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1

Golby, Sarah Jane Charity. "Diversity of T cell subsets in mucosal microenvironments". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.369221.

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2

Furmanski, Anna Louise. "Diversity and selection of the murine T-cell repertoire". Thesis, Imperial College London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.434779.

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3

Lee, Edward S. "Quantifying the development, size, and repertoire diversity of T cell populations". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/31002/.

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The adaptive immune system must be able to respond to virtually any pathogen that the body encounters. T cell immunity is able to do so by developing a diverse repertoire of T cell receptors and maintaining large numbers of T cells. These two quantitative properties are fundamental for the ability of T cell-mediated immunity to clear infections and generate memory cells for future protection. The aims of this thesis are to quantify the sizes of T cell populations, to develop tools to measure the diversity of T cell repertoires, and to describe how T cell populations develop in neonatal mice. We studied the development of T cell populations in neonatal mice by measuring cell counts and Ki67 expression in thymocyte and peripheral T cell subsets from mice soon after birth to late adulthood. The presumed lymphopenic environment of the neonatal mouse is thought to cause T cells to undergo lymphopenia-induced proliferation, and we wanted to quantify the balance between thymic output and peripheral expansion in the naive T cell compartment during development with mathematical modeling. We also used modeling to find the most parsimonious description of differentiation within the thymus that explains the dynamically growing thymus. We then sought to quantify the sizes of the peripheral T cell compartments in the adult mouse. Understanding the characteristics of healthy T cell immunity requires knowing the precise numbers of the different T cell subsets found in the body. We performed thoracic duct cannulations in adult mice to collect recirculating T cells and reduce cell numbers in the lymph nodes and spleens; by counting the number of collected T cells and its effect on cell numbers on the secondary lymphoid organs, we sought to back-calculate the total number of T cells in the mouse. Finally, we developed tools that provide high-throughput and cost-effective methods for identifying paired TCR sequences. By using computational techniques, we were able to adapt standard sequencing protocols to identify many paired TCR sequences without resorting to large and expensive single-cell sequencing techniques. By leveraging experimental design with mathematical methods, we were able to quantify and characterize many properties of effective T cell immunity.
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4

Trichot, Coline. "Regulation of Human T Helper Cell Diversity : From In Vitro Dendritic Cell-Based Mechanisms to Candidate Biomarkers in Atopic Dermatitis". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS423.

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Le système immunitaire humain est majoritairement commandé par les cellules dendritiques et les lymphocytes T auxiliaires. Lorsque les cellules dendritiques détectent un pathogène, elles vont instruire les lymphocytes T auxiliaires afin qu’ils adoptent le phénotype approprié à la menace rencontrée. Les lymphocytes T auxiliaires peuvent être divisés en plusieurs sous-populations, caractérisées par la production de cytokines spécifiques. Chaque sous-population de lymphocyte T auxiliaire possède des fonctions propres et est impliquée dans l’élimination de pathogènes distincts. Si les réponses des lymphocytes T auxiliaires ne sont pas finement régulées, ils peuvent devenir pathogéniques, et dans ce cas, considérés comme cibles potentielles pour des thérapies. Dans ce contexte, j’ai concentré mon travail de doctorat sur l’étude de la diversité des sous- populations de lymphocytes T auxiliaires et de leur régulation. Premièrement, j’ai démontré que les cellules dendritiques activées par la TSLP sont capables d’induire la polarisation de lymphocytes T folliculaires. Ensuite, j’ai participé à la construction d’un modèle mathématique capable de prédire la réponse lymphocytaire T auxiliaire en fonction de signaux dérivés des cellules dendritiques. Ce modèle nous a permis d’identifier un rôle spécifique pour l’IL-12p70, dépendant du contexte IL-1, dans l’induction d’IL-17F sans IL-17A. Enfin, j’ai monitoré huit populations de lymphocytes T auxiliaires et folliculaires dans le sang périphérique de patients atteints de dermatite atopique traités par Dupilumab, une immunothérapie ciblant la sous-unité alpha du récepteur de l’IL-4 et j’ai pu montré que la diminution du pourcentage de lymphocytes Th17 correlait avec l’amélioration du score clinique EASI. Globalement, mon travail sur la diversité de phénotypes Th apporte une ressource mécanistique importante, avec une potentielle application en immunothérapie
Human immunity is essentially driven by dendritic cells and T helper cells. When dendritic cells detect a pathogen, they will instruct T helper cells to adopt the adapted phenotype for the specific threat encountered. T helper cells are subdivided in multiple subsets, characterized by particular sets of cytokines. Each T helper subset has specific functions and is involved in the clearance of distinct pathogens. If T helper responses are not precisely regulated, they can become pathogenic, in this case T helper pathways can be considered as potential targets for therapy. In this context, I focused my PhD work on studying T helper cell subset diversity and regulation. First, I demonstrated the ability of TSLP-activated dendritic cell to induce T follicular helper cell polarization. Then I participated in building a mathematical model capable of predicting T helper cell response to dendritic-cell derived signals. This model allowed us to identify the specific role of IL-12p70, in an IL-1 context, to induce IL-17F without IL-17A. Finally, I monitered eight T helper and T follicular helper cell populations in peripheral blood from atopic dermatitis patients treated with Dupilumab, an immunotherapy targeting the IL-4 receptor alpha subunit, and was able to show a correlation between decrease of Th17 cell percentage and improvement of EASI clinical score. Overall, my work on Th phenotype diversity provides key mechanistic insight with potential application in immunotherapy
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5

