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1
Ungeheuer, Elena. Wie die elektronische Musik "erfunden" wurde--: Quellenstudie zu Werner Meyer-Epplers musikalischem Entwurf zwischen 1949 und 1953. Mainz: Schott, 1992.
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Sazhina, Muza, Anna Kashirova, Stanislav Makarov e Egor Osiop. The social wealth of the innovation system. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1875920.
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The monograph reveals the key socio-economic problems of the innovation economy: its content as a knowledge economy and its role in evolutionary development; human capital (living intelligence) as the main resource of the innovation economy. Much attention is paid to the institutional support of innovation through a system of institutions and mutually beneficial contracts. The mixed mechanism of implementation of innovative activity as a synthesis of spontaneous market self-regulation and conscious public administration is shown. The result of the "social control" of society and the state is the coordination of the actions of economic entities and the ordering of economic processes.
The most important institution of human society is the family as a strong power in the state. And the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is the main value of society. The main purpose of the family is to reproduce life and provide a person with everything necessary. The state as an institution manages a person's education and health, helps to change his lifestyle, strengthening humanity, ethics, morality and culture of life.
The modern global economy remains a sphere of domination of market egoism. It is the market that performs the function of morality as a person and society as a whole. In the global economy, a person is not a representative of the people, but a representative of the system, a standard way of life. And he should live in communication based on respect for each other.
It is concluded that today the main wealth of society is not material, but social wealth: the person himself with his knowledge, culture, ethics and morality is a living intellect; a family with the reproduction of life; immaterial knowledge that covers all types of work that cannot be calculated and paid, where the motive is the joy of free cooperation, free giving and community. In this "invisible economy" people mutually teach each other humanity and create a culture of joint thinking and living together. The State and society must preserve and increase the social wealth of human society.
For students and postgraduates of economic and managerial specialties, as well as for anyone interested in this problem.
3
Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment. Springer, 2004.
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Rimkus, Gerhard G. Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment. Springer, 2010.
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Rimkus, Gerhard G. Synthetic Musk Fragrances in the Environment. Springer, 2004.
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Müller, Severin. Risk evaluation of bioactive compounds in humans: I synthetic musk fragrances; II alkylphenols. 1997.
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Behrens, Frank, Michaela Koehm e Michael J. Parnham. Synthetic DMARDs. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198737582.003.0028.
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Synthetic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (sDMARDs) are first line systemic treatment options for management of active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Most of the compounds are used based on evidence from clinical trials in rheumatoid arthritis and from experience in routine care. Methotrexate is often recommended as the first choice within among sDMARDs, despite controversial or missing evidence of efficacy, according to experience over many years. Leflunomide, sulfasalazine, and cyclosporin are additional established options to treat PsA. The recently approved PDE4 inhibitor, apremilast, has broad evidence of efficacy. All these drugs have different strengths and weaknesses and varying levels of evidence for treatment of PsA. Therefore, the best treatment choice must be based on the different individual manifestations of the disease and comorbid conditions. In this chapter, the evidence levels for the different clinical symptoms are listed and suggestions for a hierarchical order of choice are given, adapted to likely clinical scenarios.
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Morrow, Gary W. Bioorganic Synthesis. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199860531.001.0001.
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Building on the foundation of a one-year introductory course in organic chemistry, Bioorganic Synthesis: An Introduction focuses on organic reactions involved in the biosynthesis of naturally-occurring organic compounds with special emphasis on natural products of pharmacological interest. The book is designed specifically for undergraduate students, rather than as an exhaustive reference work for graduate students or professional researchers and is intended to support undergraduate courses for students majoring in chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pre-medicine, and bioengineering programs who would benefit from a deeper understanding of the chemical logic of reactions carried out in organisms and the origins and uses of the important organic compounds they often produce. The book assumes no prior background in biochemistry and consists of eight chapters: i) a brief review of relevant topics from introductory organic chemistry; ii) presentation of essential organic and biochemical reactions used throughout the book along with a brief introduction to coenzymes; iii) review of basic carbohydrates and the biosynthesis of amino acids; iv) the terpenoid pathway for biosynthesis of all important classes of terpenoids and steroids; v) the acetate pathway for biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, prostaglandins and acetate-derived polyketide natural products; vi) the biosynthesis of the shikimate pathway products derived from aromatic amino acids; vii) an introduction to biosynthesis of major alkaloids and related nitrogenous compounds; and viii) an overview of laboratory organic synthesis as it relates to the challenges faced by synthetic and medicinal chemists who must recreate intricate natural product structures in the laboratory.
