Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Systèmes cohérents"
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El, Arab Ali. "Codage correcteur d'erreurs et spatio-temporel conjoint pour systemes MIMO cohérents et non-cohérents". Rennes, INSA, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ISAR0011.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focuses on the studying and proposing new mutli-antennas (MIMO) schemes for radio-mobile communication. Coherent systems are those for which Channel State Information (CSI) is available at the transmitters and/or at the receivers and the ir performance strongly depend on the channel estimation. Genera li y, this CSI estimation requires the insertion of pilot-symbols in the transmitted frame which implies a spectral efficiency Joss of the global system. Moreover, channel estimation may not be evident in sorne cases. On the other hand, in most communication systems, the channel error correcting code is serially concatenated with the space-time code. We present a new construction combining the coding channel function coding, modulation and coding spacetime in a single function for a more robust, more efficient and Jess complex system. These new MIMO techniques of encoding 1 decoding called Matrix Coded Modulation (MCM) are dedicated mainly to operate without channel information at the receivers but can however be adapted to work in a coherent detection. The techniques of MCM conception are optimized based on the criteria of uniqueness of a syndrome. These MCM schemes were first conceived with error-correcting codes in blocks. Also, these new MCM schemes were developed with convolutional codes and c01tex codes. Moreover, a blind and joint channel estimation algorithm was achieved. With this new algorithm, the MCM has the advantage of switching from the noncoherent detection mode and coherent one
Rabeie, Ardeshir. "Physique quantique des systèmes élémentaires dans de Sitter". Université de Marne-la-Vallée, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MARN0243.
Texto completo da fonteThe object of this work is the quantization, using coherent states, of classical observables for a massive particle which moves on the de Sitter space. We obtain this result using a new method which we call method of the "Spherical Complex Harmonics". We build the phase space for the massive particles as an adjoint orbit of the universal covering of the de Sitter group for two and four dimensions (SU(1, 1) and Sp(2, 2)). This space is isomorphic with T*(Sd) and thus also with the complex sphere SdC. We build an invariant measure on this space and, using the analytical continuation of the spherical harmonics we obtain coherent states indexed by the points of SdC and thus, of the phase space of the massive particles on the de Sitter space. Lastly, these coherent states yield a quantization, i. E. An effective computation of the quantum observable from the classical ones
Siegl, Pietr. "Systèmes quantiques non-hermitiens, représentations indécomposables et quantification par états cohérents". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077068.
Texto completo da fonteWe study selected non-Hermitian quantum models, indecomposable representations of the de Sitter group, and coherent state quantization in infinite well Systems. The first part is focused on the investigation of spectral and bases properties of PT-symmetric operators. At first, we consider Schrodinger operators subjected to non-self-adjoint boundary conditions. The existence and the structure of similarity transformations to normal or self-adjoint operators is examined and general results are illustrated on explicitly solvable models. A physical motivation for the study of Schrodinger operators with non-self-adjoint Robin-type boundary conditions is established in a reflectionless scatterin. Further, irregular boundary conditions are considered and operators with very non-normal spectral ; properties are found. Finally, an operator with PT-symmetric version of Coulomb potential is investigate an effective behavior of the kinetic term is discussed and the reflection and transmission coefficients for this System are calculated. The second part deals with elements of the discrete scalar series of representations of the de Sitter group Physical motivations and origins of the so-called zero mode problem are explained. The generalization of the Gupta-Bleuler-like quantization of the massless minimally coupled field, based on the construction an indecomposable representation, is worked out and put into the mathematical framework of the cohomology of representations and Gupta-Bleuler triplets. The third part is oriented on the construction of coherent states for the Pöschl-Teller. The obtained stat exhibit remarkable semi-classical properties
Zatni, Abdelkarim. "Propriétés spectrales et dynamiques des lasers à semi-conducteurs multiélectrodes pour les systèmes cohérents et les systèmes multicolores". Brest, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993BRES2022.
Texto completo da fonteMiscopein, Benoît. "Systèmes UWB impulsionnels non cohérents pour les réseaux de capteurs : coexistence et coopération". Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0027/these.pdf.
Texto completo da fonte[This thesis aims at proposing a medium access control scheme for wlre less sensor networks, which re ly on an UWB impulse radio physicallayer. Based on previous works conducted within PhD supervizing, we propose a thresholded noncoherent reception architecture, which guarantees a high temporal resolution and multiple propagation paths combination. By means of simulations, this approach looks particularly interesting when dealing with single-user conditions. Lt can be extended, without major modifications, to the case of even severe co channel interference. From the medium access standpoint, we propose to revisit the concept of preamble sampling. If these protocols are particularly suited to low data rate networks, their adaptation to UWB radio raises a regulatory issue: for example in Europe, emitting a preamble, as long as demanded by these protocols, is not possible. We propose to use the cooperation of nodes in the vicinity of the receiver to relay a short burst. The reactivity of this collaborative scheme induces positive sida affects such as the possibility of a node to obtain very interesting information such as the wake-up instants of its neighbors orto limit the transmission latency of a packet. Simulations, compared to a Markovian model, show that this protocollooks relevant and promising]
Malki, Saber. "Processus hamiltoniens et états cohérents sur les groupes de Lie". Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO19002.
