Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company"

Violations in operation of receiving equipment of safety locomotive major devices due to the hindering effect of electromagnetic interference (failures) are a rather frequent phenomenon on the railway network of the Open Joint Stock Company «Russian Railways» in the conditions of electromagnetic environment that has changed dramatically with active introduction of modern electric rolling stock. On the one hand, failures are the result of discrepancy of own parameters and operation algorithm of receiving equipment of safety locomotive major devices opposite interference, existing in inductive coupling channel of automatic locomotive signaling. On the other hand, it is a consequence of the lack of regulatory documentation with uniform established requirements for interference parameters under the influence of which, safety locomotive major devices, primarily built on a relay element base, shall provide for regular operation. Over the past decades, numerous and different by their technical essence attempts have been made to resolve these antagonistic contradictions. This work is one of the first attempts to generalize and analyze the results of pursued research and developments. The work is based on the results of a patent study conducted by the authors in order to identify trends in technical measure development to improve noise immunity in operation of safety locomotive major devices. On their basis, the authors proposed, described in detail and substantiated main technical methods for reducing failure number in the operation of safety locomotive major devices. The obtained results may be of interest to specialists involved in technical servicing, repairment, development and improvement of safety locomotive major devices and will be used further in the development of the theory of locomotive automatic signaling numerical code.

In the early 1980s, General Electric—Transportation Systems (GE-TS), a manufacturer of locomotive diesel engines, announced plans to develop a coal-fueled locomotive due to the availability and low cost of coal. In 1985 and 1988, the General Electric Company (GE) was awarded major contracts from the Department of Energy, Morgantown Energy Technology Center, to continue the research and development of a coal-fueled diesel engine. This paper is a review of the technical accomplishments and discoveries of the GE coal-fueled diesel engine research and development program during the years 1982–1993. The results of an economic assessment completed by GE-TS indicated the merits for the development of a coal fueled diesel engine for locomotive applications and therefore, GE-TS embarked on an ambitious program to develop and commercialize a coal-fueled diesel engine. Among the major accomplishments of this program were the development of specialized fuel injection equipment for coal–water slurries, diamond compact inserts for the nozzle tips for wear resistance, and an integrated emissions control system. Over 500 hours of engine operation was accumulated using coal fuel during the duration of this program. A major milestone was attained when, during November and December 1991, a coal-fueled diesel engine powered a locomotive on the General Electric test track.

The article attempts to investigate the economic preconditions for the formation of the main electric locomotive industry in Ukraine on the example of diversification of production activities of the State Holding Company «Luhanskteplovoz». It is determined that in the late 1980`s, in the absence of convertible currency for the import of traction rolling stock, Luhanskteplovoz received an order from the USSR Ministry of Railways for the development and production of electric freight and passenger locomotives of its own design. However, after 1991, due to the strategy of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation to support the domestic market of main electric locomotives, and especially the lobbying of the renewed Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine regarding the direction of investments to create a state monopoly corporation on the basis of low-power SPA «Dnipropetrovsk locomotive plant», diversification of production activities of OJSC «Luhanskteplovos» focused on a less promising direction of development of production of railcars for social purposes. It is argued that due to the low quality of products caused by the lack of sustainable funding and sound experience in the development of mainline equipment, the order of electric locomotives of SPC «Elektrovozobuduvannia» (SPA«DEVZ») was stopped. Instead, the localization and further development of industrial production at the facilities of HC «Luhanskteplovoz» of new generation freight electric locomotives, created on the basis of design and technological products of LLC «Novocherkassk electric locomotive plant», allowed the company in a short time to significantly increase the growth rate of production and expand cooperation with «Ukrzaliznytsia».

Some of the most important optimization problems faced by railway operators arise from the management of their locomotive fleet. In this paper, we study a general version of the locomotive assignment problem encountered at the tactical level by one of the largest railroads in North America: the Canadian National (CN) Railway Company. We present a modeling framework with two integer linear programming formulations and contribute to the state of the art by allowing decisions on each train’s operating mode (distributed power or not) over the whole (weekly) planning horizon without partitioning it winto smaller time windows. Given the difficulty in solving the problem, one of the formulations is enhanced through various refinements, such as constraint relaxations, preprocessing, and fixed cost approximations. We thus achieve a significant reduction in the required computational time to solve instances of realistic size. We also present two versions of a Benders decomposition–based algorithm to obtain feasible solutions. On average, it allows a reduction of the associated computational time by two hours. Results from an extensive computational study and a case study with data provided by CN confirm the potential benefits of the model and solution approach.

The U.S. Department of Energy is sponsoring a General Electric Company development program for using coal-water slurry (CWS) to power a diesel engine and to test it in a locomotive. The first locomotive system test was successfully completed in 1991 on GE/TS test track. The first-phase coal-fueled 12-cylinder diesel engine used in the locomotive test employed a modified positive displacement fuel injection system and developed 2500 hp in the engine laboratory. The final phase all electric controlled fuel injection equipment (FIE) diesel engine has completed individual component development phases. Combustion research evaluated a broad range of CWS fuels with different source coals, particle sizes, and ash contents. The electronic controlled FIE single cylinder test engine yielded 99.5 percent combustion efficiency. Envelop filters and copper oxide sorbent have been chosen to clean up the engine emissions after extensive evaluation of various hot gas cleaning methods. The projected removal rate of particulate is 99.5 percent and that of SO2 is 90 percent. Over ten diamond insert injector nozzles performed well on the test engines. A bench test of one nozzle has been run for over 500 engine equivalent hours without significant wear. Tungsten carbide (WC) coated piston rings and cylinder liners were identified to be effective in overcoming power assembly wear. A matrix of WC spray parameters were investigated, and the best process was used to apply coatings onto full scale rings and liners. These and other test parts are currently running in two coal fuel operated cylinders on a converted eight-cylinder endurance test engine. All of these developed technologies will be applied onto the second phase engine and be used in the final phase locomotive test. An economic analysis was also completed on a concept locomotive design. Additional equipment cost and the level of diesel fuel price to repay the investment were analyzed. Thus the economic environment for the commercialization of the modern coal fueled locomotive is defined.

Employees motivated for high-quality work are very valuable for any company. This article is focused on evaluating the effectiveness of personnel motivation in railway locomotive operating depots. It reviews different approaches of Russian and foreign authors to the concept of “personnel motivation”. The authors offered economic and social analysis of the current personnel motivation system of the locomotive depot, which is a part of the Russian Railways holding company. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the personnel motivation system, the authors have chosen the methodology of researching the degree of the organization’s main economic and social objectives achievement. As a result, the authors identified problems in the personnel motivation system related to the conditions of labor organization: the low level of staff awareness of motivational programs, as well as the lack of a system for evaluating staff motivation. The third problem related to the socio-psychological labor conditions was the low level of staff loyalty and lack of involvement in labor and social activities within the organization. The authors proposed corrective measures to solve the above mentioned problems: using the digital platform “Scored” and HR Code service, which is based on artificial intelligence. The expected results of the implementation of these measures are: - increased productivity due to higher interest in the work of employees; - increased labor activity of the staff; - increased personnel financial interest in the development of their competencies; - increased staff motivation level; - maintaining the numeric and qualitative staff structure; - improving the effectiveness of the management strategy. The experience of personnel motivation system assessment may be useful in the regional divisions of the locomotive facilities of Russian Railways.

The first and foremost objective of any company is to earn profit. It is the major feature for the company’s financial performance and each and every shareholder of a company is interested to know profit of the company. To find out the financial performance of any company Ration Analysis is the main tool for it. Present research paper is on Profitability Analysis of selected steel companies of India.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan mengkaji penelitian sebelumnya tentang hubungan antara fungsi audit internal yang baik dengan manajemen laba untuk mewujudkan tata kelola perusahaan yang baik dan sebagai mekanisme internal untuk mencegah, mendeteksi, dan mengurangi kecurangan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kepustakaan untuk memperkuat argumentasi dengan informasi yang dikumpulkan dalam buku dan artikel yang dipublikasikan di jurnal nasional dan internasional menggunakan platform Scopus, Ebscohost, dan google Scholar. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa berdasarkan pemetaan temuan penelitian sebelumnya, banyak yang membuktikan bahwa dengan memiliki fungsi audit internal yang baik di dalam perusahaan dapat mewujudkan tata kelola perusahaan yang baik dan mengurangi risiko kecurangan laporan keuangan berupa manajemen labaThis study aim to investigate and reviews the previous study about the relationship between good internal audit function with earnings management to provide good corporate governance in the company as an internal mechanism to preventing, detecting, and mitigating fraud. This study using a qualitative method with library research approach to strength the argument by information collected in book and articles that published in national and international journal using Scopus, Ebscohost, and google scholar platform. This study found that based on the mapping of the findings of previous research, many prove that by having a good internal audit function within the company, it can realize good corporate governance and reduce the risk of fraudulent financial statements in the form of earnings management

Corporate governance is an important aspect in the company. The impact and implementation of corporate governance has become interesting for various companies because it substantially controls the management of institutions. This study analyzes the impact of elements of corporate governance (CG) which includes the composition of the board on the performance of banking institutions listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). The research population involved 25 banking institutions which are commercial banks in Indonesia. The data taken has a span of 4 years (2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020). Spearman correlation is used to identify the relationship between corporate governance and banking financial performance. The results of this study indicate that there is a positive relationship or correlation between the number of board personnel and the financial performance of commercial banks. The number of independent directors has a positive significant relationship with ROA, ROE and EPS, job duality has a positive significant relationship with ROA and EPS, and board meetings have no significant relationship with financial performance.

Purpose. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the efficiency of using the “Shape optimization” option in the Fusion 360 software product of the American company Autodesk for the details of the braking system of a mining electric locomotive. Methodology. With the advent of modern computer programs, the content of the design engineer’s work has changed, the design process has been reduced to the development of a 3D model of a metal product, which can then be subject to stress-strain analysis and, based on the results of this analysis, low-stress areas of the product which can be removed are be determined, that is, the weight of the metal used is reduced. Of particular importance is generative design, which is a new design technology. It is based on the use of software that can independently generate three-dimensional models that meet specified conditions without the involvement of a designer. Essentially, in the “human-machine” system, creative functions are passed to the computer, which deals well with them. The second most important technology is topological optimization (Shape optimization), which is applied to a model already developed by the designer in order to improve it. Findings. The paper presents the results of the research on reducing the weight of the parts of the braking system of the mine electric locomotive due to the topological optimization of their structures in the Fusion 360 software product. The removal of unloaded areas of the product was performed using the special option “Shape optimization” of this program.The effect of weight reduction in products after topological optimization is estimated to be approximately 35-45%. Originality. The use of topological optimization in the details of the braking system of the mining electric locomotive is a new approach to optimizing the structure and obtaining parts of reduced mass. Practicalvalue. The application of topological optimization at the design stage helps to find a construction design option with the most rational distribution of material and voids in a given area taking into account strength and stiffness, and, thus, significantly reduce its weight.

