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Smith, Ian. "Comments on Nordhoff ’s “Establishing and Dating Sinhala Influence in Sri Lanka Malay”". Journal of Language Contact 5, n.º 1 (2012): 58–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187740912x623406.
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Students of Sri Lanka Malay agree that the language has been heavily influenced by the local languages, Sinhala and Tamil. Differences arise over not only the degree and timing of such influence from each language, but also the extent to which the language developed through untutored second language acquisition (on the part of Tamil &/or Sinhala speakers) &/or intense bilingualism (on the part of Malay speakers). Nordhoff’s arguments for Sinhala influence are examined in the context of Thomason’s (2001) framework for establishing contact-induced change and found to be convincing for some features, but weaker or unconvincing in others. The argument for early Sinhala phonological influence is based on an unsurprising distribution and the mechanism of substrate influence (Siegel, 1998, 2008) which has not been shown to operate in the context of intense bilingualism. The linguistic differing consequences of untutored second language acquisition and intense bilingualism have not been thoroughly investigated, except on lexicon (Thomason and Kaufman, 1988). The Sinhalese component of Sri Lanka Malay lexicon stands at less than 1% (Paauw, 2004), a figure inconsistent with the claim of heavy Sinhala influence through intense bilingualism.
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A, Gurumoorthy. "Women in Pulavar Kulanthai’s Ravana Kaviyam". International Research Journal of Tamil 3, n.º 1 (28 de janeiro de 2021): 181–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt21120.
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‘Porul Thodarnilai Ceyyul’ was the name given to epic before the word kāppiyam came into existence. Tamil lexicon refers ‘kāppiyam’ as Sanskrit term. Kāvyam is the word used by Sanskrit scholars for ‘kāviyam’. Ravana Kāviyam written by Pulavar Kulanthai consists of 56 padalams (Chapters) of 2828 Viruttangal i.e., poems. He adopts the story of Ramayana as it is. He is a person who follows Periyar’s ideology of self-respect, feminism etc. His passion for Tamil makes him write many of his creative writings. Periyar advised women to learn all arts, particularly the art of self-defence. Kambar had depicted Sita as Rama’s wife in his epic. The relationship of Rama and Sita varies in various Ramayanas available in India. Ravana kāviyam doesn’t deviate from the parameters of epic. It stands within its grammar. Pulavar Kulanthai portraits women characters with dignity modesty of women.
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Irvine, Ann, e Chris Callison-Burch. "A Comprehensive Analysis of Bilingual Lexicon Induction". Computational Linguistics 43, n.º 2 (junho de 2017): 273–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/coli_a_00284.
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Bilingual lexicon induction is the task of inducing word translations from monolingual corpora in two languages. In this article we present the most comprehensive analysis of bilingual lexicon induction to date. We present experiments on a wide range of languages and data sizes. We examine translation into English from 25 foreign languages: Albanian, Azeri, Bengali, Bosnian, Bulgarian, Cebuano, Gujarati, Hindi, Hungarian, Indonesian, Latvian, Nepali, Romanian, Serbian, Slovak, Somali, Spanish, Swedish, Tamil, Telugu, Turkish, Ukrainian, Uzbek, Vietnamese, and Welsh. We analyze the behavior of bilingual lexicon induction on low-frequency words, rather than testing solely on high-frequency words, as previous research has done. Low-frequency words are more relevant to statistical machine translation, where systems typically lack translations of rare words that fall outside of their training data. We systematically explore a wide range of features and phenomena that affect the quality of the translations discovered by bilingual lexicon induction. We provide illustrative examples of the highest ranking translations for orthogonal signals of translation equivalence like contextual similarity and temporal similarity. We analyze the effects of frequency and burstiness, and the sizes of the seed bilingual dictionaries and the monolingual training corpora. Additionally, we introduce a novel discriminative approach to bilingual lexicon induction. Our discriminative model is capable of combining a wide variety of features that individually provide only weak indications of translation equivalence. When feature weights are discriminatively set, these signals produce dramatically higher translation quality than previous approaches that combined signals in an unsupervised fashion (e.g., using minimum reciprocal rank). We also directly compare our model's performance against a sophisticated generative approach, the matching canonical correlation analysis (MCCA) algorithm used by Haghighi et al. ( 2008 ). Our algorithm achieves an accuracy of 42% versus MCCA's 15%.
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Nordhoff, Sebastian. "Multi-verb constructions in Sri Lanka Malay". Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 27, n.º 2 (13 de agosto de 2012): 303–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.27.2.04nor.
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This paper investigates serial verbs and related constructions in Sri Lanka Malay and shows that at least four types have to be distinguished (Motion Verb Serialization, Vector Verb Serialization, Compound Verbs, Clause Chains). The constructions found are quite different from those found in Atlantic or Pacific Creoles. This is due to the different input languages: Two of the constructions can be traced to influence from the local languages Tamil and/or Sinhala; one is of Indonesian origin, and one is mixed. Sri Lanka Malay is thus not a simple combination of South Asian Grammar and Malay lexicon but also shows retentions of Malay grammar, as already demonstrated by Slomanson (2006). This recombination of features can only be explained with an account which acknowledges the possibility of grammatical contributions from all input languages, whether substrate, superstrate, or any other.
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Kulkarni, Dhanashree S., e Sunil S. Rodd. "Sentiment Analysis in Hindi—A Survey on the State-of-the-art Techniques". ACM Transactions on Asian and Low-Resource Language Information Processing 21, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2022): 1–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3469722.
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Sentiment Analysis (SA) has been a core interest in the field of text mining research, dealing with computational processing of sentiments, views, and subjective nature of the text. Due to the availability of extensive web-based data in Indian languages such as Hindi, Marathi, Kannada, Tamil, and so on. It has become extremely significant to analyze this data and recover valuable and relevant information. Hindi being the first language of the majority of the population in India, SA in Hindi has turned out to be a critical task particularly for companies and government organizations. This research portrays a systematic review specifically in the field of Hindi SA. The major contribution of this article includes the categorization of numerous articles based on techniques that have attracted researchers in performing SA tasks in Hindi language. This survey classifies these state-of-the-art computational intelligence techniques into four major categories namely lexicon-based techniques, machine learning techniques, deep learning techniques, and hybrid techniques. It discusses the importance of these techniques based on different aspects such as their impact on the issues of SA, levels of analysis, and performance evaluation measures. The research puts forward a comprehensive overview of the majority of the work done in Hindi SA. This study will help researchers in finding out resources such as annotated datasets, linguistic resources, and lexical resources. This survey delivers some significant findings and presents overall future research directions in the field of Hindi SA.
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Tien, Adrian. "Offensive language and sociocultural homogeneity in Singapore". International Journal of Language and Culture 2, n.º 2 (7 de dezembro de 2015): 142–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ijolc.2.2.01tie.
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Offensive language use in Singapore’s languacultures appears to be underpinned by cultural norms and values embraced by most if not all Singaporeans. Interviews with local informants and perusal of Singapore’s linguistic and cultural resources led to the identification of eight offensive words and phrases deemed representative of Singaporean coarseness. This set was narrowed down to a smaller set of common words and phrases, all Chinese Hokkien, all culturally laden. The finding that, although originally Hokkien, all of them are accessible not only to the Chinese-speaking population but also to speakers of Singapore Malay, Singapore Tamil, and Singapore English is compelling. The words and phrases studied in this paper are full-fledged members of the lexicon of these local non-Chinese languages, without loss or distortion of meaning. They are accepted as part of the local linguistic scene and of local cultural knowledge. At least in certain situations, people of different ethnic backgrounds who live and work together can rely on them as a testament of common identity which, in a curious way, gives voice to the sociocultural homogeneity this society unrelentingly pursues.