Texto completo da fonteUdupa, Pramod. "Algorithmes parallèles et architectures évolutives de faible complexité pour systèmes optiques OFDM cohérents temps réel". Thesis, Rennes 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014REN1S039/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis, low-complexity algorithms and architectures for CO-OFDM systems are explored. First, low-complexity algorithms for estimation of timing and carrier frequency offset (CFO) in dispersive channel are studied. A novel low-complexity timing synchro- nization algorithm, which can withstand large amount of dispersive delay, is proposed and compared with previous proposals. Then, the problem of realization of low-complexity parallel architecture is studied. A generalized scalable parallel architecture, which can be used to realize any auto-correlation algorithm, is proposed. It is then extended to handle multiple parallel samples from ADC and provide outputs, which can match the input ADC rate. The scalability of the architecture for higher number of parallel outputs and different kinds of auto-correlation algorithms is explored. An algorithm-architecture approach is then applied to the entire CO-OFDM transceiver chain. At the transmitter side, radix-22 algorithm for IFFT is chosen and parallel Mul- tipath Delay Commutator (MDC) Feed-forward (FF) architecture is designed which con- sumes lesser resources compared to MDC FF architectures of radix-2/4. At the receiver side, efficient algorithm for Integer CFO estimation is adopted and efficiently realized with- out the use of complex multipliers. Reduction in complexity is achieved due to efficient architectures for timing synchronization, FFT and Integer CFO estimation. Fixed-point analysis for the entire transceiver chain is done to find fixed-point sensitive blocks, which affect bit error rate (BER) significantly. The algorithms proposed are validated using opti- cal experiments by the help of arbitrary waveform generator (AWG) at the transmitter and digital storage oscilloscope (DSO) and Matlab at the receiver. BER plots are used to show the validity of the system built. Hardware implementation of the proposed synchronization algorithm is validated using real-time FPGA platform
Frain, Ivan. "Systèmes à quorums dynamiques adaptés aux grilles informatiques". Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30282.
Texto completo da fonteMonmayrant, Antoine. "FAÇONNAGE ET CARACTÉRISATION D'IMPULSIONS ULTRACOURTES.CONTRÔLE COHÉRENT DE SYSTÈMES SIMPLES". Phd thesis, Université Paul Sabatier - Toulouse III, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00289515.
Texto completo da fonteDans un premier temps, nous présentons la conception et la fabrication d'un façonneur haute résolution pour des impulsions infrarouges. Nous détaillerons les étapes de réalisation de ce dernier ainsi que ses caractéristiques novatrices. Enfin, les limitations de ce dispositif ainsi que les résultats obtenus seront présentés et discutés. Dans un deuxième temps, nous utilisons ce façonneur dans des expériences de contrôle cohérent sur l'atome de rubidium. Ces expériences reposent sur le contrôle du comportement transitoire d'un atome lors de son interaction avec une impulsion résonnante. Nous rappellerons tout d'abord l'origine de ce comportement transitoire, appelé transitoire cohérent, ainsi que sa première mise en évidence expérimentale. Nous présenterons aussi différentes expériences visant à manipuler ce transitoire cohérent en modifiant la forme des impulsions interagissant avec l'atome. Puis, nous verrons comment manipuler différents transitoires cohérents pour reconstruire la fonction d'onde atomique transitoire. Cette technique dite de spirographe atomique a permis la reconstruction de la fonction d'onde de l'atome soumis à différentes impulsions de contrôle. Nous présenterons ces reconstructions et discuterons de leur domaine de validité ainsi que de leur lien avec d'autres techniques de mesure de fonctions d'onde. Nous présenterons ensuite une technique de caractérisation complète d'impulsions ultra-courtes directement dérivée du spirographe atomique. Cette caractérisation par transitoires cohérents permet de mesurer l'impulsion (les impulsions en fait) interagissant avec l'atome. Elle présente des caractéristiques assez inhabituelles que nous détaillerons. Nous présenterons les différentes mesures expérimentales réalisées et discuterons des perspectives qu'ouvre cette technique de mesure.
Monmayrant, Antoine. "Façonnage et caractérisation d'impulsions ultracourtes : contrôle cohérent de systèmes simples". Toulouse 3, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00289515.
Texto completo da fonteBoivin, D. "Systèmes de communications cohérents : estimation du bruit de phase non-linéaire et étude de la modulation de phase duobinaire". Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00373736.
Texto completo da fonteDans une première partie, l'estimation rapide, analytique ou semi-analytique, de ces fluctuations est proposée dans deux contextes différents. Les résultats alors obtenus par application de la méthode des moments et de la théorie des perturbations sont validés par des simulations numériques de la propagation. Nous menons également une étude expérimentale de l'influence de la carte de dispersion sur le bruit de phase.
Dans une deuxième partie, nous proposons et étudions un format de modulation basé sur la modulation de phase différentielle continue, dans le but d'améliorer l'efficacité spectrale. Ce format est obtenu en modulant la phase optique par un signal à trois niveaux de type duobinaire. Ses performances sont comparées à celles des formats standards au débit de 10 Gbit/s lors d'une expérience utilisant une boucle à recirculation.
Boivin, David. "Systèmes de communications cohérents : estimation du bruit de phase non-linéaire et étude de la modulation de phase duobinaire". Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2079.
Texto completo da fonteDouçot, Benoît. "Effets cohérents dans les systèmes désordonnés : oscillations de magnétorésistance dans des réseaux de métaux normaux, influence d'une non linéarité du milieu". Grenoble 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10101.
Texto completo da fonteSantin, Matthieu. "Dynamique quantique dans des conducteurs balistiques et cohérents : interrupteur quantique et transport photo-assisté". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS169.
Texto completo da fonteThe study of dynamic electronic transport in ballistic coherent conductor is required for the implementation of electron quantum optics experiments or the quantum computation by using “flying qu-bits”. The first step is to be able to inject in the quantum Hall effect a single electron without any additional excitations in the conductor: a Leviton, whose remarkable properties have been experimentally observed without magnetic field [1], and to control its trajectory thanks to a quantum switch. During this thesis, we confirmed the possibility to implement a leviton in the quantum Hall effect, by demonstrating the validity of the photo-assisted shot-noise theory in this regime: we use a sine excitation which is simpler to implement than a lorentzian excitation required for Levitons. We also studied a new effect described by the photo-assisted theory: a quantum switch, which is the sudden closing and opening of an elementary channel of conduction. This generates an intrinsic charge noise [2] that we have evidenced and enable us to answer the general question: “What are the effects of a spatial separation of the Fermi sea?”. Furthermore, this charge noise provides a theoretical measurement of the entanglement entropy.[1] J. Dubois, T. Jullien, F. Portier, P. Roche, A. Cavanna, Y. Jin, W. Wegscheider, P. Roulleau, and D. C. Glattli. minimal-excitation states for electron quantum optics using levitons. Nature, 502(7473), October 2013.[2] Israel Klich and Leonid Levitov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 100502 (2009)
Hernane, Soumeya-Leila. "Modèles et algorithmes de partage de données cohérents pour le calcul parallèle distribué à haut débit". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0042.
