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1
Gupta, Nikhil, Dinesh Pinisetty e Vasanth Chakravarthy Shunmugasamy. Reinforced Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-01243-8.
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Rothstein, Susan Deborah. The syntactic forms of predication. Bloomington, Ind: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1985.
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Rothstein, Susan Deborah. The syntactic forms of predication. Bloomington: Indiana University Linguistics Club, 1985.
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Metal matrix syntactic foams: Processing, microstructure, properties and applications. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: DEStech Publications, Inc., 2015.
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Update on Syntactic Foams. Smithers Rapra Technology, 2010.
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Gupta, Nikhil. Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams: Microstructure, Properties, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2023.
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Gupta, Nikhil. Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams: Microstructure, Properties, and Applications. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2023.
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Gupta, Nikhil, Dinesh Pinisetty e Vasanth Chakravarthy Shunmugasamy. Reinforced Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams: Effect of Nano and Micro-Scale Reinforcement. Springer, 2013.
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Gupta, Nikhil, Dinesh Pinisetty e Vasanth Chakravarthy Shunmugasamy. Reinforced Polymer Matrix Syntactic Foams: Effect of Nano and Micro-Scale Reinforcement. Springer London, Limited, 2013.
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Speyer, Augustin. Periphrastic verb forms. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198813545.003.0015.
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The origin of periphrastic verb forms in German is seen in the context of an articulated grammaticalization theory, where grammaticalization is understood as a series of a semantic change (‘bleaching’, read as: stripping of semantic features) followed by a syntactic reanalysis with subsequent extension. The development of several German periphrastic forms is illustrated under this view, focusing on the passive, the periphrastic perfect, and the future tense. Two waves of grammaticalization are distinguished, one in OHG (passive, perfect), one in MHG (future tense). Differences in the ordering frequencies of the non-finite and finite part of the verb form between some forms suggest structural differences, which might mirror different stages in the grammaticalization process.
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Paciaroni, Tania, e Michele Loporcaro. Overt gender marking depending on syntactic context in Ripano. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198795438.003.0007.
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Based on dedicated fieldwork, this chapter analyses the gender system of Ripano (Italo-Romance), showing that it displays overt gender marking, but only depending on syntactic context. While overt gender per se and the syntactic dependency of gender marking via agreement on targets have both been described for several languages, the Ripano system is unprecedented, and deserves thorough description: thus, the chapter presents the phonological, morphological, and morphosyntactic prerequisites as well as the syntactic conditions which constrain overt gender marking. It places this peculiarity of Ripano in perspective, describing the many other quite extraordinary properties of this dialect: not only does it mark—unusually for Indo-European—gender/number agreement on finite verbs, but also on several other agreement targets, including non-finite verb forms, complementizers, wh-words, and even nouns, which in certain syntactic constructions cumulate the usual inherent gender specification with highly unusual contextual gender marking, determined via agreement with the clause subject.
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Pescarini, Diego. Romance Object Clitics. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198864387.001.0001.
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This book focuses on the evolution of object clitic pronouns in the Romance languages. It aims to explore the empirical facets of cliticization and elaborate on the theoretical ramifications of the topic. On the empirical side, the book deals with data ranging from Latin to modern languages and less well-known dialects from all areas of Romance. Medieval vernaculars take centre stage both in the reconstruction of the evolution from Latin to Romance and in the modelling of clitic placement in the modern languages. Syntactic, phonological, and morphological aspects are examined, but the main focus is on syntactic placement, which is the hallmark of Romance clitics. On the theoretical side, the books engage with the previous literature, in particular with Generative literature. In recent decades, our understanding of Romance clitics has grown in symbiosis with the Generative theory, and the importance of most empirical findings cannot be fully appreciated without being acquainted with the terms of the ongoing debate. The book challenges the received idea that cliticization resulted from a form of syntactic deficiency. Instead, it proposes that clitics resulted from the feature endowment of discourse features, which caused freezing of certain pronominal forms first and—through reanalysis—their successive incorporation into verbal hosts. This approach entails revising analyses of well-known phenomena such as interpolation, climbing, and enclisis/proclisis alternations (the so-called Tobler-Mussafia law), and addressing orthogonal phenomena such as V2 syntax, scrambling, and stylistic fronting.
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Ziegeler, Debra. The Diachrony of Modality and Mood. Editado por Jan Nuyts e Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.18.
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This chapter surveys recent work on the diachrony of modality, mood, and subjectivity. It first considers the research over the past thirty years into the development of modal forms and meanings—which is largely dominated by the study of English, and more broadly the Germanic languages, in the context of grammaticalization theory. It focuses on the nature of the source constructions for modal forms, on the emergence of epistemic functions from deontic or root modality, and on the role of syntactic development for the emergence of modal meanings. The chapter then discusses work on the diachronic development of mood, focusing on indicative/subjunctive inflection and (ir)realis coding in languages with little written history. It finally looks into diachronic studies and the role of subjectivity and subjectification in meaning changes in the class of modal verbs in languages.