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Gunna, Sanjana, Rohit Saluja e Cheerakkuzhi Veluthemana Jawahar. "Improving Scene Text Recognition for Indian Languages with Transfer Learning and Font Diversity". Journal of Imaging 8, n.º 4 (23 de março de 2022): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jimaging8040086.
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Reading Indian scene texts is complex due to the use of regional vocabulary, multiple fonts/scripts, and text size. This work investigates the significant differences in Indian and Latin Scene Text Recognition (STR) systems. Recent STR works rely on synthetic generators that involve diverse fonts to ensure robust reading solutions. We present utilizing additional non-Unicode fonts with generally employed Unicode fonts to cover font diversity in such synthesizers for Indian languages. We also perform experiments on transfer learning among six different Indian languages. Our transfer learning experiments on synthetic images with common backgrounds provide an exciting insight that Indian scripts can benefit from each other than from the extensive English datasets. Our evaluations for the real settings help us achieve significant improvements over previous methods on four Indian languages from standard datasets like IIIT-ILST, MLT-17, and the new dataset (we release) containing 440 scene images with 500 Gujarati and 2535 Tamil words. Further enriching the synthetic dataset with non-Unicode fonts and multiple augmentations helps us achieve a remarkable Word Recognition Rate gain of over 33% on the IIIT-ILST Hindi dataset. We also present the results of lexicon-based transcription approaches for all six languages.
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Gaur, Albertine. "Lexicon of Tamil Literature. By Kamil V. Zvelebil. (Handbuch der Orientalistik. Abteilung 2. Indien. Band 9.) pp. XXVII, 783. Leiden etc., E. J. Brill, 1994. NLG 450, US $257.25". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 6, n.º 1 (abril de 1996): 132–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300015133.
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V, Ambika, e Sam Gideon S. "Lexical Theoretical Development in Applied Tamil Grammar Texts". International Research Journal of Tamil 4, S-18 (8 de dezembro de 2022): 7–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34256/irjt224s182.
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After 19th century Tamil literature has gone through many dimensions. Advent of print media, focus on language education and the establishment of new educational institutions are the reason for the development of many language based grammatical texts. The newly added grammatical elements are recorded in the grammar texts. Applied Tamil grammar texts explains the syllable, series and words based on grammar books. However, the new modern language theory records the changes that have appeared in the language system and highlights the language and grammar in the theory of linguistics. Tamil grammar books explains and defines grammar based on a Tamil text Nannul. Types of words are explained in the linguistic point of view by adapting the etymology mentioned in the Nannul. It also explains the new adjectives and adverbs and records the newly developed grammatical elements which are used in modern language. Word classification is divided into three levels. They are, classification based on alphabetic, classification based on case of words and classification based on grammatical usage. Contemporary Tamil tradition examines some of the techniques adopted by Tamil grammarians to define the word. Present Tamil grammarians distinguishes nouns and verbs on the basis of verb or on the basis of object. People also began approaching Tamil Grammar based on English grammar because of the abundance usage of English language. Tamil grammar text ‘Nalla Nool Eluthavaenduma’ explains grammar in a very simple way and it is considered to be the best grammar manual. Tamil grammar text explores the structure of Tamil language. Lexical grammar is explained in terms of linguistics. The four types of words such as noun, verb, interjection and adjective examine the changes that occurred in the language. Thus, the article gives a clear idea about lexical theoretical development in applied Tamil grammar texts.
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Suresh Pande. "The Poetry of Syed Ameeruddin: A Thematic Appraisal". Creative Launcher 8, n.º 5 (31 de outubro de 2023): 103–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53032/tcl.2023.8.5.11.
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Syed Ameeruddin, born on 5th December 1942 at Guntakal-A.P. (India) took his agonal last breath on November 28, 2020 in Chennai of Tamil Nadu. As a poet, critic, New College Professor and Founder of the International Poet’s Academy he earned a distinguished place among Indian English Writers of today by dint of his unfailing hard work, compositions and oeuvres. His magnum opus— Visions of Deliverance with epical grandeur explores the infinite reality in its multifarious existential dimensions ranging from mundane and temporal to the mesmerizing eternal lands of everlasting beauty signifying what in Indian lexicon is termed as Sat-Cit-Ananda— Existence, Consciousness and Bliss. The book has 30 lively poems bright like gems beaded in a string. All the poems move in a perpetual movement to create emotion, feelings of auspicious joy as at the birth of a biological being and his/her upbringing. His humanitarian concerns, philosophical backdrops, metaphysical preoccupations together solve/ resolve the chaotic realities and sparkles of life with illuminating zest and determination in a diction which applies simplicity, directness, lucidity and a lilting mode. Accordingly, he emerges as a poet with multiple hues magical and vibrant embracing verbal ecstasy, visual beauty and imagistic delicacy. Imagery and symbolism that are richly present in abundance in Ameeruddin’s poetry which has been discussed in this paper at length with appropriate citations from the text. What is more enticing to his poetry is the discovery of hitherto unfathomed secret spheres of darkness pertaining to culture, heritage and civilization. As an entertainer in poetry, he attempts to explore broader ranges of human thoughts, lived experiences, mundane, cosmic and apocalyptic visions to entertain; simultaneously to transport his discerning readers into the world of his noble creation. The subjective elements delicately connect to the events/activities of his own times. As a master craftman the poet brilliantly illustrates in his long poem the subjective imagery of his Grandson which brings to fore surrealistic and long-winded phrases. A study of all salient features such as—the artistic representation of the theme, musical texture, use of native tongue, poetic mission, prophetic utterances and lyrical grandeur has tersely been done to focus on Ameeruddin’s life and the whole gamut of his literary output with particular reference to Visions of Deliverance.
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Prabhakaran, Varijakshi. "Tamil lexical borrowings in South African Telugu". South African Journal of Linguistics 12, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1994): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10118063.1994.9724343.
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Sarveswaran, Kengatharaiyer, Gihan Dias e Miriam Butt. "ThamizhiMorph: A morphological parser for the Tamil language". Machine Translation 35, n.º 1 (abril de 2021): 37–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10590-021-09261-5.
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AbstractThis paper presents an open source and extendable Morphological Analyser cum Generator (MAG) for Tamil named ThamizhiMorph. Tamil is a low-resource language in terms of NLP processing tools and applications. In addition, most of the available tools are neither open nor extendable. A morphological analyser is a key resource for the storage and retrieval of morphophonological and morphosyntactic information, especially for morphologically rich languages, and is also useful for developing applications within Machine Translation. This paper describes how ThamizhiMorph is designed using a Finite-State Transducer (FST) and implemented using Foma. We discuss our design decisions based on the peculiarities of Tamil and its nominal and verbal paradigms. We specify a high-level meta-language to efficiently characterise the language’s inflectional morphology. We evaluate ThamizhiMorph using text from a Tamil textbook and the Tamil Universal Dependency treebank version 2.5. The evaluation and error analysis attest a very high performance level, with the identified errors being mostly due to out-of-vocabulary items, which are easily fixable. In order to foster further development, we have made our scripts, the FST models, lexicons, Meta-Morphological rules, lists of generated verbs and nouns, and test data sets freely available for others to use and extend upon.
