Bibliografias temáticas / Tanneries Waste disposal Environmental aspects

Índice

Artigos de revistas
Teses / dissertações
Livros
Capítulos de livros
Trabalhos de conferências

Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Tanneries Waste disposal Environmental aspects"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 28 de janeiro de 2023

Crie uma referência precisa em APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, e outros estilos

Selecione um tipo de fonte:

Consulte a lista de atuais artigos, livros, teses, anais de congressos e outras fontes científicas relevantes para o tema "Tanneries Waste disposal Environmental aspects".

Ao lado de cada fonte na lista de referências, há um botão "Adicionar à bibliografia". Clique e geraremos automaticamente a citação bibliográfica do trabalho escolhido no estilo de citação de que você precisa: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

Você também pode baixar o texto completo da publicação científica em formato .pdf e ler o resumo do trabalho online se estiver presente nos metadados.

Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Tanneries Waste disposal Environmental aspects"

BORDA, Omar, e Gregorio PUELLO-SOCARRÁS. "Down the Sewer: How Semi-Informal Tanneries Management Policies Affect Residual Water Disposal in Colombian Business Scenarios". Leather and Footwear Journal 21, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2021): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/lfj.21.1.2.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

In Colombia, the issue of waste discharges derived from the tanning process to water bodies is a scenario that has been widely documented. However, measurement exercises have failed to identify improvements in this process that integrates administrative knowledge with concepts of labor, social and environmental welfare. The present article is the culmination of research conducted within the framework of the project “Estudio comparativo de la administración y las repercusiones socio-ambientales en las empresas del sector de curtiembre. Case Bogotá (Barrio San Benito), Case Barranquilla and Case Villapinzón (Cundinamarca)” (Comparative study of the administration and the socio-environmental repercussions in tanning sector companies. Case Bogotá (Barrio San Benito), Case Barranquilla and Case Villapinzón (Cundinamarca)) concerning the administrative practices and the negative effects derived from the absence of management systems for negative externalities caused to the environment by companies in the tanning sector. The study was developed as follows: initially, a systematic documentary review of the laws, decrees and regulations that have a direct or indirect impact on the tanning sector was carried out, followed by field work using data collection instruments (questionnaires) in the San Benito neighborhood (Bogotá), in the town of Villapinzón (Cundinamarca) and in the city of Barranquilla (Atlántico), where there are formal and informal work clusters dedicated to the leather industry. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between administrative styles and formal processes of strategic planning activities development with the adoption of dumping control systems and other aspects related to environmental management, oriented to the organizational level. Based on the above, the information was analyzed with emphasis on those companies with a common denominator in their control strategies in relation to those policies that were the result of administrative and business practices and that finally led to the desired effects in the social, environmental and economic spheres. Finally, the discussion section focuses on the recognition of these good practices and the possibility that they could be replicated by other actors on the global level.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Ahmed, K. Thoufeeq. "Impact of Tanneries Waste Disposal on Environment with Special Reference to Vellore District Tamil Nadu". International Review of Business and Economics 1, n.º 3 (2018): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.56902/irbe.2018.1.3.35.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The Leather Industries occupies a place of prominence in the Indian economy in view of its massive potential for employment, growth and export. There has been increasing emphasis on its planned development aimed at optimum utilization available raw material for maximizing the returns particularly from exports. This paper aims at understanding the impact of tanneries waste disposal on environment. From the very beginning of industrialization in India, tanning industries have been playing a significant role in the country’s economy. Due to its importance as a labor based export oriented industry the full flourish of this industrial sector is essential. But due to the absence of proper waste management, using inferior technologies, lack of facilities for treating industrial wastes; the tanning industries especially located in Vellore district are aggravating environmental problems day by day. The discharging and dumping of wastes near the water bodies without treatment makes it almost look like an area which is lying under the blanket of pollution. It is an emerging problem not only for the environment but also as the social context of the country. This study focuses on the tanneries located in Vellore District to assess the present situation arising from such activities and proposed several mitigation measures.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Natarajan, Kavitha, e S. Kanaka. "Quantitative environmental impact assessment on groundwater quality using geoinformatics techniques". International Journal of Agricultural Invention 4, n.º 01 (27 de abril de 2019): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.46492/ijai/2019.4.1.9.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Availability of quality freshwater is one of the most critical environmental issues of the twenty first century (UNEP, 2002). Urbanization leads to the environmental pollution, i.e., urban growth leads to the increasing of slums, solid waste disposal, provision of transport facilities, conjection and groundwater contamination. Groundwater is an important water resource for domestic and agriculture in both rural and urban parts of India. Pollution of groundwater comes from many sources. Groundwater contamination in a major issue, especially in industrial areas especially like Dindigul. The presence of large number of tanniers and allied industrial unit such as dyeing and bleaching units in and around the town are the main factors, which affect the environmental quality of the town. Dindigul town is not having the physical expansion since 1981 with an area of 14.01sq.km. Only wards are increased by enjoying the rapid growth of population. Dindigul is the main industrial hub for the Tanneries. Effluents from the tanneries are discharged in to streams which drain into ponds, thereby polluting the ground water sources and cultivable land. These values are more than the permissible limit in and around the tannery cluster compared to other parts of the area. The pH,CO3, Na, Ca, Mg, NO3, and SO4 values of all groundwater samples are within the permissible limits but all the EC, TDS, HCO3and K values are exceeding the permissible limit. According to TH and Cl 6 samples are exceeding the prescribed limits. There are about 80 tanneries spread within 4-6 kms radius in the south western part of the town i.e., near Paraipatti, so ground water pollution is very high compared to other places. Madurai road tanneries are located so in Begampur near Annamalayar school pollution is high. R. M. Colony is having the highest household wastages because of its vertical expansion so in that areas also pollution is high.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Langer, M. "Geoenvironmental aspects of waste disposal". Environmental Geology 35, n.º 1 (29 de julho de 1998): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s002540050285.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Fridland, V. S., e N. M. Shchegol’kova. "Environmental and energy aspects of disposal of solid domestic waste". Thermal Engineering 55, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2008): 1001–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0040601508120045.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Bilsky, Irvin L. "Air pollution aspects of hazardous waste disposal in Texas". Environmental Progress 5, n.º 2 (maio de 1986): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670050214.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Kubatko, Oleksandr V., Oleksandra V. Kubatko, Tetyana I. Sachnenko e Odevole O. Oluwaseun. "Organization of Business Activities Taking into Account Environmental and Economic Aspects". Mechanism of an Economic Regulation 2021, n.º 2 (2021): 76–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/mer.2021.92.08.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

