Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Tabaru language"

AbstractThe paper studies and summarises the linguistic materials on Tabari found in I. N. Berezin's "Recherches sur les dialectes persans". This book was the first attempt in Iranian dialectology, but due to the inaccuracies and incoherent transcription it has largely been ignored since its publication in 1953. Tabari, one of the Iranian languages studied in the book, has more than three million speakers in the Persian province of Mazandaran on the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. It sheds light on certain grammatical characteristics of Tabari not so clearly stated in other contemporaneous sources. From materials documented by Berezin, 24 sentences and a glossary (including a separate list of verbs) are extracted and listed in the article.

This publication presents the first part of the commented translation into Russian of the Introduction (muqaddima) to the tafasir “Jami‘ al-bayan ‘an ta’wil al- Qur’an” [The Comprehensive Exposition of the interpretation of the Qur’an] by Muhammad ibn Jarir at- Tabari (839–923). This multi- volume work is one of the first complete written commentaries on the Qur’an. For many centuries it has had unquestionable authority among Muslim theologians and religious scholars in Islamic studies. In the Introduction to the tafsir for the first time in history of Muslim science, is detailed the theory and methodology of Qur’anic exegesis. This exposition became the basis for all subsequent Sunni interpretations of the Muslim Holy Scripture. The presented part contains translation of the preface, which describes the importance, goals and objectives of tafsir, as well as of the first two chapters devoted to the Arabic language as the language of the Qur’an and to the words “that coincide in the speech of the Arabs and the languages of other peoples”.

Vietnamese, the official language of Vietnam, is spoken natively by over seventy-five million people in Vietnam and greater Southeast Asia as well as by some two million overseas, predominantly in France, Australia, and the United States. The genetic affiliation of Vietnamese has been at times the subject of considerable debate (Diffloth 1992). Scholars such as Tabard (1838) maintained a relation to Chinese, while Maspero (1912), despite noting similarities to Mon-Khmer, argued for an affiliation with Tai. However, at least since the work of Haudricourt (1953), most scholars now agree that Vietnamese and related Vietic languages belong to the Mon-Khmer branch of the Austroasiatic family.

<span lang="ES" style="line-height: 150%; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; mso-fareast-language: ES-MX; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ansi-language: ES; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Este trabajo tiene como objeto explorar las estrategias que permitieron la persistencia de la siembra clandestina de tabaco en Nueva España, en particular en la región de Papantla. Analizar las relaciones entre los alcaldes mayores, subdelegados y empleados del monopolio del tabaco, enfatizando la protección informal de la que gozó el cultivo ilegal de parte de las autoridades provinciales y examinar cuál pudo ser el destino del ahorro, así como de las ganancias obtenidas del tabaco ilegal, particularmente en el financiamiento de actividades comerciales y crediticias que llevaban a cabo alcaldes mayores y subdelegados, especialmente en el repartimiento de mercancías.</span>

Ibn Jarir al-Thabari is a Qur'anic scholar who specializes in qiraah and Qur'anic sciences. In the field of tafsir, he has a spectacular tafsir titled jami 'al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an, in which he uses qiraah to interpret the verses of the Qur'an, and the understanding of qira'at al-Thabari has a significant impact on the results of his interpretation. As a result, the purpose of this study is to ascertain the meaning of qiraah al-Thabari and its impact on the interpretation of Qur'anic verses in tafsir jami 'al-Bayan fi Tafsir al-Qur'an. As a consequence of this research, al-Thabari has numerous criteria that must be followed when picking qiraah, including the legitimacy of the chain, conformity to the Arabic language, and adherence to Ottoman tradition. Al-Tabari is quite picky about which qiraah references he uses in his interpretation. As a result, qiraah mutawatirah pays him close attention. According to Al-Tabari, qiraah mutawatirah must extend all the way to the source of qiraah. Qiraah mutawatirah must be supported by a chain of sanad that truly relies on the qiraah priest and on traditions that have well-known reputation, can be trusted, and must be absolutely muttasil with the Prophet Muhammad SAW as a person who received revelation from the Koran.

This article presents on a multi-institution project that explains the development of Virtual Tabadul, which is an exchange program in virtual reality for English and Arabic foreign language and culture learning and community building amongst 1,200 US and the Middle East, and North Africa (MENA) college-aged youth. The program involves faculty, staff, and students at four institutions: Florida International University (U.S.), University of Michigan-Dearborn (U.S.), Oum El-Bouaghi University (Algeria), and Ibn Tofail University (Morocco). The project has been developed with generous funding from the Stevens Initiative and is the very first virtual exchange program for Arabic and English foreign language learning in virtual reality.