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Rabier, Daniel. Amino Acids. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0083.
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Amino acids present in the different biological fluids belong to two groups: the protein group, with the 21 classical amino acids constituting the backbone of the protein, and the nonprotein group, appearing in different metabolic pathways as intermediate metabolites. It is important to know and to be able to recognize the latter, as they are the markers of many inherited metabolic diseases. Three kinds of pathways must be considered: the catabolic pathways, the synthesis pathways, and the transport pathways. A disorder on a catabolic pathway induces an increase of all metabolites upstream and so an increase of the starting amino acid in all fluids. Any disorder on the synthetic pathway of a particular amino acid will induce a decrease of this amino acid in all fluids. When a transporter is located on a plasma membrane, its deficiency will result in normal or low concentration in plasma concomitant to a high excretion in urine.
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Allais, Lucy. Synthesis and Binding. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198724957.003.0002.
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There are a number of reasons to think that one of Kant’s concerns in the Critique of Pure Reason is with the active role the mind must play in organizing the sensory input to enable us to experience objects, and therefore that he thinks that something like what is now called perceptual binding is necessary for us to be presented with perceptual particulars. Given the centrality of the notion of synthesis in the Critique, as well as Kant’s claim that synthesis governed by the categories is needed for us to have what he calls ‘relation to an object’, it might be thought that Kant’s notion of synthesis is where we should look for Kant’s account of something like perceptual binding. The aim of this chapter is to argue that this is not the case, and that synthesis plays a much higher-level role in Kant’s account.
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Shulman, Michael. Homotopy Type Theory: A Synthetic Approach to Higher Equalities. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198748991.003.0003.
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Homotopy type theory and univalent foundations (HoTT/UF) is a new foundation of mathematics, based not on set theory but on “infinity-groupoids”, which consist of collections of objects, ways in which two objects can be equal, ways in which those ways-to-be-equal can be equal, ad infinitum. Though apparently complicated, such structures are increasingly important in mathematics. Philosophically, they are an inevitable result of the notion that whenever we form a collection of things, we must simultaneously consider when two of those things are the same. The “synthetic” nature of HoTT/UF enables a much simpler description of infinity groupoids than is available in set theory, thereby aligning with modern mathematics while placing “equality” back in the foundations of logic. This chapter will introduce the basic ideas of HoTT/UF for a philosophical audience, including Voevodsky’s univalence axiom and higher inductive types.
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Stevenson, Jane. Flowers in the Abstract. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808770.003.0017.
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Before the 1920s perfume was strongly encoded. Musky scents and tropical ‘heavy florals’ were associated with prostitution, oriental perfumes with decadence and Catholicism, and light floral scents such as rose and lavender with virtuous femininity, while citrus colognes were unisex. Blending perfumes was held to be decadent in itself. The discovery of synthetic aldehydes increased the range of possible scents, and perfumers began experimenting. The modernization of perfume began with mixing scents from different semiotic categories, thus moving from naturalism to abstraction. ‘Chanel No. 5’ was the most successful of these new inventions, and was consciously conceived of as a synthetic creation.
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Synthesizer Explained: The Essential Basics of Synthesis You Must Know As a Digital Music Producer. Independently Published, 2020.
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Rabier, Daniel. Hyperammonemia. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199972135.003.0078.
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Ammonia, an end-product of protein and amino acid catabolism toxic to the brain, must be removed quickly from the circulation. Its removal is achieved in two steps: glutamine synthesis and urea synthesis. Hyperammonemia results from either an excess of production or defective elimination. There are two main etiologies of hyperammonemia: inherited or acquired. Inherited causes are mainly related to defective elimination while acquired ones result either from excess production or deficient detoxification. Good laboratory diagnostic tools are necessary to make the right diagnosis.
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Walsh, Denis M. “Chance Caught on the Wing”. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199377176.003.0008.
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Jacques Monod’s Chance and Necessity poses a paradox for modern biology: Organisms both must be and cannot be purposive systems. To resolve the paradox we must explain purpose by appeals to invariance or invariance by appeal to purpose. The methodology of modern science, however, allows no unreduced appeals to purpose. Monod traces the modern synthesis commitment to ineluctable chance back to its animadversion to teleology. He credits the pre-Socratic Atomist philosopher Democritus with holding that everything in the world is the fruit of chance and necessity. It is becoming increasingly obvious that their purposiveness is pivotal to the dynamics of evolution. This chapter outlines a ‘neo-Aristotelian’ alternative to the neo-Democritean commitments of modern synthesis biology, one that accords the purposiveness of organisms a central explanatory role in evolution.
