycomponent economic term in form and meaning. We see further research prospects in the study of the structure, semantics and features of translation of these terminological units in other contexts.
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Tarigan, Fatin Nadifa. "Domestication and Foreignization of Cultural Terms in Economics Textbook". SALTeL Journal (Southeast Asia Language Teaching and Learning) 1, n.º 1 (25 de janeiro de 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.35307/saltel.v1i1.2.
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The research deals with domestication and foreignization strategies in translating culture specific items in economics bilingual textbook for junior high school students. The objectives of this study was to investigate the most frequent strategies used in translating culture specific items in economics bilingual textbook for junior high school. The research was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The data of this study were words, phrases, and clauses containing culture specific items. The data were collected through documentary technique. The technique of data analysis was interactive model. The finding of this study revealed that for domestication there were 25% cultural terms in the form of word and 46,4% in the form of phrase. While for foreignization, it was found only 21,5% in the form of word, and 7,1% in the form of phrase. It was not found the culture specific items in the form of clause both in domestication strategy and in foreignization strategy. The domestication was the dominant strategy used in translating cultural items in economics bilingual textbook. It indicates the translators tend to introduce Indonesian culture specific items into TL cultureKeywords: Domestication, foreignization, cultural terms, economics textbook
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Raby, Valérie. "Proposition et modalités énonciatives : aménagements descriptifs et terminologiques dans la grammaire française des 17e et 18e s." Cahiers du Centre de Linguistique et des Sciences du Langage, n.º 25 (9 de abril de 2022): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/la.cdclsl.2008.1390.
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La question du traitement des modalités énonciatives constitue un des biais par lesquels interroger la relation entre logique et grammaire, telle que l’établit la grammaire générale française des 17e et 18e siècles. L’examen des principales configurations terminologiques utilisées pour décrire les espèces de l’énoncé, avant et après l’introduction dans la grammaire du terme proposition, permet de préciser quelques-uns des enjeux liés à la progressive réduction des noms de l’énoncé au seul couple phrase / proposition, ces termes pouvant être employés de façon contrastive, exclusive ou quasi-synonymique. On se propose ainsi d’éclairer une situation apparemment paradoxale : dans la grammaire française du début du 19e siècle, le métalangage des «types de phrases» présente un état relativement stable alors même que la théorie du langage dominante ne permet pas de concevoir une théorie des actes de langage.
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Chapman, Cynthia B. "Ecoepidemiology". Terminology 2, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 1995): 273–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.2.2.06cha.
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The origins, definitions, and usage of the term "ecoepidemiology" wind their way through the scientific literature of ecology and medicine. This study sought to determine if "ecoepidemiology" has been granted a common meaning in these disciplines or if the meanings have diverged or if new phrases have been proposed. "Ecoepidemiology" appears in the French literature of medicine — as the name for the geographic variable in epidemiologic studies — about ten years before it appears in English-language articles on ecology. In the English literature, a few scientists writing about ecological monitoring and assessment adopted the term because they needed a word or phrase to emphasize research methods common both to ecology and to epidemiology in human medicine. After the term "clinical ecology" was rejected in the medical literature, it was offered as an alternative to "ecoepidemiology". "Clinical ecology" can be defined as "the branch of ecology that studies the condition of ecosystems to document change in status and trends". A more logical term than "ecoepidemiology", "clinical ecology" keeps the literature about ecosystem health grouped by subject in libraries and bibliographic databases with ecology instead of improperly assigned to collections of information on human health and medicine. "Ecoepidemiology", however, seems to be more prevalent in the literature of the environmental and ecological sciences.
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Gates, Jesse P. "Kinship terms in Stau". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 46, n.º 2 (9 de novembro de 2023): 265–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ltba.23006.gat.
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Abstract This paper presents a comprehensive synchronic study of Stau kinship terms, offering a detailed analysis of their classifications and characteristics. Stau kinship terms are categorized into vocative and referential/possessive forms. Vocative kinship terms follow the intonation pattern of other vocative phrases, particularly barytonesis, which involves stress and intonation shifting from the second syllable to the first. The paper explores the distinctions within younger sibling relationships, dividing kinship terms into male Ego and female Ego categories based on the sex of the connecting relative. The kinship prefix æ-, commonly found in Qiangic languages, is exclusively used in vocative and referential/possessive kinship terms referring to older kin (both male and female). The study also identifies specific vocative and referential kinship terms that describe dyads of kinship relationships, similar to Tibetic languages like the Amdo dialects spoken in Stau-speaking areas. Stau maintains a sex-based distinction for kinship terms across all generations. Referential/possessive kinship terms in Gen−1 and Gen−2 differentiate between lineal and collateral relationships, while in vocative terms, only Gen−1 distinguishes between lineal and collateral relatives. Gen+1 consanguineal vocative kinship terms exhibit distinctions for lineal/collateral and matrilateral/patrilateral relationships. However, the matrilateral/patrilateral distinction is neutralized in Gen+1 affinal vocative kinship terms. Gen+1 affinal referential/possessive kinship terms differentiate matrilateral and patrilateral relationships when using a possessive phrase, but not when using the simple base term. Age relative to Ego plays a distinct role in Gen0 kinship terms, both vocative and referential/possessive. Sibling terms are differentiated from cousin terms in Gen0 referential/possessive terms using the tʰɛv(=ɡə ŋə-rə) ‘is a relative’ copula phrase. Regarding cousin kinship typology, Stau aligns with the Hawaiian type in the vocative and the Eskimo type in the referential. The Hawaiian type serves as the foundational basis due to shared roots in both vocative and referential contexts. For Gen+1 terms, Stau follows the Sudanese system, each consanguineal kin with their own term. Gen−1 terms follow the Eskimo system.