Resumo Foram analisadas tendências da mortalidade prematura por doenças crônicas não transmissíveis (DCNT) entre 1990 e 2019, as projeções até 2030 e os fatores de risco atribuíveis a estas doenças na Comunidade dos Países de Língua Portuguesa (CPLP). Utilizou-se estimativas do estudo Carga Global de Doenças e análise da carga de mortalidade prematura por DCNT para nove países da CPLP, utilizando taxas padronizadas por idade, usando-se RStudio. Portugal, Brasil, Guiné Equatorial, Angola e Guiné Bissau apresentam taxas de mortalidade prematura por DCNT em declínio e; Timor Leste, Cabo Verde, São Tomé e Príncipe e Moçambique apresentaram aumento das taxas. As projeções indicam que nenhum dos países deverá atingir as metas de redução em um terço da mortalidade prematura por DCNT até 2030. A carga de doença atribuível mostrou que os fatores de riscos mais importantes em 2019 foram: pressão arterial sistólica elevada, tabaco, riscos dietéticos, índice de massa corporal elevado e poluição do ar. Conclui-se pelas profundas diferenças na carga de DCNT entre os países, com melhores resultados em Portugal e Brasil e que nenhum país do CPLP deverá atingir a meta de redução das DCNT até 2030.

The article is an attempt to analyze the works of Ive Tabar – one of the most interesting Slovenian artists (relatively little known) working on the borderline of body art and performance art. On the one hand, Tabar’s works refer to loud experiments – undertaken on the basis of body art in 60’s, 70’s and 80’s. On the other hand, they are seeking their own language and new communication strategies with the viewers. Tabar’s works are both personal acts and political declarations (regarding the future of Slovenia). In this sense, they can be understood as a return to the concept (that had been developed in Europe and America in the second half of the twentieth century) of engaging art for public activity. Tabar uses this tradition in its own and unique way. He creates metanarratives works that combine the poetics of political and social protest with a radical body art-style experiment. He shows the way how art can contribute a political life.Key words: Slovenian performance, Ive Tabar, body art, performing arts.

У овом раду пажња је усмерена је на истраживање корпуса литерарног материјала еротске садржине, односно књижевно-уметничких текстова с елементима еротског,који су обухваћени периодом од почетка осамнаестог до краја деветнаестог века. Циљ рада је редефинисање релевантаног корпуса еротске грађе у оквиру прозних и поетских књижевних текстова изабраног временског периода, те њихово прикључивање јединственом еротографском литерарном систему. Задатак и важност овог подухвата лежи у неопходности утврђивања позиције еротографије у српској књижевности, чије истраживање, разуме се, још увек нијезавршено. 
U ovom radu pažnja je usmerena je na istraživanje korpusa literarnog materijala erotske sadržine, odnosno književno-umetničkih tekstova s elementima erotskog,koji su obuhvaćeni periodom od početka osamnaestog do kraja devetnaestog veka. Cilj rada je redefinisanje relevantanog korpusa erotske građe u okviru proznih i poetskih književnih tekstova izabranog vremenskog perioda, te njihovo priključivanje jedinstvenom erotografskom literarnom sistemu. Zadatak i važnost ovog poduhvata leži u neophodnosti utvrđivanja pozicije erotografije u srpskoj književnosti, čije istraživanje, razume se, još uvek nijezavršeno. 

Uppsatsens huvudfrågor var att undersöka vilken attityd ungdomar har till användandet av de som benämns som fula ord samt varför de använder dem. Ett ord som kallas för fult innebär att de är ett tabubelagt ord. Det är ett ord som är kraftfullt, framkallar reaktioner vilket innebär att det inte bör sägas. De som personer som använder dessa ord mest är arbetarklassen och ungdomar, framförallt killarna. Dock har tjejerna börjat jämna ut skillnaderna genom att använda de ”fula orden” allt mer.

Orsakerna till att de så kallade fula orden används är för det första för att uttrycka känslor. Det kan vara när en plötslig känslomässig förändring sker eller när man utsätts för fysisk smärta. Sedan kan det också vara en språklig anledning som tas till för att chockera och förstärka ens budskap. Lägg där till att de kan användas för att visa på vänskap och samhörighet, men också för att visa på makt.

Ungdomars attityd gentemot att använda de som kallas för fula ord varierar, men de flesta använder dem om än i olika omfattning. De anser inte att de ska användas i offentliga sammanhang som i nyhetsprogram i media, men att det är okej i den privata sfären. Det är också i den privata sfären som de flesta använder dem oavsett kön, ålder eller klass. Det egna användandet beror dock till stor del på den uppfostran man har fått samt vilken attityd gentemot dem man har. När killar och tjejer jämförs påvisas inga större skillnader, även om tjejerna i större omfattning använder sig av eufemism. Det ska bero på att tjejer oftare strävare efter ett mer vårdat språk.

Medias påverkan på attityden och användandet av de så kallade fula orden är omtvistad. De används i allt större omfattning idag i underhållningsprogram och på internet, även om de mer allvarliga delarna av medias utbud oftast inte brukar dem. Dock förekommer de allt mer i skrift idag, då många privatpersoner skriver både krönikor, bloggar och allt mer SMS.

Uppfattningen att många av de ”fula orden” blivit allt mer stereotypa och mindre chockerande resulterar i att behovet av nya uppkommit. Det vanligaste sättet att bilda nya är att låna från andra språk rakt av eller att översätta dem till svenska. Behovet av att provocera och framkalla reaktioner finns dock kvar, även om möjligheten styrs av omgivningens attityd gentemot de så kallade fula orden.