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McDermid, Douglas. Ferrier and the Foundations of Idealism. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198789826.003.0007.
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This chapter reconstructs and analyses Ferrier’s main argument for a form of idealism which is both neo-Berkeleyan and post-Kantian. The argument, which is advanced in his Institutes of Metaphysic (1854), has three main premises: (1) If Absolute Existence is that which we know, it must be the synthesis of subject and object. (2) If Absolute Existence is that of which we are ignorant, it must be the synthesis of subject and object. (3) Either Absolute Existence is that which we know, or Absolute Existence is that of which we are ignorant. The first and second premises rest on two key principles: the Law of All Knowledge (a subject cannot know objects without knowing itself along with them) and the Law of All Ignorance (we can be ignorant only of what some subject can know). The main aim here is to understand why Ferrier thinks these two propositions are true.
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Hilgard, Joseph, e Nan Li. A Recap. Editado por Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan e Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.8.
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This synthesis chapter recapitulates the major themes of Part I. The chapter proposes that science communication is challenging because science is complex, because humans interpret evidence in biased ways, and because the science–media landscape is shifting. Consequently, the mere supply of scientific information alone is not likely to guide audiences to science-consistent beliefs. Instead, science communicators must learn to navigate both the cultural implications of their work and the heuristics audiences use when deciding whom to trust. Consideration must be given to scientific knowledge and the audience’s values alike. A science of science communication provides an understanding of these multiple considerations and promotes effective dialogue between scientists and the public.
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Gluckman, Sir Peter, Mark Hanson, Chong Yap Seng e Anne Bardsley. Vitamin B9 (folate) in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198722700.003.0012.
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Folate is a coenzyme in multiple biochemical pathways involving one-carbon metabolism, including amino acid metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis, homocysteine metabolism, and methylation of DNA. The most overt consequence of folate deficiency is megaloblastic anaemia caused by the inhibition of DNA synthesis in red blood cell production. Folate deficiency may also influence the ability to maintain DNA methylation patterns in replicating cells, resulting in lasting phenotypic changes. Embryogenesis and fetal growth require higher levels of folate, which must be supplied maternally during pregnancy. A link between low maternal folate levels and the occurrence of neural tube defects has long been recognized. Other effects in pregnancy include increased risks of pre-eclampsia and placental vascular disorders. The general recommendation is for supplementation prior to conception and throughout pregnancy with 400 #amp;#x03BC;g of folic acid in tablet form, in addition to dietary sources, which can reduce the risk of neural tube defects.
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Vincent, Nicole A., Thomas Nadelhoffer e Allan McCay, eds. Neurointerventions and the Law. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190651145.001.0001.
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This volume makes a contribution to the field of neurolaw by investigating issues raised by the development, use, and regulation of neurointerventions. The broad range of topics covered in these chapters reflects neurolaw’s growing social import, and its rapid expansion as an academic field of inquiry. Some authors investigate the criminal justice system’s use of neurointerventions to make accused defendants fit for trial, to help reform convicted offenders, or to make condemned inmates sane enough for execution, while others interrogate the use, regulation, and social impact of cognitive enhancement medications and devices. Issues raised by neurointervention-based gay conversion “therapy”, the efficacy and safety of specific neurointervention methods, the legitimacy of their use and regulation, and their implications for authenticity, identity, and responsibility are among the other topics investigated. The focus on neurointerventions also highlights tacit assumptions about human nature that have important implications for jurisprudence. For all we know, at present such things as people’s capacity to feel pain, their sexuality, and the dictates of their conscience, are unalterable. But neurointerventions could hypothetically turn such constants into variables. The increasing malleability of human nature means that analytic jurisprudential claims (true in virtue of meanings of jurisprudential concepts) must be distinguished from synthetic jurisprudential claims (contingent on what humans are actually like). Looking at the law through the lens of neurointerventions thus also highlights the growing need for a new distinction—between analytic jurisprudence and synthetic jurisprudence—to tackle issues that increasingly malleable humans will face when they encounter novel opportunities and challenges.
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Giangrande, Paul L. F. Haemoglobinopathies. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199550647.003.0005.