Abstract. Facility layout design is a part of facility design that focuses more on setting physical elements. These physical elements can be machines, equipment, tables, buildings, and so on. Rules or regulatory logic can be in the form of determining the objective function, such as the total distance or the total cost of moving goods. Good design cannot be separated from the design of a good facility layout, starting from the layout, material flow and company production processes that are well structured so that it will produce effectiveness and efficiency in the company. Good layout planning will provide many benefits for the company and maintain the survival or success of a company. CV. X is a company engaged in engineering that produces civil lab equipment. The problems with this company are that the layout has not been arranged neatly, work stations that have close relationships are still far apart, the flow of the production process is irregular, the distance between machines is not too wide. In addition, the finished material warehouse is located in front of the production area close to the entrance and exit gate so that it interferes with the entry and exit of people. The purpose of this study is to be able to identify and analyze the layout of the production floor used and determine the proposed layout to minimize the distance of material transfer. In this study, the method used is the Computerized Relationship Layout Planning (CORELAP) algorithm with the help of CORELAP 1.0 software. The results obtained after the study showed that the displacement distance in the initial layout was 369.5 meters of displacement/product, while the proposed layout resulted in a displacement of 320.5 meters of displacement/product. The results of the study showed that the proposed layout was able to increase the efficiency of material/product transfer distances by 13.3% and resulted in a better material flow pattern for the company. The analysis is carried out by comparing the effectiveness and efficiency of the path flow and the resulting material transfer between the initial layout and the proposed layout. Abstrak. Perancangan tata letak fasilitas merupakan bagian perancangan fasilitas yang lebih fokus pada pengaturan unsur fisik. Unsur fisik ini dapat berupa mesin, peralatan, meja, bangunan, dan sebagainya. Aturan atau logika pengaturan dapat berupa ketetapan fungsi tujuan misalnya total jarak atau total biaya perpindahan barang. Perancangan yang baik tak lepas dari perancangan tata letak failitas yang baik juga mulai dari tata letak, aliran material serta proses produksi perusahaan yang tersusun dengan baik sehingga akan menghasilkan efektifitas dan efisiensi pada perusahaan. Perencanaan tata letak yang baik akan memberikan banyak manfaat bagi perusahaan serta menjaga keberlangsungan hidup atau keberhasilan suatu perusahaan. CV. X merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak dibidang teknik yang memproduksi peralatan lab sipil. Permasalahan yang dihadapi perusahaan yaitu belum tersusunnya layout dengan rapih, stasiun kerja yang memiliki hubungan erat masih berjauhan, aliran proses produksi tidak beraturan, jarak antar mesin tidak terlalu luas. Selain itu gudang bahan jadi terletak didepan area produksi dekat dengan pintu gerbang keluar masuk sehingga mengganggu keluar masuknya orang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu untuk dapat mengetahui serta menganalisis tata letak lantai produksi yang digunakan serta menentukan layout usulan untuk meminimalisir jarak perpindahan bahan. Pada penelitian ini metode yang digunakan adalah algoritma Computerized Relationship Layout Planning (CORELAP) dengan bantuan Software CORELAP 1.0. Hasil penelitian yang di dapatkan setelah penelitian bahwa jarak perpindahan pada layout awal sebesar 369,5 meter perpindahan/produk, sedangkan untuk layout usulan menghasilkan jarak perpindahan sebesar 320,5 meter perpindahan/produk. Hasil dari penelitian didapat bahwa tata letak yang diusulkan mampu meningkatkan efisiensi jarak perpindahan bahan/produk sebesar 13,3% dan menghasilkan pola aliran material yang lebih baik bagi perusahaan. Analisis dilakukan dengan membandingkan efektivitas dan efisiensi dari aliran lintasan dan pemindahan material yang dihasilkan antara tataletak awal dan tataletak usulan.

This study evaluates improvements made to a biodiesel production process from Chlorella sp. micro algae in a locomotive pilot plant using simulation. Energy and the main variables of the operation such as temperature, reaction time, alcohol molar concentration, vegetable oil, and use of homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and their concentration, mixing intensity, and moisture control were collected from operational data, and mass balances were tested in the SuperPro Designer retail package v.9.5. The result was an increase in the efficiency of the process of obtaining company biodiesel from 86% to 92% by volume, the same that were scaled taking into account the species’ production locality, and the results obtained showed that 26% was met by obtaining 10 MM (millions) of liters of biodiesel from the scaled plant.

The article provides a retrospective analysis of the historical experience and problems of corporatization of the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant – a leading domestic manufacturer of industrial electric vehicles and railway rolling stock. The author traces historical circumstances of development and preconditions of diversification of production activity of the enterprise on the background of market economy in Ukraine and decrease in demand for narrowly specialized products. It was found out that during the 1990s–2000s the staff of SPA «DEVZ», having a promising research and production potential, mastered a wide range of production of mainline equipment to meet the needs of railways for innovative electric vehicles. However, due to low product quality and inefficient management system, the company is currently on the verge of bankruptcy, and its outdated design and technological improvements are not able to ensure competitiveness in the global railway market. It is proved that given the strategic importance of SE «DEVZ» for the national economy as the last profile locomotive company, its corporatization can be a real alternative to privatization, providing effective capitalization, financial and technological recovery and improving the culture of production with a state guarantee of preservation of the enterprise, as well as obtaining additional funds through the placement of securities on stock exchanges, and attracting private investment and innovation from international manufacturers. Further research on the historical aspects of the development of domestic engineering enterprises and their impact on the fleet of JSC «Ukrzaliznytsia» should be carried out taking into account the achievements of domestic science on the problems of structural adjustment of the economy and the use of modern strategic management tools.

The phenomenon of fraud in the delivery of fraudulent financial statements sometimes still occurs in a company. Using the Beneish Model can detect fraudulent financial statements. This study aims to determne the percentage of companies including Manipulators, Non Manipulators, and Gray Company. The research.methodology used in this study is.quantitative. The data that researchers use are secondary data obtained from www.idx.co.id. The population used in this study are all mining companie listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchage in the period 2013-2017, with a sample of 15 companies. Data analysis using Beneish Model. The variables in this study are Days Sales.in Receivables Index (DSRI), Gross Margin Index (GMI), Asset Quality Index (AQI) , Sales Growth Index (SGI) , and Total Accrual to Total Assets (TATA). The results showed that the percentage of manipulators companies was 6.6% in 2013, 0% in 2014, 13.3% in 2015, 6.6% in 2016, and 6.6% in 2017, non manipulators in 80% in 2013, 66.6% in 2014, 66.6% in 2015 53.3% in 2016, 46.6% in 2017, gray company 13.3% in 2013, 33.3% in 2014, 20% in 2015, 40% in 2016, 46.6% in 2017. Fenomena kecurangan dalam penyampaian laporan keuangan yang curang terkadang masih saja terjadi pada suatu perusahaan. Menggunakan Model Beneish dapat mendeteksi kecurangan laporan keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui persentase perusahaan yang meliputi Manipulator, Non Manipulator, dan Grey Company. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kuantitatif. Data yang peneliti gunakan adalah data sekunder yang diperoleh dari www.idx.co.id. Populasi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh perusahaan pertambangan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia periode 2013-2017, dengan sampel sebanyak 15 perusahaan. Analisis data menggunakan Model Beneish. Variabel dalam penelitian ini adalah Days Sales.in Receivables Index (DSRI), Gross Margin Index (GMI), Asset Quality Index (AQI), Sales Growth Index (SGI), dan Total Accrual to Total Assets (TATA). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa persentase perusahaan manipulator sebesar 6,6% pada tahun 2013, 0% pada tahun 2014, 13,3% pada tahun 2015, 6,6% pada tahun 2016, dan 6,6% pada tahun 2017, nonmanipulator sebesar 80% pada tahun 2013, 66,6% pada tahun 2014, 66,6 % pada 2015 53,3% pada 2016, 46,6% pada 2017, perusahaan abu-abu 13,3% pada 2013, 33,3% pada 2014, 20% pada 2015, 40% pada 2016, 46,6% pada 2017.

Intisari— PT. TIJ adalah perusahaan yang memproduksi tas wanita. Salah satu hasil produksi dengan permintaan yang tinggi adalah tas yang dipasarkan dengan merk jual LC. Permasalahan yang terjadi ialah lamanya waktu produksi pembuatan tas yang disebabkan oleh tata letak lantai produksi yang belum baik. Lamanya waktu produksi pembuatan tas menyebabkan perusahaan belum dapat mencapai target output produksi tas LC. Diperlukan evaluasi tata letak lantai produksi saat ini dengan melakukan simulasi menggunakan software ProModel untuk mendapatkan perbaikan rancangan tata letak lantai produksi dengan memanfaatkan Algoritma Genetika dan bantuan MATLAB. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui usulan perbaikan peningkatan output produksi tas berdasarkan hasil evaluasi simulasi tata letak lantai produksi di PT TIJ. Tahapan penelitian ini dimulai dengan pengumpulan data serta evaluasi tata letak lantai produksi menggunakan checklist sheet dan Peta Aliran Proses pembuatan tas sebagai dasar perancangan model simulasi. Hasil simulasi model awal menghasilkan waktu produksi tas selama 4,32 jam atau 259,2 menit. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan Algoritma Genetika dan bantuan MATLAB dilakukan iterasi sehingga mendapatkan tata letak lantai produksi yang lebih baik sehingga dapat menurunkan waktu produksi pembuatan tas. Pengembangan skenario model simulasi dengan penambahan peralatan pemindahan barang berupa rak beroda menghasilkan waktu simulasi produksi sebesar 211,2 menit (penurunan waktu produksi sebesar 19%). Usulan perbaikan tata letak menggunakan pendekatan Algoritma Genetika dengan penambahan material handling berupa rak beroda sebanyak 50 menghasilkan waktu simulasi sebesar 211.2 menit menghasilkan output produksi 1669 tas perhari atau mencapai 83% dari target output produksi tas. Abstract— PT. TIJ is a company that produces women's bags. One of the products with high demand is the bag which is marketed under the selling brand LC. The problem that occurs is the length of production time for making bags caused by the layout of the production floor that is not good. The length of production time for making bags has caused the company to not be able to achieve the output target of LC bag production. It is necessary to evaluate the current production floor layout by simulating using ProModel software to get improvements to the production floor layout design by utilizing Genetic Algorithms and MATLAB assistance. The purpose of this study is to find out the proposed improvements to increase the output of bag production based on the evaluation results of the production floor layout simulation at PT TIJ. The stages of this research began with data collection and evaluation of the layout of the production floor using a checklist sheet and Flow Map of the process of making bags as a basis for designing a simulation model. The initial model simulation results produce a bag production time of 4.32 hours or 259.2 minutes. By using the Genetic Algorithm approach and the help of MATLAB, it is iterated to get a better production floor layout so that it can reduce the production time for making bags. The development of a simulation model scenario with the addition of goods moving equipment in the form of wheeled racks resulted in a production simulation time of 211.2 minutes (a 19% reduction in production time). The proposed layout improvement using the Genetic Algorithm approach with the addition of material handling in the form of 50 wheeled racks resulted in a simulation time of 211.2 minutes resulting in a production output of 1669 bags per day or reaching 83% of the target output for bag production.

PT. Z is a company that produces drinking water in 240 ml cups, 330 ml bottles, 600 ml bottles, 1500 ml bottles, and 19 liter gallons. The warehouse owned serves to store the products produced before being distributed to customers.The problems faced by PT. Z is a long product pick-up time because the product placement is done randomly without any display of the product type name in the warehouse and the irregular distance of product placement that has high demand to the warehouse exit and there is no line in every area of the goods storage road which makes it difficult for operators to mobilize. The purpose of this research is to redesign the warehouse to be more efficient so that it can reduce the time and distance of product transfer with the Dedicated Storage method, and provide suggestions for improving the warehouse layout while maintaining the existing warehouse area so that activities run effectively and efficiently and the use of the space requirement becomes more optimal. The results of this study can minimize the displacement distance at the Input/Output (I/O) point where before repairing the product search time for 1 month it takes 235,837 seconds (65.5 hours/month) however, with the proposed product warehouse layout, it is now 175,120 seconds (48 hours/month).