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Pavelieva, Anna, Iryna Lobko e Inna Sotnichenko. "Methods of terms-phrases translation in IT". IMAGE OF THE MODERN PEDAGOGUE 1, n.º 3 (16 de junho de 2021): 58–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.33272/2522-9729-2021-3(198)-58-63.
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Montero Martínez, Silvia, Mercedes Garcia de Quesada e Pedro A. Fuertes Olivera. "Terminological phrasemes in OntoTerm®". Terminology 8, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2002): 177–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.8.2.02mon.
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In this article we describe a theoretical and practical approach to the analysis of phraseological units, specifically terminological phrasemes (Meyer and Mackintosh 1994, 1996), as entities determined by predicate relations, leaving aside, therefore, the traditional view of collocations and compounds as static structures following specific syntactic patterns. Instead, we claim that these units can be considered as terminographic formalizations of a conceptual structure, a phraseme template, established according to certain ontological patterns. This phraseological analysis accounts for phenomena such as multidimensionality, recursiveness and inheritance, which pose a problem in the management of multiword units. We are currently implementing this methodology in OntoTerm®, a concept-oriented tool for terminology management used in a research project called OncoTerm, whose scope of study has been, so far, the subdomain of oncology.
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ARIPZHAN, G. ZH, e A. N. MAKHAL. "ESSENTIAL TRAVEL TERMS AND PHRASES AND THEIR TRANSLATIONS". Bulletin of the International University of Tourism and Hospitality 2, n.º 2 (29 de dezembro de 2023): 71–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.62867/3007-0848.2023-2.06.
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In general, learning English is essential today. This language is very in demand for the best jobs, and is even a requirement to study at some universities. However, it is also key to learn it to be able to communicate with different people from all over the world. Thus, the English for tourism is essential. First of all, for a matter of communication. The possibility of assisting travelers, if you are a professional, is a necessity that will be demanded of you at work. And since English is a Universal language, spoken by millions of people, will be very helpful in different contexts. English phrases for travel are useful to communicate in a shop or hotel, ask for directions, learn something about local attractions and monuments, or simply not to get lost at the airport in the maze of English-language information. Knowledge of the English language in today’s world is really a necessity.
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Herzlinger, Andrei. "Hebrew Language Expressions, Phrases, and Terms in Ulysses". James Joyce Quarterly 60, n.º 4 (junho de 2023): 585–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jjq.2023.a914623.
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Fellay, Apolline, Sandra Schwab e Sandrine Zufferey. "« Au home, ils tricotent souvent des écharpes ». Impact de la forme masculine « ils » à valeur indéterminée sur la représentation mentale du genre". SHS Web of Conferences 191 (2024): 10001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202419110001.
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Nous avons étudié l’impact, en français, de l’information de genre véhiculée par la forme grammaticale masculine du pronom « ils » à valeur indéterminée sur les représentations mentales du genre durant la lecture, en le comparant au pronom « on » non marqué en genre. Cet usage revêt un intérêt particulier car seule l’interprétation générique est possible et l’agent, à inférer du contexte ou postiche, est sous-spécifié. Nous avons ainsi mesuré si un effet « mismatch » (i.e. temps de réponse ralenti et taux de réponses correctes moins élevé) pouvait être remarqué lorsqu’une information de genre contredisait l’information de genre véhiculée par le pronom « ils ». Nous avons utilisé deux tâches de jugement. Dans la première tâche, les participant·es devaient évaluer le plus rapidement possible si la phrase qui leur était présentée était correcte ou non : la phrase en question présentait soit le pronom marqué en genre « ils » à valeur indéterminée, soit le pronom indéfini « on » non marqué en genre dans un contexte stéréotypé féminin ou masculin (p. ex. tricoter dans un home, jouer du football en Argentine). Dans la deuxième tâche, nous avons utilisé un paradigme d’évaluation de phrases dans lequel les participant·es devaient évaluer le plus rapidement possible si la seconde phrase était une continuation possible de la première : la première phrase présentait soit le pronom « ils » ou le pronom « on » dans un contexte neutre, tandis que la deuxième phrase introduisait une information de genre explicite au moyen d’un prénom genré ou d’un terme de parenté marqué en genre (p. ex. Sarah / oncle) à propos d’un·e membre de l’ensemble évoqué par les pronoms « ils » ou « on ». Dans nos deux tâches, les données concernant le taux de réponses correctes ont révélé que le pronom « ils » à valeur indéterminée a généré un biais masculin lié à sa morphologie dans les représentations mentales (i.e. taux de réponses correctes moins élevé lorsque le pronom « ils » était inséré dans un contexte véhiculant une information de genre stéréotypée « féminin »). Aucun effet n’a toutefois pu être repéré au niveau du temps de réponse.
