Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Tarihçe"

Cette thèse propose une étude thématique du Journal encyclopédique, depuis sa création en 1756, jusqu'en 1775, donc pendant tout le temps que Pierre Rousseau dirigea sur place son équipe de rédaction, à Liège d'abord, puis à Bouillon. Pour mieux comprendre l'évolution des principes et des méthodes, aussi pour mettre en évidence la permanence, l'abandon, ou l'introduction de certaines idées, nous avons considéré cinq périodes de quatre ans. Dans chaque partie sont successivement étudiées la vie du périodique, les méthodes des journalistes, leurs fins avouées ou non, la place de l'histoire, celles de la philosophie, de la religion, de la politique, de la société, de l'économie et des sciences. Ce n'est pas seulement une philosophie que nous avons cherché à comprendre, mais aussi sa propagation. Nous apportons ainsi notre contribution à l'histoire des idées au dix-huitième siècle, par la perception de lumières changeantes, telles qu'ont pu les découvrir quelque deux mille abonnés du journal. On comprend mieux, dès lors, combien les lecteurs furent dépendants des volontés du maitre d'œuvre, Pierre Rousseau, qui, après l'enthousiasme et la virulence des années où son journal fut le reflet de la grande Encyclopédie, montra vite, derrière une trompeuse modération, une soif inextinguible de toutes les formes de connaissance, persuadé qu'il était d'une décadence prochaine et irrémédiable des Lumières
This thesis sets a thematic study of the Journal encyclopédique since its creation in 1756 until 1775, that is as long as Pierre Rousseau personally managed the editorial staff, in liege first, then in bouillon. In order to best apprehend the evolution of principles and methods, as well as to emphasize the permanency, discarding or introduction of some ideas, we have considered five periods of four years each. In each part, we have successively examined the life of the periodical, the journalists' methods, their overt or disguised purposes, the roles of history, philosophy, religion, politics, economy and sciences. Not only did we want to comprehend a philosophy but also its propagation. This way, we make our contribution to the history of the ideas in the eighteenth century, through the perception of changing enlightenment, such as it was discovered by some two thousand journal subscribers. Hence, we can best make out to what extent the readers were dependent on the chief architect's willpower, Pierre Rousseau. After the enthusiasm and vehemence of the age during which his periodical was the reflection of the great Encyclopédie, Pierre Rousseau rapidly showed an insatiable craving for all forms of knowledge, beneath a fictitious moderation, he was so much persuaded of the forcoming and irreparable decline of the age of the enlightenment

This dissertation examines the history of gold mining among the Wanyamongo people of Tarime District from the 1930s to 2009. It argues that the establishment of gold mines in Nyamongo in the early 1930s created intra-community conflicts among the Wanyamongo people. These conflicts divided the community, turning young men against elders and wives against their husbands. This tension rarely reached overt levels during the colonial period, although violent confrontations were not totally absent. However, the conflicts are discernible in the narratives about gold mining. The dissertation argues that these conflictual discourses about gold mining continued into the post-colonial era, although their content changed over time. From the turn of this century these conflicts increasingly became violent. Often characterized as evidence of local communities' opposition to the intrusion of foreign companies I draw on oral sources and Tanzanian archives to argue that such turbulence is best understood by examining the social and economic relations of the residents of such communities. In Nyamongo this violence often pitted unemployed young men against fellow Kuria-speaking men who were employed by the mine as guards and in the Community Relations Department. I also argue that the young men who invaded the mine did not want the mine to close because their very survival was dependent upon the presence of a large company that can bring deeper ore to the surface. The dissertation also argues that, contrary to common wisdom that recognizes the Second World War as the beginning of the decline of the gold mining sector, in the Lake Province gold production actually continued to increase until the late 1950s. I also argue that when these mines closed in the 1960s and early 1970s it was not because of Julius Nyerere's economic policy, as is commonly believed. When Nyerere's government nationalized the industry in 1973, all of Tanzania's big gold mines had already closed. In the 1970s and 1980s Tanzania experienced an economic crisis marked by high inflation and a shortage of basic commodities. I argue that the miners of Nyamongo escaped this crisis because gold allowed them to engage in a lucrative trade that revolved around the smuggling of gold to Kenya. The dissertation also shows that when the Tanzanian government adopted neo-liberal economic reforms in the mid-1980s, the residents of Nyamongo embraced large-scale foreign investment in the form of an Australian-owned mining company. This embrace challenges the conventional view that depicts foreign mining companies as unwanted intruders in Tanzania's mining communities and the local small-scale miners as victims of neo-liberal economic policies.

