Bibliografias temáticas / Synoptic models

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Synoptic models"

Autor: Grafiati
Publicado: 15 de fevereiro de 2025

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Synoptic models"

1

Majda, Andrew J. "New Multiscale Models and Self-Similarity in Tropical Convection". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 2007): 1393–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3880.1.

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Abstract One of the unexplained striking features of tropical convection is the observed statistical self-similarity in clusters, superclusters, and intraseasonal oscillations through complex multiscale processes ranging from the mesoscales to the equatorial synoptic scales to the intraseasonal/planetary scales. Here new multispatial-scale, multitime-scale, simplified asymptotic models are derived systematically from the equatorial primitive equations on the range of scales from mesoscale to equatorial synoptic to planetary/intraseasonal, which provide a useful analytic framework for addressing these issues. New mesoscale equatorial synoptic dynamical (MESD) models and balanced MESD (BMESD) models are developed for the multitime, multispace interaction from mesoscales to equatorial synoptic scales; new multitime versions of the intraseasonal planetary equatorial synoptic dynamics (IPESD) models are developed for multiple spatiotemporal interactions on equatorial synoptic scales and planetary scales. The mathematical character derived below for all these simplified models explicitly demonstrates that the main nonlinear interactions across scales are quasi-linear where eddy flux divergences of momentum and temperature from nonlinear advection from the smaller-scale spatiotemporal flows as well as mean source effects accumulate in time and drive the waves on the successively larger spatiotemporal scales. Furthermore, these processes that transfer energy to the next larger, longer, spatiotemporal scales are self-similar in a suitable sense established here. On the other hand, the larger scales set the environment for this transport through processes such as mean advection of the smaller scales.
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Biello, Joseph A., Andrew J. Majda e Mitchell W. Moncrieff. "Meridional Momentum Flux and Superrotation in the Multiscale IPESD MJO Model". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 64, n.º 5 (1 de maio de 2007): 1636–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas3908.1.

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Abstract The derivation of the meridional momentum flux arising from a multiscale horizontal velocity field in the intraseasonal, planetary, equatorial synoptic-scale dynamics (IPESD) multiscale models of the equatorial troposphere is presented. It is shown that, because of the balance dynamics on the synoptic scales, the synoptic-scale component of the meridional momentum flux convergence must always vanish at the equator. Plausible Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) models are presented along with their planetary-scale meridional momentum fluxes. These models are driven by synoptic-scale heating fluctuations that have vertical and meridional tilts. Irrespective of the sign of the synoptic-scale meridional momentum flux (direction of the tilts) in each of the four MJO examples, the zonal and vertical mean meridional momentum flux convergence from the planetary scales always drives westerly winds near the equator: this is the superrotation characteristic of actual MJOs. The concluding discussion demonstrates that equatorial superrotation occurs when the planetary flow due to the vertical upscale momentum flux from synoptic scales reinforces the horizontally convergent flow due to planetary-scale mean heating.
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Brewer, Matthew C., e Clifford F. Mass. "Projected Changes in Western U.S. Large-Scale Summer Synoptic Circulations and Variability in CMIP5 Models". Journal of Climate 29, n.º 16 (4 de agosto de 2016): 5965–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jcli-d-15-0598.1.

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Abstract Large-scale synoptic circulations have a profound effect on western U.S. summer weather and climate. Heat waves, water availability, the distribution of monsoonal moisture, fire-weather conditions, and other phenomena are impacted by the position and amplitude of large-scale synoptic circulations. Furthermore, regional weather is modulated by the interactions of the large-scale flow with terrain and land–water contrasts. It is therefore crucial to understand projected changes in large-scale circulations and their variability under anthropogenic global warming. Although recent research has examined changes in the jet stream, storm tracks, and synoptic disturbances over the Northern Hemisphere under global warming, most papers have focused on the cold season. In contrast, this work analyzes the projected trends in the spatial distribution and amplitude of large-scale synoptic disturbances over the western United States and eastern Pacific during July and August. It is shown that CMIP5 models project weaker mean midtropospheric gradients in geopotential height as well as attenuated temporal variability in geopotential height, temperature, vorticity, vertical motion, and sea level pressure over this region. Most models suggest reduced frequency of troughs and increased frequency of ridges over the western United States. These changes in the variability of synoptic disturbances have substantial implications for future regional weather and climate.
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Keyser, Daniel, e Louis W. Uccellini. "Regional Models: Emerging Research Tools for Synoptic Meteorologists". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 68, n.º 4 (abril de 1987): 306–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(1987)068<0306:rmertf>2.0.co;2.

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Lindborg, E., K. K. Tung, G. D. Nastrom, J. Y. N. Cho e K. S. Gage. "Comment on "Reinterpreting aircraft measurements in anisotropic scaling turbulence" by Lovejoy et al. (2009)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 9, n.º 5 (22 de outubro de 2009): 22331–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acpd-9-22331-2009.