Texto completo da fonteData Handover is a library of functions adapted to large-scale distributed systems. It provides routines that allow acquiring resources in reading or writing in the ways that are coherent and transparent for users. We modelled the life cycle of Dho by a finite state automaton and through experiments; we have found that our approach produced an overlap between the calculation of the application and the control of the data. These experiments were conducted both in simulated mode and in real environment (Grid'5000). We exploited the GRAS library of the SimGrid toolkit. Several clients try to access the resource concurrently according the client-server paradigm. By the theory of queues, the stability of the model was demonstrated in a centralized environment. We improved, the distributed algorithm for mutual exclusion (of Naimi and Trehel), by introducing following features: (1) Allowing the mobility of processes (ADEMLE), (2) introducing shared locks (AEMLEP) and finally (3) merging both properties cited above into an algorithm summarising (ADEMLEP). We proved the properties, safety and liveliness, theoretically for all extended algorithms. The proposed peer-to-peer system combines our extended algorithms and original Data Handover model. Lock and resource managers operate and interact each other in an architecture based on three levels. Following the experimental study of the underlying system on Grid'5000, and the results obtained, we have proved the performance and stability of the model Dho over a multitude of parameters
Weber, Sébastien. "Façonnage d'impulsions femtosecondes dans l'ultraviolet. Factorisation de grands nombres. Contrôle cohérent de systèmes atomiques et moléculaires". Phd thesis, Toulouse 3, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00511903.
Texto completo da fonteSantin, Matthieu. "Dynamique quantique dans des conducteurs balistiques et cohérents : interrupteur quantique et transport photo-assisté". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS169/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe study of dynamic electronic transport in ballistic coherent conductor is required for the implementation of electron quantum optics experiments or the quantum computation by using “flying qu-bits”. The first step is to be able to inject in the quantum Hall effect a single electron without any additional excitations in the conductor: a Leviton, whose remarkable properties have been experimentally observed without magnetic field [1], and to control its trajectory thanks to a quantum switch. During this thesis, we confirmed the possibility to implement a leviton in the quantum Hall effect, by demonstrating the validity of the photo-assisted shot-noise theory in this regime: we use a sine excitation which is simpler to implement than a lorentzian excitation required for Levitons. We also studied a new effect described by the photo-assisted theory: a quantum switch, which is the sudden closing and opening of an elementary channel of conduction. This generates an intrinsic charge noise [2] that we have evidenced and enable us to answer the general question: “What are the effects of a spatial separation of the Fermi sea?”. Furthermore, this charge noise provides a theoretical measurement of the entanglement entropy.[1] J. Dubois, T. Jullien, F. Portier, P. Roche, A. Cavanna, Y. Jin, W. Wegscheider, P. Roulleau, and D. C. Glattli. minimal-excitation states for electron quantum optics using levitons. Nature, 502(7473), October 2013.[2] Israel Klich and Leonid Levitov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 100502 (2009)
Hernane, Soumeya-Leila. "Modèles et algorithmes de partage de données cohérents pour le calcul parallèle distribué à haut débit". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LORR0042/document.
Texto completo da fonteData Handover is a library of functions adapted to large-scale distributed systems. It provides routines that allow acquiring resources in reading or writing in the ways that are coherent and transparent for users. We modelled the life cycle of Dho by a finite state automaton and through experiments; we have found that our approach produced an overlap between the calculation of the application and the control of the data. These experiments were conducted both in simulated mode and in real environment (Grid'5000). We exploited the GRAS library of the SimGrid toolkit. Several clients try to access the resource concurrently according the client-server paradigm. By the theory of queues, the stability of the model was demonstrated in a centralized environment. We improved, the distributed algorithm for mutual exclusion (of Naimi and Trehel), by introducing following features: (1) Allowing the mobility of processes (ADEMLE), (2) introducing shared locks (AEMLEP) and finally (3) merging both properties cited above into an algorithm summarising (ADEMLEP). We proved the properties, safety and liveliness, theoretically for all extended algorithms. The proposed peer-to-peer system combines our extended algorithms and original Data Handover model. Lock and resource managers operate and interact each other in an architecture based on three levels. Following the experimental study of the underlying system on Grid'5000, and the results obtained, we have proved the performance and stability of the model Dho over a multitude of parameters
Delbé, Christian. "Tolérance aux pannes pour objets actifs asynchrones : protocole, modèle et expérimentations". Nice, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NICE4002.
Texto completo da fonteL'objectif premier de cette thèse est de proposer un protocole de tolérance aux pannes par recouvrement arrière pour le modèle à objets actifs asynchrones communicants ASP (Asynchronous Sequential Processes) et son implémentation en Java ProActive. Cette thèse généralise la problématique soulevée par le développement de ce protocole : nous étudions le recouvrement d'une application répartie depuis un état global non cohérent. Nous proposons donc dans un premier temps un protocole par points de reprise et son implémentation ne supposant pas que les états globaux soient cohérents. Nous montrons à travers des expérimentations réalistes utilisant des applications réparties communicantes que notre solution et son implémentation présentent de bonnes performances. Nous contribuons aussi de manière plus générale à l'étude du recouvrement depuis un état global non cohérent en définissant formellement une nouvelle condition de recouvrabilité, la P-cohérence, basée sur la notion de promesse d'évènement. Cette définition s'intègre dans un formalisme événementiel capable de prendre en compte la sémantique de n'importe quel système ; elle est donc applicable dans un cadre général. En particulier, en appliquant ce formalisme au modèle ASP, nous prouvons la correction de notre protocole en montrant que les états globaux formés durant l'exécution sont toujours recouvrables. Enfin, nous contribuons plus spécifiquement au domaine des grilles de calcul en proposant une extension de notre protocole et son implémentation adaptée à ce contexte. Cette extension se base sur la constitution automatique de groupes de recouvrement au déploiement de l'application. Elle permet une répartition indépendante des mémoires stables et un confinement des effets d'une panne au seul groupe concerné
Sotomayor, Fernandez Abraham Sergio. "Etude et implémentation des égaliseurs non-linéaires utilisant des réseaux de neurones artificiels pour les systèmes de transmission optique cohérente". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Atlantique Bretagne Pays de la Loire, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024IMTA0426.