Stirk, Emily Ruth. "Stochastic modelling of diversity and ageing in the naive T cell repertoire". Thesis, University of Leeds, 2010. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.531516.

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6

Brookes, Roger Hamilton. "Generation of diversity in T cell epitope hierarchy by different routes of immunisation with simian immunodeficiency virus core protein". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283133.

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7

Singh, Ogesh. "Regulatory T cell diversity analysis and a gene transfer approach to cellular immunotherapy in a murine model of type one diabetes". Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.522749.

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8

Jurewicz, Mollie M. "The non-classical MHC-II molecule DO regulates diversity of the immunopeptidome and selection of the CD4 regulatory T cell lineage". eScholarship@UMMS, 2019. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/1030.

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Presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC-II molecules is essential for induction of tolerance to self and for effective immunity against foreign pathogens. The non- classical MHC-II molecule DO (HLA-DO in humans, H2-O in mice) functions in selection of MHC-II epitopes by competitively inhibiting the peptide exchange factor DM. Previous studies have suggested a role for DO in development of autoimmunity and in the immune response to retroviral infection, presumably via modulation of the MHC-II peptidome, but the precise effect of DO has been difficult to discern. Through characterization of the full spectrum of peptides from DO-sufficient and DO-deficient cells, we demonstrate that DO functions to broaden the diversity of peptide species presented on MHC-II. DO is regulated differently from other components of the MHC-II processing machinery, with expression limited to B cell and dendritic cell subsets, as well as thymic epithelial cells, suggesting a role for DO in mediating central tolerance. In a mouse model lacking DO, we show that selection of T regulatory cells (Tregs) is increased and that DO- deficient Tregs are more activated and exert greater suppressive capacity. Despite augmented Treg function, mice lacking DO display enhanced susceptibility to autoimmunity, with altered germinal center (GC) Tregs and B cells indicative of an aberrant GC reaction. These data suggest that DO expression serves to fine-tune the immunopeptidome in order to promote self-tolerance to a wide spectrum of epitopes and to select a Treg population with appropriate specificity for self- antigens.
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Ameres, Stefanie Verfasser], e Horst [Akademischer Betreuer] [Domdey. "The T cell repertoire specific for the IE-1 protein of human cytomegalovirus : diversity, function and evasion / Stefanie Ameres. Betreuer: Horst Domdey". München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2013. http://d-nb.info/104831099X/34.

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10

Karpf, Léa. "Systematic Study of OX40 Ligand Context-Dependent Function on Human T Helper Cell Polarization A Quantitative Multivariate Model of Human Dendritic Cell-T Helper Cell Communication TH Cell Diversity and Response to Dupilumab in Patients With Atopic Dermatitis Inborn Errors of Type I IFN Immunity in Patients With Life-Threatening COVID-19 Quantitative Modeling of OX40 Ligand Context-Dependent Function on Human T Helper Cell SARS-CoV-2 Induces Activation and Diversification of Human Plasmacytoid Pre-Dendritic Cells". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL044.