One of the most urgent environmental problems today is the pollution of the environment by emissions of harmful substances and industrial waste. The negative impact on the environment and people is becoming more widespread, and its disposal methods inhibit the development of the economic system. In a market economy, entrepreneurs are not interested in increasing environmental costs, which naturally lead to higher production costs and reduce profits. The impact on the environment is becoming more widespread every year and has led to an ecological crisis in some parts of the world. Waste recycling has been constantly discussed since a person “produces” more than 250 kg of household waste per year. At the enterprise, these figures reach 10 000 kg. In recent years, Ukraine has imported about 30-50 thousand tons of PET granulate, which is gradually accumulating in landfills in the form of packaging, bottles, films. Such hazardous pollutants affect the environment through soil and water. In contrast, Ukraine does not yet have successful experience in waste management. In our opinion, such behavior is the ignorance of the population about waste disposal and replacement of a particular product with a more environmentally friendly one. The functioning of enterprises and farms does not always have the equipment to dispose of waste, and there is no room for the disposal of unnecessary products and raw materials. However, the problem of lack of innovative equipment arises due to a lack of adequate funding. Therefore, the lack of possibilities for a comprehensive solution to the situation creates a barrier, which does not allow to take proper measures to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage. Despite many regulations and legal frameworks for regulating waste management, there is no cost-effective policy, and there is no regional waste management program and plan for their proper disposal. It can be concluded that the recycling and disposal of waste will reduce the need for waste incineration, create conditions for improving the economic component of the region and the country as a whole with an account of environmental quality standards. The paper pays attention to the essence of waste disposal; identified ways to recycle garbage.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Awe, Yewande, e Roger Awe. "Legislative and Scientific Aspects of Waste Disposal in Hospitals". Indoor and Built Environment 5, n.º 1 (1996): 6–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000463680.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Sangodoyin, A. Y. "Nutrient benefits and environmental aspects of land disposal of livestock waste". Environmental Management and Health 7, n.º 1 (março de 1996): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/09566169610181678.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Bowsher, B. R., R. G. J. Ball e I. R. Beattie. "High temperature chemical aspects of waste disposal and environmental clean-up". Pure and Applied Chemistry 70, n.º 2 (28 de fevereiro de 1998): 461–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199870020461.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mais fontes

Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Tanneries Waste disposal Environmental aspects"