Texto completo da fonteThe fiber nonlinearity is considered the ultimate barrier to reaching the Shannon capacity, particularly relevant in coherent systems that rely on phase shift modulation schemes. In effect, the fiber nonlinearity introduces a nonlinear phase noise making ineffective the DSP linear equalizers. To compensate for the fiber nonlinearity, DSP-based nonlinear equalizers, such as the Digital Backpropagation or the Volterra series nonlinear equalizer, are commonly considered computationally heavy solutions that do not fit into the limited resources of current transceivers. Under such a scenario, artificial neural networks surge as an option to efficiently perform nonlinear equalization with limited computational complexity. Using numerical simulations of a DP-16QAM over 14x100 km of standard single-mode fiber and considering a simple neural network promising to be implemented in a transceiver, we have shown that for long distances, simple neural networks potentially implementable in a transceiver do not compensate for nonlinear phase noise as effectively as classical DSP techniques. Even more, when using the mean squared error cost function to train the neural network, it has been seen that the diagram constellation exhibits a deformation that adopts a grid shape in the case of quadratic QAM constellations. This phenomenon, which we named MMSE-scatterplot, potentially affects the subsequent DSP and has been deeply studied in this work, elucidating the mathematical model equivalent to the MMSE-scatterplot. Based on this mathematical equation, we also have proposed an innovative technique to mitigate this effect
Mansart, Barbara. "Dynamique des électrons et des phonons dans les systèmes fortement corrélés : transition de Mott dans V2O3 et supraconductivité dans les pnictures de fer". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00553616.
Texto completo da fonteCassanas, Roch. "Hamiltoniens quantiques et symétries". Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009289.
Texto completo da fonteMöller, Gunnar. "Espaces dynamiques réduits en physique de la matière condensée :Systèmes à effet Hall bicouches, réduction dimensionnelle et systèmes de spins magnétiques". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00121765.
Texto completo da fonteOn introduit une classe générale d'états appariés de fermions composites. Ces fonctions d'onde sont exploitées pour analyser l'état fondamental des systèmes bicouches à effet Hall au facteur de remplissage total un. A partir d'une étude de Monte Carlo variationnel nous concluons que la transition de phase compressible à incompressible observée dans ce système est du deuxième ordre. Nous étudions également la question de l'existence d'un état apparié à demi-remplissage dans les simples couches. Ensuite nous considérons des schémas de réduction dimensionnelle de systèmes bidimensionnels sur la sphère vers des systèmes unidimensionnels sur le cercle. Un tel mapping est établi pour des systèmes libres et un candidat pour un système d'anyons généralisé est proposé. Finalement, nous analysons les systèmes de spins magnétiques sur réseaux bidimensionnels et discutons si un état de glace de spins peut exister en présence d'interactions dipolaires à longue portée.
Cipriano, Antonio Maria. "Algorithmes pour la détection non-cohérente des codes space-temps". Phd thesis, Télécom ParisTech, 2005. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001326.
Texto completo da fonteSeck, Aida. "Contribution à l’optimisation des systèmes de transmission optiques cohérents (Nx100 Gbit/s) utilisant le multiplexage en polarisation par des formats de modulation en phase et une conception de ligne limitant l’impact des effets non-linéaires". Thesis, Evry, Institut national des télécommunications, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TELE0008/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe ever-increasing demand of capacity in very high bit rate coherent optical transmission systems has paved the way towards the investigation of several techniques such as the use of ultra-low loss fibers, Erbium doped fiber amplifiers, polarization and wavelength division multiplexing (WDM), coherent detection, multi-level modulation formats, spatial division multiplexing, etc. However, there are questions concerning polarization division multiplexing and a development towards some advanced modulation formats including phase modulation and polarization division multiplexing. In this thesis, in order to increase the capacity-by-distance product of future optical coherent systems using wavelength and polarization division multiplexing, we first study spectral shaping of the transmitted signals to increase the information spectral density. For this purpose, we have numerically investigated the multi-channel transmission performance of Polarization Switched Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (PSQPSK) and we have compared it to the performance of Polarization-Division-Multiplexed QPSK (PDM-QPSK), using Root Raised Cosine (RRC) spectral shaping, in the context of a flexible channel grid. In addition we have presented the advantage of PS-QPSK against PDM-QPSK as a function of the system parameters, while we have also discussed the benefit of a RRC spectral shaping against a tight filtering at the transmitter side with a 2nd order super-Gaussian-shaped filter. Furthermore, we have focused on nonlinear effects that limit the transmission distance by degrading the transmitted symbols during propagation. Analyzing and reducing the impact of nonlinear effects is essential when using technologies that increase the information spectral density such as polarization division multiplexing which causes new nonlinear effects due to additional interactions between symbols during the propagation through the fiber. Therefore a reduction of the impact of nonlinear effects is necessary for the development of future systems with higher bit rates of 400 Gbit/s and 1 Tbit/s per channel. We have established in this thesis, design rules to reduce the impact of nonlinear effects in the optical WDM transmission systems at 100 Gbit/s per channel that use polarization multiplexing
Wang, Tao. "Évolution de la cohérence et dynamique non-linéaire des lasers à la meso-échelle". Thesis, Nice, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NICE4016/document.