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Шевченко e Svetlana Shevchenko. "Cultural adaptation of international phrasemes containing natural resources terms in the Russian and English languages." Modern Communication Studies 6, n.º 3 (15 de maio de 2017): 36–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21402.
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The article tries to reveal the national particularity of usage of borrowed phrasemes, to show that despite their international character they function differently in different target languages adapting to culture, traditions, reflecting national psychology. The semantics of the same phraseological calque varies to some extent in various languages. The context of usage, frequency and relevance to the culture may vary significantly. The article describes some phrasemes with supplemental words, semantic extension, cases when collocations undergo further mataphorisation. Among the international phrasemes to be compared are some borrowings from the Bible, classic phrasemes of antique origin, mythologems. The diachronic processes leading to alteration of frequency, coining or losing of some connotations are also studied. The phraseme is considered to be like a living thing which adapts to a cultural environment and reacts to the changes occurring in it. The article contributes to cultural linguistics, helps to find the ways of fruitful intercultural communication.
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Susilawati, Neni, Gunadi e Ning Rahayu. "A Systematic Literature Review for Distinguishing Tax Terms: Equality, Equity, Justice, and Fairness". Journal of Economics and Behavioral Studies 13, n.º 6(J) (11 de março de 2022): 19–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22610/jebs.v13i6(j).3254.
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The organizational fairness literature is frequently used by fairness scholars to evaluate tax fairness models, conceptions, and measurements, even though tax fairness and tax justice are context-dependent and require further formulation. However, the generalizability of organizational justice studies to other domains and the extent to which context affects justice perceptions remain unknown. There is a dearth of literature that defines the terms tax fairness, tax equity, tax equality, and tax justice accurately. The purpose of this research is to distinguish between the tax phrases "fairness," "equity," "equality," and "justice." Additionally, the author refined the tax words inside the operationalized idea to produce more precise measures for future research. A systematic literature review was conducted as the research method, utilizing the PRISMA research approach and NVivo for qualitative data processing. As a result of the research findings, the phrase "tax fairness," which was previously believed to refer to a lesser degree of tax justice than "tax equity," is now used to refer to tax justice in a broader sense. Tax equity has the most extensive set of characteristics and indicators. Meanwhile, the word "tax justice" refers to a more specialized area of law and procedure, namely tax law. The phrase "tax equity" is included in the indicator "tax fairness," although the term "tax equality" is rarely used in the worldwide tax literature. The more distinct the tax terms, the easier it will be for the tax researcher to use terms like tax fairness, tax justice, tax equity, and tax equality correctly.
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Fitzgerald, Laurie A., e Frans M. van Eijnatten. "Chaos speak: a glossary of chaordic terms and phrases". Journal of Organizational Change Management 15, n.º 4 (agosto de 2002): 412–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09534810210433719.
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Beken Ahmetollauly, Sholan. "SOME QUESTIONS ABOUT THE USE OF TERMS AND PHRASES". Bulletin of the Institute of Legislation and Legal Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3, n.º 74 (27 de setembro de 2023): 207–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.52026/2788-5291_2023_74_3_207.
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Since our country entered the twenty-first century, new words related to the accelerated development of the economy, politics, finance, science, technology and other industries have entered and become widely used in our daily life. In addition, thanks to independence, the Republic of Kazakhstan has established close ties with advanced states through the conclusion of contracts, agreements, contracts, and the progressive step towards a market economy has introduced many innovations. Thanks to this, hundreds of terms and phrases have also undergone significant changes. World civilization and scientific progress are developing very rapidly and have a significant impact on language and culture, art and literature, and other spheres of the state. In this regard, the article focuses on some topical issues, mainly related to the language, especially the quality of the translation language. Many legislative acts state that obsolete words and phrases are used along with new ones, although terms that have been used in different ways, or, depending on the passage of time, fall out of everyday use. The point is that the relevant state bodies face urgent and large-scale tasks, in particular, it is necessary to take a bold step towards the development and discussion of draft legislative acts in the state language, as well as to improve the quality of translation of legal texts. The most effective ways to achieve this are suggested. The article notes that when amendments and additions are made to legislative acts, the translation of new versions of terms and words has become differentiated and gradually adjusted, and this trend will continue. The author lists them, noting that there are all prerequisites for this, which should be paid close attention to by the relevant authorities and responsible persons and get down to business.