 

 

 

Cette thèse pose la question du travail des examinateurs au travers des classifications britannique et française de films : au Royaume-Uni, le BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) est l’institution en charge de la classification des films ; en France, c’est la Commission de Classification des Œuvres cinématographiques qui s’en occupe. La problématique de ce sujet est : comment les pratiques des examinateurs et les évolutions sociales et institutionnelles ont façonné la création et le développement d’un critère langage au sein des systèmes de classification britannique et français ? En effet, selon les stéréotypes, ces classifications sont généralement mises en opposition : le BBFC est présenté comme une machine à compter les jurons, alors que la classification française est décrite comme étant libérale. Cette thèse vise à expliquer l’origine de ces stéréotypes et à mettre en lumière la place du critère langage au sein de ces classifications de films
This thesis wonders about the work of examiners within British and French filmclassifications: in the UK, the BBFC (British Board of Film Classification) is theinstitution in charge of film classification; in France, it is the Commission ofClassification of Cinematographic Works. The question here is: how have the work ofexaminers and institutional and societal evolutions shaped the creation and thedevelopment of a language criterion within British and French film classificationsystems? Indeed, stereotypically, those classifications are generally opposed: the BBFC is presented as a swearword-counting system, while the French classification is described as liberal. This thesis aims at explaining the origin of those stereotypes and at highlighting the true place of language within film classifications