Texto completo da fonteCoherent light sources are nowadays ubiquitous in scientific research and engineering applications and have been miniaturized since their inception. Physically, the onset and development of laser coherence is largely affected by the cavity size reduction, but this becomes apparent only for the smallest Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (VCSELs). Thus the following questions arise: When does coherence set in? How does it develop? How do we define threshold? Is there a unique threshold value and does it exist at all for a nanolaser? What is the dynamical response to modulation in this uncharted territory? In this thesis we explore the regime of laser operation around what is conventionally called the threshold point and obtain experimental answers to some of the questions from mesoscale lasers. Correlation functions, temporal dynamics, phase space reconstruction, statistical indicators and spatially-resolved intensity and emission wavelength measurements are the indicators for the answers we seek. The dynamical response is investigated by applying a sinusoidal modulation to very small VCSELs, where we obtain the amplification of pulses in the threshold region, anomalous amplification of the spontaneous emission (in a cross-polarized channel), regular and (mostly) irregular pulsations due to the strong influence of spontaneous emission in these small devices. Finally, a two-dimensional characterization of the radiation properties transversely to the emission shows the correlation between coherence buildup and the establishment of a laser mode. For larger devices, this analysis lays the foundation for investigating the buildup of coherence in spatially extended lasers
Federici, Antoine. "Développement de systèmes de microscopie par cohérence optique plein champ étendus spatialement et spectralement". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS024/document.
Texto completo da fonteFull-field optical coherence tomography (FF-OCT) is an optical technology based on low-coherence interference microscopy for tomographic imaging of semitransparent samples. Non-invasive three-dimensional imaging can be performed with an isotropic spatial resolution of the order of 1 µm. During the PhD thesis, several FF-OCT systems have been reported achieving extended performances or contrast enhanced images relevant for biological tissues imaging. Firstly, a three-band, 1.9-μm axial resolution FF-OCT system has been implemented to perform spectroscopic contrast enhanced imaging of biological tissues over a 530-1700 nm wavelength range. Then, a study of the FF-OCT axial response has been carried out for maximizing the axial resolution of the system. An isotropic spatial resolution of 0.5 µm (in water) has been obtained by combining 1.2-NA microscope objectives with an optimized broad spectral band adapted to biological tissues imaging, such as skin samples. A set-up with an extended field of view of 18 mm x 18 mm has been also designed and applied to amplitude signal detection as well as depth-resolved quantitative phase signal measurement. At last, we developed a technique based on the combination of full-field swept-source optical coherence tomography (FF-SSOCT) with low spatial coherence illumination and a special numerical processing that allows for numerically focused mechanical motion-free three-dimensional imaging
Soret, Ariane. "Forces induced by coherent effects". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX045/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this work, we study coherent effects associated to wave propagation in scattering media, in particular electromagnetic waves.In weakly disordered media, light intensity fluctuates spatially over large distances. This phenomenon is the result of complex mesoscopic coherent effects, which occur at a microscopic scale. We show that these mesoscopic coherent fluctuations of light induce radiation forces of a new kind. The strength of these fluctuating forces is determined by a single and easily tunable parameter, the dimensionless conductance, which depends on both the geometry and the scattering properties of the medium. Our findings should therefore have interesting applications such as new sensors in soft condensed matter or biophysics.On the methodological viewpoint, we use a hydrodynamic Langevin approach to describe the coherent light fluctuations, where a properly tailored noise accounts for mesoscopic coherent effects. We show how to systematically include the coherent corrections in the noise term, in order to reproduce the intensity fluctuations. This description allows to understand coherent light fluctuations as resulting from a non equilibrium light flow, characterized by two parameters only, the diffusion coefficient and the mobility, otherwise related by an Einstein relation. A clear asset of this method is its dependence upon two parameters only, which provides a compact yet accurate description of the rich underlying coherent effects. Moreover, the mapping we present between coherent light and out of equilibrium hydrodynamics is easily generalizable to a large class of quantum or classical wave problems.For future perspectives, this connection between coherent effects in mesoscopics and non equilibrium stochastic processes should be of interest in both the mesoscopics and statistical mechanics communities. For the former, the mapping to non equilibrium hydrodynamics provides a new insight to mesoscopic physics as well as useful tools to study quantities so far difficult to access, such as higher orders intensity correlation functions. For the latter, this work should motivate further study of time independent processes inspired from mesoscopics
Ilmane, Hafid. "Réformes du système monétaire international : modélisation stock-flux cohérente". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCD042.
Texto completo da fonteIn 1969, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) created an international reserve asset called the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) to resolve the gold and the U.S. dollar shortfall under the Bretton Woods system. After the collapse of this system, the SDRs became obsolete. However, there has been renewed interest in the SDRs in the wake of the 2007-09 crisis. Indeed, leaders of emerging countries, notably the head of China’s central bank, called for a transition of the International Monetary System (IMS) including an upgraded version of the SDRs. Globally, the SDRs would have the potential to replace the US dollar as the first reserve currency and to reduce global imbalances, i.e. the excessive accumulation of foreign exchange reserves, their concentration in a few key currencies, the volatility of exchange rates, and current account imbalances. This dissertation presents new evidence on the potential of SDRs to contribute to the adjustment of global imbalances, especially within an unstable tripolar IMS. After shedding light on the global imbalances, discussing the international-money pyramid in motion and its underlying factors, we have examined with the stock-flow consistent modeling the potential instability of a tripolar IMSand the contribution of SDRs in the adjustment of imbalances. We have observed the strengthening of global imbalances within a tripolar IMS on the one hand, and the ability of SDRs to contribute to the adjustment of these imbalances, on the other hand
Florens, Serge. "Cohérence et localisation dans les systèmes d'électrons fortement corrélés". Paris 6, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00005825.