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Abstract. Recently, Lovejoy et al. (2009) argued that the steep ~k−3 atmospheric kinetic energy spectrum at synoptic scales (≳1000 km) observed by aircraft is a spurious artefact of aircraft following isobars instead of isoheights. Without taking into account the earth's rotation they hypothesise that the horizontal atmospheric energy spectrum should scale as k−5/3 at all scales. We point out that the approximate k−3-spectrum at synoptic scales has been observed by a number of non-aircraft means since the 1960s and that general circulation models and other current models have successfully produced this spectrum. We also argue that the vertical movements of the aircraft are far too small to cause any strong effect on the measured spectrum at synoptic scales.
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Lindborg, E., K. K. Tung, G. D. Nastrom, J. Y. N. Cho e K. S. Gage. "Comment on "Reinterpreting aircraft measurement in anisotropic scaling turbulence" by Lovejoy et al. (2009)". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 10, n.º 3 (8 de fevereiro de 2010): 1401–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-1401-2010.

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Abstract. Recently, Lovejoy et al. (2009) argued that the steep ~k−3 atmospheric kinetic energy spectrum at synoptic scales (≥1000 km) observed by aircraft is a spurious artefact of aircraft following isobars instead of isoheights. Without taking into account the earth's rotation they hypothesise that the horizontal atmospheric energy spectrum should scale as k−5/3 at all scales. We point out that the approximate k−3-spectrum at synoptic scales has been observed by a number of non-aircraft means since the 1960s and that general circulation models and other current models have successfully produced this spectrum. We also argue that the vertical movements of the aircraft are far too small to cause any strong effect on the measured spectrum at synoptic scales.
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Grooms, Ian, K. Shafer Smith e Andrew J. Majda. "Multiscale models for synoptic–mesoscale interactions in the ocean". Dynamics of Atmospheres and Oceans 58 (novembro de 2012): 95–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.dynatmoce.2012.09.003.

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Laîné, Alexandre, Masa Kageyama, David Salas-Mélia, Gilles Ramstein, Serge Planton, Sébastien Denvil e Sophie Tyteca. "An Energetics Study of Wintertime Northern Hemisphere Storm Tracks under 4 × CO2 Conditions in Two Ocean–Atmosphere Coupled Models". Journal of Climate 22, n.º 3 (1 de fevereiro de 2009): 819–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2008jcli2217.1.

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Abstract Different possible behaviors of winter Northern Hemisphere storm tracks under 4 × CO2 forcing are considered by analyzing the response of two of the ocean–atmosphere coupled models that were run for the fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC-AR4), namely the Institut Pierre Simon Laplace’s global coupled model (IPSL-CM4) and the Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques’s coupled ocean–atmosphere model (CNRM-CM3). It is interesting to compare these models due to their very different responses, especially concerning the North Atlantic storm track. A local energetics study of the synoptic variability in both models is performed, derived from the eddy energy equations, including diabatic terms. The ability of both models to simulate the present-day eddy energetics is considered, indicating no major discrepancies. Both models indicate that the primary cause for synoptic activity changes at the western end of the storm tracks is related to the baroclinic conversion process, due to mean temperature gradient changes in some localized regions of the western oceanic basins, but also resulting from changes in the eddy efficiency to convert energy from the mean flow. Farther downstream, latent heat release during the developing and mature stages of eddies becomes an important eddy energy source especially in terms of changes between 4 × CO2 and preindustrial conditions. This diabatic process amplifies the upstream synoptic (hence usually baroclinic) changes, with more and/or stronger storms implying more latent heat being released (and the converse being true for weaker synoptic activity). This amplification is asymmetrical for the models considered under the simulated 4 × CO2 conditions, due to a greater amount of water vapor contained in warmer air and hence the potential for more condensation for a given synoptic activity. The magnitude of the reduced latent heating is attenuated, whereas increased latent heating is strengthened. Ageostrophic geopotential fluxes are also important in relocating eddy kinetic energy, especially in the vertical.
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Yang, Qiu, e Andrew J. Majda. "Upscale Impact of Mesoscale Disturbances of Tropical Convection on Synoptic-Scale Equatorial Waves in Two-Dimensional Flows". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences 74, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 2017): 3099–120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jas-d-17-0068.1.

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Abstract Superclusters on the synoptic scale containing mesoscale systems are frequently organized by convectively coupled equatorial waves (CCEWs). Present-day global models struggle to simulate multiscale tropical convection, and the upscale effects of mesoscale systems are not well understood. A simple two-dimensional multiscale model with prescribed two-scale heating and eddy transfer of momentum and temperature drives the synoptic-scale circulation, successfully reproduces key features of flow fields with a front-to-rear tilt, and compares well with results from a cloud-resolving model (CRM). In the scenario with an elevated upright mean heating, the tilted vertical structure of synoptic-scale circulation is still induced by the upscale impact of mesoscale disturbances. In a faster propagation scenario, the upscale impact becomes less important as a result of competing effects of eddy transfer of momentum and temperature, while the synoptic-scale circulation response to mean heating dominates, in agreement with cloud-resolving models. In the unrealistic scenario with upward–westward-tilted mesoscale heating, positive potential temperature anomalies are induced in the leading edge, which will suppress shallow convection in a moist environment.
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Majda, Andrew J., e Samuel N. Stechmann. "Models for Multiscale Interactions. Part II: Madden–Julian Oscillation, Moisture, and Convective Momentum Transport". Meteorological Monographs 56 (1 de maio de 2016): 10.1–10.5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/amsmonographs-d-15-0005.1.