The object of the study is the company JSC Russian Railways, which provides infrastructure and locomotive traction services in railway transportation. The subject of the paper is the scientific organization of labor in railway transport. The purpose of the study is to determine the range of opportunities and influence of the scientific labor organization (taking into account the use of digital technologies) to increase the productivity and quality of the company’s work, and to ensure the sustainable development of the industry as a whole. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that nowadays railway transport plays an important role in the global economy and ensuring interregional links between various economic entities. The methodological basis of the research is domestic and foreign scientific sources; the information basis is the corporate reporting of JSC Russian Railways and publicly available statistical data. The research results and proposals presented in the article can contribute to the sustainable development of the company and increase its competitiveness in the transport market, as well as can be used by researchers, students, graduate students, teachers, employees of transport organizations, and other sectors of the economy, whose scientific, educational and practical activities are related to the development and implementation of principles and mechanisms of scientific organization of labor. Conclusions are drawn about the need to improve the tools of scientific organization of labor for the purposes of sustainable development.

Intisari— Saat ini jumlah stock keeping unit (SKU) pada perusahaan distribusi semakin meningkat, hal ini menyebabkan kebutuhan akan area penyimpanan menjadi semakin tinggi. Perusahaan distribusi dapat menyelesaikan masalah tersebut dengan menambah luas area penyimpanannya, tetapi jika tidak, maka perusahaan harus mampu memanfaatkan ruang penyimpanan yang dimiliki dengan optimal. Apabila hal ini tidak diperhatikan, perusahaan cenderung menempatkan produk secara acak dan menggunakan gang untuk menyimpan barang yang dimiliki. Hal tersebut menyebabkan proses pencarian dan pengambilan produk menjadi terhambat. Produk yang saling berkaitan satu sama lain menjadi diletakkan secara berjauhan sehingga total jarak yang ditempuh menjadi lebih jauh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperbaiki tata letak sebuah gudang distribusi dan memanfaatkan ruang penyimpanan sebaik mungkin untuk mempertahankan servicel levelnya. Metode yang digunakan adalah dedicated storage, multi-product slot allocation dan pengolahan data mining untuk mendukung penerapan prinsip similarity. Pengolahan data mining dilakukan menggunakan metode association rule mining dengan algoritma apriori. Penggunaan metode multi-product slot allocation menunjukkan kebutuhan slot penyimpanan berkurang menjadi 92.25% dibandingkan perhitungan menggunakan persediaan maksimum. Dengan menerapkan tata letak yang dirancang, perusahaan dapat mengurangi total jarak tempuh sebesar 20.61% dibandingkan dengan tata letak awal, serta meningkatkan proses penyimpanan dan pengambilan yang dilakukan. Abstract— Recently, the number of SKUs in distribution companies are more increasing, which causes the requirements of storage areas also increases. The distribution companies can solve this problem by increasing their storage area, but if not, the company must be able to utilize storage space optimally. If it is not considered, companies tend to place products randomly and use aisles to store their SKUs. This causes the process of searching and picking products are disrupted. Products that are related to each other are placed far apart, so the total distance traveled much longer. This study aims to improve the layout of a distribution warehouse and utilize the storage space to maintain its service level. The methods used are dedicated storage, multi-product slot allocation and data mining process to support the application of similarity principle. The process of data mining is following the association rule mining with apriori algorithm. The multi-product slot allocation method shows that the storage slot requirements are reduced to 92.25% compared to the calculation using the maximum inventory. By implementing the designed layout, the company can reduce total travel distance by 20.61% compared to the original layout, as well as improve the storing and picking process.

AbstractThis study aims to determine the effect of corporate governance and performance on financial distress. This quantitative study collected data from 10 companies listed in the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2015 to 2019. Using multiple linear regression to analyse the data, the result of this study shows that managerial ownership, profitability, and liquidity have a negative effect on financial distress, but the institutional ownership, independent commissioner, director’s size, and leverage have no effect on financial distress. This study has several limitations, including the inaccessibility of financial statements for a number of companies, incomplete availability of the variables for some companies, and the inability to generalize the results of this to other industrial companies. This study is expected to contribute to the development of theory and knowledge on the impact of corporate governance and company performance on the estimation of the financial distress of companies, especially those in the consumer goods industry.AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tata kelola dan kinerja perusahaan terhadap financial distress. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan 10 sampel perusahaan yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI) periode 2015-2019. Dengan menggunakan analisis regresi berganda, variabel kepemilikan manajerial, profitabilitas, dan likuiditas berpengaruh negatif terhadap terjadinya financial distress, sedangkan kepemilikan institusional, proporsi dewan komisaris independen, jumlah dewan direksi, dan leverage tidak berpengaruh terhadap financial distress. Penelitian ini memiliki beberapa keterbatasan antara lain tidak tersedianya laporan keuangan untuk beberapa perusahaan, tidak lengkapnya variabel pada beberapa perusahaan, dan hasil penelitian tidak yang dapat disamaratakan untuk perusahaan industri lainnya. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi sebagai sarana pengembangan teori dan ilmu pengetahuan tentang pengaruh tata kelola perusahaan dan kinerja perusahaan untuk memperkirakan financial distress terutama bagi perusahaan yang bergerak pada bidang industri barang konsumsi.

Online Single Submittion (OSS) is a business license issued by the OSS institution through an electronically integrated business service system in an easy, faster, precise and efficient way. The purpose of this study is to describe data regarding the implementation of the OSS system in PKBM Daarut Tauhiid. The theoretical studies used in this research are the concept of mentoring, the concept of Community Learning Activity Center and Online Single Submittion (OSS). The method used in this research is descriptive method with data collection techniques in the form of interviews and literature studies. The results showed that the implementation of OSS in PKBM Daarut Tauhiid went through the following steps; First, log in to the OSS system using the user-ID that was created previously. Second, fill in the required data including company data, product data, business data related to the establishment of PKBM buildings and also workers. Third, fill in the business field information in accordance with the Indonesian Standard Clarification for Business Fields (KBLI). The description that is filled in in the establishment of PKBM is a description of the business field of the Daarut Tauhiid PKBM non-formal unit. and fifth, business actors will get NIB.

Intisari— PT Kharisma Logam Utama (KLU) adalah perusahaan manufaktur di Indonesia yang bergerak dalam bidang industri logam dan mesin. PT KLU memiliki permasalahan yaitu mesin tidak ditempatkan berdasarkan tingkat hubungan kedekatan antar stasiun kerja sehingga terjadi backtrack dan jarak perpindahan yang tinggi pada tata letak lantai produksi Bucket SAW di area fabrikasi, menyebabkan waktu produksi menjadi lebih lama. Hal ini berdampak pada tidak tercapainya target produksi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang, dan mengevaluasi model simulasi tata letak lantai produksi dengan metode Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) untuk menurunkan waktu produksi dan meningkatkan jumlah produksi menggunakan simulasi dengan software ProModel. Tahapan dalam perbaikan tata letak lantai produksi yaitu analisis dan perancangan model simulasi tata letak lantai produksi saat ini, perbaikan tata letak lantai produksi dengan metode SLP, perancangan dan simulasi skenario perbaikan, evaluasi hasil skenario perbaikan. Perbaikan tata letak lantai produksi dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode SLP untuk menganalisis hubungan aktivitas dengan menggunakan Activity Relationship Chart dan Total Closeness Rating. Metode SLP menghasilkan 4 skenario usulan perancangan skenario perbaikan tata letak lantai produksi, yang kemudian dilakukan simulasi. Skenario 1 dilakukan pemindahan area berdasarkan hubungan kedekatannya dengan pemindahan area TW&SAW Lip, TW&SAW Hing, dan TW Ransel menjadi satu line sesuai dengan tata letak blockplan alternatif 1. Skenario 2 pemindahan area TW&SAW Side Wall, TW&SAW Hing, dan TW Ransel menjadi satu line sesuai dengan tata letak blockplan alternatif 2. Skenario 3 pemindahan area TW&SAW Lip, TW&SAW Hing, dan TW Ransel menjadi satu line sesuai dengan tata letak blockplan alternatif 1 dan penambahan material handling hoist craine. Skenario 4 pemindahan area TW&SAW Side Wall, TW&SAW Hing, dan TW Ransel menjadi satu line sesuai dengan tata letak blockplan alternatif 2 dan penambahan material handling hoist craine. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi skenario perbaikan didapatkan skenario usulan terbaik yaitu skenario 3 dengan persentase penurunan waktu rata-rata sebesar 33.15% dan peningkatan jumlah produksi sebesar 17.08 unit. Abstract— PT Kharisma Logam Utama (KLU) is a manufacturing company in Indonesia engaged in the metal and machine industry. PT KLU has problem that is machines are not placed based on the level of closeness relationship between machine work stations, resulting in backtrack and high displacement distances on the Bucket SAW production floor layout in the fabrication area, causing production time to be longer. This has an impact on not achieving production targets. This study aims to design and evaluate a production floor layout simulation model using the Systematic Layout Planning (SLP) method to reduce production time and increase the amount of production using simulation with ProModel software. The stages in improving the production floor layout are analysis and design of the current production floor layout simulation model, improving the production floor layout using the SLP method, designing and simulating improvement scenarios, evaluating the results of improvement scenarios. Improvements to the layout of the production floor were carried out using the SLP method to analyze activity relationships using the Activity Relationship Chart and the Total Closeness Rating. The SLP method produces 4 scenarios proposed scenarios for improving the layout of the production floor, which are then simulated for improvement scenarios on the 4 scenarios. Scenario 1 is moving the area based on close relationship by moving the TW&SAW Lip, TW&SAW Hing, and TW Ransel areas into one line according to the layout based on alternative 1's block plan. Scenario 2 is moving the TW&SAW Side Wall, TW&SAW Hing, and TW Ransel areas into one line in accordance with the layout based on alternative block plan 2. Scenario 3 is moving the TW&SAW Lip, TW&SAW Hing, and TW Ransel areas into one line according to the layout based on alternative 1 blockplan and the addition of material handling hoist craine.. Scenario 4 is moving the TW&SAW Side Wall, TW&SAW Hing, and TW Ransel areas into one line according to the layout based on alternative 2 block plan and adding material handling hoist craine Based on the simulation results of improvement scenarios, the best proposed scenario is scenario 3 with an average percentage decrease of 33.15% and an increase in total production of 17.08 units.

This study presents a pointer-driven controller for an instrument panel. The proposed pointer utilizes the permanent magnet (PM) stepping motor produced by the Japanese company NMB. This stepping motor is vibration-proof and tolerates noise jamming as well as wind and rain exposure. Moreover, it has no mechanical structures and is low cost. Most importantly, it features accurate positioning; therefore, it can be used to measure vehicle speed, engine speed, fuel capacity, and temperature. However, the PM stepping motor of the NMB pointer requires 10 degrees for each step, and this low resolution results in roll hesitation as its steps. The aim of the current paper was to solve the problems of the large angle size and low resolution associated with this stepping motor. Based on two-phase excitation, we propose driving the motor using pulse width modulation (PWM). Specifically, we divided each 10-degree step into 100 equal parts. In other words, every step is 0.1 degrees. The resolution of pointer rotation can be increased by 100-fold by using the approach proposed in this paper. When applied to vehicle (or locomotive) instruments, the pointer can move very smoothly on the tachometer or oil gauge.