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♦ Haemoglobinopathies are commonly inherited disorders of haemoglobin synthesis♦ Thalassaemia is commonest around the Mediterranean countries and has skeletal manifestations due to massive marrow expansion with thinning of the cortex♦ Sickle cell crises occur in homozygotes and are a result of venous occlusion causing avascular necrosis. Infection and exposure to cold can sometimes precipitate these painful events♦ If surgery is needed blood cross-match must be carefully performed in advance, the theatre should be kept warm, and the hydration and acid/base balance of the patient monitored carefully.
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Darrigol, Olivier. Boltzmann’s Theory. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198816171.003.0010.
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In this last chapter, the reader will find synthetic reflections on Boltzmann’s sources, on the basic components of his theory, and on the ways it was received. The basic components are arranged according to the natural order in which they occurred in Boltzmann’s theory making: constructive tools, chief constructions, crucial predictions, underlying concepts, bridges between different approaches. To fully understand his enterprise, one must embrace his theory as an entire whole organism. This is a difficult and time-consuming task, which this book is meant to ease. In the past, Boltzmann’s readers fortunately did not need a historian’s thoroughness in order to benefit from his multiple constructs and insights. These elements, even taken out of context, had enough power to propel diverging theoretical projects from Boltzmann’s times to ours. In many ways, Boltzmann’s theory anticipated the richness, diversity, and residual opacity of modern statistical mechanics.
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Thies, Janice E. Co-Existence in the Fields? GM, Organic, and Conventional Food Crops. Editado por Ronald J. Herring. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195397772.013.36.
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A central tenet in a free society is the freedom to choose how to conduct one’s life and manage one’s property, with the responsibility to see that these same freedoms are ensured for others. Considerable effort must be expended to enable freedom of choice among a population, particularly in contentious circumstances, and especially in open systems, such as agriculture. The emergence of conventional agriculture, which relies on the heavy use of synthetic, agrochemical inputs required that concessions/compromises be made, largely by organic farmers, to enable conventional and organic agriculture to co-exist. The advent of genetically modified (GM) crops presents unique co-existence issues, particularly in light of the natural ability of transgenic organisms to hybridize, reproduce, and spread in the environment. Means by which the integrity of organic, conventional and GM farming systems might be assured in order to preserve and ensure farmer and consumer choice is discussed.
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Wood, Allen W. Method and System in Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198778165.003.0005.
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This chapter argues that there is no substantive issue involved in the alleged controversy between “systematic” and “non-systematic” readers of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right. The source of the supposed issues is that accused of “non-systematic” readings are merely doing what any responsible historian of philosophy must do: they separate questions about what a historical philosopher thought from questions about how it may be appropriated today. The chapter then goes on to provide a positive account of the actual role played by Hegel’s system and method in his social theory, and describes Hegel’s systematic method and its application to the Philosophy of Right. It presents Hegel’s creative use of Fichte’s synthetic method, his rejection of the traditional conception of systematic philosophy in favor of conceptual pluralism, and the application of the Hegelian conceptions of method and system to the philosophical understanding of modern society.
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Cavacuiti, Christopher. The Pharmacology of Opioids (DRAFT). Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190265366.003.0008.
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This chapter focuses on the attributes of and component medications within the class of opioids, emphasizing kinetics, dynamics, and therapeutic and adverse effects. To help patients make informed decisions about opioid use, the clinicians prescribing these medications must be able to explain when opioids are likely to help and when they are likely to do harm. Subclasses of opioids include phenanthrenes, benzomorphans, phenylpiperidines, and diphenylheptanes; examples are given of each, with respective utilities and limitations. A discussion then follows of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, opioid receptor affinity, metabolism, and drug interactions. Tables and figures amplifying the text include: opioid class by synthetic method (Table 8.1); common physiological effects by opioid receptor subtypes (Table 8.2); opioid activity (Table 8.3); and a listing of figures and tables located in Appendix B (opioid receptor affinity, respiratory depression with opioids, adverse effects, metabolism, pharmacogenetics, extended release/long-acting opioids, abuse deterrent formulations). A text box provides supplemental resources.
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Vazhacharickal, Prem Jose, e Meera Krishnan. Synthesis of Nanoparticles (Ag, Cu and Zn) from Plant Latex (Colocasia Esculenta; Ficus Exasperata; Hevea Brasilliensis; Musa Paradisiaca; Croton Variegatum) and Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity. Independently Published, 2018.