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L'immunité adaptative est principalement orchestrée par des lymphocytes T CD4 auxiliaires. Ils ont la capacité de se polariser en plusieurs sous-populations, chacune associée à un phénotype approprié au pathogène rencontré. L'activation des lymphocytes T auxiliaires peut être régulée par des checkpoints immunitaires co-stimulateurs, tel que OX40 Ligand, ou co-inhibiteurs. Ces molécules ont été étudiées individuellement, dans des conditions spécifiques. Cependant, la contexte-dépendance pourrait expliquer une grande partie de la variabilité fonctionnelle des biomolécules. Il n'y a actuellement aucune méthode permettant d’analyser et de quantifier la contexte-dépendance d’une molécule dans plusieurs contextes et sur une réponse donnée.Mon projet de thèse a porté sur la fonction de OX40L sur la polarisation des cellules T auxiliaires, dans 4 contextes moléculaires et 11 cellulaires. Nous avons mesuré 17 cytokines T auxiliaires et développé une stratégie de modélisation statistique pour quantifier la contexte-dépendance deOX40L. Les scores de contexte-dépendance se sont révélés très variables qualitativement et quantitativement, en fonction de la cytokine et du type de contexte. Parmi les contextes Th, Th2 était le plus influent sur la fonction OX40L. Parmi les contextes DC, le type de cellules dendritique était dominant dans le contrôle de la contexte-dépendance de OX40L plutôt que le stimuli d’activation. Mon travail de thèse dévoile les complexes déterminants de la fonction de OX40L, fournit une méthode unique pour quantifier la variabilité fonctionnelle contexte-dépendante de n’importe quelle biomolécule et appuie sur le fait que la contexte-dépendance devrait être davantage prise en considération dans les études futures
Adaptive immunity is mainly orchestrated by CD4 T helper cells. They have the ability to polarize in several subsets, each associated to a suitable phenotype for the encounter pathogen. T helper cell activation can be regulated by co-stimulator, such as OX40 Ligand, or co-inhibitor immune checkpoint molecules. These molecules have been studied individually, in specific conditions. However, context-dependency may explain large parts of the functional variability of biological molecules on a given output. Currently, there is no framework to analyze and quantify context-dependency of a molecule over multiple contexts and response outputs. My PhD project focused on OX40L function on T helper cell polarization, in 4 molecular and 11 cellular contexts. We measured 17 T helper cytokines and developed a statistical modeling strategy to quantify OX40L context-dependency on these cytokines. This revealed highly variable qualitative and quantitative context-dependency scores, depending on the output cytokine and context type. Among molecular contexts, Th2 was the most influential on OX40L function. Among cellular contexts, dendritic cell type rather than activating stimulus was dominant in controlling OX40L contextdependency. My thesis work unveils the complex determinants of OX40L function, provides a unique framework to quantify the context-dependent functional variability of any biomolecule, and supports that context-dependency should be more taken into consideration in future studies
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11

Diaz, Herrero Alba. "Characterization of Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Human Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL057.