The article considers the issue of the system of the running gear of a high-speed electric train with a body inclination and the system of oscillation recovery. The authors considered the main suspension systems of the electric train body, which are currently used. The main problems of these suspension systems were put forward. Attention is paid to the use of air-spring suspension. The pipe suspension of the VL80 electric locomotive and the construction of the trolley itself are considered. The basic criteria of an estimation of efficiency of perspective electromechanical shock-absorbers on which the comparative characteristic is carried out are defined. The article describes a promising electromechanical shock absorber based on a synchronous linear motor, which can provide both body tilt and damping and recovery of oscillations. The functional scheme of control of two synchronous linear motors which are established on one cart is considered. The operation of the control system of synchronous linear motors is described. The design of a linear DC motor with permanent magnets is described. The functional control scheme of two linear DC motors with permanent magnets is considered. The design of the electromechanical shock-absorber of the Bose company is resulted. The comparative characteristic of three perspective electromechanical shock-absorbers on six criteria is carried out. Conclusions are made and an electromechanical shock absorber is selected, which provides the basic needs of rolling stock.

This study is to test and analyze employee perceptions/responses to operational expectations and realities in the factors of production based on Ishikawa diagrams/methods and spider plot methods at PT. Prosperity Together in Sidoarjo. The advantages of the field Increasing the ratio as a scale has been described through Cartesian diagrams and Spider Plots with the detection of the farther between expectations and reality being the cause of extreme dissatisfaction felt by employees. For short-term and long-term strategic maps for management, it can be seen in the Cartesian diagram that has been presented by researchers with a priority scale (short term) to improve the Main Priority quadrant. For long-term improvement, company management can use data in the Maintain Achievement and Low Priority quadrant

The research paper talks about application of Altman Z score on five selected industries. Altman Z score is a predicting tool for bankruptcy. It helps to find whether the company is in safe, grey or distress zone. The research of this tool was on five industries i.e. FMCG-Personal care, Automobile – 2 & three wheeler, Automobile – four wheeler, Airlines, and Cement. Altman score is applied on certain selected companies of the five selected. All companies in Personal care industry are in safe zone. From Airlines industry, Spice Jet and Global Vectra are in distress zone. In Automobile – 2 & three wheeler, other than Scooter's India all other companies are in safe zone. For Automobile four wheeler industry, Tata motors is in distress zone due to its past data. And Cement industry, except for India Cement and Birla Corp, all are in safe zone. Though more research in cement industry is required, Altman Z score can be applied to more industries with listed as well as unlisted companies to get more clear view about the industry.

Abstrak Proses dalam pemantauan presensi karyawan ialah faktor utama di dalam sebuah perusahaan untuk meraih tujuan. karena bertautan dengan kepatuhan yang nantinya akan berpengaruh pada baik atau buruknya tata laksana perusahaan dan mutu SDM yang bersangkutan, efek yang ditimbulkan bisa berwujud kurangnya hasil produktivitas. Banyak administrasi perusahaan melakukan langkah pemangkasan upah dari masing-masing karyawan yang absen atau adanya keterlambatan masuk jam kerja. Maka dari itu, wajib diadakan proses pemantauan untuk mencatat presensi, ketidak hadiran dan keterlambatan karyawan supaya kehadiran karyawan ketika menunaikan aktivitas kerja tercatat dengan benar. Saat ini, sistem yang ada pada PT. Kedai Sayur Indonesia masih menggunan cara konvensional untuk pendataan karyawan hadir, tidak hadir maupun keterlambatan waktu kerja. Untuk mendukung proses pemantauan kehadiran karyawan maka, dibutuhkan sebuah sistem informasi absensi karyawan berbasis web. Metode pengembangan perangkat lunak dalam pembangunan absensi karyawan berbasis web menggunakan metode pengembangan software Waterfall. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sistem informasi absensi karyawan berbasis web dengan metode pengebangan software Waterfall yang bertujuan untuk dapat mempermudah PT. Kedai Sayur Indonesia dalam pemantauan, mengelola laporan absensi karyawan dan upaya untuk membuat karyawan lebih disiplin dalam bekerja. Kata kunci: Karyawan, Absensi, Sistem Abstract The process of monitoring employee attendance is the main factor in a company achieving goals. because it is related to compliance which will later affect the good or bad governance of the company and the quality of the human resources concerned, the effects can be in the form of a lack of productivity results. Many company administrations take steps to cut wages for each employee who is absent or there is a delay in working hours. Therefore, a monitoring process must be held to record employee attendance, absenteeism, and delays so that employee attendance when carrying out work activities is recorded correctly. Currently, the existing system at PT. Kedai Sayur Indonesia still uses conventional methods to collect data on employees who are present, absent, or late for work. To support the process of monitoring employee attendance, a web-based employee attendance information system is needed. The software development method in web-based employee attendance development uses the Waterfall software development method. The result of this research is a web-based employee attendance information system with the Waterfall software development method which aims to make it easier for PT. Kedai Sayur Indonesia is in monitoring, and managing employee attendance reports and efforts to make employees more disciplined at work.Keywords: Employee, Attendance, System

The main parameter determined in heat engineering tests of heat insulated cars superstructures or the locomotive operator’s cabs is the heat transfer coeffi cient К. The study introduces automated analysis technology for the heat transfer coeffi cient К of enclosure structures of the heat insulated transport means using a remote server. The underlying method provides coeffi cient K of the heat insulated transport means without additional work and time loss for complicated calculations. Personnel of test laboratories involved in heat engineering tests of vehicles possess tools for remotely calculating К, from any point in the world with internet access. To obtain К three controlled parameters measured during the heat engineering tests for 5.5 h including: the difference of the inside and outside temperature of the test object superstructure, total power of the electric heaters and geometric area of the heat transfer surface are sent to the server, after which the user promptly receives the calculated К. The economic effect of introducing the proposed technology for vehicle manufacture is the absence of required tests conducted at the test center; for an operating company — a signifi cant reduction of the idle time of the vehicle at the test center directly affects the loss of profi t. The proposed technology expands the area of operation of the test centers, while calculated К values are offi cially input into the data sheet of the vehicle.

This paper highlights the development of value function curves for noise impact assessment based on a literature review and consultation with numerous experts; applying theory to the evaluation of noise impact in the residential complexes of Jamadoba and Sijua coal mining Complexes of the Tata Iron and Steel Company Limited (TISCO), Dhanbad, Jharkhand (India). The ranking and relative weightings of five important effects of noise exposure were established. The relationships between these parameters and Noise Environment Quality (NEQ) value were evaluated through available research findings and accordingly value-function curves for each parameter were developed through Statistical Package for Social Sciences; then, Resultant NEQ [NEQ (R)] was evaluated for all the residential, commercial and other sensitive areas of the Jamadoba and Sijua complexes. This was followed by the validation through a systematic reaction survey of the exposed population on a five-point scale which led to the evaluation of the percentage population which was highly dissatisfied in each of the localities, as well as the noise impact indices of both the residential complexes.

Abstrak. Tata kelola perusahaan yang baik akan berdampak positif pada citra dan kinerja suatu perusahaan. Oleh karena itu perlu adanya upaya untuk mengoptimalkan manajemen perusahaan, termasuk di dalamnya lewat penggunaan teknologi informasi. Salah satu hal yang bisa dicatat secara terkomputerisasi adalah data kehadiran dan penggajian karyawan. PT. Medex Prima adalah suatu perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang jasa konstruksi. Di dalam kesehariannya, karyawan PT. Medex Prima tersebar pada banyak divisi dengan tugas masing-masing. Untuk mencatat kehadiran karyawan dibutuhkan sebuah sistem informasi presensi dengan menggunakan QR Code. Adapun rekap presensi tersebut yang nantinya juga menjadi dasar bagi HRD untuk menghitung gaji berdasarkan jumlah kehadiran dan kedisiplinan karyawan. Sistem informasi presensi dan penggajian ini dibuat dengan berbasiskan client/server menggunakan platform Visual Basic .NET dan basis data Microsoft SQL Server. Pengembangan sistem informasi menggunakan metode rekayasa perangkat lunak Waterfall. Berdasarkan hasil uji coba dengan metode blackbox testing, semua fitur bisa berjalan dengan baik sesuai dengan analisis kebutuhan. Penggunaan sistem informasi juga mampu meningkatkan kinerja perusahaan, khususnya dalam hal pencatatan kehadiran dan penggajian karyawan. Abstract. Good corporate governance will have a positive impact on the image and performance of a company. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize company management by using information technology. One thing that can be recorded by computer is employee attendance and payroll data. PT. Medex Prima is a company engaged in construction services. In daily activities, employees of PT. Medex Prima are spread across many divisions with their respective duties. To record employee attendance requires a presence information system using a QR Code. The attendance recap becomes the basis for HRD to calculate salaries based on the number of attendance and employee discipline. This attendance and payroll information system was created on a client/server basis using the Visual Basic .NET platform and Microsoft SQL Server database. The information system development used the Waterfall software engineering method. Based on the testing results using the black box testing method, all features can run well according to the needs analysis. The use of information systems is also able to improve company performance, especially in terms of recording employee attendance and payroll.

Intisari— PT. Braja Mukti Cakra merupakan perusahaan yang bergerak di bidang manufaktur yang menghasilkan produk komponen (machined products) yang berpresisi tinggi, berupa komponen otomotif di Indonesia. Permasalahan yang terjadi pada PT. Braja Mukti Cakra berada pada gudang bahan baku, dimana peletakan bahan baku yang belum optimal dikarenakan tidak adanya penamaan dan pembagian jenis material bahan baku pada rak atau pallet yang ada digudang. Hal ini menyebabkan operator kesulitan dalam mencari bahan baku yang akan dikirim ke lantai produksi dan mengakibatkan waktu pengambilan bahan baku menjadi lama sehingga akan terjadi keterlambatan dalam pengiriman ke lantai produksi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang model simulasi perbaikan tata letak gudang bahan baku dari area penyimpanan ke pintu keluar gudang yang dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi waktu pengambilan bahan baku dan waktu perpindahan bahan baku. Pada penelitian ini langkah awal yang dilakukan adalah mengevaluasi tata letak gudang bahan baku menggunakan checksheet untuk mengetahui kondisi gudang bahan baku saat ini dan menggunakan peta aliran proses pengambilan bahan baku untuk mengetahui aliran proses pengambilan bahan baku. Selanjutnya dibuat model simulasi awal tata letak gudang bahan baku untuk memahami sistem aktual tersebut. Model yang telah dibangun kemudian diverifikasi dan divalidasi. Jika model dinyatakan valid, dilakukan perbaikan terhadap permasalahan yang ada dengan memperbaiki tata letak gudang bahan baku dan penempatan bahan baku yang ada dengan menggunakan metode shared storage sebagai usulan tata letak gudang bahan baku. Penempatan baku baku, memperhatikan bahan baku yang memiliki tujuan yang sama dan dibuat ke dalam rak atau pallet yang sama maupun letaknya berdekatan antara rak atau pallet yang satu dengan yang lainnya sehingga mendapatkan waktu yang lebih singkat dalam proses pengiriman. Jumlah usulan perbaikan pada tata letak gudang bahan baku adalah 3 usulan. Usulan pertama adalah penambahan material handling, usulan kedua menggunakan metode shared storage dan usulan ketiga menggunakan metode shared storage dan penambahan material handling. Untuk pemilihan usulan terbaik digunakan metode benferonni dan menggunakan hasil evaluasi checksheet. Usulan yang terbaik adalah usulan ketiga dengan waktu pengambilan bahan baku dan perpindahan bahan baku ke pintu keluar gudang yaitu sebesar 71.18 jam. Dibandingkan dengan model simulasi awal yang memiliki waktu pengambilan bahan baku dan perpindahan bahan baku ke pintu keluar gudang sebesar 122.23 jam. Dari usulan terbaik ini diperoleh penghematan waktu sebesar 51.05 jam atau sebesar 41.76 %. Abstract— PT. Braja Mukti Cakra is a company engaged in manufacturing that produces high-precision machined products, in the form of automotive components in Indonesia. The problems that occur in PT. Braja Mukti Cakra is in a raw material warehouse, where the laying of raw materials is not optimal due to the absence of naming and distribution of types of raw materials on shelves or pallets in the warehouse. This causes the operator difficulty in finding raw materials to be sent to the production floor and results in a long time for taking raw materials so that there will be delays in delivery to the production floor. The purpose of this study is to design a simulation model for improving the layout of the raw material warehouse from the storage area to the warehouse exit which can be used to evaluate the time of taking raw materials and the time of moving raw materials. In this study, the initial steps taken were evaluating the layout of the raw material warehouse using a checksheet to determine the current condition of the raw material warehouse and using a flow map of the raw material retrieval process to determine the flow of the raw material retrieval process. Furthermore, an initial simulation model of the layout of the raw material warehouse is made to understand the actual system. The model that has been built is then verified and validated. If the model is declared valid, improvements are made to the existing problems by improving the layout of the raw material warehouse and the placement of existing raw materials using the shared storage method as the proposed layout of the raw material warehouse. Placement of raw materials, paying attention to raw materials that have the same purpose and are made into the same rack or pallet or located close to each other so that they get a shorter time in the delivery process. The number of suggestions for improvements to the layout of the raw material warehouse is 3 proposals. The first proposal is the addition of material handling, the second proposal uses the shared storage method and the third proposal uses the shared storage method and the addition of material handling. To select the best proposal, the Benferonni method was used and the results of the checksheet evaluation were used. The best proposal is the third proposal with the time of taking raw materials and moving raw materials to the warehouse exit, which is 71.18 hours. Compared with the initial simulation model which has a time of taking raw materials and moving raw materials to the warehouse exit of 122.23 hours. From this best proposal, the time savings of 51.05 hours or 41.76% was obtained.