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Rukmana, Siti Ulfa, e Subiyantoro Subiyantoro. "VARIASI LEKSIKAL DAN INOVASI FONOLOGIS DIASPORA INDIA". PRASASTI: Journal of Linguistics 7, n.º 2 (30 de novembro de 2022): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/prasasti.v7i2.59162.
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<span>The combination of native speakers and non-native speakers can make a distinctive language variety. The use of this variety is also found in Indian Diaspora in Medan. From this phenomenon, this study aims to investigate the language variations from a social point of view, in the form of age in Punjabi and Tamil ethnic in Medan. The data analysis used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of data analysis in this study are presented using lexical examples and how to pronounce them. The results show that there are distinctive variation of phonology and lexical at Punjabi and Tamil ethnic in Medan. In addition, the spoken variety of Medan city is more often used by the Indian diaspora aged 14-35 years and the use of standard Indonesian is more often used by aged less than14 years.</span>
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Alagu, V. RA, e G. Priyalakshmi. "Similarities between South Korea and Tamil Nadu: The Unknown Link". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 11, n.º 2 (1 de outubro de 2023): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v11i2.6524.
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Tamil is one of the ancient languages which has an oldest extant literature. It is one of the longest surviving Dravidian languages dated from 300 BC. Korean is the native language for about 80 million people all over the world. Modern Korean was developed by King Sejong the Great in the 15th century. While analyzing the Tamil and Korean scripts, there was a certain amount of similarity in both text and grammar of these two languages. Despite the geographical separation of these two peninsulas, they share a considerable extent of literature and cultural resemblance. Hence, this proposed work provides a proof for the similarity with the help of a theoretical research study. This work portrays a list of words taken from Korean and Tamil Literature as samples and classifies them as complete or partial based on their similarity. It also lists verbs which after conjugation have a lexical similarity.
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Perumal, Balasubramaniam. "An Analysis of English Lexical Borrowings in a Tamil Journal". Journal of Indian Studies 5, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 1993): 109–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/jis.vol5no1.12.
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Schokker, G. H., e A. Govindankutty Menon. "Linguistic convergence: the Tamil–Hindi auxiliaries". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 53, n.º 2 (junho de 1990): 266–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x00026070.
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The subject of the Indianization of the Indian languages has occupied the thoughts of scholars for more than a century. But during the last four decades it has become a field of intensive investigation. The study of the process of convergence in the Indie area began with a hesitant study of common lexical items in Indo-Aryan, Dravidian and Munda. The initial conviction was that grammatical traits may not travel across genetic boundaries. However, scholars like Kuiper and Emeneau not only proved the contrary but also laid the foundation for future research on the ‘unexpected’ structural similarities among the above–mentioned three major language families of the Indian subcontinent.
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NARASIMHAN, BHUVANA, e MARIANNE GULLBERG. "Perspective-shifts in event descriptions in Tamil child language". Journal of Child Language 33, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2006): 99–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305000905007191.
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Children are able to take multiple perspectives in talking about entities and events. But the nature of children's sensitivities to the complex patterns of perspective-taking in adult language is unknown. We examine perspective-taking in four- and six-year-old Tamil-speaking children describing placement events, as reflected in the use of a general placement verb (veyyii ‘put’) versus two fine-grained caused posture expressions specifying orientation, either vertical (nikka veyyii ‘make stand’) or horizontal (paDka veyyii ‘make lie’). We also explore whether animacy systematically promotes shifts to a fine-grained perspective. The results show that four- and six-year-olds switch perspectives as flexibly and systematically as adults do. Animacy influences shifts to a fine-grained perspective similarly across age groups. However, unexpectedly, six-year-olds also display greater overall sensitivity to orientation, preferring the vertical over the horizontal caused posture expression. Despite early flexibility, the factors governing the patterns of perspective-taking on events are undergoing change even in later childhood, reminiscent of U-shaped semantic reorganizations observed in children's lexical knowledge. The present study points to the intriguing possibility that mechanisms that operate at the level of semantics could also influence subtle patterns of lexical choice and perspective-shifts.
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Das, Sonia N. "Failed Legacies of Colonial Linguistics: Lessons from Tamil Books in French India and French Guiana". Comparative Studies in Society and History 59, n.º 4 (29 de setembro de 2017): 846–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417517000305.
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AbstractThe archives of French India and French Guiana, two colonies that were failing by the mid-nineteenth century, elucidate the legacy of colonial linguistics by drawing attention to the ideological and technological natures of colonial printing and the far-reaching and longstanding consequences of the European objectification of Indian vernaculars. Torn between religious, commercial, and imperialist agendas, the French in India both promoted Catholicism and advanced the scientific study of Tamil, the majority language spoken in the colonial headquarters of Pondicherry. There, a little known press operated by the Paris Foreign Missions shipped seventy-one dictionaries, grammars, and theological works printed in Tamil and French to Catholic schools undergoing secularization in French Guiana, a colony with several thousand Tamil indentured laborers. I analyze the books’ lexical, orthographic, and typographical forms, metalinguistic commentaries, publicity tactics, citational practices, and circulation histories by drawing on seldom-discussed materials from the Archives nationales d'outre-mer in Aix-en-Provence, France. I propose a theoretical framework to investigate how technology intersects with the historical relationship between language and colonialism, and argue that printing rivalries contributed to Orientalist knowledge production by institutionalizing semiotic and language ideologies about the nature of “perfectible” and “erroneous” signs. My comparative approach highlights the interdiscursive features of different genres and historical periods of Tamil documentation, and underscores how texts that emerged out of disparate religious and scientific movements questioned the veracity of knowledge and fidelity of sources. Such metalinguistic labor exposed the evolving stances of French Indologists toward Dravidian and Indo-Aryan linguistics and promoted religious and secular interests in educational and immigration policies.
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T.S., Santosh Kumar. "Word Sense Disambiguation Using Semantic Web for Tamil to English Statistical Machine Translation". IRA-International Journal of Technology & Engineering (ISSN 2455-4480) 5, n.º 2 (26 de novembro de 2016): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.21013/jte.v5.n2.p1.
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<div><p><em> Machine Translation has been an area of linguistic research for almost more than two decades now. But it still remains a very challenging task for devising an automated system which will deliver accurate translations of the natural languages. However, great strides have been made in this field with more success owing to the development of technologies of the web and off late there is a renewed interest in this area of research. </em></p><p><em> Technological advancements in the preceding two decades have influenced Machine Translation in a considerable way. Several MT approaches including Statistical Machine Translation greatly benefitted from these advancements, basically making use of the availability of extensive corpora. Web technology web3.0 uses the semantic web technology which represents any object or resource in the web both syntactically and semantically. This type of representation is very much useful for the computing systems to search any content on the internet similar to lexical search and improve the internet based translations making it more effective and efficient.</em></p><p><em> In this paper we propose a technique to improve existing statistical Machine Translation methods by making use of semantic web technology. Our focus will be on Tamil and Tamil to English MT. The proposed method could successfully integrate a semantic web technique in the process of WSD which forms part of the MT system. The integration is accomplished by using the capabilities of RDFS and OWL into the WSD component of the MT model. The contribution of this work lies in showing that integrating a Semantic web technique in the WSD system significantly improves the performance of a statistical MT system for a translation from Tamil to English.</em></p></div><em> In this paper we assume the availability of large corpora in Tamil language and specific domain based ontologies with Tamil semantic web technology using web3.0. We are positive on the expansion and development of Tamil semantic web and subsequently infer that Tamil to English MT will greatly improve the disambiguation concept apart from other related benefits. This method could enable the enhancement of translation quality by improving on word sense disambiguation process while text is translated from Tamil to English language. This method can also be extended to other languages such as Hindi and Indian Languages.</em>
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P.I., Sergienko. "LINGUISTIC FEATURES OF ENGLISH IN SINGAPORE AS A RESULT OF POLYLINGUALISM OF ITS SPEAKERS AND THEIR CULTURAL INTERACTION". Humanities And Social Studies In The Far East 17, n.º 1 (2020): 37–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.31079/1992-2868-2020-17-1-37-42.