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Abstract It is well known that the envelope of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) consists of smaller-scale convective systems, including mesoscale convective systems (MCS), tropical cyclones, and synoptic-scale waves called “convectively coupled equatorial waves” (CCW). In fact, recent results suggest that the fundamental mechanisms of the MJO involve interactions between the synoptic-scale CCW and their larger-scale environment (Majda and Stechmann). In light of this, this chapter reviews recent and past work on two-way interactions between convective systems—both MCSs and CCW—and their larger-scale environment, with a particular focus given to recent work on MJO–CCW interactions.
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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Synoptic models"

1

Spellman, Greg. "An evaluation of statistical synoptic models of rainfall in Spain". Thesis, University of Northampton, 2003. http://nectar.northampton.ac.uk/2997/.

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This study investigates the control of atmospheric circulation patterns on rainfall incidence in Spain. The main objective of the research is to evaluate a range of statistical synoptic approaches with the aim of identifying the scheme that best models circulation to association. Spatial patterns of rainfall in Spain are first investigated using Principal Components Analysis and Cluster Analysis. Distinct precipitation affinity groups emerge that display covariant rainfall behaviour and reflect differences in latitude, the influence of topography and distance from the synoptic feature responsible for rainfall. The method allows seasonal redefinition of boundaries and the investigation of the effect of climate change. In total 24 synoptic models are investigated. The best performing models (a daily weather type model and a monthly airflow index model) use standardized data and the 500hPa contour surface. Some of the problems associated with non-stationarity are attempted by modifying models using kinematic information. Adjustments to the models (inclusion of frontal information and stochastic modelling) can improve results on a sub-regional scale. Effective models are then used to empirically downscale from General Circulation Model (GCM) scenarios obtained from the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis. The downscaling procedure is of limited use due to errors in GCM output but results suggest strongly increasing anticyclonicity in the Iberian area and a decrease in rainfall in many areas. There are uncertainties associated with regional scale climate change estimation using current empirical methods, nevertheless as GCM output inevitably becomes more accurate the scope for detailed regional assessment will improve
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Jean, Michel 1959 Sept 29. "Synoptic and diagnostic analyses of CASP storm #14". Thesis, McGill University, 1987. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=63998.

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Bellone, Enrica. "Nonhomogeneous hidden Markov models for downscaling synoptic atmospheric patterns to precipitation amounts /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8979.

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Serra, Yolande L., e Kerrie Geil. "Historical and Projected Eastern Pacific and Intra-Americas Sea TD-Wave Activity in a Selection of IPCC AR5 Models". AMER METEOROLOGICAL SOC, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/624034.

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The tracks of westward-propagating synoptic disturbances across the Intra-Americas Sea (IAS) and far-eastern Pacific, known as easterly waves or tropical depression (TD) waves, are an important feature of the region's climate. They are associated with heavy rainfall events, seed the majority of tropical cyclones, and contribute to the mean rainfall across the region. This study examines the ability of current climate models (CMIP5) to simulate TD-wave activity and associated environmental factors across the IAS and far-eastern Pacific as compared to reanalysis. Model projections for the future are then compared with the historical model experiment to investigate the southward shift in CMIP5 track density and the environmental factors that may contribute to it. While historical biases in TD-wave track-density patterns are well correlated with model biases in sea surface temperature and midlevel moisture, the projected southward shift of the TD track density by the end of the twenty-first century in CMIP5 models is best correlated with changes in deep wind shear and midlevel moisture. In addition, the genesis potential index is found to be a good indicator of both present and future regions of high TD-wave track density for the models in this region. This last result may be useful for understanding the more complex relationship between tropical cyclones and this index in models found in other studies.
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Malhomme, Nemo. "Statistical learning for climate models". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPAST165.