Evaluasi keamanan sistem informasi sangat diperlukan bagi sebuah organisasi, instansi, maupun perusahaan guna mencegah kebocoran data ataupun kerusakan sistem informasi. Penelitian ini dilakukan di sektor pendidikan pada lembaga UPTD XYZ di bawah kuasa Dinas Pendidikan Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. Evaluasi kematangan dan tata kelola keamanan informasi diterapkan berdasarkan standar ISO/IEC 27001:2017 dengan menggunakan indeks keamanan informasi KAMI versi 4.0. Metode pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara observasi langsung dan interview terhadap penanggungjawab sistem informasi. Hasil yang didapatkan dari evaluasi untuk kebutuhan sistem elektronik sebesar 20, sedangkan tingkat kelengkapan informasi mendapatkan skor 245. Dari hasil tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa tingkat keamanan informasi masih sangat rendah dan diperlukan perbaikan sistem keamanan informasi dengan bekerja sama dengan pengembang keamanan informasi dari pihak ketiga. Information system security evaluation is indispensable for an organization, agency, or company to prevent data leakage or damage to information systems. This research was conducted in the education sector at the UPTD XYZ institution under the authority of the Yogyakarta Provincial Education Office. Information security maturity and governance evaluation is implemented based on ISO / IEC 27001: 2017 standard by using the WE information security index version 4.0. The data collection method is done by direct observation and interviews with the person in charge of the information system. The results obtained from the evaluation for electronic system requirements were 20, while the level of completeness of information got a score of 245. From these results it can be concluded that the level of information security is still very low and it is necessary to improve information security systems in collaboration with information security developers from third parties.

Purpose Data mining plays a major role in forecasting the open price details of the stock market. However, it fails to address the dimensionality and expectancy of a naive investor. Hence, this paper aims to study a future prediction model named time series model is implemented. Design/methodology/approach In this model, the stock market data are fed to the proposed deep neural networks (DBN), and the number of hidden neurons is optimized by the modified JAYA Algorithm (JA), based on the fitness function. Hence, the algorithm is termed as fitness-oriented JA (FJA), and the proposed model is termed as FJA-DBN. The primary objective of this open price forecasting model is the minimization of the error function between the modeled and actual output. Findings The performance analysis demonstrates that the deviation of FJA–DBN in predicting the open price details of the Tata Motors, Reliance Power and Infosys data shows better performance in terms of mean error percentage, symmetric mean absolute percentage error, mean absolute scaled error, mean absolute error, root mean square error, L1-norm, L2-Norm and Infinity-Norm (least infinity error). Research limitations/implications The proposed model can be used to forecast the open price details. Practical implications The investors are constantly reviewing past pricing history and using it to influence their future investment decisions. There are some basic assumptions used in this analysis, first being that everything significant about a company is already priced into the stock, other being that the price moves in trends Originality/value This paper presents a technique for time series modeling using JA. This is the first work that uses FJA-based optimization for stock market open price prediction.

The analysis of the stages of development of industrial production by human society based on the well-known concept of four industrial revolutions has resulted in retrospection of technical and technological development of railways during the periods between the industrial revolutions in terms of core rail engineering systems (infrastructure, rolling stock, control and management system), as well as contributed to outline prospects for foreseeable period. It has allowed to identify main directions of technical and technological development of productive forces characteristic of the fourth industrial revolution.The objective of the research was to identify those directions that are appropriate to be applied in relation to rail transport as well as to choose a few specific technical and technological solutions.In the field of digitalisation, it is proposed to focus on development and implementation of intelligent management systems for each workplace or of intelligent workplaces (IWP), which ensure development of optimal solutions for numerous operational tasks fulfilled by the dispatchers on duty at railway facilities. It has been determined that for a case of a large rail company like JSC Russian Railways creation of managers’ IWPs should be based on the scale and generality of the tasks solved at numerous similar managed objects since, for example, the number of dispatching sections reaches more than 400, the number of stations and simultaneously moving trains is of several thousand, and of train sheds and infrastructure sections is of several hundred, etc. This allows creating standard systems that are further replicated for specific workplaces while considering local specifics.Intelligent systems integrate as important elements fast-growing production of increasingly miniaturised, and to be underlined, constantly cheaper sensors, capable today of being built into almost any objects that in terms of railways comprise, for example, a wheel of a wagons or of a locomotive, engines, rails, any wagons or containers. This allows continuously monitoring the current state of any objects, as well as their nodes resulting in fundamentally new opportunities for reducing the cost of maintenance of rolling stock and infrastructure, as well as ensuring transport safety. Thus, for the first time ever, the task of achieving «absolute» rail traffic safety can be set.The article includes a forecast of the approximate time of the advent of the fifth industrial revolution and the trajectories of development of technical systems of railways for the period before its start. The use of the results of the study is supposed to facilitate to concretise directions of the promising technical and technological development of rail transport.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui hubungan kualitas audit, komite audit, dan Dewan Pengawas Syariah (DPS) terhadap kinerja Bank Umum Syariah di Indonesia pada tahun 2015-2020 yang diproksikan dengan ROA, baik secara parsial dan simultan. Melalui pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis regresi data panel, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa secara parsial, kualitas audit yang dihasilkan KAP Big 4 berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Pada variabel komite audit, ukuran komite audit tidak mempengaruhi kinerja bank umum syariah, sedangkan kompetensi dan frekuensi komite audit berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Pada variabel DPS, ukuran dan frekuensi rapat DPS berpengaruh negatif signfikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah, sedangkan kompetensi DPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Secara simultan, kualitas audit, komite audit, serta DPS berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap kinerja bank umum syariah. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat bermanfaat bagi manajemen perusahaan, sebagai bahan pertimbangan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas peran pengawasan dalam penerapan tata kelola perusahaan agar dapat mewujudkan kinerja perusahaan menjadi lebih baik. Kata Kunci: Kualitas audit, Komite audit, Dewan Pengawas Syariah, Kinerja Bank. ABSTRACT This study aims is to find out the relationship between audit quality, audit committee, and Sharia Supervisory Board (SSB) on the performance of Islamic Commercial Banks in Indonesia in 2015-2020 as proxied by ROA, both partially and simultaneously. Through a quantitative approach with panel data regression analysis techniques, the results of the study show that partially, the audit quality produced by KAP Big 4 has a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. In the audit committee variable, the size of the audit committee does not affect the performance of Islamic commercial banks, while the competence and frequency of the audit committee have a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. In the DPS variable, the size and frequency of DPS meetings have a significant negative effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks, while DPS competence has a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. Simultaneously, audit quality, audit committee, and DPS have a significant positive effect on the performance of Islamic commercial banks. This research is expected to be useful for company management, as a consideration for increasing the effectiveness of the supervisory role in the implementation of corporate governance in order to realize better company performance. Keywords: Audit Quality, Audit committee, Shariah Supervisory Board, Banks performance. 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In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you thirteen scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. In the article by Olha Chumachenko, оn the basis of a wide base of sources, the article highlights and analyzes the development of research work of aircraft engine companies in Zaporizhzhia during the 1970s. The existence of a single system of functioning of the Zaporizhzhia production association “Motorobudivnyk” (now the Public Joint Stock Company “Motor Sich”) and the Zaporizhzhia Machine-Building Design Bureau “Progress” (now the State Enterprise “Ivchenko – Progress”) has been taken into account. Leonid Griffen and Nadiia Ryzheva present their vision of the essence of technology as a socio-historical phenomenon. The article reveals the authors' vision of the essence of the technology as a sociohistorical phenomenon. It is based on the idea that technology is not only a set of technical devices but a segment of the general system – a society – located between a social medium and its natural surroundings in the form of a peculiar social technosphere, which simultaneously separates and connects them. Definitely the article by Denis Kislov, which examines the period from the end of the XVII century to the beginning of the XIX century, is also of interest, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years’ achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The article by Serhii Paliienko is devoted to an exploration of archaeological theory issues at the Institute of archaeology AS UkrSSR in the 1960s. This period is one of the worst studied in the history of Soviet archaeology. But it was the time when in the USSR archaeological researches reached the summit, quantitative methods and methods of natural sciences were applied and interest in theoretical issues had grown in archaeology. Now there are a lot of publications dedicated to theoretical discussions between archaeologists from Leningrad but the same researches about Kyiv scholars are still unknown The legacy of St. Luke in medical science, authors from Greece - this study aims to highlight key elements of the life of Valentyn Feliksovych Voino-Yasenetskyi and his scientific contribution to medicine. Among the scientists of European greatness, who at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries showed interest to the folklore of Galicia (Halychyna) and Galician Ukrainians, contributed to their national and cultural revival, one of the leading places is occupied by the outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Verkhratskyi. He was both naturalist and philologist, as well as folklorist and ethnographer, organizer of scientific work, publisher and popularizer of Ukrainian literature, translator, publicist and famous public figure. I. H. Verkhratskyi was also an outstanding researcher of plants and animals of Eastern Galicia, a connoisseur of insects, especially butterflies, the author of the first school textbooks on natural science written in Ukrainian. A new emerging field that has seen the application of the drone technology is the healthcare sector. Over the years, the health sector has increasingly relied on the device for timely transportation of essential articles across the globe. Since its introduction in health, scholars have attempted to address the impact of drones on healthcare across Africa and the world at large. Among other things, it has been reported by scholars that the device has the ability to overcome the menace of weather constraints, inadequate personnel and inaccessible roads within the healthcare sector. This notwithstanding, data on drones and drone application in Ghana and her healthcare sector in particular appears to be little within the drone literature. Also, little attempt has been made by scholars to highlight the use of drones in African countries. By using a narrative review approach, the current study attempts to address the gap above. By this approach, a thorough literature search was performed to locate and assess scientific materials involving the application of drones in the military field and in the medical systems of Africans and Ghanaians in particular. The paper by Artemii Bernatskyi and Vladyslav Khaskin is devoted to the analysis of the history of the laser creation as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the “patent wars” that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. Nineteenth-century world exhibitions were platforms to demonstrate technical and technological changes that witnessed the modernization and industrialization of the world. World exhibitions have contributed to the promotion of new inventions and the popularization of already known, as well as the emergence of art objects of world importance. One of the most important world events at the turn of the century was the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Thus, the author has tried to analyze the participation of representatives of the sugar industry in the World's Fair in 1900 and to define the role of exhibitions as indicators of economic development, to show the importance and influence of private entrepreneurs, especially from Ukraine, on the sugar industry and international contacts. The article by Viktor Verhunov highlights the life and creative path of the outstanding domestic scientist, theorist, methodologist and practitioner of agricultural engineering K. G. Schindler, associated with the formation of agricultural mechanics in Ukraine. The methodological foundation of the research is the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity in reproducing the phenomena of the past based on the complex use of general scientific, special, interdisciplinary methods. For the first time a number of documents from Russian and Ukrainian archives, which reflect some facts of the professional biography of the scientist, were introduced into scientific circulation. The authors from Kremenchuk National University named after Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi presented a fascinating study of a bayonet fragment with severe damages of metal found in the city Kremenchuk (Ukraine) in one of the canals on the outskirts of the city, near the Dnipro River. Theoretical research to study blade weapons of the World War I period and the typology of the bayonets of that period, which made it possible to put forward an assumption about the possible identification of the object as a modified bayonet to the Mauser rifle has been carried out. Metal science expert examination was based on X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determine the concentration of elements in the sample from the cleaned part of the blade. In the article by Mykola Ruban and Vadym Ponomarenko on the basis of the complex analysis of sources and scientific literature the attempt to investigate historical circumstances of development and construction of shunting electric locomotives at the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant has been made. The next scientific article continues the series of publications devoted to the assessment of activities of the heads of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Empire. In this article, the authors have attempted to systematize and analyze historical data on the activities of Klavdii Semyonovych Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire. The article also assesses the development and construction of railway network in the Russian Empire during Nemeshaev's office, in particular, of the Amur Line and Moscow Encircle Railway, as well as the increase in the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The article discusses K. S. Nemeshaev's contribution to the development of technology and the introduction of a new type of freight steam locomotive for state-owned railways. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions.