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Accomplished within the World Englishes paradigm, the article deals with linguistics specifics of Singapore English and its Singlish subtype with a special attention paid to the speakers, subject to the influence of various cultures and languages, including Malay, Tamil and Chinese. The provided examples of phonetical, lexical and grammatical features of the vernacular Singlish contribute to a better understanding of the English language variability, the ways of its development, as well as demonstrate the result of polylingualism and pluricultural interactions. The current research shows the extent to which the speakers’ linguistic and cultural features may exert an influence on the language
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Dewa Ayu Oka, Angelita. "Procedures and Lexicons Used in Ngerorod Wedding Ceremony in Sidetapa Village North Bali". Journal of Linguistic and Literature Studies 2, n.º 1 (25 de março de 2024): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.36663/jolles.v2i1.661.
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This research aimed to describe the procedures, lexicons, and cultural meanings found in the ngerorod wedding ceremony in Sidetapa village. This research was designed in the form of descriptive qualitative research. The data of this study were collected through observation, interview, recording, and documenting. Three informants in this study were selected based on a series of criteria. The instruments used in this research were a camera, interview guide, and observation sheet. This study's results showed seven procedures in the ngerorod wedding ceremony in Sidetapa village and twenty-seven lexicons in the ngerorod wedding ceremony in Sidetapa village. The seven procedures found in the ngerorod wedding ceremony in Sidetapa village are ngelaibang, ngaku nyuwang/mepejati, ngengkeb, ngabe iyeh, mesuwaka, makruna, and pejalan bebas/bebas pejalan. In addition, twenty-seven lexicons found in ngerorod wedding ceremony are ngelaibang, ngaku nyuwang/mepejati, kanti, ngengkeb, ngabe iyeh, pengenduh, mesuwaka, makruna/pakrunan, damar, base tampil, penyapadana, purusa, pradana, saang, gagapan, pretaksu, umah adat, pejalan bebas/bebas pejalan, duwase, base palpalan, tetempeh, saling sopin, kain pejekjek, sesangi, natab banten bale, bobok, and ngabe saang.
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Smirnitskaya, A. "The lexicalization of ‘falling’ and ‘throwing’ semantic fields in Tamil". Acta Linguistica Petropolitana XVI, n.º 1 (agosto de 2020): 859–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30842/alp2306573716127.
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The paper examines the lexicalization of contiguous semantic fields — FALLING and THROWING — in Tamil. The data obtained from native speakers as well as from dictionaries and written sources is considered. Lexical units of FALLING semantic field are investigated with the help of a questionnaire developed within the project and used for all the papers of this volume. The THROWING semantic field is less described. Our research is based on the questionnaire worked out in [Ivtushok 2015] which is adapted to Tamil data. Related with quasi-causative bond, these fields demonstrate different semantic strategies of their lexification. The FALLING field is organized as a strongly dominant zone, while the THROWING field is covered by three main verbs and several more peripheral ones. The main lexeme describing the semantics of FALLING in Tamil (the dominant verb of the field) is viẓu. It is supported by a number of verbs with considerably restricted meanings: pey (“rainfall” and other natural phenomena), utir (‘falling of leaves and similar objects’), koṭṭu (‘loss of teeth, hair’), citaṟu (‘falling with scattering in different directions’), cintu (‘uncontrolled downward movement of liquids, including liquid drops’), naẓuvu (‘falling with slipping’) and some others. In the THROWING semantic field the main verbs er̠i (‘to throw with an eff ort to the target’), vīcu (‘to throw with less effort as a wide sweeping movement’) and pōṭu (‘to throw from a short distance with accuracy’) are also accompanied by peripheral ones, like ey (‘to throw a light object’, ‘to launch, as an arrow’), ir̠ai (‘to scatter a multiple object to the sides, as to sow grain’). In addition to THROWING frames suggested in [Ivtushok 2015], such as “throwing at a target”, “throwing up”, “throwing down”, “multiple object throwing”, “throwing inside a container” etc., the paper proposes some new frames describing this semantic field in regards to Tamil data, such as ‘throwing at a target with resistance overcoming’ or ‘throwing with a wide, sweeping movement without overcoming resistance’.
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Jagan, Balaji, Ranjani Parthasarathi e T. V. Geetha. "Bootstrapping of Semantic Relation Extraction for a Morphologically Rich Language". International Journal on Semantic Web and Information Systems 15, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2019): 119–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijswis.2019010106.
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This article focuses on the use of a bootstrapping approach for the extraction of semantic relations that exist between two different concepts in a Tamil text. The proposed system, bootstrapping approach to semantic UNL relation extraction (BASURE) extracts generic relations that exist between different components of a sentence by exploiting the morphological richness of Tamil. Tamil is essentially a partially free word order language which means that semantic relations that exist between the concepts can occur anywhere in the sentence not necessarily in a fixed order. Here, the authors use Universal Networking Language (UNL), an Interlingua framework, to represent the word-based features and aim to define UNL semantic relations that exist between any two constituents in a sentence. The morphological suffix, lexical category and UNL semantic constraints associated with a word are defined as tuples of the pattern used for bootstrapping. Most systems define the initial set of seed patterns manually. However, this article uses a rule-based approach to obtain word-based features that form tuples of the patterns. A bootstrapping approach is then applied to extract all possible instances from the corpus and to generate new patterns. Here, the authors also introduce the use of UNL ontology to discover the semantic similarity between semantic tuples of the pattern, hence, to learn new patterns from the text corpus in an iterative manner. The use of UNL Ontology makes this approach general and domain independent. The results obtained are evaluated and compared with existing approaches and it has been shown that this approach is generic, can extract all sentence based semantic UNL relations and significantly increases the performance of the generic semantic relation extraction system.
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Bérubé, Nicolas, Maxime Sainte-Marie, Philippe Mongeon e Vincent Larivière. "Words by the tail: Assessing lexical diversity in scholarly titles using frequency-rank distribution tail fits". PLOS ONE 13, n.º 7 (9 de julho de 2018): e0197775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0197775.
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Suh, Hyun-Jae, Jung-Min Kim e Seung-Shik Kang. "Korean Part-Of-Speech Tagging by using Head-Tail Tokenization". Korean Institute of Smart Media 11, n.º 5 (30 de junho de 2022): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.30693/smj.2022.11.5.17.
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Korean part-of-speech taggers decompose a compound morpheme into unit morphemes and attach part-of-speech tags. So, here is a disadvantage that part-of-speech for morphemes are over-classified in detail and complex word types are generated depending on the purpose of the taggers. When using the part-of-speech tagger for keyword extraction in deep learning based language processing, it is not required to decompose compound particles and verb-endings. In this study, the part-of-speech tagging problem is simplified by using a Head-Tail tokenization technique that divides only two types of tokens, a lexical morpheme part and a grammatical morpheme part that the problem of excessively decomposed morpheme was solved. Part-of-speech tagging was attempted with a statistical technique and a deep learning model on the Head-Tail tokenized corpus, and the accuracy of each model was evaluated. Part-of-speech tagging was implemented by TnT tagger, a statistical-based part-of-speech tagger, and Bi-LSTM tagger, a deep learning-based part-of-speech tagger. TnT tagger and Bi-LSTM tagger were trained on the Head-Tail tokenized corpus to measure the part-of-speech tagging accuracy. As a result, it showed that the Bi-LSTM tagger performs part-of-speech tagging with a high accuracy of 99.52% compared to 97.00% for the TnT tagger.