Thesis (M.S. in Defense Analysis)--Naval Postgraduate School, June2010.
Thesis Advisor(s): Giordano, Frank R. Second Reader: Wilson, Gregory R. "June 2010." Description based on title screen as viewed on June, 17, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Pre-Deployment; Training; DMETL; CMETL; Task; Influence; Constraint; Afghanistan. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-115). Also available in print.

The thesis presents a summary and an analysis of the Tar i h-i Ebu'[-Feth ("History of the Conqueror") by the Ottoman historian Tursun Bey. The History covers the period 1444-1488, with the bulk of it obviously devoted to the reign of Mehmed II "the Conqueror" (1451-1481). The thesis is in three chapters. The first analyses Tursun Bey's elaborate literary style and also examines the origins of his style, demonstrating that its literary ancestry goes back to thirteenth-century Iran, in particular to luvaini's Tarikh-i Jihangushiz ("History of the World Conqueror") (1252-1280), and can be traced through the Persian Histories by Vassaf (about 1328) and the Timurid historian Nizam aI-Din Shami (before 1402) and Sharaf aI-Din 'Ali Yazdi (1404). The chapter shows that Tursun Bey acquired mastery of this style not simply through studying these Persian prototypes to his History, but also through long employment in the Ottoman Chancery. It is -clear that during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries the Ottomans adopted many of the administrative forms of Ilkhanid Iran and provided models for the formulation of Ottoman administrative and diplomatic documents. Tursun Bey was able to transfer the skill in insa which he acquired in the Chancery to the composition of his History. The second chapter attempts to identify the sources which Tursun Bey used in composing the Introduction to his History: "On the people's need for the Noble Being of the Padi~ah, the Shadow of God". The only written source which Tursun Bey himself identifies is the Akhliiq-i Nii$iri of Na~ir aI-Din Tiisi (1235), although he appears also to have used the Chahiir Maqiilah of Nizami-i 'Ariidi (1156). His most important oral source was his patron, the Grand Vizier Mabmiid Pa~a (? - 1474), who in some respects emerges as the hero of the whole work. The chapter also shows how, in context and style, the Introduction draws on the tradition of 'Mirrors for Princes' literature. The final chapter gives a summary and analysis of the History itself. The first section of the ch(\p.t er outlines the principles which have been followed . in making the summary translation. In the text following each section of the summary, there is a commentary which attempts to identify Tursun Bey's sources and analyse his interpretation of events. The chapter also has footnotes comparing Tursun Bey's historical information with the equivalent passages in the works of other contemporary historians, in order to establish, as far as possible, a correct account of events.

L'objet de ce travail reside dans l'etude de l'orient islamique au vi xiieme siecle a travers le mir'at al-zaman, une histoire universelle ecrite par sibt ibn al-gawzi, historien iraquien du vii xiieme siecle. L'etude se divise en deux parties : 1: une introduction detaillee. Cette introduction se compose tout d'abord d'un travail de methodologie dans lequel apres avoir presente l'auteur et sont oeuvre sont tout a tour etudies le travail du chercheur et son approche des sources (les sources zankides et ayyubides, les sources de sibt ibn al-gawzi et l'influence du mir'at al-zaman sur les siecles posterieurs). Cette introduction presente ensuite les differents themes abordes par l'auteur dans sa chronique (l'egypte fatimide, le yemen, le magrib, les pelerinages, les tremblements de terre et les phenomenes extraordinaires). 2: la traduction. L'ouvrage est compose par la succession de cinquante et une annees (de 518 1124 a 569 1175) comprenant d'une part, un recit rapportant les fait qui marquerent l'auteur et de l'autre, une liste d'obituaires. Outre la cesure recit obituaires, la presentation des faits ne repond a aucune ordonnance precise. Cette traduction est doublee d'une annotation visant a la fois a expliciter les faits ainsi qu'a les commenter et a comparer le texte avec les sources manuscrites ou editees contemporaines et posterieures au mir'at al-zaman. Ce travail de doctorat s'acheve sur des annexes (plans, cartes, iconographie), une bibliographie (sources et ouvrages modernes) et un index (lieux, termes techniques et personnages)
The aim of this work lies in the study of the islamic orient in the vi xiith century through the mir'at al-zaman, a universal history written by sibt in al-gawzi, an iraqi writer of the vii xiith century. The study is divided in to two parts. 1: a detailed introduction. First of all, this introduction is composed of a methodological study in wich, after having introduced the author and his works, are treated in turn my technical approach and the way i have used the sources. This introduction presents afterwards the different subjects tackled by the author in his chronicle (the fatimid egypt, the yemen, the magrib, the pilgrimages, the earthquakes and the strange phenomenons) 2: the translation. The book is composed of the succession of fifty one years (from 518 1124 to 569 1175) including on the one hand, an account reporting the events that impressed the author and, on the other hand, an obituary list. Apart from the separation between the events and the obituary lists, the events are presented in no particular order. An annotation is added to the translation. This annotation explains and comments on the events and compares the text with both manuscript and printed sources, whether contemporary or posterior to the mir'at al-zaman. This "doctorat" ends with an appendix (maps, plans, iconography,), a bibliography (sources and modern works) and an index (places, technical terms and personalities)