Kamaludeen, Sara Parwin Banu. "Biotic-abiotic transformations of chromium in long-term tannery waste contaminated soils : implications to remediation". Title page, table of contents and abstract only, 2002. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phk15.pdf.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Bibliography: leaves 166-180. Determines the effect of chromium on the soil microbial community and its activity, the biotic-abiotic mechanisms involved in chromium oxidation, and phytostabilization of chromium using plants and organic amendment in tannery-waste contaminated soil.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Hurlow, Elton Lloyd. "Aspects of the anaerobic digestion of wattle tannins". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1004909.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The aqueous extract from the bark of the black wattle tree, (Acacia mearnsii De Wild)(1), is used extensively in the tanning industry for the production of sole and other heavy leathers as well as in lighter leathers and skins. The commercial extract is available in an easily dissolvable spray dried form and in deference to its genus name Mimosaceae is referred to in the trade as Mimosa(3). Mimosa extract consists primarily of high molecular weight polymeric flavonoid units which also constitutes the active tanning ingredient. Lower phenolics, gums and sugars or the so called "non-tannins" are present as impurities and contribute up to 40% to (3 ) the total mass of the extract.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mowat, Shaun Phillip. "Economic incentives in controlling pollution in the South African leather industry". Thesis, Rhodes University, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002745.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The objective of the research was to ascertain whether, when compared to a system'of standards, the theoretical promise that economic incentives offered as a low cost solution to the abatement problem, would hold in practice. This was done by applying environmental economic theory to the practical problem of controlling the effluent generated by firms in the South African leather industry. It was found that in this instance the theory did indeed hold in practice. Furthermore, it was found that of the incentives discussed by the theory, marketable permits were the most economically efficient. It was however shown that a charge - not discussed in the ., theory - based on a central treatment agency's (CTA) cost of treatment offered the least cost solution to the abatement problem when the CTA could do at least some of the effluent treatment at a lower cost than the firms. - In addition a formula was developed to show the net benefits accruing to an individual firm if it undertook to treat its effluent. It was shown that in order to maximise the total benefits of treatment, a firm should treat until its net benefits of treatment were zero. A number of problem however were found to exist when the theory was applied to a practical situation. The most important was the "stepped" nature of the firms marginal abatement cost curves which meant that the setting of a charge based on a trial and error method would prove to be more difficult than the theory envisaged. Furthermore, it meant that no matter what method of pollution control was used, it would prove i~possible to reduce effluent to an optimal level. It was recommended that greater use be made of economic incentives to control all industrial effluent. It would nonetheless be necessary to do more research in this field as the theory was not tailor made for all practical situations. Further evidence of the viability of economic incentives could however encourage wider use by policy makers.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Carolus, Vernon. "Waste and waste management in Breede Valley district". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/784.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Thesis (MTech (Environmental Health))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2007
The waste management that is taking place in the Breede Valley district focus mainly on disposal and end-of-pipe solutions. This approach resulted in serious negative impacts on the environment and human health. Improper waste management practices have become a major source of concern due to the risk associated with poor waste management in the area. Indiscriminate dumping of waste at street corners is very common. The basic waste management processes of collection, transport, segregation and [mal disposal appear to be very inefficient and inadequate. The objective of this study was to determine the composition of the waste stream as well as public awareness, attitudes and behaviours towards current and alternative waste management practices. A waste assessment study was conducted to determine the amount of waste generated by the different communities, as well as how much and what of the recyclables can be taken out of the waste stream by recycling. For this study data was obtained by formulation of questionnaires for businesses, communities and medical practitioners, as well as an interview with the Engineering Department of the Breede Valley Municipality about the current waste management situation in the area. From the data obtain from businesses, communities and medical facilities, it is clear that public participation, partnership, education and awareness is essential for effective integrated waste management. This study revealed that waste management practices are inefficient, uncontrolled and fragmented. This investigation shows that there is a huge difference between the different communities in terms of the volume of waste generation. The study also shows that waste related legislation is outdated and fragmented and there is no enforcement by municipal officials. The major Issues and challenges that affect the management of waste. include its organisational structure and lack of waste minimisation plans.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Flanagan, Mark Steven. "Environmental and agronomic aspects of municipal solid waste heavy fraction used for turfgrass production". Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-134805/.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Robinson, Janet E. "Hazardous waste treatment and disposal: alternative technologies and groundwater impacts". Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/91066.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The most important thermal, chemical, physical, and biological methods for treating hazardous wastes and the fate of their land-disposed residues are reviewed and evaluated. Technologies are described as major, minor, and emerging according to their stage of development or application to hazardous waste; major ones include rotary kiln, liquid injection, and cement kiln incineration; neutralization, chemical oxidation-reduction, and ion exchange; filtration, distillation and settling techniques; and activated sludge, aerated lagoon, and landfarming treatment. Emerging technologies include molten salt and fluidized- bed combustion, liquid-ion extraction and other processes, none of which are considered to be outside the realm of current or future economic feasibility. In addition, waste reduction strategies and the land burial of stabilized/solidified wastes are discussed. Residues from these technologies vary widely according to waste type and composition, but a common component in many of them is heavy metals, which, as elements, cannot be further degraded to other products. The results of the available literature suggests that these metals will be retained in clay liners beneath a landfill through the mechanism of cation exchange, with the adsorption of metals favored by their smaller hydrated size, lower heat of hydration, and in some cases, higher valences than the naturally occurring alkali earth metals. Other important factors include ionic activity, the pH and ionic strength of the solution, the presence of complexing agents, and the possible surface heterogeneity of the clay. In soils, metal binding through cation exchange with clay is augmented by adsorption onto iron and manganese oxides and complexing with organic matter such as humic acids. Many field studies with landfarmed metal-bearing wastes show that these mechanisms are usually sufficient to retain metals to within several inches of their zone of application.
M.S.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mgwebi, Alicia Zoliswa. "Effects of poor solid waste management on sustainable development in informal settlement". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021135.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of poor solid waste disposal on a sustainable environment/development in the Mzamomhle urban informal settlement. According to Coffey & Coad, (2010) informal or squatter urban communities pay no municipal taxes, because of their informal status, and this fact has often been used as the principal argument against providing these communities with municipal services.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