Purpose: Strategic Analysis is a process of business organization which involves studying the business environment and its operations. For the effective decision making and smooth functioning of business organization, the strategic planning is an essential tool. An Indian multinational automobile manufacturing firm founded in 1945 by the Tata group under the name TELCO (Tata Engineering and Locomotive Company). Indian automaker Tata Motors is the biggest in the world. Since Tata Motors was founded, the company has been engaged in many charitable endeavours, including philanthropy. Strategic planning took a major role in the growth and profitability perspectives of this company. Tata Motors' acquisition of Jaguar and Land Rover is a unique example of a corporation making a strategic decision based on its internal strengths and external opportunities in order to succeed in a competitive market. Tata Motors sought to broaden the scope of its offering and the geographic scope of its market. A steady rise in the number of mergers in the Indian business has been observed over the past decade. Recently completed mergers and acquisitions are a good indicator of an industry's level of competitiveness, potentials, and capabilities. This research is undertaken to examine the firm's potential and capabilities by comparing its performance before and after mergers and acquisition. Design/Methodology/Approach: When a company expanding its operations in the global level, some factors such as Economic, technological, customer-segment and international competitions will take a major role. The author of this paper has studied the growth of TATA Motors, both domestically and globally, in this study. For the purpose of the study secondary data is collected through various sources such as journals, research articles, newspaper articles and websites of Tata Motors and other ventures. Findings/Result: The study highlights the critics of Tata Motors' acquisition desire factor out that the timing of the deal is affecting the worldwide economy. The call for business and passenger motors declined because of a slowdown with inside the home and international economy. The newly introduced Tata Nexon could be a game changer for the electric car market in the country due to India's large population and rising standard of living. Due to lack of innovation and major competitors in the market Tata Motors needs to be more innovative in its approach. Originality/Value: This paper studies the effectiveness of mergers and acquisitions in terms of change in company’s potentiality and capabilities. Paper Type: Research Case study based on Company Strategic Analysis.

Arup with AXA Insurance, Coventry City Council, Ford Motor Company, Gowling WLG, Horiba MIRA, Jaguar Land Rover, Milton Keynes Council, RDM Group (Aurrigo), Tata Motors European Technical Centre, Thales, The Open University, Transport Systems Catapult, University of Cambridge, University of Oxford

The study entitled “ FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE OF TATA STEEL LIMITED”. Financial Performance analysis means establishing a relationship between the items in the balance sheet and profit and loss account for determining the financial strength and weakness of the firm. The study entitled to know the financial position of the Company helps in making sound decisions by analyzing the recent trend. This study aims at analyzing the financial performance of Tata Steel Ltd. Using the framework of comparative balance sheet andratio analysis. The basic objective of the study is to evaluate and judge the performance of Tata Steel during the study period.To determine the firm's efficiency an attempt is made to measure the solvency position of the firm

The occurrence of railway accidents is not always the result of error/violation on the operator’s end; rather, there are many organizational factors involved. This research investigated 97 railway accident reports from the West Zone of Bangladesh Railway between 2015 and 2019 to categorize factors within the institution that contribute to accidents. The accidents were divided into four categories (collision, derailment, locomotive failure, and signal passed at danger [SPAD]) and were applied to the Human Factors Analysis and Classification System (HFACS) framework. The HFACS framework systematically identifies direct and hidden factors that lead to an accident. A total of 225 human and organizational factors were found involved in 97 accidents, of which 106 (47.11%) were organizational-level factors and 119 (52.89%) were front-line/operation-level factors. To understand the association between factors, a Bayesian network was created following the naive Bayes algorithm, keeping “accident type” as the class variable. Analysis revealed that “Collisions” occur because of organizational factors such as the structure of command, planned inappropriate operations, and operation-level factors such as perceptual errors, and personal unreadiness. “Derailment” was influenced by organizational reasons, such as equipment issues, company safety culture, and inadequate supervision, whereas operation-level factors were crew and resource management and skill-based error. “Locomotive failure” was found to be associated with only organizational factors, such as equipment issues and inadequate supervision, and SPAD mostly occurred because of exceptional violations at the operational level. The identified issues, if addressed properly, can help ensure a safer railway industry.

Abstract This purpose of this study was to determine the effect of earnings management, corporate governance, product market competition on sticky cost behavior by tax incentive policies. This research method uses a quantitative approach. The data collection technique is secondary data of annual financial reports on retail sub-sector companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2016-2020 a total of 28 companies. The samples were determined using purposive sampling. The data analysis method uses moderated regression analysis (MRA). The results of the study are earnings management, corporate governance have a positive and significant effect on sticky cost, and The tax incentive policy is able to moderate the relationship between corporate governance and sticky cost behavior. In this study, it helps to understand the cost behavior of retail sector companies, so it is expected that company management can more accurately estimate the value of the company in the future. The next research is expected to use a qualitative approach to expand studies related to research linking sticky cost behavior.

Purpose With the rapid advancement of technology, companies use new technologies to produce their products and services to maintain a competitive advantage. As companies alone cannot research and develop their technologies, they should use knowledge sources outside the organization that may exist throughout the world; hence, organizations need technology transfer. Because the success rate of technology transfer projects is low, the need to accurately assess and investigate the critical success factors of technology transfer projects is felt. In this regard, this study aims to identify and prioritize the critical success factors in technology transfer projects. Design/methodology/approach In this research, 56 critical success factor (CSF) were extracted from the context of the articles and were adjusted using experts’ opinions in different phases, as well as the fuzzy-Delphi approach. Finally, 15 factors were categorized in the form of steps of the technology transfer model: STAGE-GATE. In the next step, the set of criteria needed to prioritize CFSs was extracted from the literature and finalized with the help of the experts. Then, how each of the CSF influences the identified criteria was scored according to the organization’s export opinions. Finally, the priority of each key success factor was calculated using the additive ratio assessment (ARAS) method. Findings The results obtained for prioritization of the critical success factors show that experience in technology transfer in the transferee company, the existence of experienced technology transfer managers, sufficient organizational infrastructure and documenting project problems, achievements and experiences are four critical success factors of the technology transfer projects. Considering the long-term and short-term specific goals of the technology transfer process and the choice of technology in line with the company’s commercial strategy are also the critical success factors with the next priorities. Originality/value The combination of ARAS and step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis methods for identifying and prioritizing managerial decisions in the high-tech industries is a value of this research. Also, a combination of novel multi-attribute decision-making methods by the older framework of new product development is another contribution of this research.

Several influencing factors, including temperature, air cleanliness, and humidity levels, are necessary to preserve the performance and durability of engine components against injury. Many mechanical and electrical components of the machine were damaged at Company X because the room's temperature, air quality, and humidity did not comply with the machine's standard operating conditions. If nothing is done to enhance the engine room's air conditioning, the engine will sustain greater damage. The purpose of this research is to design a cooling and air-conditioning system in the production machine space in PT. X to maintain the performance and durability of machine components. The engine compartment is 104 m2. The design of the refrigeration and air conditioning systems includes the calculation of the required capacity, analysis, and the creation of design drawings in the engine compartment. According to the calculation, the required engine room refrigeration capacity unit is 9.36 kW with 1640 l/s. This capacity incorporates the requirement for fresh air, which is 245 l/s. With this capacity, the engine's optimal temperature and oxygen quality can be attained.

A significant part of the economic base of the Astrakhan region is strongly dependent on external factors, mainly on the oil and gas markets, which are subject to cyclical fluctuations with a period of several years (up to ten years). The positive dynamics of the volume of industrial production was influenced by the production growth by the type of economic activity "mining", specifically, the output of million tons of oil produced by the Oil company "Lukoil" from the Caspian shelf. The Russian government is counting on the Astrakhan region as a "locomotive of the Russian economy in the Southern Federal District (SFD)". According to the forecast of long-term social and economic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030, the growth of industrial production in the Southern Federal District should be 183%, and in the Astrakhan region by 2030 it should increase by 7.8 times. The comprehensive development of the oil fields in the North Caspian, according to the Lukoil program, involves construction of more than 30 offshore oil and gas field hydraulic engineering structures. The implementation of the project in the Caspian Sea will change the whole industrial structure not only in the south of Russia, but also in the Astrakhan region, facilitating the creation of new large enterprises and prospective taxpayers into the regional budget.

The article considers the concept of “risk in railway transport”, identifies the types of risks that exist in the railway transport of Ukraine; determined that the processes of transformation of economic relations in Ukraine require the deepening of theoretical and practical developments in risk management in the field of railway transport; the risk management process according to the ISO 31000: 2018 standard is given; according to the implemented Strategy and Policy of JSC “Ukrzaliznytsia” the main tasks of the risk management system are defined and the risk map of JSC “Ukrzaliznytsia” is developed; The results of the structural reform of railway transport were insufficient to create effective sources of development in the short term, which will ensure large-scale attraction of funds for the development of the industry and its modernization. The results of the structural reform of railway transport were insufficient to create effective sources of development in the short term, which will ensure large-scale attraction of funds for the development of the industry and its modernization. Many types of risks that need to be assessed, as well as different purposes of assessing the same type of risk (for the purposes of state supervision and company purposes) provide JSC “Ukrzaliznytsia” a real challenge in terms of building risk assessment models. The task of applying the method of assessing a specific type of risk is significantly different from the task of building a methodology for assessing the risks of a large company. In solving this problem, it is important to keep in mind that a method successfully applied in one area may be completely ineffective in another. Risk classification of JSC “Ukrzaliznytsia” should be carried out taking into account the existing management structure, as well as the tasks to be solved at each level of management; the effect of the risk management system should be synergistic, each element of each level of management should be effective: from the structural unit at the linear level to the department of the corporate level of management. Currently, for the company’s internal purposes, several dozen risks have been formulated related to various areas of life of JSC UZ: from financial activities to locomotive maintenance and innovative development.