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Le lymphome diffus à grandes cellules B (DLBCL) est le sous-type le plus fréquent de lymphome non hodgkinien (NHL), caractérisé par une prolifération anormale de cellules B matures. C'est une maladie agressive pour laquelle les stratégies thérapeutiques actuelles sont insuffisantes. Le microenvironnement tumoral (TME) est un réseau dynamique de cellules, molécules et des autres éléments qui entourent une tumeur. Ceux-ci tiennent un rôle prépondérant dans le développement du cancer, la réponse au traitement et la survie des patients. Étudier le TME chez les patients atteints de DLBCL est essentiel pour découvrir de nouveaux mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaire impliqués dans progression de la maladie et identifier des biomarqueurs pronostiques. Cependant, sa structure tissulaire diffuse rend difficile l'étude précise de l'organisation et des interactions cellulaires au sein du TME.L'objectif de ce projet de thèse est de réaliser une caractérisation multimodale complète des cellules immunitaires dans le microenvironnement tumoral du DLBCL. Pour faciliter l'accès aux échantillons humains, j'ai développé et mis en place un protocole de recherche clinique permettant un accès à des biopsies de patients suivis à l'hôpital Saint-Louis, et garantissant que la cohorte de patients reflète l'hétérogénéité de la maladie.Tout d'abord, j'ai réalisé une caractérisation en profondeur des lymphocytes T infiltrant la tumeur (TILS). Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé des technologies innovantes de cytométrie en flux et spectrale multiparamétrique pour étudier finement la diversité de cellules T dans les biopsies de DLBCL ainsi que leurs réseaus de communication avec les autres cellules immunitaires. Une analyse non supervisée a pu mettre en évidence la présence de nouveaux sous-types de cellules T, par comparaison aux tissus contrôle. De plus, l'analyse de l'expression ligand-récepteur a permis d'étudier la communication cellulaire de ces sous-populations de cellules T dans le TME.En parallèle de cette étude, j'ai pu caractériser les profils transcriptomiques des cellules immunitaires présents dans le TME. Pour ce faire, j'ai utilisé une technologie de pointe, la transcriptomique spatiale, des outils bio-informatiques innovant pour cartographier l'expression des gènes directement dans des échantillons de biopsies de DLBCL fixés au formol et inclus en paraffine. J'ai ainsi pu identifier des profils d'expression génique distincts et anatomiquement restreints, défiant la notion historique d'une architecture diffuse du TME du DLBCL. Ces profils peuvent être classifiés en écosystèmes, différant de par leurs compositions cellulaires, leurs fonctions et leurs interactions avec les cellules avoisinantes. De façon importante, la prédominance de certains écosystèmes permettent une classification des patients selon leur taux de survie globale, révélant le potentiel pronostique de ces identités cellulaires spatiales.Enfin, j'ai réalisé une évaluation in vitro du mécanisme d'action et de l'efficacité d'un anticorps bloquant développé par la société pharmaceutique Servier. Celui-ci a été développé pour qui perturber un signal inhibiteur entre les cellules NK et les cellules B malignes. Mes résultats montrent que le candidat améliore la cytotoxicité des cellules NK à l'encontre des cellules tumorales dans un système de co-culture in vitro. Ces résultats soulignent l'importance de cibler les interactions cellulaires entre les cellules immunitaires et les cellules B malignes pour le développement de thérapies plus efficaces dans le DLBCL.Ce projet multidisciplinaire, mené sur des échantillons humains, apporte une compréhension approfondie de l'hétérogénéité des cellules immunitaires, de leurs interactions et localisations dans le microenvironnement du DLBCL. Ainsi, ce projet pourrait conduire à la découverte de nouveaux biomarqueurs et de stratégies thérapeutiques plus efficaces pour les patients atteints de DLBCL
Diffuse Large B-cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most prevalent subtype of non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma worldwide, characterized by an abnormal proliferation of mature B cells. It is an aggressive B-cell malignancy for which the current therapeutic strategies are still insufficient. The tumor microenvironment (TME) is the dynamic network of cells and all elements surrounding and interacting with the tumor. It plays an important role in cancer development, treatment response, and patient survival. Consequently, investigating the TME in DLBCL patients is crucial to discover the mechanisms leading to relapse and identify prognostic biomarkers. However, its diffuse tissue structure presents a challenge in elucidating the cellular organization and communication within the TME. The objective of my Ph.D. thesis is to conduct a comprehensive multimodal characterization of the immune cells within the DLBCL tumor microenvironment.To facilitate access to human samples, I developed and implemented an ethically approved clinical research protocol and a circuit of tissue and blood samples from patients with DLBCL treated at Saint Louis hospital, ensuring that the patient cohort reflects the heterogeneity of the disease.First, I performed a deep characterization of T lymphocytes, with special focus on describing their role within the DLBCL tissue. Indeed, Tumor-infiltrating T-cells (TILS) are key players in the NHL TME, presenting different subtypes and cell states. I apply multiparametric flow cytometry and high-dimensional spectral cytometry to investigate the complex landscape of T diversity in DLBCL biopsies, as well as their communication patterns with other immune cells in the tissue. The unsupervised analysis approach identified unexpected T-cell subtypes at a protein level, compared to tissue control and other lymphoproliferative disorders. Furthermore, the ligand-receptor expression analysis enabled the cell-cell communication study of those T-cell subpopulations within the TME context. Second, I aimed to characterize transcriptomic immune landscapes at a large scale within DLBCL tissue. However, RNA sequencing technologies characterize isolated cells from dissociated tissues with a loss of spatial context. I applied spatial transcriptomics, a cutting-edge technology that enables gene expression mapping in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples of DLBCL biopsies, thus preserving their morphological information. I identified distinct anatomically restricted gene expression profiles in DLBCL samples, defying the historical notion of DLBCL diffuse architecture. These profiles can be classified into ecosystems that differ in cellular composition, functional patterns, and neighborhood characteristics. Moreover, their spatially resolved signatures classify patients with different overall survival revealing the prognostic potential of these spatial identities.Third, I evaluated the effects of altering the communication between NK cells and malignant B cells in DLBCL. I performed a functional in vitro assessment of a blocking antibody developed by the pharmaceutical company Servier. The functional assays demonstrated the effect of the molecular candidate in co-culture settings by improving cytotoxic functions of NK cells against tumor cells. These findings highlight the importance of targeting the interaction between effector cells and malignant B cells to develop effective therapies for DLBCL.This multidisciplinary project carried out on human samples provides a deep understanding of the heterogeneity of immune cells in DLBCL microenvironment at a protein and transcriptomic level while considering their spatial organization. Hence, this project holds significant therapeutic potential, by gaining insights into the disease heterogeneity and its impact on clinical outcome. This project could eventually lead to the discovery of new potential biomarkers and effective therapeutic strategies for DLBCL patients
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12

Millet, Antoine. "Caractérisation quantitative et génétique de la dynamique sanguine et tissulaire du virus de l'immunodéficience simienne chez le macaque cynomolgus en histoire naturelle The extensive widespread of SIV distribution in macaques suggests that secondary lymphoid tissues are the main drivers of viral dynamics Optimal maturation of the SIV‐specific CD8+ T cell response after primary infection is associated with natural SIV control. ANRS SIC study Modeling acute SIV infection suggests that early establishment of cytotoxic response drives the virological control, and unravels heterogeneous infected cells populations". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://wo.app.u-paris.fr/cgi-bin/WebObjects/TheseWeb.woa/wa/show?t=2119&f=17058.