La presente tesi tratta il principio di concorrenza fra diritto del lavoro, diritti sociali e ordini professionali. E' un elaborato multidisciplinare comportando l’analisi di istituti, norme e principi non solo giuslavoristici, ma anche propri del diritto privato generale e del diritto antritrust
This thesis deals with the principle of competition between labor law, social rights and professional associations. it is an elaborate multi-disciplinary analysis of the leading institutions, rules and principles not only labor law but also of their private law and general law antritrust

La presente tesi tratta il principio di concorrenza fra diritto del lavoro, diritti sociali e ordini professionali. E' un elaborato multidisciplinare comportando l’analisi di istituti, norme e principi non solo giuslavoristici, ma anche propri del diritto privato generale e del diritto antritrust
This thesis deals with the principle of competition between labor law, social rights and professional associations. it is an elaborate multi-disciplinary analysis of the leading institutions, rules and principles not only labor law but also of their private law and general law antritrust

Cette thèse de doctorat examine l’impact social de la Première Guerre mondiale dans l’Empire ottoman sur les femmes turques défavorisées et la réaction quotidienne de ces femmes aux conditions négatives de la guerre et aux mesures de l’État concernant les femmes. Elle utilise l’approche de l’histoire populaire et des nouvelles sources des archives ottomanes pour démontrer les voix et les expériences des femmes ordinaires, surtout leur lutte contre l’appauvrissement à cause de la guerre et les politiques sociales insuffisantes. Par conséquent, elle contribue à combler une grande lacune dans l’historiographie sur l’Empire ottomane et les études sur les femmes qui examinent rarement les femmes turques ordinaires. Elle renforce l’idée que les femmes ottomanes ont eu des grandes difficultés à cause de la guerre contrairement aux comptes de modernisation soulignant seulement les développements positifs concernant les libertés et les droits des femmes après la guerre. Elle réfute les comptes acceptant la guerre comme une période pendant laquelle toutes les femmes turques ont vécu une « émancipation. » D’ailleurs, elle met en lumière les formes et les aspects des points de vue critiques des femmes et de la politique quotidienne des femmes pour survivre les conditions négatives de la guerre, pour faire entendre leurs voix, pour protéger leurs droits et pour recevoir des aides sociales
This dissertation examines the social impact of World War I in the Ottoman Empire on ordinary poor Turkish women and their everyday response to the adverse wartime conditions and the state policies concerning them. Based on new archival sources giving detailed information about the voice, experience and agency of these women and based on the history from below approach, this study focuses on poor, underprivileged and working Turkish women’s everyday experiences, especially their struggle against and perception of wartime conditions, mobilization and state policies about them. By doing so, it contributes to filling the great gap in late Ottoman historiography and women’s studies, which rarely examine ordinary women and their everyday problems and struggles for survival and rights. First, it scrutinizes how ordinary women experienced the war and argues that, in contrast to the modernization accounts that overlook women’s sufferings at the cost of post-war developments in women’s rights and liberties, ordinary Turkish women had great difficulties during the war years. It presents a major caveat to the accounts accepting the war years as a period during which Turkish women monolithically experienced a gradual liberty and « emancipation. » Second, it brings the unexamined forms and aspects of women’s critical and subjective views, their everyday politics to circumvent the adverse conditions and state policies, to make their voices heard, to pursue their rights, and to receive government support into the light
Bu doktora tezi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nın sıradan yoksul Türk kadınları üzerindeki sosyal etkilerini ve kadınların olumsuz savaş koşullarına ve kendileriyle ilgili devlet politikalarına yönelik tavırlarını incelemektedir. Kadınların sesleri, deneyimleri ve tarihsel rolleri hakkında detaylı bilgiler veren yeni arşiv kaynaklarına ve aşağıdan tarih yaklaşımına dayanan bu tez yoksul, temel sosyal haklardan yoksun ve çalışan Türk kadınlarının gündelik deneyimlerine, özellikle de savaş koşulları, seferberlik ve devlet politikalarını algılayış ve bunlarla mücadele biçimlerine odaklanmaktadır. Dolayısıyla, bu tez, sıradan kadınları ve onların gündelik problemleriyle hayatta kalma ve hak mücadelelerini çok az inceleyen Osmanlı tarihçiliği ve kadın araştırmalarındaki büyük bir boşluğu doldurmaya katkıda bulunmaktadır. Bu tez, bu anlamda, iki temel temaya odaklanmaktadır. Öncelikle, sıradan kadınların savaşı nasıl deneyimlediklerini mercek altına almakta ve onların çektikleri acıları savaş sonrası kadın hak ve özgürlüklerindeki ve üst ve orta sınıf eğitimli kadınların etkinlik ve deneyimlerindeki gelişmelerin bir bedeli olarak algılayıp gözden kaçıran modernleşmeanlatılarının tersine sıradan kadınların savaş yıllarında büyük güçlükler çektiğini savunmaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma, Türk kadınlarının savaş yıllarında bütün olarak görece bir “özgürleşme” yaşadıklarını kabul eden anlatılara önemli bir uyarıdır. İkincil olarak, bu tez, kadınların zorluklarla gündelik mücadelelerine odaklanarak kadınların eleştirel ve öznel tutumlarının ve olumsuz koşullar ve devlet politikalarından kaçmak, seslerini duyurmak, haklarının peşine düşmek ve destek görebilmek amaçlı gündelik politikalarının keşfedilmemiş biçim ve yönlerini gün ışığına çıkarmaktadır