Texto completo da fonteHenry, David. "Diagnostic et contrôle de cohérence des systèmes multivariables incertains". Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR12151.
Texto completo da fonteHenry, David. "Diagnostic et contrôle de cohérence des systèmes multivariables incertains". Bordeaux 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999BOR10666.
Texto completo da fonteDauzère-Pérès, Stéphane. "Planification et ordonnancement de la production : une approche intégrée cohérente". Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30098.
Texto completo da fonteRuchet, Bernard. "Réalisation expérimentale d'une détection cohérente pour un système optique CDMA/FDMA". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape15/PQDD_0025/MQ31791.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteRoux, William. "Une approche cohérente pour la planification et l'ordonnancement de systèmes de production complexes". Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU3A001.
Texto completo da fonteEsper, Alida. "Intégration des approches SOA et orientée objet pour modéliser une orchestration cohérente de services". Lyon, INSA, 2010. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2010ISAL0060/these.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteTo face the economic constraints, the development of just in time strategies (lean manufacturing) requires the organization of collaborations between enterprises. These collaborations lead to the emergence of virtual enterprise and needs the communication and information technologies. However the technological answers can constitute a brake as the enterprise Information systems (IS) lack of agility. Indeed, the infrastructure (hardware and software, ie ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning), CRM(Customer Relationship Management), MES (Manufacturing Execution System). . . ) has a high technological complexity, lack of interoperability and therefore limits the potential interconnection between business processes and exchange of information between partners. To overcome these limits, the implementation of the information system according to an orientated architecture services (SOA) defines a new approach to organize the applications of enterprise and to optimize the business processes. Nevertheless, these infrastructures are primarily proposed to support the interoperability inter-enterprise because they rely on a mono-context definition of the business process. However an ecosystem of services includes a multi-contextual environment of execution of services. To overcome these limits, we propose to integrate an architecture supporting various contexts of execution to support the deployment of information systems interoperable within the enterprise and improving interenterprise collaborative processes enactment. Based on an hypergraph organisation, our architecture includes context propagation rules and extends the inheritance mechanisms from the object oriented approach to allow a simple service contextualisation. Our model is based on three concepts: service, repository and collaborative process (associated to the common process). Different views (management, mediation, security) are used to support a simple contextual service composition
Nannini, Matthieu. "Amélioration des performances d'un système à tomographie optique cohérente par l'optique intégrée". Grenoble INPG, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPG0054.
Texto completo da fonteAberra, Guebrou Samuel. "Influence des plasmons de surface propagatifs sur la cohérence de systèmes optiques". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00798779.
Texto completo da fonteChtioui, Hajer. "Gestion de la cohérence des données dans les systèmes multiprocesseurs sur puce". Valenciennes, 2011. http://ged.univ-valenciennes.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/8926ebf0-3437-465d-8e4f-cfd4328f6db6.
Texto completo da fonteThe work presented in this thesis aims to provide an efficient hardware solution for managing cache coherency of shared data in shared memory multiprocessor systems-on-chip (MPSoC) dedicated for intensive signal processing applications. Several solutions are proposed in the literature to solve this problem. However, most of these solutions are efficient only for high-performance multiprocessor systems. These systems take rarely into account hardware resources and energy consumption limitations. In MPSoCs architectures these constraints are very important. In addition, these solutions do not take into account access patterns from the different processors to shared data. In this thesis, we propose a new approach for treating cache coherency problem. It consists on a new hybrid (invalidation/update) adaptive cache coherence protocol. A hardware architecture that facilitates its implementation and optimizes its performance is also proposed. The experimental results show that the proposed protocol in conjunction with this architecture provides an interesting level of performances and energy consumption
Saeida, Ardekani Masoud. "Le maintien de la cohérence dans les systèmes de stockage partiellement repliqués". Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066234/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the first part, we study consistency in a transactional systems, and focus on reconciling scalability with strong transactional guarantees. We identify four scalability properties, and show that none of the strong consistency criteria ensure all four. We define a new scalable consistency criterion called Non-Monotonic Snapshot Isolation (NMSI), while is the first that is compatible with all four properties. We also present a practical implementation of NMSI, called Jessy, which we compare experimentally against a number of well-known criteria. We also introduce a framework for performing fair comparison among different transactional protocols. Our insight is that a large family of distributed transactional protocols have a common structure, called Deferred Update Replication (DUR). Protocols of the DUR family differ only in behaviors of few generic functions. We present a generic DUR framework, called G-DUR. We implement and compare several transactional protocols using the G-DUR framework.In the second part, we focus on ensuring consistency in non-transactional data stores. We introduce Tuba, a replicated key-value store that dynamically selects replicas in order to maximize the utility delivered to read operations according to a desired consistency defined by the application. In addition, unlike current systems, it automatically reconfigures its set of replicas while respecting application-defined constraints so that it adapts to changes in clients’ locations or request rates. Compared with a system that is statically configured, our evaluation shows that Tuba increases the reads that return strongly consistent data by 63%
Saeida, Ardekani Masoud. "Le maintien de la cohérence dans les systèmes de stockage partiellement repliqués". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066234.
Texto completo da fonteIn the first part, we study consistency in a transactional systems, and focus on reconciling scalability with strong transactional guarantees. We identify four scalability properties, and show that none of the strong consistency criteria ensure all four. We define a new scalable consistency criterion called Non-Monotonic Snapshot Isolation (NMSI), while is the first that is compatible with all four properties. We also present a practical implementation of NMSI, called Jessy, which we compare experimentally against a number of well-known criteria. We also introduce a framework for performing fair comparison among different transactional protocols. Our insight is that a large family of distributed transactional protocols have a common structure, called Deferred Update Replication (DUR). Protocols of the DUR family differ only in behaviors of few generic functions. We present a generic DUR framework, called G-DUR. We implement and compare several transactional protocols using the G-DUR framework.In the second part, we focus on ensuring consistency in non-transactional data stores. We introduce Tuba, a replicated key-value store that dynamically selects replicas in order to maximize the utility delivered to read operations according to a desired consistency defined by the application. In addition, unlike current systems, it automatically reconfigures its set of replicas while respecting application-defined constraints so that it adapts to changes in clients’ locations or request rates. Compared with a system that is statically configured, our evaluation shows that Tuba increases the reads that return strongly consistent data by 63%
Pan, Jingjing. "Estimation des temps de retard et localisation de sources avec des systèmes Radar". Thesis, Nantes, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NANT4016/document.