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Les modèles climatiques peinent à représenter précisément les structures de circulation atmosphérique liées aux événements extrêmes, et notamment leurs variations régionales.Cette thèse explore comment l'Allocation Latente de Dirichlet (LDA), une méthode d'apprentissage statistique issue du traitement du langage naturel, peut être utilisée pour évaluer la représentation par modèles climatiques de données telles que la pression au niveau de la mer (SLP).La LDA identifie un jeu de structures locales (ou motifs) à l'échelle synoptique, interprétables physiquement comme des cyclones et des anticyclones.La même base de motifs peut servir à décrire les données issues des modèles et des réanalyses, permettant de représenter toute carte SLP par une combinaison parcimonieuse de ces motifs.Les coefficients, ou poids, de ces combinaisons fournissent une information locale sur la configuration synoptique de la circulation.Les analyser permet de caractériser la structure de la circulation dans les réanalyses et les modèles, et ainsi d'identifier localement des biais globaux ou spécifiques aux événements extrêmes.Une erreur dynamique globale peut être définie à partir des différences de poids des données modèles avec les réanalyses.Cette méthodologie a été appliquée à quatre modèles de CMIP6.Bien que les modèles représentent correctement en général la circulation à grande échelle, leurs erreurs sont plus élevées pour les vagues de froid et de chaleur.Une source d'erreur dans tous les modèles est liée aux motifs méditerranéens.Des critères d'évaluation supplémentaires ont été proposés.L'un s'appuie sur la fréquence d'apparition des motifs dans la représentation des cartes de pression.L'autre consiste à combiner l'erreur dynamique globale avec l'erreur de température, ce qui permet de différentier entre les modèles.Ces résultats démontrent le potentiel de la LDA pour l'évaluation et la préselection des modèles
Climate models face challenges in accurately representing atmospheric circulation patterns related to extreme weather events, especially regarding regional variability.This thesis explores how Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), a statistical learning method originating from natural language processing, can be adapted to evaluate the ability of climate models to represent data such as Sea-Level Pressure (SLP).LDA identifies a set of local synoptic-scale structures, physically interpretable as cyclones and anticyclones, referred to as motifs.A common basis of motifs can be used to describe reanalysis and model data so that any SLP map can be represented as a sparse combination of these motifs.The motif weights provide local information on the synoptic configuration of circulation.By analyzing the weights, we can characterize circulation patterns in both reanalysis data and models, allowing us to identify local biases, both in general data and during extreme events.A global dynamic error can be defined for each model run based on the differences between the average weights of the run and reanalysis data.This methodology was applied to four CMIP6 models.While large-scale circulation is well predicted by all models on average, higher errors are found for heatwaves and cold spells.In general, a major source of error is found to be associated with Mediterranean motifs, for all models.Additional evaluation criteria were considered: one was based on the frequency of motifs in the sparse map representation.Another one involved combining the global dynamic error with the temperature error, thus making it possible to discriminate between models.These results show the potential of LDA for model evaluation and preselection
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Du, Preez Chrisna Barbara. "A mesoscale investigation of the sea breeze in the Stellenbosch winegrowing district". Diss., Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02092007-093317.

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Campos, Antonio Marcos Vianna. "Modelos conceituais de formação da corrente de jato no nordeste brasileiro". Universidade Federal de Alagoas, 2010. http://repositorio.ufal.br/handle/riufal/886.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
O objetivo principal deste trabalho baseou-se na elaboração e estudo das freqüências de distribuições espaciais das Correntes de Jato próximo do Nordeste Brasileiro (CJNEB) e sistemas sinóticos associados. Esta pesquisa foi realizada devido à necessidade de um maior conhecimento sobre a influência desse sistema na região e a pouca quantidade de artigos relacionados a este tipo de pesquisa. O período escolhido contou com 16 anos de análises entre os anos de 1994 e 2009. Foram utilizados os dados de reanálise do National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) no nível de 200 hPa e imagens de satélite no canal infravermelho do banco de dados do Space Science and Engineering Center (SSEC) da University of Wisconsin. A partir daí foram encontrados 1.100 casos desta corrente, representando um total de 19% dos dias analisados e 4.740 (81%) casos de ventos com velocidades entre 20 e 30 m/s. Apesar de serem registrados ventos acima de 30 m/s em todas as estações do ano, os meses que contaram com as maiores freqüências e ocorrências deste vento foram os de outono e inverno. O vento máximo registrado para esta corrente de ar em nível superior ocorreu no mês de inverno, alcançando 64 m/s (230 km/h). Em todo período foram notadas variações anuais com ciclos de 4 ou 5 anos de maiores ou menores ocorrências. Os sistemas associados à CJNEB foram os vórtices ciclônicos de altos níveis (VCAN s), cavados (CAV), alta da Bolívia (AB), ciclones do hemisfério norte (CHN) e anticiclones no atlântico sul (AAS) próximo ao equador. As distribuições espaciais encontradas das CJNEB foram referentes às direções de NW-SE, SW-NE, SE-NW, W-E, S-N e N-S. As direções de NW-SE e SW-NE foram os casos mais observadas durante todo o estudo. Foram elaborados modelos conceituais dos três tipos de CJNEB associados com seguintes sistemas sinóticos: I) AB junto com VCAN do tipo clássico perto do NEB no Atlântico e ou cavado; II) Anticiclone do Atlântico junto com VCAN no NEB tipo clássico e ou cavado; III) cavado perto do NEB junto com ciclone do hemisfério norte. Estes tipos de CJNEB tinham seguintes direções: tipo 1 de sul, sudeste e sudoeste; tipo 2 de norte e noroeste; e tipo 3 de leste e sudoeste.
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Ebisuzaki, Wesley Nobuo. "Interactions between long and synoptic-scale waves in a simple model". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/53524.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 1987.
Microfiche copy available in Archives and Science.
Bibliography: leaves 197-204.
by Wesley Nobuo Ebisuzaki.
Ph.D.
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Lukancic, Khara Diane. "SENSITIVITY OF STRONG EXTRATROPICAL CYCLONES TO LARGE-SCALE CLIMATE VARIABILITY IN THE CONTIGUOUS UNITED STATES". OpenSIUC, 2016. https://opensiuc.lib.siu.edu/theses/2043.