An effective relationship between the information centers and the users can be possible with the knowledge of the users’ information needs. It is important for the information centers to understand the information use of the historians, one of the most active user groups of information centers. The subject of this research concerns the information needs of historians and the characteristics of their information use. The hypothesis of the study is “the information centers, information sources, channels and technologies affect information seeking and information uses of the historians. The academicians in the departments of history of Ankara University, Gazi University, Hacettepe University, Middle East Technical University and TOBB-Economics and Technology University, all in Ankara, are included in the study. The 109 historians in these departments make up the population. The response rate was 85.7%. In this research survey method was used. Data has been collected through the analysis of literature, interviews, observation and questionnaire techniques. A questionnaire, which contains 30 questions, was applied to the historians to find out the information needs and the information use of the historians. According to the results of this study, information centers, information sources, channels and technologies affect information seeking and information uses of the historians.

The Southern Africa Customs Union was first established in 1889 between the Cape of Good Hope and the Orange Free State. It has since undergone extensive change resulting in the current 2002 Agreement which includes an institutional framework. SACU’s member states comprise of Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland. The Agreement thrives on the principle of free trade within the customs union and common external tariffs on goods entering the customs area. However, as an exception to free trade, article 25(1) of the 2002 Agreement recognises the right of a member state to prohibit the importation or exportation of any goods from its area. This may be done for economic, social, cultural or other reasons as may be agreed upon by the Council. However, article 25(3) prohibits the use of article 25(1) as a means to protect infant industries. As a further exception to free trade, article 26 of the 2002 Agreement recognises the right of all other member states, except South Africa, to protect their infant industries. The protection offered in this article is limited, because the definition of infant industry is not clear as to when the inception of such an industry must be. This causes problems with the application of article 26, especially where an industry was established, but only became operational after the expiry of eight years, or has been established for over eight years on a small scale and needs protection in order to enlarge and intensify its operations. Due to this shortfall, Namibia used its Import and Export Control Act 30 of 1994 to protect a key industry in Namibia, the poultry industry. However, according to article 25(3), this may be considered a violation, because Namibia has used its national legislation to protect an infant industry. The key finding of this study is that the protection of infant industries in SACU is not sufficient to cater for the economic needs of the member states. To this end, SACU must consider allowing national legislation to supplement and monitor infant industry protection in the member states’ areas. In addition, SACUs institutional framework, which is not fully operational at present, must be established to function fully, as this may help address some of the issues in SACU.
LLM (Import and Export Law), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2014