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L'infection par le Virus de l'Immunodéficience Simienne (SIV) persiste dans l'organisme en raison des cellules infectées contenant le génome viral intégré. Ces cellules dites « Réservoirs » constituent l'obstacle majeur à l'éradication virale et sont au cœur de nouveaux challenges thérapeutiques. Le modèle simien permet d'explorer les tissus réservoirs et l'évolution virale dans l'organisme. Dans une première partie, l'objectif de notre travail a été de caractériser la dynamique du SIV dans le sang et les tissus, en l'absence de traitement. Dans le cadre du programme P-Visconti, 6 macaques ont été infectés par du SIVmac et ont été suivis pendant 6 mois. Nous avons mis au point des techniques ultrasensibles de quantification d'ADN SIV (niveau d'infection) et d'ARN SIV associés aux cellules (caARN SIV) exprimant la capacité transcriptionnelle des cellules infectées. Nous avons développé une méthode de séquençage à haut débit et des outils de bio-informatique pour une analyse en profondeur de plus de 60 millions de séquences, permettant de décrire l'évolution et le nombre de variants viraux dans le sang et les tissus. Nous montrons que les cinétiques du nombre de cellules sanguines infectées et leur niveau transcriptionnel reflétaient la cinétique de virémie plasmatique. De plus, l'évolution de la diversité génétique (nombre de variants et distance génétique) mimait l'évolution des 2 marqueurs. Les variants présents dans l'inoculum tendaient à disparaître dès J28 dans le plasma mais persistaient dans les cellules sanguines. La proportion des variants majoritaires évoluait au cours du temps et, malgré un inoculum identique, une grande hétérogénéité de niveaux d'infection et de diversité génétique a pu être observée entre les singes. À 6 mois d'infection, de nombreux tissus ont été collectés à l'euthanasie. Nous montrons une infection disséminée et réplicative dans 26 sites anatomiques, y compris dans la peau et le tissu adipeux. Les tissus lymphoïdes secondaires présentaient les niveaux d'infection et d'activité transcriptionnelle les plus élevés, lesquels étaient associés à des profils de quasi-espèces virales les plus éloignées de l'inoculum, soulignant le rôle majeur de l'activité ganglionnaire à l'origine de l'évolution virale. Le niveau d'infection de nombreux tissus était corrélé à celui du sang périphérique au moment du pic de réplication. Les différents tissus lymphoïdes et plusieurs tissus non lymphoïdes présentaient des variants majoritaires communs, témoignant d'une très importante circulation de virions et/ou de cellules infectées entre les tissus (Manuscrit 1). Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons étudié un modèle de singes infectés par du SIV, et 12 animaux sur 16 ont montré un contrôle viral spontané (Singes «contrôleurs», SIC). Aucune différence n'a été observée au niveau sanguin, au pic (J15) entre les SIC et les singes non-contrôleurs. En revanche, les SIC avaient un niveau d'infection significativement plus faible dans les ganglions dès J15. De même, après 18 mois, les charges ADN SIV apparaissaient plus faibles dans tous les tissus des SIC. Parallèlement, sur le plan immunologique (C. Pereira et al., I. Pasteur), l'activité suppressive des cellules T CD8 spécifiques du SIV s'est développée au cours du temps et était liée à des niveaux de réservoir viral plus faibles (Manuscrit 2). La modélisation mathématique combinant les résultats immuno-virologiques (V. Madelain et al., Paris 7) a montré une décroissance biphasique de l'ADN SIV après le pic de virémie chez les SIC, liée à 2 populations cellulaires (1 à demi-vie courte et 1 à demi-vie longue). Ces résultats indiquent les cellules à cibler dans le contexte des études de rémission et/ou cure (Manuscrit 3). L'ensemble de ces données démontre le rôle clé des tissus lymphoïdes dans la dynamique de l'infection et dans la diffusion des variants viraux. La forte dispersion virale souligne la nécessité d'utiliser des molécules diffusant dans tout l'organisme
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) infection persists in the body with infected cells containing the integrated viral genome. These cells called "reservoirs" constitute the major barrier to viral eradication and are focus of interest of new therapeutic challenges. The simian model enables the exploration of tissue reservoirs and viral evolution throughout the whole body. In a first part, the aim of our work was to characterize the dynamics of SIV in the blood and tissues in the absence of treatment. In the P-Visconti program, six macaques were infected by SIVmac251 and were followed 6 months before euthanasia. We developed ultrasensitive assays for the SIV DNA quantification (cell infection level) and cell-associated SIV RNA (caSIV RNA), expressing the transcriptional ability of infected cells. In addition, we developed a high throughput sequencing method and bioinformatics tools for in-depth analysis of more than 60 million reads, describing the evolution and number of viral variants in blood and tissues. We showed that the kinetics of the number of infected blood cells and their transcriptional level reflected the kinetics of plasma viremia. Moreover, the evolution of genetic diversity (number of variants and genetic distance) mimicked the evolution of the two markers. The variants constituting the inoculum tended to disappear as soon as day (D)28 in the plasma but persisted longer in the blood cells. The proportion of major variants evolved over time and, despite identical inoculum, a great heterogeneity of infection levels and genetic diversity could be observed among the monkeys. At 6 months post infection, many tissues were collected at euthanasia. We showed a disseminated and replicative infection over 26 anatomical sites, including skin and adipose tissues. Secondary lymphoid organs exhibited the highest levels of infection and transcriptional activity, which were associated with the most divergent viral quasi-species profiles from the inoculum, highlighting the major role of lymph nodes in the viral evolution. Infection level of many tissues was correlated with that observed in blood at the peak of replication. The different lymphoid tissues and several non-lymphoid tissues shared some major variants, indicating high exchanges of virions and/or infected cells between tissues (Manuscript 1). In a second part, we examined a model of SIVmac infected macaques, and 12 out of 16 animals exhibited spontaneous viral control (Simian "controllers": SIC). No difference of viral level was observed in blood at the peak (D15) between SIC and non-controller macaques. In contrast, SIC had a significantly lower level of infection in the lymph nodes since D15. Moreover, after 18 months, SIV DNA loads appeared lower in all SIC tissues. In addition, immunological studies (C. Pereira et al., I. Pasteur) showed that suppressive activity of SIV-specific CD8+ T cells has been developed over time and was related to lower viral reservoir levels (Manuscript 2). Mathematical modeling combining these immuno-virological data (V. Madelain et al., Univ Paris 7) showed a biphasic decay of SIV DNA after the peak of viremia in SIC, that could be related to 2 cell populations (one with short half-life and the other with a long half-life). These results indicate which cells have to been targeted in the context of remission and/or cure studies (Manuscript 3). All of these data demonstrate the key role of lymphoid tissues in the infection dynamics and in viral variants diffusion and diversification. The strong viral spread highlights the need to use molecules that penetrate throughout the whole body
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Le, Paslier Denis. "Genetique moleculaire de deux familles multigeniques primordiales pour l'immunite : les genes des recepteurs des cellules t pour l'antigene et le complexe majeur d'histocompatibilite chez l'homme". Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077104.