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Extratropical cyclones are responsible for a substantial portion of midlatitude climate variability and contribute to widespread impacts. The characteristics of extratropical cyclones, such as their spatial distribution and intensity, are thought to be dependent on the large scale circulation. The relationship between cyclone characteristics and modes of large-scale climate variability has been investigated in previous studies, but interactions between modes of climate variability have largely been ignored. Since extratropical cyclone characteristics may be related to interactions between phases, quantifying these relationships is an important step in improving the climatology of extratropical cyclones. The goal of this study is to quantify relationships between modes of climate variability and characteristics of strong cyclones in the contiguous United States. Using historical sea-level pressure data, cyclone intensity, frequency, and spatial distribution are investigated using a cyclone definition that combines the requirement for low pressure (1000 hPa or lower) and positive (cyclonic) vorticity. The large scale modes of climate variability considered include El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific North American (PNA) mode, and the Arctic Oscillation (AO). The analysis is divided into three phases focusing on (1) establishing a background cyclone climatology within the study area, (2) quantifying differences in cyclone characteristics between the positive and negative phases of the individual modes of climate variability, and (3) examining the interactions between the modes of climate variability as they relate to extratropical cyclone characteristics. The results are expected to provide an improved baseline for evaluation of coupled climate models and also have the potential to improve seasonal climate predictability.
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Leishman, Natalie. "Model Sensitivity, Performance and Evaluation Techniques for The Air Pollution Model in Southeast Queensland". Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2005. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/16148/1/Natalie_Leishman.pdf.

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One important component for successful air quality modelling is the utilisation of a reliable meteorological simulator. Evaluating the model with respect to its overall performance in predicting natural processes is no easy task. The problem is twofold, firstly there is the availability and suitability of field data with which to compare a model with and secondly there is the method of evaluation. The Air Pollution Model (TAPM), developed by the CSIRO was used to simulate the winds in Southeast Queensland (SEQ). The complex nature of the airshed makes it difficult to compare modelled data with observational data as the observational data may be influenced by local phenomena. Evaluation of the model through the use of standard statistics and monthly and seasonal statistics illustrated that overall the model predicted the annual average wind speeds and temperatures well. Through the use of synoptic clustering, more detail on model performance was gained and it was found that TAPM predicted sea breezes that occurred on high pollution days. The sensitivity of the model to the selection of input parameters such as soil type, land use, vegetation, and rain processes was also investigated.
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Mais fontes

Livros sobre o assunto "Synoptic models"

1

Spellman, Greg. An evaluation of statistical synoptic models of rainfall in Spain. Northampton: University College Northampton, 2003.

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2

Center, Goddard Space Flight, ed. A study of the effect of synoptic scale processes in GCM modelling: Final technical report. [Greenbelt, Md.]: National Aeronautics and Space Administration [Goddard Space Flight Center, 1990.

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3

Klein, Thomas. Katabatic winds over Greenland and Antarctica and their interaction with mesoscale and synoptic scale weather systems: Investigations using three dimensional numerical models. St. Augustin: Asgard, 2000.

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4

Chang, C. P. Observed and Navy operational global model climatologies of synoptic disturbances over the tropical western Pacific during winter 1991-92. Monterey, Calif: Naval Postgraduate School, 1993.

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5

1969-, Kuhlbrodt Susanne, e Aeberhard Beat 1969-, eds. Architecture--a synoptic vision: Example of an evolutionary history. Basel: Birkhäuser, 2008.

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6

American Bar Association. House of Delegates. Committee on Drafting., ed. Amendments to proposed model rules of professional conduct: With synopsis. [Chicago, Ill.?]: American Bar Association, 1994.

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7

Tzouva-Paikou, Maroula. Petros Stylianou: Synoptiko viographiko, ergographika. Leukōsia: M. Tzouva-Paikou, 2013.

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Stylianou, Petros. Synoptiko diagramma tēs Kypriakēs grammateias. Leukōsia: [s.n.], 1995.