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Lagutina, Anna, e Tat'yana Lalova. "Prosodic Features (Electroacoustic Analysis) of the French Language in South India". Филология: научные исследования, n.º 11 (novembro de 2022): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0749.2022.11.39174.
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The subject of the study are the results obtained in the course of electroacoustic analysis of a single text. This fragment is part of an interview recorded by an Indian student studying French in the Republic of India. The auditor participating in the recording of the phonogram of the fragment is a resident of South India, living in the state of Tamil Nadu. The task of the experiment carried out by the authors is to study the methods of intonation selection using the main prosodic characteristics of the semantics of texts of various subjects. The object of this study is the analysis of indicators of the frequency of the main tone, intensity, duration, and pause. The article contains a table consisting of the results of processing acoustic data obtained using the PRAAT software, which provides the ability to process and analyze sounding speech. The authors consider in detail the procedure of the experiment, which consists in transcribing the text, highlighting lexico-semantic lines opposed to each other, the process of rationing according to the formulas given in the article, as well as analyzing the results. The main conclusion of the study is the calculation of deviations from the average values of the main acoustic parameters that characterize words that express the semantic lines of the text and are combined into two opposed lexico-semantic complexes.
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Priiki, Katri. "The Finnish tail construction as a first mention". Nordic Journal of Linguistics 43, n.º 2 (22 de setembro de 2020): 181–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0332586520000104.
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AbstractThis article examines the Finnish tail construction (right dislocation) used as a first mention of a referent and the variation of the demonstrative pronouns tämä ‘this’, tuo ‘that’, and se ‘it’ in the construction. Many previous studies have suggested that tail construction (TC) referents are highly active and thus already mentioned and salient in a conversation. However, in Finnish, the TC may introduce new referents into a conversation, and this article provides an empirical analysis of how and why this is done. First-mention TCs are often evaluations or questions in which the proposition links the utterance to the preceding context. When presenting new information, the TC allows the speaker to present a potentially lengthy lexical definition of a new referent at the end of the utterance, avoiding the additional emphatic meanings or unwanted implications a simply inverted word order might create.
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Rataj, Maciej. "English in Singapore, a city of migrants: Standard dialect ideology and attitudes towards Singlish". Beyond Philology An International Journal of Linguistics, Literary Studies and English Language Teaching, n.º 20/2 (15 de junho de 2023): 33–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/bp.2023.2.02.
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Singapore is a city state whose location and history as a trading post and a British colony has made it a wealthy multiethnic and multicultural country. The history and current trends of migration have resulted in four official languages: English, Mandarin Chinese, Malay and Tamil. In addition to Standard English Singaporeans use an informal code known as Singlish, which is generally based on English but draws on lexical, grammatical and phonological resources of multiple languages spoken by Singaporeans. This paper investigates negative attitudes towards Singlish expressed by government-related sources such as websites and educational campaigns held in the late 2010’s. It begins with defining language prestige and prescriptivism. Then, it describes the sociolinguistic context of English in Singapore, the local Standard English and selected features of Singlish. The main part of this paper is the analysis of texts and videos expressing prejudice against Singlish. The discussion attempts to explain the sources of linguistic ideology in Singapore by referring to ethnolinguistic vitality, historicity and so-called purity. The paper concludes that Singlish is a unique mode of expression for Singaporeans.
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Nolan, Francis, e Hae-Sung Jeon. "Speech rhythm: a metaphor?" Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 369, n.º 1658 (19 de dezembro de 2014): 20130396. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0396.
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Is speech rhythmic? In the absence of evidence for a traditional view that languages strive to coordinate either syllables or stress-feet with regular time intervals, we consider the alternative that languages exhibit contrastive rhythm subsisting merely in the alternation of stronger and weaker elements. This is initially plausible, particularly for languages with a steep ‘prominence gradient’, i.e. a large disparity between stronger and weaker elements; but we point out that alternation is poorly achieved even by a ‘stress-timed’ language such as English, and, historically, languages have conspicuously failed to adopt simple phonological remedies that would ensure alternation. Languages seem more concerned to allow ‘syntagmatic contrast’ between successive units and to use durational effects to support linguistic functions than to facilitate rhythm. Furthermore, some languages (e.g. Tamil, Korean) lack the lexical prominence which would most straightforwardly underpin prominence of alternation. We conclude that speech is not incontestibly rhythmic, and may even be antirhythmic. However, its linguistic structure and patterning allow the metaphorical extension of rhythm in varying degrees and in different ways depending on the language, and it is this analogical process which allows speech to be matched to external rhythms.
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Colarusso, John. "Analysis of Texts and a Basic Lexicon of the Abkhaz Language by Tamio Yanagisawa, in cooperation with Ana Tsvinaria, and: Analytic Dictionary of Abkhaz by Tamio Yanagisawa, with the assistance of Anna Tsvinaria-Abramishvili". Anthropological Linguistics 55, n.º 2 (2013): 184–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anl.2013.0008.
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Watson, W. G. E. "HAYIM BEN YOSEF TAWIL, An Akkadian Lexical Companion for Biblical Hebrew. Etymological-Semantic and Idiomatic Equivalents with Supplement on Biblical Aramaic." Journal of Semitic Studies 57, n.º 1 (20 de março de 2012): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jss/fgr038.
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Won, Haeyoung. "Along the Sea Turtle Trail: From Tamil Nadu to the Gaya Empire, It Uses the Legend of Heo Hwang-ok to Uncover Lexical and Cultural Evidence". Journal of East-West Comparative Literature 57 (30 de setembro de 2021): 199–224. http://dx.doi.org/10.29324/jewcl.2021.9.57.199.
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Temirova, Dzhannet A., e Natalia L. Morgoun. "Ways of compensation for nonverbal communication in SMS". Izvestiya of Saratov University. Philology. Journalism 22, n.º 2 (23 de maio de 2022): 158–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/1817-7115-2022-22-2-158-163.
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Communication, generally, features not just a system in which the interaction takes place, but also a process, ways of communication, which enable creation, transmission and reception of various information. Nowadays, spoken communication is classified as one of the main types of communication; it is premised to use natural non-verbal and verbal channels simultaneously and in a seamless uniformity; written communication, which occurs as communicative activity among communicators by means of texts; non-verbal communication actualized by means of body language (facial expressions, gestures, etc.) and electronic communication – a relatively new way of communication – which, however, is actively penetrating modern life due to the opportunities which it presents. This article attempts to analyze lexical and syntactic units in English text messages, which help addressees to emphasize their emotional state in a written text while writing it; namely it attempts to demonstrate how non-verbal communication means are actualized via electronic communication. The analysis was carried out on the material of the messages in the Singapore variant of the English language – Singlish SMS – from the corpus SMS NUS. The English language is the dominant one in Singapore these days, prevailing over three other state languages: Chinese, Malay and Tamil. It is used in everyday life in interpersonal communication as a lingua franca and serves as a means of international communication and a means of uniting the country. Upon analysis some characteristic features of SMS messages have been identified, such as punctuation marks, pragmatic particles and interjections, expressions making up for registering the emotional state of the text author in writing.