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Dworkin, Steven N. Anthology of texts. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199687312.003.0006.
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This short anthology contains extracts from three Castilian prose texts, one from the second half of the thirteenth century (General estoria IV of Alfonso X the Wise), one from the first half of the fourteenth century (El conde Lucanor of don Juan Manuel), and one from near the mid-point of the fifteenth century (Atalaya de las corónicas of Alfonso Martínez de Toledo, Arcipreste de Talavera). These passages illustrate in context many of the phonological, orthographic, morphological, syntactic, and lexical features of medieval Hispano-Romance described in the body of this book. A linguistic commentary discussing relevant forms and constructions, as well as the meaning of lexical items no longer used or employed with different meanings in modern Spanish, with cross references to the appropriate sections in the five main chapters, accompanies each selection.
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Forbes, Graeme. Content and Theme in Attitude Ascriptions. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198732570.003.0005.
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This chapter addresses a less-commonly discussed substitution failure in attitude ascriptions: a “that”-clause and its corresponding proposition description cannot in general be interchanged in the scope of psych-verbs, despite the standard view that the two forms refer to the same proposition. For example, “Holmes suspects that Moriarty has returned” and “Holmes suspects the proposition that Moriarty has returned” mean something quite different. The chapter accounts for these data in the framework of neo-Davidsonian semantics, arguing that substitution does not simply change the syntactic category of the attitude verb from clausal to transitive or vice versa, but also triggers the side-effect of changing thematic relations: when the transitive verb is used, it is the theme of the attitude-state or event that is identified, but when the clausal verb is used, it is the content of the state that is identified.
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Gisborne, Nikolas, e Robert Truswell. Where do relative specifiers come from? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198747840.003.0003.
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Headed relative clauses with filled Spec,CP positions are cross-linguistically rare, but have emerged repeatedly in Indo-European languages. We explore this unusual typological fact by examining the emergence and spread of English headed wh-relatives. The major claims developed in this chapter are: (1) aspects of the diachrony of headed wh-relatives must be reduced to competing specifications of the behaviour of a given lexical item, rather than to competition among multiple forms associated with a given function; (2) headed wh-relatives spread gradually from form to form, rather than spreading gradually up the Accessibility Hierarchy as assumed in much earlier work. We suggest that the unusual typology of headed relatives with filled specifiers can then be understood in terms of inheritance of a stable set of lexical items from Proto-Indo-European, and biases affecting acquisition of the syntactic properties of these items.
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Danckaert, Lieven. VOAux. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198759522.003.0004.
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The starting point of this chapter is the observation that the diachrony of the OV/VO alternation is very different in clauses with a head-final (VPAux) and a head-initial (AuxVP) T-projection. Special attention is paid to the synchronic and diachronic syntax of those cases in which a head-initial VP co-occurs with a head-final TP, a configuration which yields the order ‘VOAux’. The availability of this pattern can be considered surprising in the light of recent work on the linearization of syntactic structures (Biberauer et al. 2014). Importantly, corpus data reveal that the VOAux-order is only productive in Classical Latin. It is also argued that there is good evidence that in the Latin VOAux-pattern the string ‘VO’ forms a (VP) constituent. The chapter concludes by giving more details about the time course of the loss of the VOAux-order.
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Mithun, Marianne. Modality and Mood in Iroquoian. Editado por Jan Nuyts e Johan Van Der Auwera. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591435.013.12.
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This chapter focuses on languages that differ typologically from Western languages, those of the Iroquoian family. It deals with mood: the marking of “sentence types,” and the marking of (ir)realis, but its main concern is the more complex issue of the expression of modality. While most models of modality are based on languages with modal auxiliaries, Iroquoian languages lack auxiliaries, but they contain rich inventories of forms expressing traditional modality functions. First the semantic categories delimited by modality expressions are laid out. Next, pathways of formal development are traced, showing how the qualificational function of modality markers can drive prosodic, segmental, and syntactic changes. Finally, pathways of semantic development are investigated, illustrating that the changes undergone by Iroquoian modality markers are similar to, e.g., Germanic modal auxiliaries. Viewing modality as a set of distinctions conveyed by markers at varying stages of formal and functional development helps to explain the diversity we find.
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Bassene, Mamadou, e Ken Safir. Theory and Description. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190256340.003.0012.