La présente étude porte sur la terminologie de la gynécologie-obstétrique en langue igbo. L’objectif principal est double : d’une part, recenser et classer les termes de la gynécologie-obstétrique en igbo et examiner l’adéquation entre la terminologie igbo et la terminologie internationale des langues de grande diffusion comme l’anglais et le français ; d’autre part, tenter de dégager les procédés à l’œuvre dans la création terminologique du domaine. Des vides ayant été constatés dans la terminologie igbo du domaine par rapport au français et à l’anglais, nous avons essayé de les combler, validant ainsi l’idée selon laquelle la langue igbo, à l’instar de toutes les langues, a bel et bien la capacité de désigner tout concept, quel qu’en soit le domaine. Notre recherche vise spécifiquement à recueillir les termes igbo de la gynécologie-obstétrique autant pour permettre les types de jugement théorique que nous nous sommes engagée à faire que pour les fins utilitaires d’un tel recueil. La méthode utilisée pour étudier la terminologie de la gynécologie-obstétrique en igbo devait convenir à l’étude d’un domaine tabou dans une langue sans documents écrits. Nous avons donc dû tenter de recueillir oralement les termes recherchés, en utilisant des techniques permettant de contourner la réticence de nombreux locuteurs igbo à s’exprimer sur le sujet.Pour constituer la nomenclature du domaine, nous avons mené une enquête sur le terrain auprès d’un groupe de locuteurs igbo constitué de 57 professionnels de santé soit 20 gynécologues-obstétriciens, 10 sages-femmes, 3 infirmiers, 15 médecins traditionnels, 5 sages-femmes traditionnelles, deux chefs de village et deux personnes âgées. Notre démarche s’est inspirée de la socioterminologie de Gaudin (2003, 2005) et de la méthodologie d’enquête d’Halaoui (1990, 1991), auxquelles nous avons emprunté l’aspect méthodologique de la recherche en terminologie des langues africaines. Au vu des résultats de notre enquête, nous avons constaté des vides terminologiques que nous avons tenté de combler à partir des propositions des personnes rencontrées et en nous inspirant de la démarche proposée par Diki-Kidiri (2008). Les matrices terminologiques sous-jacentes aux termes proposés ont été dégagées et analysées. Elles témoignent des tendances générales de l’igbo en la matière. Ce travail aboutit donc à la création d’un lexique trilingue anglais-français-igbo des termes de la gynécologie-obstétrique. Ce lexique contient les termes désignant l’anatomie du bassin féminin et parties génitales, l’anatomie des parties génitales internes femelles, l’anatomie de l’organe sexuel masculin, la physiologie du système reproducteur, le développement de l’embryon, la physiologie de la nutrition pendant la lactation et la grossesse, la surveillance fœtale, le travail/accouchement, le nouveau-né, les maladies liées aux organes reproducteurs, les maladies sexuellement transmissibles, les anomalies structurales, le cancer du système reproducteur et les maladies du système urinaire. Notre travail comprend trois parties. La première partie intitulée « La langue igbo du Nigeria » est composée de trois chapitres. Le chapitre 1 : « le Nigeria Terre de diversité ethnique et Linguistique », le chapitre 2 : « Description de la langue Igbo » et le chapitre 3 : « Problèmes Terminologiques igbo ». La deuxième partie intitulé « Un domaine Terminologique particulier : La médecine » comporte deux chapitres. Le chapitre 4 : « La maladie et la santé chez les igbo », et le chapitre 5 : « La pratique de la médecine au Nigeria ». La troisième partie : « La terminologie igbo de la gynécologie-obstétrique : Etat des lieux » comprends deux chapitres. Le chapitre 6 : « L’enquête sur le terrain » et Le chapitre 7 : « La création Terminologique en igbo : Le cas de la gynécologie-obstétrique »
This study focuses on gynaecology-obstetrics terminology in Igbo. Our main objective is to take an inventory of Igbo terms in the area of gynaecology-obstetrics and classify them. This will enable us to examine and evaluate the adequacy of Igbo terms in relation to English and French terms. A second objective involves exposing the methodology used in Igbo term creation in the gynaecology-obstetrics domain.In our research we noticed that gaps exist in the area of gynaecology-obstetrics of the Igbo language when compared to English and French languages. We tried to fill in the gaps thereby validating the idea whereby the Igbo language like all other languages, is capable of naming concepts in any area. Our research specifically aims at collecting Igbo terms from the domain of gynaecology-obstetrics in a way that enables us explain or give information on the method of collection of such terms.The method used in the terminological study of the gynaecology-obstetrics domain in Igbo, should be suitable in studying a taboo domain of a language without written documents. An oral documentary research became necessary. Thus the Igbo terms were compiled by means oral documentation research using techniques that helped us bypass the hesitation or reluctance of many Igbo speakers to express themselves on our area of research.To constitute the nomenclature of the domain, we carried out field work. This involved the observation of and interviews with Igbo speakers namely: traditional doctors, orthodox doctors, midwives both traditional and orthodox, nurses, local chiefs and elderly persons. We thus interviewed 57 resource-persons and experts: 20 doctors, 3 nurses and 10 midwives (for the orthodox medicine component), 15 traditional doctors, 5 traditional midwives, 2 local chiefs and 2 elderly persons (for the traditional medicine component). We were equally inspired by socioterminology as exposed by Gaudin (2003, 2005) and the methodology of research as outlined in Halaoui (1990, 1991) from which we borrowed the methodology of research in terminology of African languages.Looking at our field work result, we noticed terminological gaps which we tried to fill using proposals from the people we interviewed. The work also involved the creation of terms for concepts and objects not already named in Igbo. This naming drew principally on the method described in Diki-Kidiri (2008). An analysis of the process underlying each coinage is included. The result obtained is a clear indication that the Igbo language can be used to name things.This work equally proposes a trilingual glossary: English-French-Igbo. The glossary covers such areas as: Anatomy of the female pelvis and the external genitalia, Anatomy of the internal genital organs – female, Anatomy of the male reproductive system, Physiology of the reproductive system, Development of the embryo, Physiology and nutrition in pregnancy and lactation, Foetal surveillance, Labour, The new born infant, Infections of the reproductive organs, Infections of the reproductive tract, Sexually transmitted diseases, Structural anomalies, Cancers of the reproductive system and Disorders of the urinary system.Our work comprises three parts. Part 1: “The Igbo Language of Nigeria” consists of three chapters. Chapter 1: “Nigeria a Land with ethnicity and Linguistic diversity”, Chapter 2: “Description of the Igbo Language” and Chapter 3: “Problems of Igbo Terminology”. Part 2: entitled “A Distinctive Terminological Domain: Medicine” is made up of two chapters. Chapter 4: “Sickness and Heath among the Igbos” and Chapter 5: “Practicing Medicine in Nigeria”. Part 3 comprises two chapters. Chapter 6: “Field Work” and Chapter 7: “Creating Terms in Igbo: the Gynaecology-Obstetrics Domain”
Nnyọcha anyị a dabere n’ihe gbasara amụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nwa ohụụ n’asụsụ igbo.Ebum n’obi anyị nke mbụ bụ ịchọpụta ma hazie aha dị iche iche e nwere n’asụsụ igbo gbasaraọmụmụ nwa na nwa ohụụ na ngalaba amụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ. Nkea ga-eme ka anyị nwalee aha ndịa e nwere n’asụsụ igbo na ngalaba amụmamụ maka ọmụmụnwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ na aha ndi e nwere na olu bekee m’obụ frenchi. Ebum n’obi anyị nkeabụọ bụ ikwupụta otu anyị si nwete ma depụta aha gbasara ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụn’asụsụ igbo. Anyị kwadoro usoro mkpụrụ edemede nke igbo izugbe.Mgbe anyi n’eme nnyocha a, anyị chọpụtara n’oghere dị n’asụsụ igbo n’ihe metutara mkpọpụtaaha ihe. Nke a mere n’enwere ọtụtụ ihe ndi n’enweghị aha n’asụsụ igbo na ngalaba amụmamụmaka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ. Ihe ndia nwechara aha n’asụsụ ndi ọzọ. Anyị gbalịrịịfachisi oghere ndia dị n’asụsụ igbo iji gosi n’asụsụ a bụ asụsụ igbo nwekwara ike ịkpọpụta ahaihe ndi ha aka akpọbeghị aha.Usoro anyị kwesiri ịgbaso mgbe anyị na-amụ gbasara mkpọ aha n’asụsụ igbo na ngalabaamụmamụ maka ọmụmụ nwa na nlekọta nwa ohụụ, kwesiri ka ọ bụrụ nke ga-adaba na ọmụmụihe gbasara asụsụ n’enweghị ihe ndeda gbasara ngalaba amụmamụ a na kwa ngalaba nwereọtụtụ nsọ ala. Nke a mere oji dị mkpa na anyị gara mee nchọpụta n’obodo jụọ ajụjụ ọnụ iji mataaha ndi a n’agbanyeghị na ọ dịghịrị ndi mmadụ mfe ikwu maka ngalaba ihe ọmụmụ a.viNdi anyị gakwuru maka ajụjụ ọnụ a bụ ndi dibịa bekee, ndi nọọsụ, ndi dibịa ọdịnala, ndi ọghọnwa, ndi nchịkọta obodo na ndi okenye. N’ihe niile, anyị na ihe dịka mmadụ 57 kparịtara ụka.Nke a gụnyere ndi ọkachamara. N’ime ha e nwere ndi dibịa bekee 20, ndi nọọsụ 3 na ndi ọghọnwa bekee 10 n’otu akụkụ. N’akụkụ nke ọzọ, e nwere ndi dibịa ọdịnala 15, ndi ọghọ nwaọdịnala 5, ndi nchịkọta obodo 2 na ndi okenye 2. Anyị dabekwara na sosioteminọlọjị nkeGaudin (2003, 2005) na kwa usoro Halaoui (1990, 1991). Usoro a gbasara ịjụ ndi igbo ụfọdụajụjụ ọnụ na iso ha nọrọ mgbe ha na-arụ ọrụ.Nchọcha anyị gụnyekwara ịkpọpụta aha dị iche iche n’asụsụ igbo nke sistemu njiamụnwa nkenwoke na nwaanyị, aha gbasara nwa e bu n’afọ na nke nwa a mụrụ ọhụụ. Anyị gbasoro usoroDiki-Kidiri (2008) maka mkpọpụta aha. Anyị mekwara nkọwa iji gosipụta otu anyị si kpọọ ahandịa. N’ikpe azụ anyị depụtara aha ndi niile anyị ji rụọ ọrụ na asụsụ bekee, frenchi na kwa igbo.Aha ndi anyị depụtara gbasara : Amụmamụ ọkpụkpụ ukwu nwaanyị na njiamụnwa, Amụmamụime njiamụnwa kenwaanyị, Amụmamụ ọganụ njiamụnwa kenwoke, Fiziọlọjị sistemunjiamụnwa, Ntolite nwa nọ n’afọ, Fiziọlọjị kenri na mmiriara n’afọ ime, Nledo nwa nọ n’afọna kwa nwaọhụụ, Imeomume, Mbido ndụ nwaọhụụ, Ọrịa ọganụ njiamụnwa, Ọrịa nwaanyị,Nkwarụ, Kansa njiamụnwa na kwa Ọrịa akpamamịrị