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14

Grandclaudon, Maximilien. "Analyses multivariées de la génération de la diversité des cytokines des cellules T CD4 et association de cette diversité aux différents sous types de cancer du sein". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS286/document.

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Aujourd’hui, plusieurs niveaux de complexité ont émergé dans l’étude des phénotypes T CD4 auxiliaires. 1) le nombre important de cytokines différentes pouvant être secrétées par les lymphocytes T CD4. 2) la multiplicité de signaux pouvant agir durant la différenciation des T CD4 pour spécifier leur profile de sécrétion cytokinique. 3) l’association de ces différents profils de cytokines à des pathologies complexes. Au cours de mon doctorat je me suis concentré sur ces trois niveaux de complexité en étudiant la génération de la diversité cytokinique T CD4 et ses associations aux différents sous types de cancer du sein en utilisant des analyses multivariées et des modèles statistiques. Tout d’abord, j’ai pu construire le premier modèle multivarié de la différentiation T CD4 reliant 37 signaux venant de cellules dendritiques à 18 cytokines T CD4. Utilisant ce modèle pour dériver des prédictions, j’ai pu trouver un nouveau rôle à l’IL-12p70 en tant qu’inducteur de différenciation Th17, mais également comme inducteur spécifique d’IL-17F mais pas d’IL-17A lorsqu’il est combiné à l’IL-1. Ensuite, j’ai étudié l’association de ces cytokines T CD4 avec les différents sous types de cancer du sein connus. J’ai pu trouver que les cytokines Th17 étaient préférentiellement associées avec les cancers du sein dits triple négatifs (TNBC). J’ai pu mettre en évidence qu’une forte signature Th17 était associée à une meilleure survie. De plus, en combinant cette signature Th17 à des scores utilisés pour définir le pronostic clinique, tel que l’index pronostic de Nottingham, j’ai pu proposer une nouvelle et meilleure stratification de la survie de ces patients
Today several levels of complexity have emerged in the field of T helper cytokines: 1) the important number of distinct cytokines that Th cell can secrete in various combinations; 2) The multiplicity of signals that can act during Th differentiation to define the Th cytokine secretion profiles 3) The associations of these T helper secretion profiles with complex diseases. During my PhD I focused on these three levels of complexity and study the generation of T helper cytokine diversity and its association to breast cancer subtypes using multivariate analysis and statistical modeling. First, I was able to build the first statistical model linking 37 dendritic cell derived signals to 18 T helper cytokines. Using this model to derive in silico predictions, I was able to found a new role for IL-12p70 as a promoter of Th17 differentiation and as a main differential inducer of IL-17F independently of Il-17A in presence of IL-1. Then, studying the associations of the Th cytokine diversity with the different subtypes of human breast cancers, I found that Th17 cytokines were preferentially associated to Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). I found that TNBC patients with a high Th17 signature had a better survival. In addition, I showed that Th17 can be combined to clinical prognosis assessment scores, such as the Nottingham Prognosis Index, to better stratify TNBC patients in relevant subgroups for survival prognosis assessment
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15