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Stavros, Skopeteas, Bampiniōtēs Geōrgios 1939-, Mozer Amalia e Bakakou-Orphanou Aikaterinē, eds. Synoptikē grammatikē tēs neas hellēnikēs: Domoleitourgikē, epikoinōniakē. Athēna: Hellēnika Grammata, 2007.

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Shaffer, Rosalie Vaught. Synopsis of biological data on the cobia Rachycentron canadum (Pisces: Rachycentridae). Seattle, Wash: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, 1989.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Synoptic models"

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Murschetz, Paul Clemens. "Business Models in the Media Industry: A Synoptic Overview". In Handbook of Media and Communication Economics, 425–45. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-39909-2_19.

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Weisberg, Robert H., Ruoying He, Yonggang Liu e Jyotika I. Virmani. "West Florida Shelf Circulation on Synoptic, Seasonal, and Interannual Time Scales". In Circulation in the Gulf of Mexico: Observations and Models, 325–47. Washington, D. C.: American Geophysical Union, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/161gm23.

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Charlock, T. P., K. M. Cattany-Carnes e G. L. Potter. "Synoptic Scale Statistics of the Emitted and Reflected Radiation as Observed by Satellites and Computed by General Circulation Models". In Atmospheric Radiation, 159–65. Boston, MA: American Meteorological Society, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-935704-18-8_26.

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Klatzo, Igor. "Synopsis". In Cécile and Oskar Vogt: The Visionaries of Modern Neuroscience, 109–16. Vienna: Springer Vienna, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7091-6141-8_6.

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Jensen, Bjarne S. "Synopsis of endogenous growth models". In The Dynamic Systems of Basic Economic Growth Models, 73–74. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1036-5_6.

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Dill, Harald G. "Synopsis and Conclusions". In Modern Approaches in Solid Earth Sciences, 403–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-18806-5_6.

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Carlberg, Michael. "A Synopsis of the Basic Models". In Policy Competition and Policy Cooperation in a Monetary Union, 71–73. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-24796-8_8.

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Jensen, Bjarne S. "Synopsis of two-sector growth models". In The Dynamic Systems of Basic Economic Growth Models, 155–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1036-5_12.

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Bringfelt, Björn. "A Forest Evapotranspiration Model Using Synoptic Weather Data". In The Forest-Atmosphere Interaction, 161–76. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-5305-5_11.

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Murschetz, Paul Clemens, Aidin Salamzadeh e Barira Faisal Khan. "Media Business Model Management: A Synopsis". In Handbook of Media and Communication Economics, 1–14. Wiesbaden: Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-34048-3_19-2.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Synoptic models"

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Schumacher, German, e Francisco Delgado. "The Large Synoptic Survey Telescope OCS and TCS models". In SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation, editado por George Z. Angeli e Philippe Dierickx. SPIE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.857379.

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Mueller, Stephen. "Synoptic Tactics: Mapping Territorial Transgressions". In 109th ACSA Annual Meeting Proceedings. ACSA Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.am.109.26.

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The paper introduces theoretical paradigms, compu¬tational strategies, and representational techniques to uncover, analyze, and engage cross-boundary, territorial phenomena affecting multi-jurisdictional urban environ¬ments. Jurisdictional boundaries (between cities, states, regions, and nations) and urban boundaries (between zones, neighborhoods, land uses and owners) routinely impose artificial limits on the representation and understanding of territorial phenomena. Just as architects often limit site surveys and detailed site investigations near the confines of a given property line, designers and public officials con¬sidering transformations of urban neighborhoods, cities, and city regions are often bound to studies that end at the limits of the urban form. These representational limits are not necessarily intentional oversights on the part of the designer; rather, they are practical results of various data regimes, economic constraints, and ownership models which atomize and selectively distribute spatial and environmental information. Simultaneously, there is a growing sensibility toward transboundary conceptions of shared challenges within bio-regions, eco-regions, watersheds, and similar transboundary constructs gaining geopolitical and design currency.1 Designers seeking to assemble cross-boundary geospatial representations to better assess and intervene within these constructs face challenges in the fragmenta¬tion of data sources and incongruous or incomplete data across jurisdictional divides. The paper details a series of novel synoptic tactics, computational tools and geospatial data visualization techniques projecting territorial transfor¬mations beyond the limits of jurisdictional boundaries.
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Bojarajulu, Balaganesh, Sarvesh Tanwar e Ajay Rana. "A Synoptic Review on Feature Selection and Machine Learning models used for Detecting Cyber Attacks in IoT". In 2021 IEEE 8th Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/upcon52273.2021.9667573.

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Bojarajulu, Balaganesh, Sarvesh Tanwar e Ajay Rana. "A Synoptic Review on Feature Selection and Machine Learning models used for Detecting Cyber Attacks in IoT". In 2021 6th International Conference on Computing, Communication and Security (ICCCS). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icccs51487.2021.9776344.

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Grund, Christian J. "Coherent Doppler Lidar for Boundary Layer Wind Measurement Employing a Diode-Pumped Tm:Lu,YAG Laser". In Coherent Laser Radar. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/clr.1995.mb2.