O objetivo central desta pesquisa é apresentar uma tipologia dos tabus lingüísticos presentes em atlas lingüísticos brasileiros. O corpus do trabalho constitui-se das respostas apresentadas por sujeitos em seis atlas lingüísticos brasileiros, a saber, Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos (APFB), Atlas Lingüístico de Sergipe I (ALS I), Atlas Lingüístico de Sergipe II (ALS II), Esboço para um Atlas Lingüístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), Atlas Lingüístico da Paraíba (ALPB) e o Atlas Lingüístico do Paraná (ALPR). Tomamos por base o Questionário Semântico-lexical (QSL) que consta dos \"Questionários 2001- Projeto Atlas Lingüístico do Brasil (ALiB)\", do qual destacamos apenas a questão referente ao campo semântico proposto. Foram selecionados seis campos semânticos para a realização da presente análise, sendo eles: fenômenos atmosféricos, corpo humano, religião e crenças, doenças, ciclos da vida e convívio e comportamento social. Com base em Guérios (1979) fizemos um estudo preliminar das manifestações do tabu lingüístico em língua portuguesa e apresentaremos os meios de substituição dos vocábulos tabus que se manifestaram nas variantes lingüísticas encontradas em atlas lingüísticos. Ao final deste estudo, elaboramos um glossário constante de fichas terminológicas devidamente catalogadas referente aos termos denominados como tabus lingüísticos das variantes lingüísticas elencadas. Por meio deste trabalho, pretendemos contribuir em certa medida para a análise deste rico material que são os atlas lingüísticos.
The main objective of this research is to present a typology of the linguistics taboos existent in the Brazilian Linguistic Atlases. The corpus of this paper is made up of the answers presented by the interviewers in six Brazilian Linguistics Atlases, that is to say, Atlas Prévio dos Atlas Prévio dos Falares Baianos (APFB), Atlas Lingüístico de Sergipe I (ALS I), Atlas Lingüístico de Sergipe II (ALS II), Esboço para um Atlas Lingüístico de Minas Gerais (EALMG), Atlas Lingüístico da Paraíba (ALPB) e o Atlas Lingüístico do Paraná (ALPR). It will be based on the questionnaire \"Questionário Semântico-lexical (QSL)\" that consists of \"Questionários 2001- Projeto Atlas Lingüístico do Brasil (ALiB)\", from which we will use only the questions referring to the semantics field worked on. We selected six semantic fields to work on in this analysis, which are: atmosphere phenomena, human body, religion and beliefs, diseases, cycles of life and living and social behavior. Based on Guérios (1979), we will make a preliminary study of the linguistic taboo manifestation in the Portuguese language and we will present the means of substitution of the linguistic variants found in the linguistic atlases. A glossary having terminological files about the linguistics taboo typology will be presented at the very end. Finally, this paper tends to contribute, to a small extent, to the richness of these linguistic taboos.