Chéret, Antoine. "Etude de l’établissement des réservoirs VIH lors de la primo-infection et de l’impact des traitements antirétroviraux très précoces sur ces réservoirs". Thesis, Paris 5, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA05T013/document.

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La primo-infection est un moment critique de l’établissement du réservoir justifiant de l’initiation d’un traitement précoce. Nous avons initié un essai randomisé évaluant l’impact de deux ans d’un traitement antirétroviral intense (essai ANRS147 OPTIPRIM, trithérapie versus pentathérapie) sur le réservoir et avons initié des études physiopathologiques au cours de cet essai. Nous montrons ainsi la faible diversité génétique des virus en primo-infection dans les compartiments sanguins et rectaux. Le réservoir s’établit dès le premier mois de l’infection par diffusion d’un cluster viral homogène au sein des lymphocytaires T CD4 naïfs (TN) et mémoires centrales (TCM), transitionnelles (TTM), effectrices (TEM) quiescents. Il en résulte une perturbation de l’homéostasie lymphocytaire associée à une faible contribution au réservoir des cellules peu différenciées à longue demi-vie, TN et TCM. Par ailleurs nous montrons que la majorité des patients au moment de leur primo-infection n’ont pas la capacité de développer des réponses T CD8 à même de supprimer la réplication virale comme chez les patients HIV Controllers. Après deux ans de traitement, nous observons que la diversité virale n’a pas évolué, par contre la taille du réservoir est fortement réduite. Les anomalies de l’homéostasie lymphocytaire T CD4 persistent, par contre le traitement très précoce a permis de protéger les TN et TCM. Il n’y a pas de bénéfice additionnel d’une pentathérapie mais nous avons validé le concept qu’un traitement précoce permet d’induire un contrôle virologique au long cours après arrêt de traitement. Nos résultats indiquent qu’un traitement plus long que deux ans permettrait de renforcer la diminution du réservoir. Ces résultats seront à prendre en compte pour l’élaboration de futurs essais en primo-infection visant à réduire le réservoir pour une rémission au long cours
HIV primary infection is a critical period in the establishment of the reservoirs that justifies the initiation of an early treatment. We started a randomised trial to assess the impact of a two-year intense HAART (ANRS147 OPTIPRIM trial: five-drug therapy versus. three-drug therapy) on the blood reservoir; within this this trial, we included some pathophysiological studies. Thus, we show that during the primary infection, viruses have a low genetic diversity in blood and rectal compartments. The reservoir establishes itself as early as the first month of the infection by spreading a homogeneous viral cluster in CD4 T cells subsets, naive T cells (TN), central memories (TCM), transitional memories (TTM), effector memories (TEM), and resting T cells. This results in a disruption of the lymphocyte homeostasis, linked to the low contribution to the reservoir of TN and TCM, which are little differentiated cells with long half-lives. Moreover, we show that, at the time of the primary infection, the majority of patients do not have the ability to develop CD8 T cells responses that could suppress the viral replication, as HIV Controllers patients do. After two years of treatment, we observe that there is no evolution of the viral diversity, but the size of the reservoir is significantly reduced. The abnormalities of the CD4 T cells lymphocyte homeostasis remain, but the very early treatment was able to protect the TN and TCM. The five-drug therapy does not have any additional benefit, but we confirm the idea that early treatment can induce long-term virological control after the discontinuation of the treatment. Our results show that a treatment lasting more than two years would be able to reinforce the reduction of the reservoir. These results should be taken into account in the development of future trials aiming to reduce the reservoir in patients treated at the time of primary infection for a sustainable remission
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16

Kelly, Christabel. "Novel adenoviral vectored vaccines and the implications of viral diversity in therapeutic strategies against Hepatitis C Virus infection". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:8991c349-7096-4643-ae6a-2e36902c8056.