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Boundary layer research has been increasingly hampered by the lack of sensors that can economically provide accurate high spatial and temporal resolution wind measurements covering large atmospheric volumes. In particular, measurements of the turbulent fluctuations of the wind with better than 50 m spatial resolution covering volumes of a few km3/sec to distances of 10 km are needed to estimate weakly correlated turbulent quantities (e.g. momentum fluxes <u'w'>, <v'w'>). These measurements are also needed to test model parameterizations and to initialize model runs for Large Eddy Simulation (LES) models. These models have recently been used to provide detailed insights into fundamental boundary layer processes, particularly non-steady-state, transitional, and intermittent processes. Of particular interest to NOAA are the improvement of vertical resolution in the boundary layer entrainment zone, higher resolution observations of the nocturnal and baroclinic (neutral or shear-driven) boundary layers, day/night boundary layer transition processes, and observation of the ocean-atmosphere boundary layer. Other interests requiring new instrument capabilities are: the development of techniques for the direct measurement of fluxes of moisture, momentum, and chemical species, the measurement of vertical velocities and ice crystal fall speeds in cirrus clouds and the impact of shear on cloud morphology, the measurement of synoptic scale divergence and vorticity, and the behavior of complex terrain flows.
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Jansen, Nico, Bernhard Rumpe e David Schmalzing. "A Synopsis on Import Statements in Modeling Languages". In MODELS Companion '24: ACM/IEEE 27th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems, 1161–69. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3652620.3688347.

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Challa, R., T. M. Ravens e D. Duquette. "Time and Cost-Efficient Characterization of Inlet Hydrodynamics for the Development of Tidal Energy Projects". In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/35407-ms.

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Abstract In furtherance of advancing a tidal energy initiative, Littoral Power Systems, Inc. (LPS) endeavors to conceive, construct, and assess a comprehensive marine and riverine hydrokinetic current energy conversion apparatus within the Kootznahoo Inlet (Angoon, Alask a) under the aegis of the Advanced Research Projects Agency-Energy (ARPA-E) – Submarine Hydrokinetic and Riverine Kilo-megawatt Systems (SHARKS) project. Systematic surveys of tidal flow velocities, bathymetry, and water levels within the inlet were conducted to discern spatial and temporal flow variations, pinpointing the optimal deployment location for the device. Quasi-synoptic measurements of current speed and direction were captured along cross-inlet transects at the projected location of maximum flow velocity employing an Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADCP). In tandem with these measurements, sophisticated one-dimensional (1D) DYNLET and Delft3D hydrodynamic circulation models were developed for the inlet. The numerical models were pivotal in extrapolating from flow measurements, thereby providing a thorough characterization and validation of spatial and temporal variations. Calibration and validation of the models were achieved using measured transect velocity data, subsequently employed to predict velocity estimates across the inlet throughout the tidal cycle. Comparative analyses revealed the consistent identification of the most robust flows during peak flood and ebb tide, proximate to the southeast side of the inlet (adjacent to the Village Rock) in relatively shallow water depths. The determination of tidal energy resources often entails a time-intensive and costly endeavor. Conventionally, two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) circulation models are developed to furnish time series velocity data, facilitating an assessment of the tidal energy resource at a given site. This paper presents a case study of tidal energy resource assessment and development at Kootznahoo Inlet, incorporating an economical 1D circulation model (DYNLET) in conjunction with a 2D version (Delft3D). The paper delineates the advantages and limitations of the 1D model, juxtaposed with the benefits and limitations inherent in the 2D approach.
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Fujiwara, Kota, Daisuke Nohara, Yuzuru Eguchi, Yasuo Hattori e Hiromaru Hirakuchi. "Impact of Synoptic Weather Patterns Along the Pacific Coastline of Japan on Tornado Wind Hazard Curves". In 2024 31st International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone31-135030.

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Abstract The present study focuses on the wind hazard assessment along the Pacific coastline of Japan by categorizing tornado data based on synoptic weather patterns. The region faces unique challenges, including tornadoes occurring over the sea and a restricted area of interest along the coastline, leading to potential sampling issues. To address these challenges, the TOrnado Wind speed hazard for Limited Area (TOWLA) model was employed. Tornado data were classified into seven synoptic weather patterns. The hazard analysis conducted for each of these synoptic weather patterns along in the Pacific coastline region revealed that extra-tropical cyclones, typhoons, and monsoon (summer) were significant contributors to high-risk events. Monsoon (winter) had the highest tornado counts but lacked severity. Typhoons, exhibiting a distinct formation mechanism, presented a unique hazard factor along the Pacific coastline, which require verification through comparisons with other areas.
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Ortega-Sánchez, Miguel, Sandra Fachin, Francisco Sancho, Francisco J. de los Santos e Miguel A. Losada. "SYNOPTIC PREDICTIVE MORPHODYNAMIC MODEL FOR BEACH MANAGEMENT: TRAFALGAR (SPAIN)". In Proceedings of the 30th International Conference. World Scientific Publishing Company, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812709554_0334.