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur attityder till svordomar och bruket av svordomar i tal och i text ser ut bland studenter på en högskola i Mellansverige. Metoden i denna uppsats är en datainsamling som sker genom en kvalitativ enkätundersökning där studenter på en högskola i Mellansverige besvarar ett antal frågor om svordomar. Deras kön, ålder och program/kurs tas i beaktning så att det går att dela upp data och gå djupare bland annat för att undersöka skillnader mellan män och kvinnors svar. Resultatet redovisas kvantitativt. Det var 32 stycken studenter som fyllde i enkäten vid högskolan i Mellansverige. 10 stycken var män och 22 stycken var kvinnor. Resultatet visar att studenterna tycker att svordomar är okej och de använder alla svordomar i tal och många också i text. Den vanligaste svordomen i tal var Fan och Jävlar för både män och kvinnor och det var samma i text. Studenterna använder mest svordomar som kraftuttryck för att visa känslor när de är arga, har ont och är irriterade. De svordomar både männen och kvinnorna ansåg var värst var enligt alfabetisk ordning: Cunt, Fitta, Hora, Kuk och Slyna, de fem orden rangordnades i toppen men det skilde sig i vilken ordning orden hamnade.

Tout discours obéit à la règle de l’interdit, l’euphémisme représente un moyen de détournement par excellence, permettant d’éviter « les paroles de mauvais augure » pour dire « des paroles de bon augure ». Il joue le rôle d’un « déodorant du langage » comme le disent Jamet et Jobert. Bref, l’euphémisme est à l’opposé d’un langage âpre, le dysphémisme. L’intérêt de ce dernier, n’est pas la rupture avec les associations du mot tabou, mais bien au contraire, dans le fait qu’il s’efforce de les évoquer avec plus d’intensité. Pourtant, l’euphémisme et le dysphémisme, loin de se réduire à des procédés banals qui font l’objet d’une simple substitution lexicale du terme interdit, sont avant tout des phénomènes éminemment énonciatifs dont la valeur dépend du contexte. Ainsi, l’euphémisme ou le dysphémisme n’existe pas en lui-même, mais en fonction de sa situation de communication et de sa reconnaissance par le récepteur. Notre réflexion s’inscrit dans le cadre d’une analyse pragma-linguistique de l’euphémisme et du dysphémisme en langue espagnole. Notre objectif majeur est d’interroger le processus d’euphémisation et le processus dysphémique : d’un côté, selon une approche sémantico-lexicale qui se limite à une substitution du tabou par le biais des procédures linguistiques euphémiques ou dysphémiques, et de l’autre, selon une approche pragmatique, par laquelle le signe tabou acquiert sa valeur en fonction de son entourage contextuel, et dans laquelle l’euphémisme ou le dysphémisme sont considérés comme des actes de langage. Nous voulons par ce choix illustrer qu’au plan discursif l’euphémisme et le dysphémisme sont l’objet d’une visée communicative différente de celle du plan proprement linguistique ou sémantique
Any discourse obeys the rule of prohibition; the euphemism is a means of diversion by excellence, to avoid "ominous words" to mean "auspicious words." It acts as a "deodorant language" as Jamet and Jobert say. In short, the euphemism is the opposite of a harsh language, the dysphemism. The advantage of the latter, is not breaking with the associations of the taboo word, but rather is that it strives to evoke with greater intensity. Yet the euphemism and dysphemism, far from being reduced to mundane processes that are the subject of a simple lexical substitution of the prohibited term, they are above all eminently enunciative phenomena whose value depends on the context. Thus, the euphemism or dysphemism does not exist in itself, but according to the communication situation and its recognition by the receiver. Our thinking is part of a pragma-linguistic analysis of the Spanish language of euphemism and dysphemism. Our major objective is to question the process of both euphemism and dysphemism: on one side, according to a semantic-lexical approach that is limited to a substitution of the taboo through linguistic procedures of euphemism or dysphemism, and on the other side, according to a pragmatic approach in which the taboo sign acquires its value based on its contextual surroundings, and in which the euphemism or dysphemism are considered acts of language. We want to illustrate that by this choice at the discursive plan the euphemism and the dysphemism are subject to different communicative focus than the strictly linguistic or semantic plan

Abstract Chapter 9, Loanwords and Other New Words in the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, is about the many loanwords of various kinds have been identified in various Native American languages and about ways new words are created in these languages. Various themes involving loanwords in these languages are discussed. They include calques; Wanderwörter—loanwords that are found widely diffused in a number of languages but where the original donor language is usually unknown, loanwords from Indigenous languages into European languages, loanwords from European languages into Indigenous American languages, avoidance of tabu and multilingual obscenity, languages that are reticence toward borrowing, and linguistic acculturation and neologisms that rely on native resources.