com, harriehofstede@yahoo, e Henricus T. Hofstede. "Use of bauxite refining residue to reduce the mobility of heavy metals in municipal waste compost". Murdoch University, 1994. http://wwwlib.murdoch.edu.au/adt/browse/view/adt-MU20060815.143422.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Use of bauxite refining residue to reduce the mobility of heavy metals in municipal waste compost. Due to the adverse environmental impact of landfills and the lack of space for nearby population centres an unprecedented interest has developed in waste recycling with the objective to reduce the volume of waste disposed. Generally organic matter represents the largest fraction in the domestic waste stream including food, garden and paper waste. In the past efforts have been made to process this organic fraction into muniapal compost.However contamination of the compost with heavy metals has in many cases resulted in the lack of suitable markets and subsequent closure of compost facilities. A study was undertaken and aimed at reducing the concentration and mobility of heavy metals in municipal compost. Bauxite refining residue ha; a high capacity to immobilise metals in soils through precipitation, cation exchange and chemisorption (Fe- and Al- oxides). The first step in the study was to assess the metal adsorption capacity of red mud by equilibrating red mud with metal solutions. Metal removal from solution proved very high. Subsequently, the effect of red mud addition to municipal compost was studied in relation to metal mobility. In particular the interaction of metals with the mobile soluble organic fraction, the humic and fulvic acids, was investigated. It was found that most metals remained in the insoluble humin fraction and the metals in solution remained complexed to the soluble organic fraction. Red mud appeared to be able to adsorp fulvic and humic acids and thus indirectly immobilise the metals in solution. Red mud did not appear to be able to transfer metals from the organic fraction to the mineral red mud fraction. ft was kypothesised that, in order for the metals to be adsorped to red mud, the red mud needed to be present in the organic waste prior to composting. Metal adsorption to red mud is a rapid chemical reaction while metal complexation to the organic fraction takes a number of weeks, since it must be sufficiently oxidised to contain functional groups. In order to verify this hypothesis, an installation with seven incubators was developed which allowed composting to be undertaken under computer controlled conditions and monitored for temperature, airflow and carbon dioxide respiration. The incubators were filled with 10 kg of a mixture of grass clippings and sawdust. The first incubator functioned as a control. The contents of the rest of the incubators were spiked with the following metals: Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. In addition the contents of the 3rd - 7th incubators were amended with an increasing percentage of red mud, respectively 10,20,25,30 and 40 % by weight. After the mixture was composted, the metal mobility was reduced by approx. 80 - 99 %, depending on the metal. The mobility was assessed as leachable and plant available in relation to the total metal content. Red mud did not affect the composting process if < 40% red mud was added. The next step was to compost municipal organic waste in a pilot plant (capacity 5 m3) using batches with and without red mud. Mixed waste was collected from 150 households and the glass, metal and plastic fractions were removed bx- manual sorting. The rest was composted. The red mud - compost had a relatively lower metal content and a reduced metal mobility compared to compost without red mud. The red mud - compost also had a 300 times higher pH buffer capacity and 90%less soluble organic matter. The addition of red mud prior to composting was found to reduce the concentration and mobility of metals in compost, improve the quality of compost as a soil conditioner, increased the resistance of the organic fraction against further breakdown and this process thus adds value to both red mud and organic waste.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

King, Giorgina F. J. ""Skarrelling" : a socio-environmental history of household waste in South Africa". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86689.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Thesis(MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study excavates a century’s worth of the history of household waste in South Africa, from 1890-1996. It shows that waste history is entangled with histories of disease and poor sanitation, advances in technology, the impact of war, environmental concerns and – perhaps above all – shifting socio-economic circumstances. Using a socio-environmental analytical framework, this analysis of waste history unearths empirical archival data and oral testimony, to contextualise themes of gender, race, class and nationalism in order to place rubbish within the wider historical debates in South Africa. This study uses Rubbish Theory and Broken Windows Theory as well as concepts of “Othering” and the “Sanitation Syndrome” to explore the role of waste in the construction of racial identities and perceptions. This thesis shows that Apartheid should not be seen as a watershed within this waste history, but rather as a continuation of colonial ideas of cleanliness that helped to perpetuate racist stereotypes. This study argues that the lack of waste services in “locations” during this time helped to contribute to the perception of the urban African as the unsanitary Other. The state and civic societies fostered gender roles, which (coupled with wartime nationalist propaganda) helped in shaping waste behaviour promoted by the National Anti-Waste Organisation (NAWO) during the Second World War (WWII). In the years after WWII, the threats of wartime shortages and enthusiastic solutions suggested to municipalities to “end the waste problem” were thwarted by the spread of the landfill as an even more convenient disposal method. The implementation of Apartheid, especially the Group Areas Act (No 41 of 1950) and the rise of consumer society, led to increasingly divergent experiences of waste for urban Africans and whites. The thesis uses a case study of the Devon Valley Landfill community outside of Stellenbosch. This ethnographic history explores notions of the “Subaltern” in order to give this history a human face. The diachronic analysis of this community offers a lens into ideas of “ordentlikheid” (decency), “weggooi mense” (throwaway people) and how these waste-pickers experience the environment in which they live.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie grawe ’n eeu se geskiedenis van huishoudelike afval in Suid-Afrika op, van 1890-1996. Dit toon dat die geskiedenis van afval verweef is met geskiedenisse van siekte en swak sanitasie, tegnologiese vooruitgang, die impak van oorlog, omgewingskwessies en – dalk bowenal – veranderende sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede. Deur middel van ’n sosio-omgewings-analitiese raamwerk ontgin hierdie analise empiriese argiefdata en mondelingse getuienis om temas van geslag, ras, klas en nasionalisme te kontekstualiseer ten einde afval binne die breër historiese debatte in Suid-Afrika te plaas. Die studie gebruik Afval-teorie en Gebreekte Vensters-teorie sowel as begrippe van “Othering” en die “Sanitasie-sindroom” om die rol van afval in die totstandkoming van rasse-identiteite en -persepsies te ondersoek. Die tesis toon dat Apartheid nie as ’n waterskeiding in hierdie afval-geskiedenis gesien moet word nie, maar eerder as ’n voortsetting van koloniale idees oor higiëne wat gehelp het om rasse-stereotipes te perpetueer. Die studie argumenteer dat die gebrek aan afvalverwyderingsdienste in “lokasies” in die tyd bygedra het tot die persepsie van die stedelike Afrikaan as die onhigiëniese Ander. Die staat en burgerlike samelewings het geslagsrolle gekweek, wat (tesame met oorlogtydse nasionalistiese propaganda) gehelp het met die vestiging van afval-gedrag wat bevorder is deur die National Anti-Waste Organisation (NAWO) gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog. In die jare na dié oorlog is die bedreigings van oorlogtydse tekorte en die entoesiastiese oplossings wat vir munisipaliteite aanbeveel is om die “afvalprobleem te beëindig”, gefnuik deur die toenemende gebruik van stortingsterreine as ’n selfs geriefliker afvalverwyderingsmetode. Die implementering van Apartheid, veral die Groepsgebiedewet (No. 41 van 1950) en die opkoms van die verbruikersamelewing, het gelei tot toenemend uiteenlopende ervarings van afval onder stedelike Afrikane en wit mense. Die tesis maak gebruik van ’n gevallestudie van die gemeenskap van die Devonvallei-stortingsterrein buite Stellenbosch. Hierdie etnografiese geskiedenis verken denkbeelde van die “Ondergeskikte” om ’n menslike gesig aan die geskiedenis te gee. Die diakroniese analise van die gemeenskap is ’n venster op idees van “ordentlikheid”, “weggooimense” en hoe hierdie afvalontginners die omgewing waarin hulle woon, beleef.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Vaughn, Michelle Lynn. "Internal dose assessment calculations for the proposed low-level radioactive waste disposal facility in the southeast compact". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/17378.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mais fontes