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Abdulla, Ra-id. "Terms and Phrases of Cardiac Morphology: A Call for Anarchy!" Pediatric Cardiology 21, n.º 2 (março de 2000): 103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002469910013.
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Abdullabekova, Umsalimat Bagautdinovna. "Structural-typological description of beekeeping terms in the Kumyk, Russian and English languages". Филология: научные исследования, n.º 5 (maio de 2021): 81–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2021.5.35345.
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The subject of this research is the word-forming structure of beekeeping terms in the Kumyk, Russian and English languages. The article describes the distinctive features of terminological word formation in the area of “beekeeping” in the aforementioned languages. For determining the type of word formation, the author uses the number and composition of the components. The similarities in common literary and terminological word formation are identified. It is demonstrated that in the corresponding terminology of the Kumyk language prevail the terminological phrases. The prevalence of phrases in the languages under reviews is explained by the fact that the term not only denotes the concept, but to a certain extent reflects to its content. This requires the creation of mainly terms-phrases that can reflect the characteristics of the concept to the fullest. On the other hand, the growing number of terminological phrases in the Kumyk language indicates that beekeeping terms in the Kumyk language are translated from the Russian language, therefore part of the terms first appear as a result of clarification of their meaning. Whole terms comprise approximately 30% of all terms of the corpus. These terms are naturally included in the terminological phrases as the nuclear words and defining in the terminological phrases. In beekeeping terminology of tge Kumyk and English languages, prevail N/R + N/R models, which the authors believe is a reflection of common literary word formation.
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M, Muralidharan, e Jeyachidra J. "A Competent Information Retrieval in Medical Subject Heading Using Phrases Term Weightage based Ranking Algorithm". Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, n.º 0009-SPECIAL ISSUE (25 de setembro de 2019): 1016–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11/20192666.
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Abdikarim, N., O. Mahsut e B. Isak. "KAZAKH TERM PHRASES DERIVED VIA THE SYNTACTIC APPROACH (BASED ON ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TERMS)". Tiltanym, n.º 2 (20 de julho de 2023): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.55491/2411-6076-2023-2-3-13.
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The research paper discusses the features, structure, and linguistic nature of the syntactically created Kazakh terms on artificial intelligence approved by the State Commission on Terminology. An overview of the opinions provided by scholars and research papers on terminological phrases is given in the paper. Taking into account the criteria underlying the grouping of syntactic phrases and terminological expressions, their similarity and differences are indicated. The correlation of terminological expressions with the syntax of phrases, the definiteness, and preservation of meaning in the process of lexicalization, and the ways of isolation from free and other stable expressions are studied.A statistical analysis of the content of artificial intelligence terms adopted in Kazakh is carried out. It is determined that the number of binary term combinations is greater than that of multicomponent ones, and the number of term combinations is greater than that of single terms. The importance of considering term phrases not only from the lexical-syntactic point of view but also from the morphosyntactic point of view is mentioned and its need for modern linguistic research is mentioned. A number of features that reveal the definition and nature of term phrases are shown, and term names and definitions are offered.
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Faber, Pamela, e Melania Cabezas-García. "Specialized Knowledge Representation: from Terms to Frames". Research in Language 17, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2019): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.18778/1731-7533.17.2.06.
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Understanding specialized discourse requires the identification and activation of knowledge structures underlying the text. The expansion and enhancement of knowledge is thus an important part of the specialized translation process (Faber 2015). This paper explores how the analysis of terminological meaning can be addressed from the perspective of Frame-Based Terminology (FBT) (Faber 2012, 2015), a cognitive approach to domain-specific language, which directly links specialized knowledge representation to cognitive linguistics and cognitive semantics. In this study, context expansion was explored in a three-stage procedure: from single terms to multi-word terms, from multi-word terms to phrases, and from phrases to frames. Our results showed that this approach provides valuable insights into the identification of the knowledge structures underlying specialized texts.
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Faber, Pamela, e Melania Cabezas-García. "Specialized Knowledge Representation: From Terms to Frames". Research in Language 17, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2019): 197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rela-2019-0012.
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Abstract Understanding specialized discourse requires the identification and activation of knowledge structures underlying the text. The expansion and enhancement of knowledge is thus an important part of the specialized translation process (Faber 2015). This paper explores how the analysis of terminological meaning can be addressed from the perspective of Frame-Based Terminology (FBT) (Faber 2012, 2015), a cognitive approach to domain-specific language, which directly links specialized knowledge representation to cognitive linguistics and cognitive semantics. In this study, context expansion was explored in a three-stage procedure: from single terms to multi-word terms, from multi-word terms to phrases, and from phrases to frames. Our results showed that this approach provides valuable insights into the identification of the knowledge structures underlying specialized texts.