Abstract Sociological approaches to ethnicity variously emphasize types of domination (Mason 1970), religious orientations (Hoetinck 1972; Van den Berghe 1978), or processes of acculturation (Glazer 1983). Parsons (1975) and Shils (1956) describe deethnicization as a necessary development. Ethnic identity may, however, survive through symbolic tokens (Gans 1979), ultimately accounted for by the political profitability of ethnic mobilization (Bell 1975; Barth 1969), or the social support that ethnic communities are able to offer their members (Glazer and Moynihan 1975), but a connection between ethnicity and class is explained in terms of the ethnics’ predispositions to modernity (Lenski 1972), discrimination (Simpson and Yinger 1958), power relations (Kuper 1965), or competition between subordinate groups (Bonacich 1980). Ethnic boundaries, primarily defined by primordial attributes, compete with societal identification, though when ethnic groups become socially heterogeneous by mobility, they may undergo heterogenization of ethnic consciousness as well. The better-off have more contacts with outsiders and tend to acculturate and assimilate to the dominant culture more than others (Burgess 1978; Lal 1983). Yet ethnics also react to dominant cultures, which, on their own, encourage either pluralism or uniformity (Tabory and Lazerwitz 1983; Hoetinck 1972; Van den Berghe 1978).

Abstract When I first began learning the Taba language, one of the most puzzling aspects of it was a set of morphemes which I will label here the ‘directionals’. These directionals encode relative location with respect to the speaker or some object, and they are used extensively in idiomatic Taba discourse. In one narrative text, for example, 37 out of I 66clauses employed at least one directional. The ubiquity of the directionals was not their only noteworthy feature, how ever.

Strategic leadership needs to address the improvement of multicultural awareness of foreign language learners in China in order to enhance students' intercultural competence (IC). As part of strategic leadership and management this should be one of the foremost tasks of foreign language education in the context of globalization. An analysis of the following factors: needs of society, school, teacher and students with consideration to Taba's 7-step curriculum design theory, led the researchers to conclude that the implementation of a series of innovative intercultural communication (IC) courses, called 4-D (four-dimension) IC modules which included Intercultural Communication Theory module, Chinese Culture module, World Cultures module (cultures from different countries) and Comparative Methodologies of Chinese & Western Cultures module was the defining factor that led to multicultural awareness. The curriculum was oriented to multicultural awareness development and carried out in a foreign language university in northeastern China. The result demonstrated that student IC awareness increased comparatively slight, without the training of the above courses, while that of the students participating in the courses was significantly higher, which means the expected goal of upgrading the IC of foreign language talents has been achieved.

Abstract The well-known merengue just quoted eloquently expresses the sentiments of today’s Latin Americans toward their cultural and linguistic identity. Although he is speaking of Dominicans, the popular poet Juan Luis Guerra and his famous music group transcend national identity, as Latin Americans everywhere vote with their dancing feet their approval of Guerra’s critical vision of Latin American identity. The popular poetry of this merengue confirms concepts that were clearly de fined by Latin American thinkers and essayists of the early twentieth century. Instructive in this regard is Guerra’s allusion to the 1492 encounter between Europeans and Native Americans and his definition of today’s Latin Americans as “a gleaming race/black, white and tafna but, who discovered whom?” Guerra’s verse is reminiscent of Mexican essayist Jose Vasconcelos’s 1925 essay entitled “La Raza C6smica.” The recognition of mestizaje, of the mixture of races, is essential in defining Latin America in the twentieth century, as is the transculturaci6n that has molded its identity and is exemplified in the question, “but, who discovered whom?” The concept of transculturation was first defined by Cuban ethnologist Fernando Ortiz in his 1940 book, El contrapunteo cubano del tabaco y el azucar. By opposing his transculturation to the Anglo-American concept of acculturation, Ortiz identifies a symbiotic Latin American identity, the product and recreation of the many cultures of those who have been in and come to Latin America.

Abstract Excavations continued at Gebel Barkal, el-Kurru, and Meroe, with pyramid burial chambers, foundation deposits, jewelry, and other items. The true significance of el-Kurru as a major royal cemetery for some of Nubia’s greatest kings of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty was slowly revealed. The painted burial chambers of Queen Qalhata and King Tanwetamani provided another unexpected surprise. The expedition also found upright royal horse grave burials at el-Kurru complete with trappings made of faience and other materials. With his budget overstretched, Reisner required additional approvals from the MFA in Boston. Assisted by Walter Kemp, Reisner also found a stela of Queen Tabiry, which he misread as evidence of a Libyan connection (and origin?) of the inhabitants of el-Kurru. March 1919 brought civil unrest in Egypt, which stranded the expedition in the Sudan far longer than originally planned. Dows Dunham completed his war service and rejoined the expedition in late 1919, discovering the victory stela Thutmose III at Gebel Barkal. Reisner and Dunham found another important text: the long Meroitic inscription of King Tanyidamani, a language that remains undeciphered today. Ashton Sanborn left Fisher’s Penn Expedition and formally joined the HU–MFA team. Reisner weighed in on the political events in Cairo, the Milner Commission, and other British responses to recent post-war unrest. Walter Kemp shot himself at Harvard Camp, Giza, in December 1920. Returning to Meroe, with Ashton Sanborn and eventually Lyman Story, Reisner found a Hellenistic rhyton signed by Athenian potter Sotades. Reisner’s first(?) fictional short story dates to 1921.