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Viau, Joshua, e Ann Bunger. Argument Structure. Editado por Jeffrey L. Lidz, William Snyder e Joe Pater. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199601264.013.9.
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Children acquiring any language must develop an understanding both of how event components are encoded in verb meanings and of the argument structure of those verbs, that is, how the participants of the event that each verb describes map onto linguistic arguments. This chapter begins with an overview of the major issues in the study of argument structure, including a consideration of the balance of power between verbs and constructions as it pertains to the encoding of thematic relations and a comparison of theoretical approaches with an eye toward learnability. The core of the chapter consists of a comprehensive synthesis of the current state of developmental research on argument structure.
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Sánchez-Gil, Patricia. Agenda Topics for Sustainability of Mexican Coasts and Oceans. Editado por Evelia Arriaga. EPOMEX-UAC, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.26359/epomex.0519.
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This book must be considered, as a representative thematic synthesis for understanding the dynamics of a transitional system, great heterogeneity of habitats and associated high biodiversity, ranging from the lower basin of rivers, wetlands, lagoons-estuaries, estuarine plume and adjacent marine areas. It is a document of analysis on the interrelations and connectivities of this great ecological mosaic, strongly influenced by natural variables, processes and coastal cycles that condition its functional structure; but also on the presence and intervention of activities socio-economic, energy trends, and global changes. Topics leading to reflection on the environmental sustainability of coastal development and management needs for integrated management.
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Bender, David A. 7. Vitamins and minerals. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/actrade/9780199681921.003.0007.
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Along with energy and protein, the body needs two further groups of nutrients in the diet, in relatively small amounts: mineral salts and vitamins. ‘Vitamins and minerals’ explains how these micro-nutrients are essential for maintenance of normal health, growth, and metabolic integrity. Vitamin D and niacin are the only vitamins that can be synthesized by the body; all other vitamins must be provided in the diet. The most important minerals are iron and calcium, but other trace elements are required in small amounts. Iron is needed for synthesis of the protein haemoglobin, which transports oxygen in red blood cells, and calcium is required for bone formation and regulating the activity of muscle.
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O'Hara, Kieron, e Wendy Hall. Web Science. Editado por William H. Dutton. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199589074.013.0003.
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This chapter introduces the important technologies and protocols that make up the Web and the social regularities that have helped it flourish. Next, it investigates the foundational assumptions of Web Science. An example that illustrates the role of Web Science in the development of a Web of Linked Data is reported. Web Science, which can help determine which practices and conventions are important, and how they associate to people's willingness to behave in a cooperative fashion, must be related with topography and also the dynamics of the Web. It also needs to take into account the variance of scale between intervention and outcome. Linking data permits the development of an extremely rich context for an inquiry. In general, the aim of Web Science is to develop a research and engineering community within which diverse methods of analysis and synthesis are routinely incorporated.
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Akin, Heather, e Ashley R. Landrum. A Recap. Editado por Kathleen Hall Jamieson, Dan M. Kahan e Dietram A. Scheufele. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190497620.013.48.
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This synthesis chapter summarizes the central themes from the essays in Part VI of the handbook. The uniting refrain of this section is the important role of the audience, and specifically how audience choices, attention, biases, and heuristics affect interpretation of complex scientific topics. We first summarize what we term “phenomena of selection” and describes empirical insights indicating that audience and communicator choices can cause diverging views. The second focus is how audiences reason about scientific information, with particular attention to some of these biases and motivations relied on in these contexts. The unique challenges these phenomena pose to the field are then discussed, including (a) how communicators can effectively condense scientific information while retaining accuracy and the interest of audiences and (b) how science communication must accommodate for audiences’ use of values and cognitive shortcuts to make sense of these issues.
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Micklitz, Hans-W., Oreste Pollicino, Amnon Reichman, Andrea Simoncini, Giovanni Sartor e Giovanni De Gregorio, eds. Constitutional Challenges in the Algorithmic Society. Cambridge University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/9781108914857.
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New technologies have always challenged the social, economic, legal, and ideological status quo. Constitutional law is no less impacted by such technologically driven transformations, as the state must formulate a legal response to new technologies and their market applications, as well as the state's own use of new technology. In particular, the development of data collection, data mining, and algorithmic analysis by public and private actors present unique challenges to public law at the doctrinal as well as the theoretical level. This collection, aimed at legal scholars and practitioners, describes the constitutional challenges created by the algorithmic society. It offers an important synthesis of the state of play in law and technology studies, addressing the challenges for fundamental rights and democracy, the role of policy and regulation, and the responsibilities of private actors. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
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Robinson, Max, Keith Hunter, Michael Pemberton e Philip Sloan. Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199697786.001.0001.