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Hasan, Solaf, e Faris Sami Yousif. "EFFICIENCY LEVEL OF ADMINISTRATIVE PERFORMANCE OF MANAGERS OF ATHLETIC TALENT IN TERMS OF WORKING EMPLOYEES". Journal of Physical Education 35, n.º 4 (28 de dezembro de 2023): 925–05. http://dx.doi.org/10.37359/jope.v35(4)2023.1937.
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The aim of the research is to build a measure of the efficiency of the level of administrative performance of the managers of sports talent in terms of the working employees, and to identify the level of their efficiency from the point of view of the employees working in these centers. It is the extent of the efficiency of the level of administrative performance of the managers of athletic talent in succeeding in their management of the centers for the care of sports talent, and the research community was identified from the employees working in the centers for the care of sports talent, which numbered (329) employees, and the research sample was chosen from the research community itself, and the researchers conducted the process of statistical analysis of phrases The scale to ensure the availability of the scientific conditions for the scale represented by honesty and reliability, and the scale consists of ( 33) phrase, applied to the research sample, and the two researchers concluded that the directors of talent nurturing centers enjoy a level of performance is below average, and it needs development programs that contribute to evaluating the work of managers, and that the strategic plans developed by the Ministry for these centers must take into account the development programs for managers and employees
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Mezhzherina, Hanna. "Structural types of English aviation abbreviations terms in the translation aspect". Terminological Bulletin, n.º 5 (2019): 374–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-51.
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The article deals with the translation of aviation terms-abbreviations ((LORAN, tkof, Ttail, etc.) from English into Ukrainian. The regularities of structural integration of components in English and Ukrainian aviation terms were found. The types of structural and semantic transformations in translation were analyzed. The structure and features of the translation of letter abbreviations (UHF, HIPAR, etc.) are described. It was found that three–component word-combinations (ACC – area control center) often serve as the basis for design of letter aviation abbreviations; two-component, four-component, and five-component phrases are used occasionally. In the English aviation terminological system unlike the Ukrainian one the material for the formation of letter abbreviations may be composite as well as phrases, one of the components of which is expressed by a complex word. For the translation of the created in this way terms we can restore the original word-combination and use calquing. It should be borne in mind that one of the letters in its composition may be a reduction of conjunctions or prepositions (SARC – search and rescue center). The reduction to three or four letters of one of the components of the terminology word-combinations is a typical way of formation English aviation abbreviations. When determining the original form of the English term, a translator should take into account that not only the first, but also the last component of the phrase can be subject to reduction. The translation specificity of homoacronyms that based on word-combinations in which one of the components is a concatenation-type composite is shown. Attention is paid to the availability of borrowings in English and Ukrainian aviation terminological systems. Identification of abbreviations-borrowings requires the use of French, German and other terminology dictionaries. It is important to distinguish elliptical abbreviations not only from the initial ones, but also from the reductions of the composites to the first letters of their components, to achieve an adequate translation. The terms-abbreviations that are formed by the reduction of current words were found. The choice of methods, types, ways to translate English aviation abbreviations (calquing of the original form, calquing with the following abbreviation, descriptive translation, etc.) depends on the structural type of the term. The required condition for an adequate translation of abbreviations is to take into account the broad context. The material was taken from dictionaries of aviation terms and original scientific texts.
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Tran, Tuan Duc. "Typologie des constructions syntagmatiques des termes médicaux vietnamiens". Terminology 8, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2002): 207–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.8.2.03tra.
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Today, Vietnamese physicians are directing their attention towards works on semantic relations in medical writing in Vietnamese by trying to build terminological databases using phrasal terms. Phrasal term patterns from the common language are examples of motivated form term formation and comply with terminology policy guidelines in Vietnam. The object of this paper is to examine the typology of various constructions of phrasal terms in recent Vietnamese medical terminology, to describe how medical phrasal terms can be produced by their users in Vietnamese medical literature and to show the role of phrasal term patterns in the democratisation of knowledge.
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Tsarova, Iryna. "Peculiar Features of Terms Word Combinations in the Criminal Code of Ukrainian Language". Terminological Bulletin, n.º 5 (2019): 206–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2019-5-28.
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The article analyzes the structural models of terminological phrases of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The essence of the phenomenon of the term “terminological phrases” is determined; attention is paid to the fact that terminological phrases are noted by the constant character of the structure. The paper describes the features of legal language as a specialized system of legal concepts, which provides communication needs in the field of legal science and practice. Attention is focused on the study of the semantic structure of the Ukrainian legal terms. From this perspective it is important to make complex typological analysis of the term system of the Ukrainian language legal on the basis of termmaking processes of the modern world. The researches of the Ukrainian legal borrowings of terminological legal system of term elements of other languages due to different historical conditions and traditions are connected with mentioned above is the result of from above research. Term-words by lexical and grammatical affiliation are divided into nouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs. Terminological phrases can be two-, three-, four- and multi-component “criminal prosecution”.