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SUN, HE, BIN YIN, NUR FARINA BEGUM BINTE AMSAH e BETH ANN O'BRIEN. "Differential effects of internal and external factors in early bilingual vocabulary learning: The case of Singapore". Applied Psycholinguistics 39, n.º 2 (2 de novembro de 2017): 383–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s014271641700039x.
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ABSTRACTBoth internal factors (e.g., nonverbal intelligence) and external factors (e.g., input quantity) are claimed to affect the rate of children's vocabulary development. However, it remains an open question whether these variables work similarly on bilingual children's dual language learning. The current paper examined this issue on 805 Singapore children (4 years, 1 month to 5 years, 8 months) who are learning English (societal language) and an ethnic language (Mandarin/Malay/Tamil). Singapore is a bilingual society; however, there is an inclination for English use at home in recent years, resulting in a discrepancy of input between English and ethnic languages in many families. In this study, internal and external factors were examined comprehensively with standardized tests and a parental questionnaire. Regression analysis was used to address the questions. There were statistically significant differences in language input quantity, quality, and output between English and ethnic language learning environments. Singapore children are learning English in an input-rich setting while learning their ethnic language in a comparatively input-poor setting. Multiple regressions revealed that while both sets of factors explained lexical knowledge in each language, the relative contribution is different for English and ethnic languages: internal factors explained more variance in English language vocabulary, whereas external factors were more important in explaining ethnic language knowledge. We attribute this difference to a threshold effect of external factors based on the critical mass hypothesis and call for special attention to learning context (input-rich vs. input-poor settings) for specific bilingual language studies.
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Kumar, K. Suresh, A. S. Radhamani e T. Ananth Kumar. "Sentiment lexicon for cross-domain adaptation with multi-domain dataset in Indian languages enhanced with BERT classification model". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 15 de julho de 2022, 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-220448.
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Many websites are attempting to offer a platform for users or customers to leave their reviews and comments about the products or services in their native languages. The cross-domain adaptation (CDA) analyses sentiment across domains. The sentiment lexicon falls short resulting in issues like feature mismatch, sparsity, polarity mismatch and polysemy. In this research, an augmented sentiment dictionary is developed in our native regional language (Tamil) that intends to construct the contextual links between terms in multi-domain datasets to reduce problems like polarity mismatch, feature mismatch, and polysemy. Data from the source domain and target domain both labeled and unlabeled are used in the proposed dictionary. To be more specific, the initial dictionary uses normalised pointwise mutual information (nPMI) to derive contextual weight, whereas the final dictionary uses the value of terms across all reviews to compute the accurate rank score. Here, a deep learning model called BERT is used for sentiment classification. For cross-domain adaptation, a modified multi-layer fuzzy-based convolutional neural network (M-FCNN) is deployed. This work aims to build a single dictionary using large number of vocabularies for classifying the reviews in Tamil for several target domains. This extendible dictionary enhances the accuracy of CDA greatly when compared to existing baseline techniques and easily handles a large number of terms in different domains.
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Dhananjaya, Vinura, Surangika Ranathunga e Sanath Jayasena. "Lexicon‐based fine‐tuning of multilingual language models for low‐resource language sentiment analysis". CAAI Transactions on Intelligence Technology, abril de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/cit2.12333.
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AbstractPre‐trained multilingual language models (PMLMs) such as mBERT and XLM‐R have shown good cross‐lingual transferability. However, they are not specifically trained to capture cross‐lingual signals concerning sentiment words. This poses a disadvantage for low‐resource languages (LRLs) that are under‐represented in these models. To better fine‐tune these models for sentiment classification in LRLs, a novel intermediate task fine‐tuning (ITFT) technique based on a sentiment lexicon of a high‐resource language (HRL) is introduced. The authors experiment with LRLs Sinhala, Tamil and Bengali for a 3‐class sentiment classification task and show that this method outperforms vanilla fine‐tuning of the PMLM. It also outperforms or is on‐par with basic ITFT that relies on an HRL sentiment classification dataset.
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Mansor, Idris. "The Systemic Rules of Malay Standard Borrowing from Arabic: Guidelines for Linguists and Translators". Issues in Language Studies 6, n.º 2 (24 de dezembro de 2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/ils.1624.2017.
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Borrowing has been an important process in the development of the Malay language. Malay has a great number of borrowed terms from a variety of languages, such as Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Dutch, Hindi, Javanese, Siamese, Tamil, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese and English. Among these languages, Arabic is one of the main sources of Malay borrowing. This research is a descriptive study of Malay borrowing from Arabic. It aims to produce a model of the systemic rules of standard Malay borrowing from the Arabic language. Data for this research were obtained from Kamus Dewan, the main reference for Malay lexicon. The data, then, were analysed manually based on their trends and patterns. The result of the study shows that there are several trends implemented in transferring Arabic words into Malay. This study aims to become a useful guideline for linguists and translators in borrowing new terms from Arabic.
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Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel Wong, Mie Hiramoto, Jakob R. E. Leimgruber e Jun Jie Lim. "Is it in Colloquial Singapore English". English Today, 7 de junho de 2022, 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078422000141.
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Colloquial Singapore English (CSE, commonly known as Singlish) is a linguistic variety used in Singapore, a Southeast Asian nation home to three major ethnic groups: the Chinese (74.35% of the citizen and permanent resident population), the Malays (13.43%), and the Indians (9%) (Singapore Department of Statistics, 2019). It is one of the best known post-colonial varieties of English and has been documented since the emergence of the field of world Englishes (e.g., Greenbaum, 1988; Richards & Tay, 1977). Linguistically, the grammar and lexicon of CSE are systematically imported from other non-English languages used in the island nation (Leimgruber, 2011). From a creolist perspective, it can be viewed as an English-lexifier creole that contains influences from Sinitic languages such as Hokkien, Cantonese and Mandarin, as well as Malay, Tamil and other varieties in the Singapore language ecology (McWhorter, 2007; Platt, 1975). Several distinct features across various levels of language have been investigated in CSE, including phonetics (Starr & Balasubramaniam, 2019), morphosyntax (Bao, 2010; Bao & Wee, 1999), semantics (Hiramoto & Sato, 2012), and pragmatics (Hiramoto, 2012; Leimgruber, 2016; Lim, 2007).
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"Regional Language Support for Patient-inclusive Decision Making in Breast Cancer Pathology Domain". International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2019): 8392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.c6518.098319.