Texto completo da fonteSource localization (in far-field or in nearfield) and time-delay estimation have many practical applications. To locate a far-field source from a sensor array, only the direction of arrival (DOA) of the source is necessary. When the sources are in a nearfield situation, the wavefront of the signal is spherical and two parameters are needed to locate the sources: the direction of arrival and the distance between the source and the sensors. In this thesis, we focus on the localization of sources (both in far-field and nearfield) as well as the estimation of time-delay in the context where the signals are coherent, overlapped and with a small number of snapshots. First, we propose to combine the theory of the SVR method (support vector regression, which is a supervised learning-based regression method) with the theory of forward-backward linear prediction (FBLP). The proposed method, called FBLP-SVR, is developed for two applications: far-field source localization and time-delay estimation by using ground penetrating radar. The proposed method is evaluated by simulations and experiments. We also propose a near-field source localization method in the context where the signals are coherent and overlapped. The proposed method is based on a focusing technique, a spatial smoothing preprocessing, and a subspace method in the estimation of DOA. Then, the distances between the sources and sensors are estimated with the maximum likelihood method
Raspo, Franck. "L'ingénierie de systèmes de gestion dans la complexité : équilibrations pertinences-cohérences locales-globales". Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX32040.
Texto completo da fonteUnderstanding and foreseeing phenomena and environments in which we develop, seem more and more difficult to access. At best, we can manage change and risk. We often tend to take refuge behind a so-called "wall of complexity" in order to justify our relative disability in anticipating and controlling events. Complexity, a present reccurent theme, appears to be a useful artifact in making understandable phenomena which could not be explained up to now, including operation and evolution of socio-economic organizations (firms, administrations, associations, partnerships, political parties,) although top managers are aware of their environments being increasingly unpredictable and unstable, they still pilote their firms using tools and methods inherited from or derived from mechanistic, rationalistic or bureaucratic approaches of organization. Most piloting tools available were built for rationalistic production organizations and are based on the assumption of stable and foreseeable environments (early xxth century, "30 glorieuses" fundamental hypothesis and methodological principles, on which these tools are designed are not anymore acceptable. Managing in complexity calls for changing the point of view on organization and its environments, changing paradigm, making an epistemologic break. In this document, we try to understand how the stakeholders of a socio-economic organization, facing more and more complex environments, desing, simulate, experiment, develop and continuously improve "intelligent" management systems adapted to evolving aims. We also project to express how individual and collective intelligence allow individuals to overpass the limits resulting from the rationalistic organization of work. Then we call attention on some favourable conditions related to systems engineering for managing in complexity, particulary in relation to "responsibility developing" organizations (unites a responsabilite elargie)
Chevrier, Kevin. "Cohérence dans les systèmes métal/organique en couplage fort : états étendus et métasurfaces". Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE1235.
Texto completo da fonteThis experimental thesis focuses on the manipulation and control of hybrid plasmon/exciton states. These states, called polaritons, build on the strong light/matter interaction. The strong coupling regime induces collective effects and coherence, by coupling emitters spatially separated and otherwise independents. The work conducted in this thesis aims to control and handle the spatial extension of the coherent states in order to create novel materials. Two approaches are exploited to impact the light/matter interaction. The first method is based on the improvement of the optical mode: we demonstrated the strong interaction between organic semiconductor (J-aggregate) excitons and long-range surface plasmons. This plasmonic mode allows to enhanced the extension of the coherent domain up to 50 µm. The second method acts on the active material. We evidenced a new type of metasurface based on a structuration of the excitonic layer at the micrometer scale: smaller than the coherent length but significantly larger than the wavelength. The typical metasurface effects, such as effective behavior and geometry sensitivity are highlighted. We use this feature to tailor the band structure and generate an important anisotropic effect associated with the geometry of the structuration, leading to controlled emission polarization
Sahondrarimalala, Marie. "Cohérence et dynamique des systèmes de responsabilité face à l'émergence des risques sanitaires". Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTD014/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe risk is consubstantial with the medicine. In the malagasy health system the medicine is shared between several worlds: the traditional and the modern, the visible and the invisible then, the public and the private. So, the various actors working in these various worlds could be responsible in front of the penal judge, the civil judge, the administrative judge and the disciplinary judge in case of violation of the standards of behavior predetermined by the Legislator and the Administration. Actually, the wizard quack, Tradipraticien, the healthcare professional and the Administration can cause physical damages on the patient. The plurality of the worlds confronted with a legal pluralism could be at the origin of an incoherence in the treatment of the facts linked with the relation of care. This situation is increased by a textual deficiency, an absence of standardization of the systems of responsibility and of the systems of repair in particular in insurance. Indeed, it is important to fill the space created by the insufficiency of support of the repair of the physical injury. One of the manners to harmonize is in the meeting of the tradition and the modern. It is necessary from now on that the integration of the traditional medicine is completed in the health system malagasy. The various actors of right such as the Legislator, the judge and the insurer should follow this dynamics
Ogien, Jonas. "Développement de systèmes de microscopie par cohérence optique pour l'imagerie de la peau". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLO011/document.