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A sound understanding of clinical oral pathology is essential if a dental clinician is to navigate successfully through clinical guidelines, make timely referrals to specialists, and provide good care for patients. This new edition of Soames' & Southam's Oral Pathology provides a clear and friendly guide for students, practitioners, and the whole dental team. Thoroughly updated for today's clinical practice, this textbook covers 'must-know' oral pathology and integrates key aspects of oral medicine. It begins by explaining the principles of clinical assessment, the synthesis of a differential diagnosis, and the selection of further investigations including laboratory tests. Ten chapters bring this theory to life by looking at the clinical and pathological features of a wide range of common oral diseases including oral cancer, salivary gland disorders, and diseases of the jaws. Two new chapters address skin diseases affecting the oro-facial region and neck lumps. A final chapter highlights the importance of clinical oral pathology in the context of systemic human disease. New radiology content includes examples of cross-sectional imaging. Photomicrographs have been replaced with carefully selected images to illustrate key pathological features. Each chapter includes key points boxes and tables to aid learning. Written by experts in both oral pathology and oral medicine, this new edition is a must-have for dentistry students, and those working in the field, providing current and trustworthy information.
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Walker, Nathaniel Robert. Victorian Visions of Suburban Utopia. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198861447.001.0001.
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The rise of suburbs and disinvestment from cities have been defining features of life in many countries over the course of the twentieth century, especially English-speaking ones. The separation of different aspects of life, such as living and working, and the diffusion of the population in far-flung garden homes have necessitated an enormous consumption of natural lands and the constant use of mechanized transportation. Why did we abandon our dense, complex urban places and seek to find “the best of the city and the country” in the flowery suburbs? A large missing piece in this story is found in Victorian utopian literature. The replacement of cities with high-tech suburbs was repeatedly imagined and breathlessly described in the socialist dreams and science-fiction fantasies of dozens of British and American authors in the nineteenth century. Some of these visionaries—such as Robert Owen, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Bellamy, William Morris, Ebenezer Howard, and H. G. Wells—are enduringly famous, while others were street vendors or amateur chemists who have been all but forgotten. Together, they fashioned strange and beautiful imaginary worlds built of synthetic gemstones, lacy metal colonnades, and unbreakable glass, staffed by robotic servants and teeming with flying carriages. As different as their futuristic visions could be in their politics or narrative qualities, most were unified by a single, desperate plea: for humanity to have a future worth living, we must abandon our smoky, poor, chaotic Babylonian cities for a life in shimmering gardens.
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Hughes, Jocelyne, ed. Freshwater Ecology and Conservation. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198766384.001.0001.
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This practical manual of freshwater ecology and conservation provides a state-of-the-art review of the methods and techniques used to measure, monitor, and conserve freshwater ecosystems. It offers a single, comprehensive, and accessible synthesis of the vast amount of technical literature for freshwater ecology and conservation that is currently dispersed in manuals, toolkits, journals, handbooks, ‘grey’ literature, and websites. Successful conservation outcomes are ultimately built on a sound ecological framework in which every species must be assessed and understood at the individual, community, and catchment level of interaction. For example, freshwater ecologists need to understand hydrochemical storages and fluxes, the physical systems influencing freshwaters at the catchment and landscape scale, and the hydrochemical processes that maintain species assemblages and their dynamics. A thorough understanding of all these varied processes, and the techniques for studying them, is essential for the effective conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems. Primarily aimed at graduate students and established researchers in the fields of freshwater ecology and conservation biology, this book is also a valuable reference for conservation practitioners, aquatic managers, and professional limnologists worldwide.
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Alix, Alexandre, Laurent Bellet, Corinne Trommsdorff e Iris Audureau, eds. Reducing the Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Water and Sanitation Services: Overview of emissions and their potential reduction illustrated by utility know-how. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789063172.
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The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns. This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.