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A Clinical Decision Support system (CDSS) is an application that analyzes data to help healthcare providers to make decisions and improve patient care. Clinicians use the CDSS to perform their routine tasks with computer-assistance. In the past, decision-making using CDSS was primarily oriented towards Clinicians but in recent times, shared decision-making with the patient is advocated. Shared decision-making focuses on encouraging patients to become informed and involved about their health-concerns and make right choices in discussion with expert Clinicians. In India, Breast cancer is the number one killer disease among women. The fast-growing breast cancer patient population demands development of a CDSS for the domain with patient-inclusive features. Medical documents generated in English by Medical practitioners may be understood only by patients with adequate medical knowledge and proficiency in English language. To benefit the regional-language patient population, a CDSS was developed with patient-inclusive features such as Risk assessment questionnaires and Pathology reports presented in Tamil to benefit the regional language-literate patients in the state of Tamilnadu. Translation resources for the domain such as Lexicon and Bilingual Dictionary are generated and used in Machine Translation (MT) of the reports in the CDSS. Translation of Pathology reports is performed by applying Natural Language Processing methods and Phrase-based translation approach and is refined using Synsets. The machine-translation by the CDSS was evaluated by comparing the CDSS output with output from a translation tool Anuvadaksh developed by Department of Information Technology, Government of India, and Google Translate. The outputs were also scrutinized by regional language experts and medical experts. The developed CDSS prototype is a pioneering effort to compile medical language resources for breast cancer pathology domain, and to present details to the patient in a language familiar to her. The regional language support would improve co-operation between the Clinician and patients for shared decision-making and enhance understanding in patients who would otherwise be passive due to the English language barrier. The CDSS with regional language could be used in hospitals in Tamilnadu and the implementation could be extended to other regional languages of India in the future
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Kalaivanan, Kastoori, Patrick C. M. Wong, Francis C. K. Wong e Alice H. D. Chan. "Native Language Perceptual Sensitivity Predicts Nonnative Speech Perception Differently in Younger and Older Singaporean Bilinguals". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 17 de fevereiro de 2023, 1–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2022_jslhr-22-00199.
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Purpose: We investigate in this study how individual variability in native language speech perception (termed Perceptual Sensitivity ) influences nonnative speech perception in Singaporean Tamil–English bilinguals. Further, we assess if and how contextual and demographic factors influence Perceptual Sensitivity in the acquired languages and if the influence of Perceptual Sensitivity on nonnative speech perception is different across younger and older bilinguals. Method: Perceptual Sensitivity in the native languages was examined by implementing Tamil and English gating tasks in 87 Singaporean Tamil–English bilinguals from two age groups (younger: 19–33 years; older: 55–70 years). Mandarin lexical tone discrimination was implemented as a measure of nonnative speech perception. Results: There was a wide range of variability in Perceptual Sensitivity scores in both languages across both age groups. Perceptual Sensitivity in the first native language (L1 Tamil) was a robust predictor of nonnative speech perception across both age groups, especially for the older bilinguals. However, general intelligence emerged as a stronger predictor than Tamil Perceptual Sensitivity in younger bilinguals. The influence of Tamil Perceptual Sensitivity on lexical tone perception was not tone-specific, supporting a general enhancement of lexical tone perception with better Tamil Perceptual Sensitivity. There was an influence of demographic factors on English Perceptual Sensitivity in older bilinguals, but not for Tamil and not in younger bilinguals. Conclusions: Our findings corroborate with previous studies in showing that native language Perceptual Sensitivity is positively associated with and predicts nonnative speech perception in younger and older adulthood regardless of language similarity but to varying degrees. Specifically, the influence of Perceptual Sensitivity on nonnative speech perception is stronger in older adulthood, suggesting a possible shift in reliance on crystallized language knowledge with age. Proficiency and use, among other demographic and language variables, do not appear to influence L1 Perceptual Sensitivity in a lesser used language (Tamil) as significantly as previously assumed.
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Prabhu S, Ruba S e Dr. Kala Samayan. "A STUDY ON PATTERN OF CODE MIXING IN A SEQUENTIAL BILINGUAL YOUNG ADULTS". EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 20 de outubro de 2021, 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.36713/epra8637.
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The present study aimed to investigate and compares the pattern of Code Mixing in Sequential bilingual young adult. Thirty Sequential bilingual (Tamil-English) adults between the age range of 18-25 years were participated in this study. The bilingual participants were asked to describe the cookie-theft picture in Tamil. The patterns of Code Mixing (Intra Sentential Mixing and Intra Lexical Mixing) were analysed from the collected data. The results showed sequential bilingual adult uses 4.8% of Intra Sentential Mixing and 5.3% of Intra Lexical Mixing. In pattern of Code Mixing, Intra Sentential Mixing found to more in women. The present study concluded that Sequential bilingual speaker uses slightly higher percentage of Intra Lexical Mixing when compared to Intra Sentential Mixing in the picture description task. This finding will help Speech Language Pathologist to plan assessment, intervention and to development appropriate material for Sequential bilingual speakers in making clinical decision.
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Ramalingam, Anita, e Subalalitha Chinnaudayar Navaneethakrishnan. "An Analysis on Semantic Interpretation of Tamil Literary Texts". Journal of Mobile Multimedia, 22 de janeiro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.13052/jmm1550-4646.1839.
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The interaction between a computer and a human or natural language is known as Natural Language Processing (NLP). The ultimate goal is to make the natural language text understandable, which in turn, requires its meaning to be captured. Text can be analyzed on several levels, such as lexical, syntax, semantics, discourse, and pragmatics. These NLP tasks deal with text at different levels, such as word, phrase, sentence, paragraph, and document. Discourse analysis is a type of text analysis that goes beyond the sentence level. The discourse analysis is currently performed on expository (essay) type of texts. There are currently no state-of-the-art NLP applications that handle Tamil literary texts at a discourse level. Tamil classical literature is rich with ethical, moral, and philosophical values that should be explored for the benefit of society. This paper proposes an automatic semantic interpretation framework for Tamil literary texts using discourse parsing by giving works on discourse parsing, text classification, discourse-based clustering and information retrieval, and Tamil language and Tamil literatures. This semantic interpretation can be developed as a smart mobile application using multimedia components. This paper also discusses how the Tamil literary text processing differs from the essay type of text.
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Selvi, S. Senthamizh, e R. Anitha. "Bilingual Corpus-based Hybrid POS Tagger for Low Resource Tamil Language: A Statistical approach". Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 30 de agosto de 2022, 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jifs-221278.
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In India, most of the Science and Technology resources available are in English. Developing an Automatic Language Translation Engine from English (source language) to Tamil (target language) is very essential for the people who need to get technical resources in their native language. The challenges in designing such engines using Natural Language Processing (NLP) tools include Lexical, Structural, and Syntax level ambiguity. To solve these challenges, the development of a Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagger is essential. The Verb-Framed languages like Tamil, Japanese, and many languages in Romance, Semitic, and Mayan languages families have high morphological richness but lack either a large volume of annotated corpora or manually constructed linguistic resources for building POS tagger. Moreover, the Tamil Language has a low resource, high word sense ambiguity, and word-free order form giving rise to challenges in designing Tamil POS taggers. In this paper, we postulate a Hybrid POS tagger algorithm for Tamil Language using Cross-Lingual Transformation Learning Techniques. It is a novel Mining-based algorithm (MT), which finds equivalent words of Tamil in English on less volume of English-Tamil bilingual unannotated parallel corpus. To enhance the performance of MT, we developed Tamil language-specific auxiliary algorithms such as Keyword-based tagging algorithm (KT) and Verb pattern-based tagging algorithm (VT). We also developed a Unique pair occurrence-tagging algorithm (UT) to find the one-time occurrence of Tamil-English pair words. Our experiments show that by improving Context-based Bilingual Corpus to Bilingual parallel corpus and after leaving one-time occurrence words, the proposed Hybrid POS tagger can predict 81.15% words, with 73.51% accuracy and 90.50% precision. Evaluations prove our algorithms can generate language resources, which can improve the performance of NLP tasks in Tamil.
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M, Sangeetha, e Nimala K. "Unravelling Emotional Tones: A Hybrid Optimized Model for Sentiment Analysis in Tamil Regional Languages". Journal of Machine and Computing, 5 de janeiro de 2024, 114–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.53759/7669/jmc202404012.