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Jenks, Susanne. "Christopher Corèdon/Ann Williams, A Dictionary of Medieval Terms and Phrases." Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung 123, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2006): 478–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.7767/zrgga.2006.123.1.478.
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Suryadi, Suryadi, e Triwati Rahayu. "Legal Interpretation of Terms, Phrases, and Clauses in the Notarial Deeds". Jurnal Hukum Novelty 14, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2023): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/novelty.v14i2.a25751.
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Zadoiana, Larysa. "TWO-COMPONENT TERMS-PHRASES IN THE UKRAINIAN TERMINOLOGY OF SUGAR PRODUCTION". PEDAGOGY AND EDUCATION MANAGEMENT REVIEW, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2023): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/2733-2039-2023-3-77-81.
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The article is devoted to the linguistic description of the modern Ukrainian terminology of sugar production in the aspect of term formation. Terms and phrases of sugar production are analyzed according to such a criterion as the number of components. Models of two-component terms-phrases are considered. Based on the results of a sample of two-component terms-phrases, it was found that in the texts on sugar production, these terms constitute the most numerous group and are the most productive. This structural type is represented by the following models: "adjective + noun in the nominative case" (Adj + N n. c.); " participle + noun in the nominative case" (Part + N n. c.); "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + N g. c.); "numeral + noun in the nominative case" (Num + N n. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition in + noun in the local case" (N n. c. + in + N l.c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition with + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + with + N g. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition with + noun in the instrumental case" (N n. c. + with + N i. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition from + noun in the genitive case" (N n. c. + from + N g. c.); "noun in the nominative case + preposition in + noun in the accusative case" (N n. c. + in + N a.c.); "noun in the nominative case + adjective" (N n. c. + Adj); "noun in the nominative case + numeral" (N n. c. + Num); "noun in the nominative case + preposition on + noun in the local case" (N n. c. + on + N l. c.); "noun in the nominative case + noun in the dative case" (N n. c. + N d. c.); "a noun in the nominative case + a noun in the instrumental case" (N n. c. + N i. c.). The most productively used is attributive model «adjective + noun in the nominative case" (Adj + N n. c.), which is formed on the basis of the genus-species relationship, i.e., a definition is added to the term, which is a generic concept, representing types of the concept and specifies the generic. The terms of this model serve as expressions of lexical paradigmatic relations in the term system, in particular antonyms. Substantive two-component models "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" (N + N g. c.), "participle + noun in the nominative case" are also productive. A small number of terms are presented by models of prepositional and prepositional structures. Two-component syntactic constructions can be replaced by single words, most often composites, as a result of linguistic economy. So, among the analyzed two-component structural models, the models "adjective + noun in the nominative case" and "noun in the nominative case + noun in the genitive case" and "participle + noun in the nominative case" dominate. Other structural models are less productive.
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Mougios, Vassilis. "Comments on “Scientific writing in physiology: confused/misused terms and phrases”". Journal of Applied Physiology 136, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2024): 994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00139.2024.
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Barrière, Caroline. "Investigating the causal relation in informative texts". Terminology 7, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2001): 135–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.7.2.02bar.
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Our work investigates the causal relation as it is expressed in informative texts. We view causal relations as important because of the dynamic dimension they bring to a domain model. Thorough study of a corpus leads us to distinguish two prominent classes of indicators of the causal relation: conjunctional phrases, and verbs. This paper identifies multiple knowledge-rich patterns within each class and studies their usage, frequency and noise. Results from this manual investigation informs a discussion on the feasibility of automatic extraction of the different forms of expression of the causal relation.
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Meyer, Ingrid, e Kristen Mackintosh. "Refining the terminographer's concept-analysis methods". Terminology 3, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1996): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.3.1.02mey.
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Concept analysis is both the cornerstone and Achilles ' heel of terminography. This paper describes a linguistically oriented approach to concept analysis, in which terminological phrasemes are seen as potential indicators of conceptual meaning. We propose that phrasemes can assist the terminographer in acquiring conceptual information related to: (1) external influences on the domain, (2) concept identification, (3) concept systems, and (4) particular meaning problems. We conclude that phrasemes provide important conceptual "footholds " for terminologists working in phraseologically rich domains and ideally with machine-readable texts.
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Klymenko, Nina. "From collocations to terms". Terminological Bulletin, n.º 4 (2017): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.37919/2221-8807-2017-4-3.