Livros sobre o assunto "Tanneries Waste disposal Environmental aspects"

Lund-Thomsen, Peter. Assessing the impact of public-private partnerships in the global South: The case of kasur tanneries pollution control project. Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 2007.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mwinyihija, Mwinyikione. Ecotoxicological diagnosis in the tanning industry. New York: Springer, 2010.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Solway, Andrew. Waste disposal. London: Franklin Watts, 2009.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

E, Hester R., e Harrison Roy M. 1948-, eds. Waste treatment and disposal. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 1995.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Household hazardous waste. Wexford: E.P.A., 1998.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

J, Horan N., ed. Environmental waste management: A European perspective. New York: Wiley, 1996.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Corporation, Ontario Waste Management. Environmental assessment for a waste management system. [Toronto]: Ontario Waste Management Corporation, 1988.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

E, Hester R., Harrison Roy M. 1948- e Royal Society of Chemistry (Great Britain), eds. Environmental and health impact of solid waste management activities. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2002.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

1956-, Lowry David, e Solomon Barry D. 1955-, eds. The international politics of nuclear waste. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1991.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

1956-, Lowry David, e Solomon Barry D. 1955-, eds. The international politics of nuclear waste. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1991.

Encontre o texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Mais fontes

Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Tanneries Waste disposal Environmental aspects"

"Environmental Aspects and Waste Disposal". In Water-Based Chemicals and Technology for Drilling, Completion, and Workover Fluids, 251–70. Elsevier, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-802505-5.00006-8.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

"Environmental management". In Geotechnical and Environmental Aspects of Waste Disposal Sites. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833551.ch4.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

"Geological Aspects for Assessment, Clean-up, and Siting of Waste Disposal Sites". In Environmental Hydrogeology, 27–42. CRC Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420055023-5.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

"Landfill engineering". In Geotechnical and Environmental Aspects of Waste Disposal Sites. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833551.ch1.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

"Contaminated land". In Geotechnical and Environmental Aspects of Waste Disposal Sites. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833551.ch2.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

"Tailings". In Geotechnical and Environmental Aspects of Waste Disposal Sites. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439833551.ch3.