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Review comments from digital platform such as Facebook, Twitter and YouTube used for identification of emotional tones from text. Nowadays, reviews are posted in different languages such as English, French, Chinese, and Indian regional languages such as Tamil, Telegu, and Hindi. Identification of emotional tones from text written in Indian regional language is challenging. During the translation of the regional language to the English language for sentiment analysis, lexical and pragmatic ambiguity are the major problem. The above problem arises due to dialects in language such as regional, standard, and social dialects. In this paper, dialect-based ambiguity problems solve through proposed Hybrid optimized deep learning transformer Models like M-BERT, M-Roberta, and M-XLM-Roberta for Tamil language dialects recognise and classified. The proposed algorithms provide better sentimental analysis after Hybrid optimization due to adaptation mechanisms, dynamic changes in the parameters and strategies in fine-tuning the search. The proposed Hybrid optimized algorithms perform better than existing algorithms such as SVM, Naïve Bayes, and LSTM with an accuracy of 95%.
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S, Suja. "Lexical techniques of sangam women poets". Indian Journal of Multilingual Research and Development, 30 de dezembro de 2022, 12–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.54392/ijmrd2242.
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The greatest vacuum in the world of Tamil literature was prevented by the reprinting of Sangam copies. Editors like C Vai Tha, U Ve Sa, Sowri Perumal Arangan, and others accomplished that great task perfectly. It is noteworthy that the study and reading of Sangam literature has been disrupted and has revived many fields of study on their own and occupies an incontrovertible place in the world of literary studies. Just as Sangam literature is an incontrovertible copy in the world of literature, so women have been the dominant race in the early years of human social dialectics. At a time when the remains of matrilineal society are being forgotten, getting to know the women authors of Sangam literature who have recorded the tribal way of life, and their semantic technique through their works would be a retelling of the vanished vocabulary historical past. Out of the 18 books contained within the Sangam literature collection, 30 women poets have contributed. Of them, 15 sang only Akam songs. There were 8 people who sang only Puram songs and 7 sang both. In the entire Sangam literature, the compositions of the women poets do not appear in the two volumes of Ainkurunooru and Kalithokai, which are a limited collection, rather than a collection of single songs. Similarly, there are no records of women in the Paripaadal and Pathupattu songs, which are placed too backward in the chronology. This article illustrates the semantic technique of the women poets by taking only one or the first word in the Sangam literature, which appears in 154 poems written by female poets.
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Lee, Sonia, Zahra Kassam, Akshay D. Baheti, Thomas A. Hope, Kevin J. Chang, Elena K. Korngold, Melissa W. Taggart e Natally Horvat. "Rectal cancer lexicon 2023 revised and updated consensus statement from the Society of Abdominal Radiology Colorectal and Anal Cancer Disease-Focused Panel". Abdominal Radiology, 5 de maio de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00261-023-03893-2.
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AbstractThe Society of Abdominal Radiology’s Colorectal and Anal Cancer Disease-Focused Panel (DFP) first published a rectal cancer lexicon paper in 2019. Since that time, the DFP has published revised initial staging and restaging reporting templates, and a new SAR user guide to accompany the rectal MRI synoptic report (primary staging). This lexicon update summarizes interval developments, while conforming to the original lexicon 2019 format. Emphasis is placed on primary staging, treatment response, anatomic terminology, nodal staging, and the utility of specific sequences in the MRI protocol. A discussion of primary tumor staging reviews updates on tumor morphology and its clinical significance, T1 and T3 subclassifications and their clinical implications, T4a and T4b imaging findings/definitions, terminology updates on the use of MRF over CRM, and the conundrum of the external sphincter. A parallel section on treatment response reviews the clinical significance of near-complete response and introduces the lexicon of “regrowth” versus “recurrence”. A review of relevant anatomy incorporates updated definitions and expert consensus of anatomic landmarks, including the NCCN’s new definition of rectal upper margin and sigmoid take-off. A detailed review of nodal staging is also included, with attention to tumor location relative to the dentate line and locoregional lymph node designation, a new suggested size threshold for lateral lymph nodes and their indications for use, and imaging criteria used to differentiate tumor deposits from lymph nodes. Finally, new treatment terminologies such as organ preservation, TNT, TAMIS and watch-and-wait management are introduced. This 2023 version aims to serve as a concise set of up-to-date recommendations for radiologists, and discusses terminology, classification systems, MRI and clinical staging, and the evolving concepts in diagnosis and treatment of rectal cancer. Graphical abstract
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"Synchronization of Stochastic Modeling with Square Fuzzy Transition Probability Relational Matrix". International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering 8, n.º 2 (30 de julho de 2019): 4584–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35940/ijrte.b3338.078219.
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There are number of fields like agriculture, industry, insurance, tourism and others get affected directly or indirectly by a most common phenomenon known as the Rainfall. Till now we are not able to predict rainfall and it is one of the unsolved problems. This paper aims to synchronize stochastic modeling and square fuzzy transition probability relational matrix and it is obtained from the lexical terms along with the help of fuzzy value which in turn calculated form the lexical value. Fuzzy matrices are necessary in modeling uncertain situations in various fields. Here the lexical values are specially assigned heptagonal fuzzy numbers which in turn converted into fuzzy value to measure relation mappings. Along with this, synchronization is done for stochastic models with transition probability matrix and also with square fuzzy transition probability relation matrix to get a clear picture of the result. In this work, the changes in annual rainfall of Tamil Nadu depending on markov chain models are monitored. Statistical technique like Markov chain is applied at metrological stations in order to predict short term precipitation. The annual rainfall from 1901 to 2000 is derived and the frequency distribution table is formed. The class intervals are denoted as states and the transition probability matrix is formed due to the variations in annual rainfall. The uniform random states are formed by generating random number. The available stochastic climate models presently be adapted to form new climatic conditions if the forthcoming conditions is identified with necessary accuracy. Finally, prediction of rainfall based on two categories such as climatic factors and through states is analyzed in this study.
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Sukhada, Sukhada, Sirisipalli Veera Hymavathi e Soma Paul. "Generation of MRS Abstract Predicates from Paninian USR". Proceedings of the International Conference on Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar, 15 de outubro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21248/hpsg.2023.7.
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Semantic Representations become useful resources for various multilingual NLP applications such as Machine Translation, Multilingual Generation, cross Lingual QA, to name a few. No Semantic Representation, to our knowledge, adopts vivakṣā (Speaker’s intention) as a guiding principle for the representation. This motivates us to develop a new Semantic Representation system – Universal Semantic Representation (USR) – following Indian Grammatical Tradition (IGT) and Paninian grammar. Since USR is designed to be language-independent, we have currently taken up the task of generating English, Hindi, Tamil and Bangla from the USR. For English generation, the USR is mapped to ERG meaning representation (Flickinger, D. 1999) which is couched in Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). We use an off-the-shelf ACE generator that uses ERG as a resource-grammar for generating English. While designing the transfer module from USR to ERG-based MRS, we came across various Abstract Predicates (APs) in MRS representation as described in ErgSemantics_Basic (Flickinger et al., 2014). These APs are used to represent the semantic contribution of grammatical constructions or more specialized lexical entries such as compounding or the comparative use of more and so on. This paper presents the strategy for postulating the APs from the information given in USR and then reports the implementation of the transfer module keeping the focus on the postulation of APs. We get around 95% accuracy in postulating APs from USR.
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"Bilingual education & bilingualism". Language Teaching 39, n.º 2 (abril de 2006): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0261444806263705.
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