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Collocation as a syntactical and semantic unit, in which one of lexical components is combined with the other distinguished element with the high level of predictability, is in the focus of text researchers. They are studied using the automatic text analysis, compiling general and terminological dictionaries. A large amount of term combinations in scientific texts impels linguists to study conditions that have lead to forming such unities, and also possibilities of their summarization in one-word. The spreading of word combinations with adverbial or adjectival component has become the subject of this paper. A part of them form numerous term families of split nominations with a similar key word. In scientific text the number of terms grows and requires the attention of researchers to the structure of phrases and the possibility of converting them into a stable notion of unity and further shortening them into “words-univerbs” that become some kind of a simple affixed creation with one root: солянокислий гематин – гемін. Others turn into сomposites – consequences: blood corpuscle – білі кров’яні тільця – еритроцити – білокрівці, термофіли, теплолюбні організми, теплолюби. In systems of the automated text analysis it is important to highlight phrases-collocations (constant composition, frequent of repetition of the same meaning) claiming the role of terms. Outlining type of word-combinations according to their structure is relevant. Adjectives and nouns, nouns, nouns and verb word-combinations are best studied nowadays. Resent years three-componental adverbial-and-atributtive-and-substantive terms, that show the importance of fixing in a term some aspects of characteristics of basic component: біологічно активна речовина, морфологічно комунікативно спрямована категорія, морфологічна когнітивно орієнтована категорія, морфологічна формально спрямована категорія.
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Bentounsi, Imene, e Zizette Boufaïda. "Disambiguation of semantic types in complex noun phrases for extracting candidate terms". International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies 10, n.º 2 (2015): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijmso.2015.070830.
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Koshkareva, N. B. "Basic Color Terms in Khanty". Critique and Semiotics 38, n.º 2 (2020): 152–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.25205/2307-1737-2020-2-152-166.
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The Khanty language contains the minimum number of words ‒ color terms. For “black”, the word “pity” is used, presumably related to the single root “pătlam” “dark”, for “white” ‒ the word “nŏvi”, meaning also “light”, “moon”, for “red” ‒ the word “wŭrty” (from “wŭr” ‘blood’). One word “wŏsty” is used for the undifferentiated designation of shades of the yellow- green-blue spectrum. Currently, the differentiation of color terms is achieved by using phrases with the base word, which is a comparison standard (“blue as the sky”, “green as the grass”, etc.).
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Aldash, А. "SPELLING TERMS CONDITIONS CREATED BY CALKING". BULLETIN Series of Philological Sciences 75, n.º 1 (29 de março de 2021): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2021-1.1728-7804.01.
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One of the important problems put forward by the language policy and language strategy in the Republic of Kazakhstan is the modernization of the spelling rules of the Kazakh language based on the new romanized alphabet. In this regard, taking into account the internal specifics of the language, active work is being carried out to update the spelling of the native Kazakh and borrowed words. Of particular relevance is borrowing, incl. phrases formed by tracing. The need to study this layer of borrowings also lies in the fact that traced word combinations are characterized by close relationships between word formation and the syntactic structure of the Kazakh language. As a result of such relations, composite nominative units are created that are semantically integral, stylistically neutral and functionally equal to a single word. When creating such phrases, productive word-forming formants (-лық / -лік and -лы / -лі) are involved, which have common functional meanings. In connection with the synonymy of the meanings of the formants in written communication, spelling variants of compound names appear. Spelling discrepancy is also observed in the terminological corpus of the Kazakh language. This article is devoted to the study of ways and methods of unification, codification of semantically integral compound names created by tracing and adding synonymous word-formation formants to the motivating component.
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SYNKO, ANNA, e PAVLO ZHEZHNYCH. "METHOD OF AUTOMATED DETECTION OF ARTICLE TERMS USING A DECISION TREE". Herald of Khmelnytskyi National University. Technical sciences 319, n.º 2 (27 de abril de 2023): 338–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31891/2307-5732-2023-319-1-338-343.
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Every day, the number of users of virtual communities is increasing, and therefore the data that occurs during communication between them. The posted data can contain valuable information because they contain not only the manufacturer’s opinion, but also consumer experience about a certain product. But, due to the fact that virtual communities have a weak structure in terms of providing information, they are more focused on entertaining content – they may contain data that do not carry a meaningful load, and also, when placing data, not all users foresee techniques that will help increase the relevance of the search for this data. Therefore, the search for target data requires significant time costs. To improve the search for data in the article, a method is proposed that allows you to analyze the content of posted posts and identify keywords from a certain subject area. This method is automated and works on the basis of a previously developed dictionary of key phrases or regular expressions with weighting coefficients of belonging to one or another term. As a result, a decision-making tree is built for each term, which determines the weight of the term to the content of the post, article. At the same time, the level of location of the post in the discussion is taken into account, because the discussion contains a set of chronologically ordered posts. Posts placed at higher levels have a higher coefficient in the calculation. While posts are placed at lower levels – lower weighting factors. Identified key phrases before the specified term are ordered in descending order of weight. At each level of the tree, the total weight of key phrases must be equal to one. To process the data from the virtual communities, they were downloaded using the data consolidation technique. As a result, the concept of consolidated data storage was introduced, which allows collecting data from disparate sources. The paper presents the weight calculation for one term from part of the CodeProject community post.