The creation and further operation of any enterprise is aimed at making a profit, which in a market economy is not without the influence of a number of factors. In practice, these factors can be extremely diverse, ranging from market competition and, consequently, the constant need to modernize production, and ending with the political vicissitudes of the country, which often entails a change in the vector of industrial development as a whole. Maintaining the efficiency of financial activities, in conditions of constant external and internal factors of influence, is a necessary condition for the existence of each individual enterprise. Therefore, the analysis of factors and reasons for reducing the efficiency of financial activities of industrial enterprises is important for further decision-making on the implementation of anti-crisis management measures. The article analyzes the main trends of fluctuations in the financial activities of industrial enterprises of Ukraine on the example of PJSC "Zaporizhzhya Electric Locomotive Repair Plant". The key factors and reasons for changing the financial performance of the enterprise are identified. The influence of external factors on the reduction of financial efficiency is characterized. The analysis of a particular enterprise reflects the overall situation in the engineering industry of Ukraine, because each company is equally exposed to external factors on the financial condition, although it does not determine the methods of responding to external threats. The essence of the financial activity of the enterprise, the factors that determine it and the reasons for the impact of internal risks on the financial activities of economic entities are considered. The analysis of financial activity of the enterprise is carried out through a prism of indicators of profitability, liquidity, a condition of property, relative indicators of an estimation of financial stability and business activity. The necessity and expediency of anti-crisis management at an industrial enterprise have been established. The author identifies the main directions of improving the financial situation.