Texto completo da fonte

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Rahman, Nayem. "Toward Achieving Environmental Sustainability in the Computer Industry". In Waste Management, 1417–31. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-1210-4.ch065.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The computer industry has come under increasing scrutiny in terms of energy consumption, the carbon emissions and e-waste. Shipment of e-waste to developing countries where it is often disposed of in unsafe ways is another major issue. Organizations and individuals have a tendency to throw away or store their aging computer technology assets which is not environmentally sustainable and or cost effective. Implementation of an end-to-end computer and related products' sustainability management strategy by incorporating the reuse of existing technology can make a major impact on the environment. Computer industry sustainability management includes design and development of energy efficient computer products, refurbishing of computer assets, purchasing of green or refurbished components and providing sustainability metrics procedures. By implementing sustainability programs, organizations can contribute in reducing the amount of energy spent to develop new computer technology products, help in reducing carbon emission, keep e-waste out of landfills and recycle them. This paper discusses different aspects of sustainable computer industry program and proposes that computer makers take ownership of disposing of e-waste by following safety standards. The paper also proposes adopting reverse supply chain process for possible reuse, recycle or disposal of computers.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Dickella Gamaralalage, Premakumara Jagath, Ohnmar May Tin Hlaing, Aung Myint Maw e Matthew Hengesbaugh. "Status of Solid Waste Management in Myanmar". In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 223–47. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-0198-6.ch009.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Myanmar, the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, has been facing considerable challenges with the management of solid waste in the recent past because of increasing income and consumption patterns, urban growth, and lack of effective waste management policies, treatment, and disposal methods. Waste management is also a crosscutting issue that touches on many aspects of social and economic development, and as such is widely associated with a range of global challenges including public health, climate change, poverty reduction, food security, resource efficiency, and sustainable production and consumption. This country chapter therefore presents an overview of the current waste management in Myanmar, discusses key challenges and opportunities, and identifies some policy recommendations towards its improvement.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Murthy, Pushpa S., Nivas Manohar Desai e Siridevi G. B. "Sustainable Management of Coffee and Cocoa Agro-Waste". In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 141–64. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7706-5.ch008.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Agricultural waste is not only a sustainability problem related to food security but also an economic problem since it has a direct impact on the profitability of entire food supply chain. Sustainable management of agricultural waste is a systematic approach towards reducing waste and its allied impacts over the entire life cycle, starting with the use of natural resources, production, sales, and consumption, and ending either with final disposal or recovery. Management of agro-waste focuses on three main aspects (i.e., recycle, reuse, and reduce [R3]). Building on this familiar concept of “R3” will impact environmental protection and more fully recognize the impacts of the food and agriculture wasted. Thus, in the chapter, the authors highlight the sustainable utilization of waste generated from coffee and cocoa processing for the development of value-added products.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Arora, Kalpana, Ashwani Kumar e Satyawati Sharma. "Energy from Waste". In Advances in Electronic Government, Digital Divide, and Regional Development, 271–96. IGI Global, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-1625-7.ch014.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Considering the confrontation of waste disposal and minimizing Green House Gas (GHG) emission, technologies of Waste To Energy (WTE) production seem appealing. It provides one key solution for two major concerns regarding energy crisis and waste management. Energy from biomass can be seen as a promising alternative for fossil fuels, which are getting scarce and more costly day by day. Since a significant amount of organic waste from agriculture, industries, and community sources is collected annually, it can be convertible to useful energy forms like biohydrogen, biogas, bioalcohols, etc., through various Waste-To-Energy Routes (WTERs) for sustainable development. The adoption of this WTE technology will help the world not only in saving the traditional energy resources, but also in reducing GHG emission, and lowering environmental impact. With all these advantages, WTE industry is expected to experience a noticeable growth in the coming years and make greater contribution in supplying renewable energy. The review presents the technical, economical, and environmental aspects of various WTE techniques and focus on the benefit that this thermochemical conversion is a step forward towards sustainable development.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Tanneries Waste disposal Environmental aspects"

Cornelis, Gustaaf C. "Geological Disposal for High-Level Waste: Ethical Considerations". In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1250.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Abstract This paper describes the activities launched at SCK•CEN, intended to explore ethical and other non-technical aspects when dealing with the time scales considered in the high-level waste disposal program. (1) Especially the issues of retrievability and precaution will be focused on philosophically. Many questions will be raised in order to sensitize all stakeholders for the transdisciplinary character of the transgenerational problem at hand.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Pleskanev, V. V., E. V. Yablonsky, D. S. Mishlakov e P. K. Shalkevich. "PLASTIC WASTE UTILIZATION IN THE CONTEXT OF IMPROVING THE ENVIRONMENT". In SAKHAROV READINGS 2022: ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE XXI CENTURY. International Sakharov Environmental Institute of Belarusian State University, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.46646/sakh-2022-2-332-335.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The environmental aspects of plastic recycling are considered. The conditions under which it is possible to solve environmental problems associated with the processing and disposal of plastics are formulated.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Quercetti, Thomas, Andre Musolff e Karsten Mu¨ller. "Instrumented Measurements on Radioactive Waste Disposal Containers During Experimental Drop Testing". In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59142.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

In context with disposal container safety assessment of containers for radioactive waste the German Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM) performed numerous drop tests in the last years. The tests were accompanied by extensive and various measurement techniques especially by instrumented measurements with strain gages and accelerometers. The instrumentation of a specimen is an important tool to evaluate its mechanical behavior during impact. Test results as deceleration-time and strain-time functions constitute a main basis for the validation of assumptions in the safety analysis and for the evaluation of calculations based on finite-element methods. Strain gauges are useful to determine the time dependent magnitude of any deformation and the associated stresses. Accelerometers are widely used for the measuring of motion i.e. speed or the displacement of the rigid cask body, vibration and shock events. In addition high-speed video technique can be used to visualize and analyze the kinematical impact scenario by motion analysis. The paper describes some selected aspects on instrumented measurements and motion analysis in context with low level radioactive waste (LLW) container drop testing.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Jung, Hagen G., e Gabriele Bandt. "Regulations for the Disposal of Radioactive Waste in the Konrad Repository". In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59105.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