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Wei, Yang. "Research on the Changing Trend of Employment-Relevant Terms Based on Internet Big Data Analysis". E3S Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 01050. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125101050.
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With publicly-available data collected from mainstream information platforms, this study used the term frequency inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) algorithm to detect 74 popular terms and phrases about employment, analyzed the changes in the ranking of these terms and phrases, and visualized the changing trend in the attention to employment skills from 2017 to 2019. The research result will facilitate application of big data technology to teaching administration in colleges, and provide a guide for college students to plan their study of vocational skills.
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Bochnakowa, Anna. "Przenośne znaczenia terminów kulinarnych w języku polskim i francuskim". Poradnik Językowy, n.º 10/2023(809) (15 de janeiro de 2024): 84–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.33896/porj.2023.10.6.
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This article provides an overview of some examples of the figurative use of culinary terms in contemporary Polish and French. Words, phrases, and expressions in both languages contain commonly known culinary terms (e.g. Polish: kapuśniaczek, odgrzewane kotlety, wiedzieć, gdzie leżą konfitury, French: nouille, patate chaude, mettre du beurre dans les épinards) and are mostly used in colloquial language. A comparison of selected examples in both languages in terms of structure and meaning is presented. For some, it has been possible to explain the basis of the metaphor’s origin.
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Hunston, Susan. "Coming to terms with success". Journal of Corpora and Discourse Studies 7 (27 de maio de 2024): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18573/jcads.114.
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Corpus studies have taught us that many lexical items regularly co-occur with specific evaluative meanings, to the extent that those items themselves can imply attitude. Examples can be obvious, such as ‘recover from + something bad’, or less obvious, such as ‘cause + something bad’. When such an item co-occurs with an opposite meaning, it has been argued that the reader may draw the conclusion that the speaker is being insincere or ironic. Phrases such as ‘come to terms with’ are interesting in this regard. The Cobuild dictionary asserts that ‘come to terms with’ co-occurs with negative meaning (as in ‘come to terms with failure’). In at least half the cases found, however, and even in the example quoted in that dictionary, ‘come to terms with’ is used with an item that appears to be positive, such as ‘success’. In this paper it is argued that this cannot be interpreted as insincerity or irony, but that it forces a reinterpretation of the positive term, along the lines of ‘success may seem to be a good thing but it necessitates considerable life adjustment’. In more interesting cases, the item following ‘come to terms with’ relates to another individual and thus an interpretation of conflicting points of view is required. An invented example would be ‘Joe has to come to terms with Mary’s success’, where ‘success’ may be positive for Mary but negative for Joe. A genuine example, from a White House press conference, is ‘The US must come to terms with China’s industrial development’, where a divergence in viewpoint is imposed on the US and China. This paper develops this argument, discusses how similar phrases might be found, and illustrates how the imposition of conflicting points of view is used in discourse.
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Fields, Keota. "Berkeley on the Meaning of General Terms". Berkeley Studies 29 (2021): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/berkeleystudies2021291.
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I argue that for Berkeley the meaning of a general term is constituted by the multiple particular ideas indifferently signified by that term. This reading faces two challenges. First, Berkeley argues that the meaning of sentences containing general terms is constituted by the one idea signified by the name in that sentence rather than by multiple ideas, implying that general terms are meaningful although they do not signify multiple ideas. Second, Berkeley writes that finite minds know the meaning of the biblical phrase ‘good thing’ even though that phrase fails to signify any ideas at all. Both challenges are met by deploying Berkeley’s account of mediate perception.
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Pitkänen-Heikkilä, Kaarina. "Adjectives as terms". Terminology 21, n.º 1 (8 de junho de 2015): 76–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/term.21.1.04pit.
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This paper discusses terminology in the field of plant morphology, where nearly half of the terms are adjectives. What are adjectives as terms like? How are they differentiated from adjectives in the general language? How should adjectives be treated in terminological description and terminography? For example, the relationship between an adjective and the object it characterizes differs from the relationship between a noun and the object to which it refers. For a systematic definition, adjectives have often been changed to nouns in terminological dictionaries: property names derived from adjectives or modifiers of noun phrases. This article argues that such a method is not applicable in plant morphology because, on the one hand, that kind of nouns does not occur in the texts that describe plants and, on the other hand, because of the semantic changes it may cause. The article also proposes some new tools for the description and definition of adjectival terms.
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Kwankyu Lee. "Logical Consistency of Clauses and Phrases in Grammar Terms —Focused on School Grammar". korean language education research 53, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2018): 49–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.20880/kler.2018.53.4.49.
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Williams, Fionnuala Carson. "Irish! A dictionary of phrases, terms & epithets beginning with the word ‘Irish’". Folk Life 44, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2005): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/flk.2005.44.1.147.
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Williams, Fionnuala Carson. "Irish! A dictionary of phrases, terms & epithets beginning with the word ‘Irish’". Folk Life - Journal of Ethnological Studies 44, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2005): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/043087705798236867.
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