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Alix, Alexandre, Laurent Bellet, Corinne Trommsdorff e Iris Audureau, eds. Réduire les émissions de gaz à effet de serre des services d'eau et d'assainissement: Aperçu des émissions et de leur potentiel de réduction illustré par le savoir-faire des services d'eau. IWA Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/9781789063271.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
The scientific evidence contained in the three volumes of the 6th IPCC report (AR6), published between August 2021 and April 2022, are another reminder of the urgent need to respect the 2015 Paris Agreement. 195 countries agreed to the goal of limiting long-term global temperature increase to “well below 2°C” compared to pre-industrial levels and to pursue efforts to limit the increase to 1.5°C by massively reducing their emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (GHGs). Water and climate questions are usually addressed from the perspective of adaptation to climate change. For urban water services the mitigation aspect has been less studied up till now. These considerations fit into the broader context of the interdependence of energy and water (Water-Energy Nexus). This report approaches the question from the angle of energy use in the water sector rather than the better-known water requirements for the energy sector. Reducing GHG emissions in urban water management requires reducing both fossil energy requirements and direct emissions of nitrous oxide and methane. Finally, it must be said that the need to reduce the GHG emissions of water and sanitation services goes with the growing demand for water. It should increase by 50% between now and 2030 worldwide due to the combined effects of population growth, economic development, and the shift in consumer patterns. This synthetic report aims to provide an overview of possible levers to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions of water and sanitation services and provides an analysis of how adaptation measures can embrace this low-carbon approach.
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Valenti, Sandra J., Brady D. Lund e Matthew A. Beckstrom. Library Patrons’ Privacy. ABC-CLIO, LLC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798400679186.
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A quick, easy-to-read synthesis of theory, guidelines, and evidence-based research, this book offers timely, practical guidance for library and information professionals who must navigate ethical crises in information privacy and stay on top of emerging privacy trends. Emerging technologies create new concerns about information privacy within library and information organizations, and many information professionals lack guidance on how to navigate the ethical crises that emerge when information privacy and library policy clash. What should we do when a patron leaves something behind? How do we justify filtering internet access while respecting accessibility and privacy? How do we balance new technologies that provide anonymity with the library's need to prevent the illegal use of their facilities? Library Patrons' Privacy presents clear, conversational, evidence-based guidance on how to navigate these ethical questions in information privacy. Ideas from professional organizations, government entities, scholarly publications, and personal experiences are synthesized into an approachable guide for librarians at all stages of their career. This guide, designed by three experienced LIS scholars and professionals, is a quick and enjoyable read that students and professionals of all levels of technical knowledge and skill will find useful and applicable to their libraries.
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Lee, Daniel. The Right of Sovereignty. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755531.001.0001.
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Sovereignty is the vital organizing principle of modern international law. The Right of Sovereignty examines the origins of that principle in the legal and political thought of its most influential theorist, Jean Bodin (1529/30–1596). As Daniel Lee argues in this study, Bodin’s most lasting theoretical contribution was his thesis that sovereignty must be conceptualized as an indivisible bundle of legal rights constitutive of statehood. While these uniform ‘rights of sovereignty’ licensed all states to exercise numerous exclusive powers, including the ‘absolute power’ to ‘absolve’ and release its citizens from legal duties, they were ultimately derived from, and therefore limited by, the law of nations. The book explores Bodin’s creative synthesis of classical sources in philosophy, history, and the medieval legal science of Roman and canon law in crafting the rules governing state-centric politics. The Right of Sovereignty is the first book in English on Bodin’s legal and political theory to be published in nearly a half-century and surveys themes overlooked in modern Bodin scholarship: empire, war, conquest, slavery, citizenship, commerce, territory, refugees, and treaty obligations. It will interest specialists in political theory and the history of modern political thought, as well as legal history, the philosophy of law, and international law.
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Carrier, Tyler, Adam Reitzel e Andreas Heyland, eds. Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.001.0001.
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For more than a century, evolutionary biologists, ecologists, and oceanographers alike have been intellectually stimulated by marine invertebrate larval forms. In 1995, Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, edited by the late Dr. Larry McEdward, captured the fundamental phenomenon and tremendous diversity of reproductive, biological, and oceanographic aspects of larval ecology. Now, more than twenty years later, this current edited volume provides an update to many of the original 13 chapters, while also reviewing several braches of larval ecology and evolution that have developed since. In Evolutionary Ecology of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, authors review the origins of marine invertebrate larvae and the developmental mechanisms and ecological factors that may generate this great diversity, and how these microscopic organisms feed, develop, and behave in the pelagic environment. Whether actively swimming in the coastal seas or the deep abyss, larvae are often in motion and must settle on the seafloor; however, if delayed, they are susceptible to a multitude of consequences later in life. Now, in an age of change, larvae face a warmer, more acidic, and more toxic ocean than ever before. Responses to these stressors plus many other facets of larval biology can be broadly profiled, thanks to current technological advances. This edited volume provides a major synthesis of an important interdisciplinary field. It aims to foster stimulating discussions centered on the evolution and ecology of marine invertebrate larvae.