Introduction 1. In an era of globalization, international trade is inevitable. When we walk into a supermarket and find South American bananas, Malaysian rubber products, Brazilian coffee, we simply experience the impact of global trade. Global trade allows all countries around the world to publicise their markets and to supply goods and services that otherwise would not have been open to the domestic economy. As all goods and services are available at relatively cheaper prices in the international market, therefore domestic market becomes more competitive. People have got choices for competitive products. Therefore, the difference in the prices of goods of the foreign economy and domestic economy results in international trade. 2. Why nations trade with each other ? Not a single nation alone can generate all the goods and services for its households in today’s world of limitless desires. There is an unequal distribution of factors of production over the countries of the world. Countries of the world differ from each other in terms of natural resources, technology, entrepreneurial and managerial skills which determine the ability of the country concerned, at the lowest cost of production, to manufacture goods and services. For example, South Korea can manufacture cars or microelectronic products effectively in comparison with any other nation in the world, similarly Malaysia could produce rubber and palm oil more efficiently. The ability to manufacture these products, such as electronics or rubber, is much greater than their ability to consume these goods within the country so that they can sell these goods at comparatively cheaper prices to other countries around the world. Similarly, India and Brazil can import certain products from South Korea and Malaysia at lower prices and can in exchange, import Brazilian coffee or Indian textiles at a lower price. Therefore, generally trade benefits all the countries of the world provided it is free trade. If one country has a belief in free trade and the other beliefs in the opposite, only the previous one will end practicing free trade and suffering in the end. Economists say that trade conflicts safeguard economic interests and are advantageous to the local market, but critics claim that they ultimately hurt local companies, consumers, and the economy in long run. Protectionist policies always harm the concept of globalization. According to the World Commission on the social dimension of globalization (2004). “Globalisation should benefit all the countries and should raise the welfare of all people throughout the world”. Advocates of protectionist view put arguments in favour of restrictions of the trade like the expansion of the home market, keeping money at home, counteracting foreign low wages, defence or national security arguments, protection of infant industry, anti-dumping arguments, and balance of payment arguments. Trade restrictions are of two types; tariff barriers and non-tariff barriers. The tariff barrier is the most common barrier to trade. It is the tax or duties that one country imposes on exported or imported goods. There are various types of tariff barriers in international trade. If the tariff is imposed based on the physical weight of some goods, imported or exported, called a specific tariff. • If a tariff is imposed on the value of some goods, imported or exported is called “Ad Valorem tariff”. • If different rates of the tariff are imposed on different countries called discriminatory tariffs. • If the same rates of a tariff are imposed on different countries, called non-discriminatory tariff’. • If the main purpose of imposing a tariff is to produce revenue, called a revenue tariff. • And the most commonly used tariff is the Protective tariff. if the tariff is imposed mainly to protect domestic industries from foreign competitions are called the protective tariff 4. Followers of the protectionist policy argue that tariff imposition has two impacts; revenue increases after the imposition of tariff and home production increases which is called protective effect but if other countries retaliate in the same manner, the trade war is inevitable. A situation of trade war erupts when one nation or economy strike back against another economy by imposing trade barriers. The application of trade restrictions is not a new concept in international trade. If we study the background of the global trade war, we find that countries frequently used trade restrictions in global trade. The situation was aggravated after the second world war. Most of the countries were intentionally devaluing their currency to increase their export and minimise imports. This was also the reason for the currency war between countries. 5. We can divide the world trade in the pre-Bretton Woods and post Bretton Woods period. An efficient international monetary system is very essential for the smooth functioning and expansion of international trade. From the early 19th century until the first world war, the era was regarded as a period of internationalism. Most of the major industrialised nations of the world started participating in world trade. After the second world war and the hectic slump and currency war that followed it all the countries of the world wished to return to normalcy. Two causes were responsible for this wish: - • Reconstruction of the economies ravaged by the war. • To end the currency war. As far as the second cause is concerned many countries or the trading partners of the world started devaluating its currency to improve the conditions of their BOP. This resulted in a trade war between nations. Therefore, in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA, members of 44 countries met to discuss these problems and to find realistic solutions for them. This conference proposed the establishment of: - • The International Monetary Fund (IMF), to help member countries to meet their BOP deficit problem. • IBRD, to reconstruct and develop economies of member countries. • An International Trade Organisation (ITO), to solve the problem of international trade and proper liberalisation of it. 6. However, the proposal for the International Trade Organisation did not materialise and the General Agreement on Tariff and Trade (GATT) was formed. The GATT was established in 1948 with a big and important objective of “free trade” and “no trade war”. Its main purpose was to remove trade restrictions which sooner or later converts into a trade war. The first seven rounds of GATT were focussed on the removal of trade barriers only. Despite these discussions in several rounds of GATT, it couldn’t provide a useful forum for discussion on international trade issues. 7. The 8th round of GATT is called Uruguay Round which started in 1986. Member countries negotiated in the areas of Tariffs, Non-Tariff Measures, Tropical Production, Natural resource-based products, Agriculture, GATT articles, Safeguards, Multilateral trade negotiation agreement, Subsidies, Disputes Settlement, Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPPS), Trade-Related Investments measures (TRIMS), Functioning of GATT system (FOGS). Despite serious discussion on these issues’ agreement could not be reached and member countries kept on using trade and non-trade barriers on each other. 8. COVID-19 pandemic, which started in March 2020, has adversely affected global trade. As per WTO statistics, a 3% fall in the volume of merchandise (export and import) trade is seen in the first quarter of 2020. Lockdown in many economies of the world aggravated the problem and declines are historically large. Strict social distancing and majors and restrictions on travel and transport adversely affected the service sector of the world economy which is the main contributor to gross domestic product (GDP) of many countries. Therefore, the economic recovery from the COVID situation is highly uncertain. This situation might give a boost to the global trade war which will be the endeavour during the research to be found out and a description of the same has been covered in Chapter 3. The research has tried to reveal how the pandemic has crippled the world economy and aggravating the pre-existing problem of the trade war. The recent trade war between China and the USA is an apt example. Recent Examples of Trade War​​ 9. Since the year 2018 world has been witnessing trade conflict which was earlier currency conflict between the USA and its economic partners mainly the EU and China. But in this conflict US’s all-weather friend Canada and Mexico were also hit. However, retaliation by other countries has been very limited. In March 2018, the United States announced the imposition of additional tariffs under Section 232 on imports of steel (25%) and aluminium (10%) from China to the United States. This might harm the Chinese economy as China is the major contributor of crude and finished steel in the world. 10. In the same month, the US President announced his strategy to endorse restrictions against China over its Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) policies which were severely affecting its stakeholders. In this sanction, the US raised tariffs by 24 to 25% on selected Chinese products which were valued to the tune of approximately $50 billion. By adopting the policy of quid pro quo China on 01 April responded with 25% tariffs on $50 billion in US exports on various American products, like agriculture, pork, and cars. On 3rd April 2018, the US administration released a list of 1,333 goods equivalent to $50 billion in trade, which it said would enforce a 25% tariff. 11. These Chinese products mainly belong to the category of important sectors like robotics, rail and shipping, information technology, health care, and medicine, and high-technology. China retaliated and published a list of 106 products on which 25% tariffs were imposed and its value was worth $50 billion in trade. Thus, quid pro quo tactics kept ongoing between China and the US. The US plans to tax $50 billion worth of Chinese imports was replied with threats by China to impose tariffs on American products worth $50 billion. China announced to hit back with additional taxes on American chemicals, automobiles, and other products. Interestingly all these 106 American products are produced in those regions of the US where President Trump enjoys great support of his people. Earlier this year both countries signed the first phase of the trade agreement to reduce trade pressures between them, which last year weakened global growth and scaled-down business investment around the world. But due to the blame game over the pandemic, progress has been derailed. 12. Apart from the above, the subsidy has been one of the major causes of dispute amongst countries of the world. According to the WTO agreement on agriculture, developed economies had to reduce their subsidies by 21% in six years and developing countries by 12% in 10 years. Recently restriction on Indian agriculture produce by US, EU, Canada, Brazil, and Japan has been imposed in August 2020. They have questioned that India is not following the WTO peace clause for surpassing the limit on support or, subsidy it can render to its peasants. In the platform of WTO, the ceiling for subsidy is 10% of the value of the produce. India provided the WTO with details that the value of its rice production in 2018 was $43.6 billion and subsidies were worth just $5 billion. Subsidies have therefore remained a major bone of contention between the various countries of the world, but there is one peace arrangement in the WTO that protects the WTO members’ food procurement program for developing countries from taking action in the event of a violation of the subsidy cap. It will also be a litmus test to observe if in circumstances like the ongoing pandemic, WTO members grant food security pre-eminence to emerging economies or whether developed nations are pursuing market entree. Globalisation has reached a few obstructions in recent times, following decades of surges in world trade, worldwide tourism, and global cooperation, as some of the development achieved in the past has been undone by the re-emergence of patriotism and protectionism. The COVID-19 pandemic is predicted to trigger an unprecedented deterioration in global trade after trade growth decelerated dramatically in 2019, owing in huge part to trade conflict between the United States and China. As per the forecasts of the WTO, merchandise business is going to plunge between 12.98% and 31.88% this year, depending on how easily the coronavirus is controlled and trade will return to pre-crisis levels. According to the WTO Director-General, Roberto Azevêdo, the swift and robust rebound is only possible through the focus on free trade. Global markets have to be kept open and predictable, in addition to promoting a more desirable business climate. 13. Though before the onset of the pandemic, the Indian economy was not affected much by the ongoing trade conflict between the USA and China because of the combined effect of the pandemic and trade war India’s GDP shrunk by 23.9% in the first quarter of FY 2020-21. In the first quarter, the worst-hit industry was construction, which contracted by 50 percent. The hotel industry contracted by 47%, production by 39.3%, and mining by 23.3%. Agriculture, which posted a 3.4 percent rise, was the only industry that managed to survive the recession. The economy is believed to have suffered the most during the June quarter as a result of the nationwide lockdown. 14. In January 2019, as the trade war was raging, India also placed anti-dumping duties on more than 99 Chinese goods to protect its domestic markets, such as anti-dumping duties on chemicals, petrochemicals, fabrics, yarn, pharmaceutical equipment, rubber, and steel products. As a follower of protectionist policy Indian government also imposes anti-dumping duty on imports of steel products, an alloy of aluminium. The total value of duty imposed was $13.07 per ton to $ 173.1 per ton, which is a big amount. China, Vietnam, South Korea for five years in June 2020. India needs to take some major steps and reforms to bounce back its economy back on track. 15. Review of Literature… To complete the research number of books, literatures in the forms of articles, journals, independent views of various economists have been reviewed and referred. Books…. ​Various books reviewed and which have contributed in the course of the research include the following: - (a) ​Trade War Are Class War: How Rising Inequality Distorts the Global Economy and Threatens International Peace by Mathew C. Klein and Michael Pettis published by Yale University Press, May 19, 2020. ​The roots of today’s trade wars are traced by Klein and Pettis to decisions taken over the past thirty years by policymakers and business leaders in China, Europe, and the United States. The authors include a coherent narrative in this book that demonstrates how the growing injustice of class wars is a challenge to the global economy and international peace, and what the ways ahead are. (b)​ Has China Won by Kishore Mahbubani published by PublicAffairs, March 2020. ​​The author of this book aims to provide an insight into the trade war between the USA and China. He also claims that China is not as is claimed, an expansionist country. By extending its trade, diplomacy and military might in the region, it secures its national interest. But his view appears to be skewed toward the Chinese target. (c)​ Superpower Showdown: How the Battle between Trump and Xi Threaten a New Cold War by Bob Davis and Lingling Wei published by HarperCollins, June 9, 2020. ​As told by two Wall Street Journal reporters, one based in Washington, D.C., the other in Beijing, who had more access to the decision-makers in the White House and China’s Zhongnanhai leadership compound than anyone else, this is the inside story of the US-China trade war, how ties between these superpowers unravelled, darkening prospects for global peace and prosperity. Over the seven years, they have collaborated on writing for the Wall Street Journal, Davis and Wei have conducted hundreds of interviews with government and business officials in both nations. They explain how we have reached this turning point and look at where we might be going, evaluating U.S.-China ties. (d) ​COVID-19 Challenges for the Indian Economy: Trade and Foreign Policy Effects by EEPCINDIA and AIC, 2020. ​​A study entitled ‘COVID-19: Challenges for the Indian Economy – Trade and Foreign Policy Consequences’ was developed by the ASEAN-India Centre(AIC) Research and Information System for Developing Countries(RIS) in collaboration with the Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC), it presents freshly written 40 primary comments on India’s trade and foreign policy challenges raised by this crisis and the way forward by Indian professors, economists, and practitioners. (e ) ​Global Economic Effects of COVID-19 by Congressional Research Service August 2020 by James K. Jackson, Martin A. Weiss, and Rebecca M. Nelson.​ It’s a Congressional Research paper published to analyse the effects of the pandemic on the world economy particularly, the USA. It’s a crystal gazing done by two seasoned economists and gives an excellent perspective of ongoing trade and its likely directions post COVID-19. Research is full of authentic data, facts and Pictures gathered from governmental and non-governmental sources. (f) ​Trade is Not a Four-Letter Word: How Six Everyday Products make the case for Trade, January 2014 by Fred Hochberg published by Simon and Schuster. ​Fred P. Hochberg breaks down colourful and convincing real-world examples through the prism of six traditional American items to reject the common myths and misunderstandings surrounding trade. Mr. Hochberg illustrates the story of America’s most unexpected business partnerships by using six commonly consumed American products; the taco salad, the minivan, the banana, the iPhone, the college degree, and the HBO series Game of Thrones – thus sharing the fundamentals of trade that everybody should know. (g) ​Indian Economy by Dutta and Sundhram published by S. Chand, New Delhi, 66th Revised Edition.​This book analyses structure of the Indian Economy, national income, study of human and natural resources in the context of economic development, pattern of foreign trade of India, broad cross-section of the Indian economy. Chapter 6 of this book deals with foreign trade in India and its balance of payment position which is significant for my study. (h) ​International Economics by Francis Cherunilam published by Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Limited, New Delhi, Third Edition. The author is a professor at the School of Management Studies at Cochin University of Science and Technology. This book deals with the conflicting national interest, international economic relations, and solutions of conflicting interests. Chapter 3 of this book shows the picture of international trade. Chapter 9th and 10th clear the picture of free trade versus protection and different types of trade barriers. (i) ​International Economics by H.G. Mannur published by Vikas Publishing House Private Limited, Second Revised Edition. ​The author of this book, H.G. Mannur paid his gratitude to the school of social sciences of the university of science in Penang Malaysia, which provided him a great opportunity to learn about the International economics of Malaysia related to the world. This book is dealing with the International economy of Malaysia which is the highest foreign trade-dependent economy. Chapter 1 explains why do nations trade with each other. Chapter 7 of this book deals with obstacles to trade and trade restrictions. (j) ​International Economics by Dominick Salvatore by Wiley, January 1, 2014. ​​Dominick Salvatore, the author of international economics is an American economist. This book presents theories of international economics and its relevance through real-world examples and applications. Articles. ​ Several articles on the subject relating to the global trade, trade conflict and its effects on world have been written by many noted columnists and authors. Apart from that in last 10 months number of organisations and research bodies also carried out the analysis and likely effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the world trade and ongoing trade conflict. Articles from publications such as ‘The Economics Times’, ‘Business Today’, ‘The Hindu’, ‘National Council of Applied Economic Research’, ‘BBC Economic Research’, ‘Economic Research and Statistics Division (ERSD)’, ‘Investopedia’ and ‘Business Insider’ form a part of the literature review for the research. In addition to the articles and journals by various writers certain data were also taken from the governmental and non-governmental reports like United Nations Conference on Trade and Development(UNCTAD), WTO Press releases and Economic Survey of India. The existing literature provides great insight into the reasons of trade between the countries, trade conflict and its catalyst and how an unforeseen event like the pandemic brings the entire world to a standstill where even largest and strongest have no solution. There are number of literature and research available which brings out many scenarios where the current trade conflict can go. Besides, a large number of research papers have also been written about the likely recovery of the world trade in various different scenarios. Study of some of has definitely given an insightful perspective on the subject. There is, however a void in the research writings on the subject from Indian government’s concerned ministry like Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Trade and Commerce and Ministry of Agriculture. The Economic Survey of India was the only document where authentic data could have been found but that too was almost six to eight months old. The updated analytical facts and data from the ministry’s sites will go a long way in helping a researcher for his work. A critical study of books and articles mentioned above has assisted in the research to address the issues identified. ​16. Statement of Problem.​ The research seeks to investigate: - (a) ​How the current global trade war (GTW) has impacted the nations having a considerable share in world trade? (b) ​How has the Global Trade War (GTW) impacted the Indian economy? (c)​What are the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Global Trade War? (d) ​What are the likely effects of the COVID -19 pandemic on the Indian economy? 17. Statement of Problem.​ The research seeks to investigate: - (a) ​How the current global trade war (GTW) has impacted the nations having a considerable share in world trade? (b) ​How has the Global Trade War (GTW) impacted the Indian economy? (c)​What are the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Global Trade War? (d) ​What are the likely effects of the COVID -19 pandemic on the Indian economy? 18. Objectives of the Study. The specific objectives of the study are as under: - (a) ​To study the reasons and effects of the global trade war on nations having a major share in world trade. (b) ​To study the effects of COVID-19 pandemic and GTW on international trade with specific emphasis on the Indian economy. 19. Hypothesis The research is intended to deliberate and validate the following hypothesis: - (a) ​Global Trade War has severely impacted nations from having a major share in world trade. (b) ​India has not been affected much by the Global Trade War. (c)​COVID-19 pandemic is going to aggravate the Global Trade War. (d) ​Indian economy will be adversely affected by the ongoing pandemic. 20. The relevance of the Study… This study will contribute to academia with an in-depth insight into the existent trend of international trade and trade war. The present study will evaluate the effect of COVID-19 on international trade and its role in aggravating trade war. Besides, this study will also endeavour to furnish both analysis and suggestions towards: - (a) ​Trend of global trade and reasons behind trade war. (b) ​Likely direction of international trade post-COVID-19. (c)​Its impact on the Indian economy and recommendations for future economic policies. 21. Research Methodology Owing to the current and contemporary nature of the topic, research was based on the primary and secondary method of data collection wherein the number of books, open-source articles, internet blogs, periodicals, and research papers were referred and perused. Apart from the same reports and analysis of both governmental and non-governmental agencies, which were available in the open domain, were also accessed during the research. To support the arguments, an online public opinion, based on close-ended questionnaire, was be taken through Google forms. The survey questionnaire was analysed based on responses using Likert Scale. Non-random convenient sampling was used for selection of participants. A total of 114 respondents took part in the survey. 22. Organisation of the Research Research has been completed under five chapters. Headings of the chapters and their broad contents have been covered in succeeding paragraphs. (a) ​Chapter 1: Introduction and Research Methodology. In this chapter background of global trade, particularly after World War II, the role of WTO for free and fair trade amongst member nations along with research methodology have been covered in detail. (b) ​Chapter 2: Background of Global Trade War and Situation up to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemics. In this chapter issues like background of trade war, currency war and current state of global trade amidst ongoing trade conflict between the USA and China has been covered in detail. Apart from the same it has also been brought out in this chapter that which are the countries and which all products and services have been severely affected. All the affected nations are adopting their own policies to deal with the current situation of COVID-19 and ripples of trade dispute. Same have also been brought forward in this chapter. (c)​Chapter 3: Likely Directions of Global Trade War post-COVID-19 pandemics. COVID-19 pandemic has added a new dimension to the way nations were doing trade with each other, particularly in the light of disruption in production, supply chain, unpredicted market, and labour issues. Apart from that, it has severely affected the ongoing global trade war. The revival of the economy is incumbent on medical success in finding the vaccine for the disease. In this chapter likely direction of the trade war has been discussed in details. Apart from the foregoing, long and short term effects of the pandemic on global trade have also been covered in this chapter. (d) ​Chapter 4: Impact of Global Trade War and COVID-19 pandemics on the Indian Economy. The Indian economy was not affected much by the global trade war but since the onset of a pandemic, the combined effect of COVID-19 and trade war has started affecting the Indian economy. Apart from the same in this chapter impact on export and import capability of India during pandemic times have also been covered in detail. Recent development at Galwan valley in Eastern Ladakh which includes the steps taken by India and its likely implications on the trade between India and China has also been covered in this chapter. In the end an analysis of the Online survey with the help of Google form has been covered to check the hypothesis. (e)​ Chapter 5: Way Ahead for the Indian Economy, Recommendations and Conclusion. ​In continuation of the previous chapter, this chapter contains nthe state of global trade in the current times along with certain recommendations which can be followed to have a fair world trade. During COVID-19 pandemic the Indian government has taken large number of fiscal measures to control to the damage and bring the economy back on track and same have been covered in great details in this chapter. Apart from that actions which Indian government should take to minimise the impact of trade dispute between other nations have also been recommended. In last way ahead for the Indian economy has been recommended.