Texto completo da fonteOptical coherence microscopy (OCM) is a technique for tomographic imaging based on white light interferometry, making it possible to image biological media with micrometer-scale spatial resolution. OCM is particularly well-suited to dermatological imaging, especially skin cancer diagnosis, since it provides images that are similar to histological images without the need for biopsy.This PhD thesis focuses on the development of OCM for skin imaging, with the aim of providing a compact, in vivo imaging tool for the dermatologist, capable of acquiring structural and functional images of the skin.A compact, full-field OCM (FF-OCM) system illuminated by a white LED was first developed, making it possible to obtain tomographic images at an ultra-high resolution (0.7 μm × 1.8 μm), up to ∼200 μm in depth within the skin. Using a high power LED, in vivo skin images could be obtained.Using this FF-OCM setup, functional imaging methods for blood flow mapping (angiography) were implemented. Four methods, based on temporal or frequency analysis of the interferometric signal, phase images or amplitude images, have been shown to be able to image intralipid flow within a model blood capillary.Functional polarimetric imaging has also been explored in FF-OCM. Contrast optimization in polarimetric images has been obtained by modifying the polarizing components of the conventional polarization sensitive FF-OCM setup depending on the sample to be imaged. This method has been tested on a simple polarizing sample.Finally, a new OCM method, line-field confocal OCM (LC-OCM), has been studied. The goal here was to develop a system capable of imaging the skin in vivo, with a tissue penetration depth greater than what is possible for FF-OCM. This system, which combines interferometric filtering and confocal filtering, makes it possible to obtain in vivo skin images in vertical and en face slices, with a spatial resolution similar to that of FF-OCM, but with a greater penetration depth of 300 μm
Rousset, Marie-Christine. "Sur la cohérence et la validation des bases de connaissances : le système COVADIS". Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112238.
Texto completo da fonteRawat, Subhandu. "Dynamique cohérente de mouvements turbulents à grande échelle". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014INPT0116/document.
Texto completo da fonteMy thesis work focused on ‘dynamical systems’ understanding of the large-scale dynamics in fully developed turbulent shear flow. In plane Couette flow, large-eddy simulation (L.E.S) is used to model small scale motions and to only resolve large-scale motions in order to compute nonlinear traveling waves (NTW) and relative periodic orbits (RPO). Artificial over-damping has been used to quench an increasing range of small-scale motions and prove that the motions in large-scale are self-sustained. The lower-branch traveling wave solutions that lie on laminar-turbulent basin boundary are obtained for these over-damped simulation and further continued in parameter space to upper branch solutions. This approach would not have been possible if, as conjectured in some previous investigations, large-scale motions in wall bounded shear flows are forced by mechanism based on the existence of active structures at smaller scales. In Poseuille flow, relative periodic orbits with shift-reflection symmetry on the laminar-turbulent basin boundary are computed using DNS. We show that the found RPO are connected to the pair of traveling wave (TW) solution via global bifurcation (saddle-node-infinite period bifurcation). The lower branch of this TW solution evolve into a spanwise localized state when the spanwise domain is increased. The upper branch solution develops multiple streaks with spanwise spacing consistent with large-scale motions in turbulent regime
Zaizouni, Mostafa. "Récepteurs à détection différentielle avec égalisation non cohérente pour le système de radiocommunication DECT". Valenciennes, 1996. https://ged.uphf.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/f0ae3ced-fe2f-4018-9322-a56120a5869c.
Texto completo da fonteOwing to the emergence of a demand for Cordless outdoor and large indoor services, there have been various attempts to characterise the performances of the standard Digital European Cordless Telephone (DECT) receiver in dispersive channels. Such channels are likely to arise in any Telepoint application, large public areas, microcellular up to 200 m, and are link performance with this standard DECT receiver, which consists in a non-coherent receiver (differential phase detector or limiter-discriminator detector), will not be adequate for such large indoor and outdoor environments and is at best capable of handling delay spreads up to 90 ns. In order to guarantee acceptable link performance in such dispersive channels, we propose a new non-coherent receiver based on a simple one-tap decision feedback equaliser using the correlation properties of the training sequence for channel estimation and an optimised threshold. Software simulation is used to investigate the effect of the channel on system performance , mainly the impact of delay spread. Our BER simulation results show that this simple Non-Coherent Equaliser yields acceptable performance in the delay range of the outdoor DECT channels (100 to 250 ns) while it is much less sensitive to both modulation index drifts and frequency offsets. Furthermore BER comparison with the more complex Viterbi equaliser indicate very similar performance improvement
Nguyen, Vu Quang-Anh. "Cohérence et robustesse dans un système multiagent perturbé : application à un système décentralisé de collecte d’information distribué". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10232/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis addresses the issue of maintaining information coherence and its robustness in a multiagent system, that collectively gathers information from distributed sources and where some sources may be defective (deliberately or not). In this context, the collective information gathered by the system is a progressive (possibly non-linear) aggregation of information collected individually by each agent. Therefore, each agent has direct information, collected by itself, and indirect information, obtained through communication with other agents. System coherence is defined by the compatibility of collected information about the explored environment and its actual information. System robustness is defined by the capability to maintain information coherence, despite the existence and increase of faulty agents within the system. To ensure the system coherence, this thesis proposes a trust model named TrustSets, allowing agents themselves to reason about collected information to ensure its consistency by using the calculation of the information reliability. Each agent maintains a trust network and can recognize direct (collected from the environment) and indirect (collected by exchanging information with other agents) information, not only in its stored data, but also in the data transmitted by agents it encounters. Then, the agents develop their own local and global communication strategies to ensure the system robustness against the effects of dissonance agents. To ensure the system robustness, we construct a multi-agent system which brings out dynamically strategies of movement and communication automatically adapted to the perturbation. For this purpose, we propose a self-organizational approach, based on a systemic view in which we consider a structural coupling between two levels: direct information gathering and communication. This mechanism acts as a guide for communicating and for limiting the propagation of dissonant information in the system. Consequently, it reduces the impact of dissonant information on the process of gathering information collectively. Various experiments were conducted as the part of a collaborative mapping application to show the interest of our approach