Artificial intelligence is the outlet of computer science apprehensive with creating computers that perform as humans. It compromises expert systems, playing games, natural language, and robotics. However, soft computing (SC) varies from the hard (conventional) computing in its tolerant of partial truth, uncertainty, imprecision, and approximation, thus, it models the human mind. The most common SC techniques include neural networks, fuzzy systems, machine learning, and the meta-heuristic stochastic algorithms (e.g., Cellular automata, ant colony optimization, Memetic algorithms, particle swarms, Tabu search, evolutionary computation and simulated annealing. Due to the required accurate diseases analysis, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography images and images of other modalities segmentation remains a challenging problem. Over the past years, soft computing approaches attract attention of several researchers for problems solving in medical data applications. Image segmentation is the process that partitioned an image into some groups based on similarity measures. This process is employed for abnormalities volumetric analysis in medical images to identify the disease nature. Recently, meta-heuristic algorithms are conducted to support the segmentation techniques. In the current chapter, different segmentation procedures are addressed. Several meta-heuristic approaches are reported with highlights on their procedures. Finally, several medical applications using meta-heuristic based-approaches for segmentation are discussed.

Learning a foreign language is not merely about learning its words and its grammar but is also learning about concepts, intellectual skills and such (Cummins, 2000: 18-19) that l that are usable skills in the first language. Many authors seem to think that this is mostly related to metalinguistic abilities (Bialystok, 2001; Garfinkel et Tabor, 1991; and others, see Gaonac’h: 2006). These skills, during early childhood, seem to be closely linked to later literacy competences, including reading and writing. Indeed, Cummins explains through his CUP theory that these skills are “linked and interdependent” (2001: 18) for additive bilingual subjects, who have a high proficiency in both of their languages. As these researchers worked mostly on balanced bilingualism in children, we are wondering if these advantages could also be seen on monolingual children who learn a second language at school in the pre-literacy years. If this was the case, how would the second-language learning influence and help develop first-language abilities and literacy? Would it be possible to easily develop a method for children in all types of schools, without the g generally high costs (financial and human) of a bilingual education? The aim of this presentation is to explore how this could be effective and if it is, how we could apply this easily in any setting. It uses a c ase-study currently taking place in Paris, France, following 38 French-speaking children during two years from age 5 to age 7.

This work presents the current version of the MEMPHIS Environment, developed at COPPE/UFRJ. The MEMPHIS Environment is a Reuse Based Software Engineering Environment that uses TABA's Instantiated Environments Model. The environment was built in Sun workstations with the Unix system and the Eiffel programming language.

Introduction : Actuellement 208 millions de personnes consomment du tabac en Europe dont 12 millions en France. 650 000 décès sont attribuables au tabac en Europe et environ 60 000 décès par an sont imputables à cette consommation en France, ce qui en fait la première cause de décès évitable. Tous les acteurs de santé devraient être mobilisés pour lutter contre ce fléau. Le chirurgien dentiste doit se sentir concerné car il s’agit d’un enjeu général de santé publique mais aussi spécifique de santé bucco-dentaire. En effet le tabac est l’étiologie principale de certaines maladies graves de la muqueuse buccale : carcinomes épidermoïdes, leucoplasies, carcinome verruqueux (1). Le tabac est aussi un cofacteur favorisant les maladies parodontales (2). Enfin la consommation de tabac perturbe la cicatrisation après les actes de Chirurgie Orale et c’est une contre indication relative aux interventions chirurgie implantaire. Malgré ce constat, les chirurgiens dentistes restent peu impliqués dans l’accompagnement du sevrage tabagique (3). Les raisons sont probablement liées à un manque de formation et de connaissances qui limitent la mise en oeuvre du sevrage tabagique auprès de leurs patients. Pour pallier ce manque, un projet européen a été mis en place grâce à un financement du programme ERASMUS + (4). L’objectif de ce projet est de former les professionnels de santé européens au sevrage tabagique grâce à plusieurs outils. Matériels et Méthodes : Le principal outil de formation sera un site internet diffusé en langue Anglaise, Française, Italienne, Portugaise, et Espagnole. Ce site permettra de fournir un outil d’e-learning afin de promouvoir l’implication des professionnels de santé et notamment des chirurgiens dentistes dans le sevrage tabagique. Par ailleurs, un livre téléchargeable reprenant le contenu du site internet sera également diffusé. Enfin, plusieurs actions de diffusion de l’information seront menées tout au long du projet au travers de communications lors de congrès scientifiques et d’articles dans des revues professionnelles. Résultats : Le site et le livre électronique sont accessibles gratuitement à partir du lien : http://smokingcessationtraining.com/ en/home/ en langue anglaise. La version française sera publiée en ligne dans le premier semestre 2018. Le site a été réalisé sous la coordination de Rui Albuquerque (Birmingham Dental Hospital UK) avec la collaboration de Ross Keat (Birmingham Dental Hospital UK), Jean-Christophe Fricain et Sylvain Catros (Université de Bordeaux, France), Marcio Diniz Freitas (Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Espagne), Luis Monteiro (Universitaério de Ciências da Sauéde Portugal), Giovanni Lodi (Universita di Milano, Italy). Conclusions : Ce projet devrait permettre d’augmenter le niveau de compétence des utilisateurs et un certificat sera délivré à ceux qui complèteront l’évaluation en ligne. Ce projet devrait permettre d’avoir un impact éducatif en formant les chirurgiens dentistes, un impact sur la santé des patients et un impact économique en réduisant les couts sociétaux induits par le tabagisme.