In Germany low / medium level waste, which is classified here as radioactive waste with negligible heat generation, will be disposed of in the Konrad underground repository. The construction and the operation of this nuclear facility required authorization by different fields of law, i.e., by nuclear law, mining law and water law. Whereas the nuclear law considers solely radiological aspects, the relevant permit issued according to the water law considers the impact of radioactive as well as non-radioactive harmful substances. The Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS) as operator of the repository and permit holder has (a) to record the disposed of radioactive and non-radioactive harmful substances and (b) to balance them. To meet these requirements BfS has developed a concept, which led to a site specific solution. Threshold values were defined for recording and for balancing the harmful substances. It had to be verified that by disposal of radioactive waste packages according to these values an adverse effect on the near-surface groundwater can be excluded. The Lower Saxony Water Management, Coastal Protection and Nature Conservation Agency (NLWKN) as the responsible water law regulatory authority approved the operator’s concept as appropriate to comply with the requirements of the Water Law Permit. Nonetheless, collateral clauses were imposed to assure this.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Pal, Arun C. "Fleetwide Low Level Radwaste Strategy". In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4782.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

This project was aimed at mapping a path forward for improved fleet-wide Low Level Radwaste (LLRW) handling. Thus it entailed both solid and liquid wastes and all aspects, i.e., generation, processing and storage or disposal of LLRW. The conclusions are fairly straight forward: minimization of volume generated, maximization of volume reduction of the already generated waste, disposal as soon as possible, fleet-wide standardization of processes and procedures and consolidation of contracts for the economies of scale.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Dreimanis, A. "Optimization Features in Management of Salaspils Research Reactor Decommissioning Waste". In ASME 2003 9th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2003-4522.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Management of decommissioning waste is considered as complex task of seeking for optimal solution in the environment of various competing technical, safety and socio-economical factors. If from the formal mathematics viewpoint it is a multi-parameter optimization task, then for real conditions simplified approach for such problem should be applied. We propose to decompose this task into the set of optimization analysis for particular steps, and then in each step it is easier to find optimum. For the real case of management of radioactive waste arising from dismantling and decommissioning of Salaspils Research Reactor (SRR) we consider following main optimization steps: 1) the choice of the decommissioning concept — among three elaborated versions — with estimation of the foreseen radioactive waste amount for disposal, recycling and free release, taking into account also potential exposures and financial resources; 2) establishment of national radioactive waste management agency “RAPA” Ltd., ensuring common administration and maintenance of the shutdown SRR and radioactive waste (RW) disposal site — RAPA manages some decommissioning activities of SRR and shall actively participate together with envisaged decommissioning operator in this process also in future, but in all stages will keep full responsibility of waste management; 3) optimization of radioactive waste transportation: i) organizational aspects (packing, transportation time, schedule, route, etc.), ii) environmental safety control; 4) optimization arrangement of space for radioactive waste disposal: i) choice of the best strategy to ensure a new space, ii) optimization of the vault size — to be able accommodate decommissioning waste without being oversized; 5) strategy of treatment, conditioning and packing of solid decommissioning waste; 6) optimization of liquid decommissioning waste management — its conditioning together with the solid radioactive waste; 7) socio-economical optimization features: i) existing infrastructure for RW disposal, ii) financial compensation for local municipality, iii) international cooperation, technical and financial assistance by EU, IAEA, Sweden. The proposed optimization features used in the developing of Concept for radioactive waste management in Latvia for the period 2003–2010 (which corresponds to the approved decommissioning period of SRR) supplement existing separate optimization aspects of decommissioning waste management and could be considered as simplified integral set of factors for elaboration of optimal strategy for decommissioning waste management.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Graf, Reinhold, Wolfgang Filbert, Klaus-Ju¨rgen Brammer e Wilhelm Bollingerfehr. "Disposal of Spent Fuel From German Nuclear Power Plants". In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16028.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