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Hogh-Olesen, Henrik. The Aesthetic Animal. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190927929.001.0001.
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The Aesthetic Animal answers the ultimate questions of why we adorn ourselves; embellish our things and surroundings; and produce art, music, song, dance, and fiction. Humans are aesthetic animals that spend vast amounts of time and resources on seemingly useless aesthetic activities. However, nature would not allow a species to waste precious time and effort on activities completely unrelated to the survival, reproduction, and well-being of that species. Consequently, the aesthetic impulse must have some important biological functions. An impulse is a natural, internal behavioral incentive that does not need external reward to exist. A number of observations indicate that the aesthetic impulse is exactly such an inherent part of human nature, and therefore it is a primary impulse in its own right with several important functions. The aesthetic impulse may guide us toward what is biologically good for us and help us choose the right fitness-enhancing items in our surroundings. It is a valid individual fitness indicator, as well as a unifying social group marker, and aesthetically skilled individuals get more mating possibilities, higher status, and more collaborative offers. This book is written in a lively and entertaining tone, and it presents an original and comprehensive synthesis of the empirical field, synthesizing data from archeology, cave art, anthropology, biology, ethology, and experimental and evolutionary psychology and neuro-aesthetics.
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Bunker, Bruce C., e William H. Casey. The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199384259.001.0001.
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The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides is a single-volume text that encapsulates all of the critical issues associated with how oxide materials interact with aqueous solutions. It serves as a central reference for academics working with oxides in the contexts of geology, various types of inorganic chemistry, and materials science. The text also has utility for professionals working with industrial applications in which oxides are either prepared or must perform in aqueous environments. The volume is organized into five key sections. Part One features two introductory chapters, intended to introduce the mutual interests of engineers, chemists, geologists, and industrial scientists in the physical and chemical properties of oxide materials. Part Two provides the essential and fundamental principles that are critical to understanding most of the major reactions between water and oxides. Part Three deals with the synthesis of oxide materials in aqueous media. Part Four deals with oxide-water reactions and their environmental and technological impacts, and Part Five is devoted to other types of relevant reactions. The Aqueous Chemistry of Oxides is the first book that provides a comprehensive summary of all of the critical reactions between oxides and water in a single volume. As such, it ties together a wide range of existing books and literature into a central location that provides a key reference for understanding and accessing a broad range of more specialized topics. The book contain over 300 figures and tables.
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Biewener, Andrew, e Sheila Patek. Animal Locomotion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198743156.001.0001.
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This book provides a synthesis of the physical, physiological, evolutionary, and biomechanical principles that underlie animal locomotion. An understanding and full appreciation of animal locomotion requires the integration of these principles. Toward this end, we provide the necessary introductory foundation that will allow a more in-depth understanding of the physical biology and physiology of animal movement. In so doing, we hope that this book will illuminate the fundamentals and breadth of these systems, while inspiring our readers to look more deeply into the scientific literature and investigate new features of animal movement. Several themes run through this book. The first is that by comparing the modes and mechanisms by which animals have evolved the capacity for movement, we can understand the common principles that underlie each mode of locomotion. A second is that size matters. One of the most amazing aspects of biology is the enormous spatial and temporal scale over which organisms and biological processes operate. Within each mode of locomotion, animals have evolved designs and mechanisms that effectively contend with the physical properties and forces imposed on them by their environment. Understanding the constraints of scale that underlie locomotor mechanisms is essential to appreciating how these mechanisms have evolved and how they operate. A third theme is the importance of taking an integrative and comparative evolutionary approach in the study of biology. Organisms share much in common. Much of their molecular and cellular machinery is the same. They also must navigate similar physical properties of their environment. Consequently, an integrative approach to organismal function that spans multiple levels of biological organization provides a strong understanding of animal locomotion. By comparing across species, common principles of design emerge. Such comparisons also highlight how certain organisms may differ and point to strategies that have evolved for movement in diverse environments. Finally, because convergence upon common designs and the generation of new designs result from historical processes governed by natural selection, it is also important that we ask how and why these systems have evolved.