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major global pathogen estimated to infect over 170 million people worldwide. A recent study has shown that vaccination with adenoviral vectors, based on rare human and simian serotypes encoding the non-structural (NS) proteins of HCV, induces highly potent, multi-specific and durable T cell responses in healthy human volunteers. In this thesis I assess the safety and immunogenicity of these vaccines (ChAd3–NSmut and Ad6-NSmut), for the first time in HCV infected patients. This work also explores whether vaccine-induced T cell responses target in vivo circulating HCV antigens and common naturally occurring epitope variants. Patients with treatment naive chronic genotype 1 HCV infection were vaccinated (i.m.) with ChAd3-NSmut and Ad6-NSmut in a heterologous prime boost schedule, either with or without current IFN and ribavirin (IFN/RBV). Epitope-specific T cell responses were defined by fine mapping using HCV peptides. Circulating viral genomic sequence was determined in vaccinated patients at baseline and at any point of viral relapse. Cross-reactivity of vaccine-induced T cell responses was determined in T cell assays, using peptides corresponding to both circulating host virus and common population HCV epitope variants. An in vitro dendritic cell /T cell priming model was used to identify possible candidates for a cross-reactive vaccine immunogen at the most immunodominant epitope, NS31406. 33 patients were vaccinated. Vaccination was well tolerated. At the highest vaccine dose (2.5 x 1010vp) vaccine-induced T cell responses were detectable in 11/20 patients receiving concurrent IFN/RBV and 2/4 patients receiving vaccination alone. In total 14 antigenic targets were identified, 2 of which have not previously been described. However, T cell responses were of lower magnitude and more narrowly focused than those observed in healthy volunteers vaccinated with the same regimen. Analysis of viral sequence showed that in many cases vaccine-induced T cells did not target the circulating virus. At the most immunodominant epitope (NS31406), T cells induced by vaccination failed to target common circulating genotype 1 HCV variants. An in vitro model suggested that in order to target all genotype 1 sequences at this epitope, it would be necessary to insert both a genotype 1a and 1b version of this epitope into a vaccine immunogen. Vaccination with adenoviral vectors induces T cell responses in patients with chronic HCV infection, however immune responses are attenuated compared with healthy volunteers. Ultimately a successful therapeutic or prophylactic vaccine strategy will rely on inducing responses that target conserved or cross-reactive epitopes.
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17

Amoriello, Roberta. "T-cell response in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: a computational approach to T-cell receptor repertoire diversity before and during disease-modifying therapies". Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2158/1194819.

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Investigation of the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire in patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis (RRMS) before and after two effective immunomodulatory treatments: Natalizumab (NTZ) and autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT). The TCR repertoire was investigated on peripheral T-cell subpopulations (naive and memory) by TCRbeta sequencing and, therefore, with high-dimensional bioinformatic analysis.
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18

McKinnon, Lyle. "HIV-specific CD8+ T cell phenotype and HIV-1 genetic diversity : understanding the interplay". 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/21499.

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19

Yee, Donna. "The Expanding Diversity of Plant U-box E3 Ubiquitin Ligases in Arabidopsis: Identifying AtPUB18 and AtPUB19 Function during Abiotic Stress Responses". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1807/26265.

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The ability of plants to sense and respond to environmental and endogenous signals is essential to their growth and development. As part of these diverse cellular functions, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis has emerged to be an important process involved in how plant signalling pathways can be regulated in response to such cues. Of the three enzymes involved in linking ubiquitin to protein targets, E3 ubiquitin ligases are of interest as they confer substrate specificity during this ubiquitination process. The overall focal point of this research is on plant U-box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligases, a family that has undergone a large gene expansion possibly attributable to the regulation of biological processes unique to the plant life cycle. In Arabidopsis there are 64 predicted PUBs, many for which biological roles have yet to be determined. And as research continues to uncover PUB functions, the functional diversity in the gene family will likely expand. Specifically the focus of this research is on characterizing two ARM repeat-containing PUBs – AtPUB18 and AtPUB19. General analysis of pub18 and pub19 T-DNA insertion lines for growth defects did not yield distinct altered phenotypes. Closer inspection of selected lines showed independent gene assortment phenotypes that, with further inordinately convoluted pursuit, proved to have an AtPUB18/19-unrelated outcome. The availability of Arabidopsis microarray databases provided exploratory expression profiling as a starting point to elucidate PUB function. AtPUB19 and closely related AtPUB18 are notable for their increased expression during abiotic stresses. While condition-directed germination assays showed a decreased sensitivity to salt and ABA for pub18 pub19 double insertion lines, no related change in susceptibility to these or other abiotic stress treatments were seen with condition-directed root growth assays. Thus, this preliminary work has begun to reveal insight into the complex abiotic stress-related roles AtPUB18 and AtPUB19 have during mediation of environmental stress acclimation in Arabidopsis.
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