The “direct disposal of spent fuel” as a part of the current German reference concept was developed as an alternative to spent fuel reprocessing and vitrified HLW disposal. The technical facilities necessary for the implementation of this part of the reference concept, the so called POLLUX® concept, i.e. interim storage buildings for casks containing spent fuel, a pilot conditioning facility, and a special cask “POLLUX” for final disposal have been built. With view to a geological salt formation all handling procedures for the direct disposal of spent fuel were tested aboveground in full-scale test facilities. To optimise the reference concept, all operational steps have been reviewed for possible improvements. The two additional concepts for the direct disposal of SF are the BSK 3 concept and the DIREGT concept. Both concepts rely on borehole emplacement technology, vertical boreholes for the BSK 3 concept und horizontal boreholes for the DIREGT concept. Supported by the EU and the German Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology (BMWi), DBE TECHNOLOGY built an aboveground full-scale test facility to simulate all relevant handling procedures for the BSK 3 disposal concept. GNS (Company for Nuclear Service), representing the German utilities, provided the main components and its know-how concerning cask design and manufacturing. The test program was concluded recently after more than 1.000 emplacement operations had been performed successfully. The BSK 3 emplacement system in total comprises an emplacement device, a borehole lock, a transport cart, a transfer cask which will shuttle between the aboveground conditioning facility and the underground repository, and the BSK 3 canister itself, designed to contain the fuel rods of three PWR-fuel assemblies with a total of about 1.6 tHM. The BSK 3 concept simplifies the operation of the repository because the handling procedures and techniques can also be applied for the disposal of reprocessing residues. In addition to this, the feasibility of the direct disposal of transport and storage casks, the so-called “DIREGT concept”, is being investigated. The implementation of this concept would avoid the necessity to separate fuel rods from structural parts and to procure custom-made final disposal casks. All investigations and studies performed so far support the feasibility of direct disposal of spent fuel in multipurpose casks as today used for transport and storage. Both additional concepts, BSK 3 and DIREGT, are expected to simplify disposal processes and to reduce operational risk without any compromise in long-term radiological safety aspects.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Brennecke, Peter W. "Safety-Related Aspects due to the Chemotoxicity of Radioactive Waste to Be Disposed of". In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1232.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Abstract According to the German disposal concept, all radioactive waste has to be emplaced in a repository constructed and operated in deep geological formations. To get a more detailed insight into site-specific safety-related issues, it is meaningful to perform additional investigations into the radiotoxicity and chemotoxicity. Thus, an evaluation including the hazard potential of organic and inorganic substances being the major constituents of waste packages to be disposed of becomes possible. In addition, possible releases via the water path must be investigated and assessed with regard to the safety of a repository during the post-closure phase, i.e. the radiological long-term effects (radionuclide-specific radiation exposures) as well as the possible pollution of near-surface groundwater by organic and inorganic substances. The latter will particularly take into account the principle of concern of section 34 “Reinhaltung” (Keeping Pure) of the Wasserhaushaltsgesetz (WHG – Water Resources Management Act).

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Hicks, Tim, Matt White, Tamara Baldwin, Neil Chapman, Fiona Neall, Ian McKinley, Paul Hooker, Phil Richardson e Samantha King. "Design Options for the UK’s ILW Geological Disposal Facility". In ASME 2009 12th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2009-16241.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

Over the last few years, a major national programme of public consultation has been under way in the UK resulting, in 2006, in the announcement by government of geological disposal as the most appropriate solution for the long-term management of the UK’s long-lived and higher-activity radioactive waste and the launch, in 2008, of an implementation programme. The approach being pursued is to solicit volunteer communities to host a geological disposal facility, which may contain not only intermediate-level waste (ILW) and some low-level waste (LLW), but also high-level waste (HLW), any spent fuel (SF) declared as waste, and potentially other materials that may be declared as waste. These wastes have different physical, chemical, thermal and radiological characteristics, and different concepts will be required to accommodate their disposal, potentially in a single facility. The volunteer approach means that the geological environment that might eventually emerge as the preferred location is not known at the outset. Indeed, the siting process may require evaluation of several different geological environments because the UK has rich geological variability for such a small landmass. Consequently, the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA), which is charged with designing, developing and implementing a geological disposal facility, has investigated facility designs that could be appropriate for a wide range of host rocks and geological environments. This paper presents the results of a project carried out on behalf of the NDA to collate and report information on concepts for the geological disposal of ILW/LLW; a separate project carried out a parallel evaluation of options for disposing of HLW and SF. Initially, the range of geological disposal facility design options available worldwide for the disposal of ILW/LLW was evaluated. Nine disposal concepts were identified and reviewed that would cater for any geological environment likely to arise in the UK. These concepts have different engineering and operational aspects. The appropriateness of each option for implementation in five different generic geological environments was assessed using expert judgement, with input from the NDA, consultants and the UK regulatory agencies. The paper presents a set of generic designs derived from the study and discusses the key issues that would need to be addressed should any of these designs be considered for implementation in specific geological environments in the UK. The findings of this work are intended to provide a resource to support comparisons of alternative disposal concepts and the identification of designs suitable for the disposal of UK ILW/LLW in different geological environments.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

De Preter, Peter, William Wacquier e Wim Cool. "The Belgian Program for Low and Intermediate Short Lived Waste Management: From 1985 to License Application". In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96251.

Texto completo da fonte

Resumo:

On 31 Januray 2013, ONDRAF/NIRAS, the Belgian Agency for Radioactive Waste and Enriched Fissile Materials, has introduced the construction and operation license application for the surface disposal facility for category A waste at Dessel. The objective of this paper is to present the development of this national programme. First the key milestones and their impact on the development of the project will be highlighted. This includes in particular: 1) the turning point in 1994, when ONDRAF/NIRAS converts its purely techno-scientific work method into an approach of participation that allows for societal aspects to be taken into account and 2) the decision of the government in 2006 in favour of the surface disposal of category A waste in Dessel. Then the paper presents the pillars of the long-term safety of a surface disposal and the principles for site selection and how they were applied to the surface disposal facility for category A waste at Dessel. The pillars of the long-term safety of a surface disposal are: (1) the passive confinement and isolation provided by the Engineering Barrier System, (2) the contribution to this passive isolation and confinement by the site, (3) the limitation of the radioactive source term, and (4) the control and monitoring measures.

Estilos ABNT, Harvard, Vancouver, APA, etc.

Oferecemos descontos em todos os planos premium para autores cujas obras estão incluídas em seleções literárias temáticas. Contate-nos para obter um código promocional único!