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Jóola-Eegimaa, an endangered Atlantic (Niger-Congo) language, has a rich agglutinative morphology resulting in complex words that often permit multiple readings. The regularity and limitations of these ambiguities suggests they are generated by a speaker’s systematic knowledge. Preserving that knowledge demands not simply cataloguing outward forms but also understanding the organizing principles that permit using that knowledge creatively. Investigation of Eegimaa verb stem structure shows that the superficial linear order of stem affixes, seemingly not compositionally transparent, arises from syntactic movement of sub-stem morphemes in a way that preserves the underlying structure necessary for compositional interpretation. Under this analysis a copy of complex v movement is left behind and has the right contents to predict patterns of possible and impossible verb reduplication. Such research can reveal how general features of the language faculty interact with specific lexical properties of morphemes to predict the order and interpretation of verb stem morphology.
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Waters, Keith. Postbop Jazz in the 1960s. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604578.001.0001.
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Innovations in postbop jazz compositions of the 1960s occurred in several dimensions, including harmony, form, and melody. Postbop jazz composers such as Wayne Shorter, Herbie Hancock, Chick Corea, along with others (Booker Little, Joe Henderson, Woody Shaw) broke with earlier tonal jazz traditions. Their compositions marked a departure from the techniques of jazz standards and original compositions that defined small-group repertory through the 1950s: single-key orientation, schematic 32-bar frameworks (in AABA or ABAC forms), and tonal harmonic progressions. The book develops analytical pathways through a number of compositions, including “El Gaucho,” “Penelope,” “Pinocchio,” “Face of the Deep” (Shorter); “King Cobra,” “Dolphin Dance,” “Jessica” (Hancock); “Windows,” “Inner Space,” “Song of the Wind” (Corea); as well as “We Speak” (Little); “Punjab” (Henderson); and “Beyond All Limits” (Shaw). These case studies offer ways to understand the works’ harmonic syntax, melodic and formal designs, and general principles of harmonic substitution. By locating points of contact among these postbop techniques—and by describing their evolution from previous tonal jazz practices—the book illustrates the syntactic changes that emerged during the 1960s.
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Kurzemniece, Ineta, Liene Markus-Narvila, Anna Stafecka e Anna Vulāne, eds. Latviešu valodas dialektu atlants. Morfoloģija II. Sintakse. Traduzido por Guntars Dreijers. Latvijas Universitātes Latviešu valodas institūts, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22364/lvda.2.
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The Atlas of the Latvian Dialects. Morphology II. Syntax was developed at the Institute of Latvian Language, University of Latvia, within the Latvian Research Council funded project No lzp-2018/1-0213 "A new approach to Latvian geolinguistic research: open data". It includes 110 Latvian geolinguistic maps and their commentaries, as well as summaries of the commentaries in English. This volume maps of this volume reflects different dialectal forms of the verb and some adverbs. Since a separate syntax volume is not foreseen, this volume also contains 12 syntax maps reflecting the most characteristic syntactic constructions of the dialects. For the convenience of the readers The Atlas of the Latvian Dialects. Morphology II. Syntax also contains maps of Latvian dialects and intonations, as well as a description of the principles of phonetic transcription, maps and commentaries, phonetic transcription, sources and literature used, as well as a network of dialects and an alphabetical list of dialects in the The Atlas of the Latvian Dialects. Maps and commentaries are developed by Ineta Kurzemniece, Liene Markus-Narvila, Anna Vulāne, Anna Stafecka (also scientific supervisor of the work). The electronic version of the maps has been prepared and updated by Anete Daina, Elizabete Laura Punka and Liene Markus-Narvila. Anete Daina, Daira Vēvere contributed to the technical preparation of the work.
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Baerman, Matthew, ed. The Oxford Handbook of Inflection. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199591428.001.0001.
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Inflection is the expression of grammatical information through changes in word forms. This confrontation between general principles of syntactic organization and the often idiosyncratic properties of words has brought about systems whose properties—among them an often high degree of complexity—are an important object of investigation in their own right. Because it is something that many languages happily do without, inflection has a curious and often contentious status within linguistics. But even so, there is a fascinating and well-delimited set of facts out there to be explored, for which this handbook will be a guide. The volume is made up of twenty-four chapters, which together take a theoretically ecumenical approach, with particular attention paid to draw the examples from a wide variety of languages. The first section covers the fundamental building blocks of inflectional form and content: morphemes, features, and means of exponence. The second section focuses on what is probably the most characteristic property of inflectional systems, paradigmatic structure, and the non-trivial nature of the mapping between function and form. The third section covers change and variation over time, and the fourth section covers computational issues from a theoretical and practical standpoint. Section five addresses psycholinguistic questions. The final section is devoted to sketches of individual inflectional systems, illustrating a range of typological possibilities across a genetically diverse set of languages from Africa, Asia and the Pacific, Australia, Europe, and South America.