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Korek, Wojciech, James Blundell, Wen-chin Li, Linghai Lu, James Whidborne, Thomas Clare e Peter Beecroft. "Developing a Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) System Layout for an Aircraft: A Programmer's Perspective". In 2025 Intelligent Human Systems Integration. AHFE International, 2025. https://doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1005864.

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The future of aviation lies in the adoption of sustainable technologies such as liquid hydrogen (LH2) fuel systems. The integration of these systems requires sophisticated management of the fuel flow, control mechanisms, and pilot interaction. This paper discusses the development of an LH2 system layout for a next-generation aircraft, with a focus on the simulation and interface design process from a programmer’s perspective. Utilising Cranfield University’s Future Systems Simulator (FSS), an iterative design and implementation process involved collaboration between pilots, engineers, and human factors specialists. Design and implementation: Initial conceptual designs were created in Miro during a series of workshops with subject-matter experts and pilots that refined key control elements and safety-critical aspects of the LH2 system. These prototypes were implemented in the FSS using Unity and linked with the aircraft and engine models, providing a platform for instant changes based on the pilot's feedback. Key technical challenges included developing control-loop algorithms for HMI that allowed autonomous engine management with pilot override capabilities. Data transmission between the FSS and LHextsubscript{2} model was optimised using half-byte encoding to handle real-time system data efficiently despite the large volume of information. Scenario: A series of test flights were performed in the FSS using the newly developed LH2 engine model and HMI layout. The first test was a "clean" flight, with no system faults, where pilots started the LH2 engines using electronic checklists, completed a circuit flight, and landed. Subsequent flights involved triggering system faults to assess pilot responses. Two sessions were conducted: the first with project-involved pilots aware of the potential faults, and a second "blind" trial with external pilots. Pilots wore eye-tracking devices, and post-flight interviews were conducted to gather qualitative feedback. System Usability Scale (SUS) scores were also recorded to evaluate interface usability.The pilot interface provided intuitive synoptic pages for system monitoring and control to enhance situational awareness and response times. Feedback from the trials will guide future refinements to the HMI layout, focusing on safety and usability optimisation.Conclusions: This paper demonstrates the integration of advanced programming techniques and human-centred HMI design, which is critical to the successful implementation of sustainable fuel technologies in aviation. It also highlights the importance of flight simulation platforms like the FSS in enabling safe and cost-effective development and testing of these systems. Future research will focus on optimising the procedures, layout design, and control algorithms, which will lead to conducting real-world validation tests for certification.
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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Synoptic models"

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Letcher, Theodore, Kent Sparrow e Sandra LeGrand. Establishing a series of dust event case studies for East Asia. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), outubro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47824.

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Dust aerosols have a wide range of effects on air quality, health, land-management decisions, aircraft operations, and sensor data interpretations. Therefore, the accurate simulation of dust plume initiation and transport is a priority for operational weather centers. Recent advancements have improved the performance of dust prediction models, but substantial capability gaps remain when forecasting the specific location and timing of individual dust events, especially extreme dust outbreaks. Operational weather forecasters and US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) researchers established a series of reference case study events to enhance dust transport model evaluation. These reference case studies support research to improve modeled dust simulations, including efforts to increase simulation accuracy on when and where dust is lofted off the ground, dust aerosols transport, and dust-induced adverse air quality issues create hazardous conditions downstream. Here, we provide detailed assessments of four dust events for Central and East Asia. We describe the dust-event lifecycle from onset to end (or when dust transports beyond the area of interest) and the synoptic and mesoscale environ-mental conditions governing the process. Analyses of hourly reanalysis data, spaceborne lidar and aerosol optical depth retrievals, upper-air soundings, true-color satellite imagery, and dust-enhanced false-color imagery supplement the discussions.
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Alter, Ross, Michelle Swearingen e Mihan McKenna. The influence of mesoscale atmospheric convection on local infrasound propagation. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), fevereiro de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48157.

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Infrasound—that is, acoustic waves with frequencies below the threshold of human hearing—has historically been used to detect and locate distant explosive events over global ranges (≥1,000 km). Simulations over these ranges have traditionally relied on large-scale, synoptic meteorological information. However, infrasound propagation over shorter, local ranges (0–100 km) may be affected by smaller, mesoscale meteorological features. To identify the effects of these mesoscale meteorological features on local infrasound propagation, simulations were conducted using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) meteorological model to approximate the meteorological conditions associated with a series of historical, small-scale explosive test events that occurred at the Big Black Test Site in Bovina, Mississippi. These meteorological conditions were then incorporated into a full-wave acoustic model to generate meteorology-informed predictions of infrasound propagation. A series of WRF simulations was conducted with varying degrees of horizontal resolution—1, 3, and 15 km—to investigate the spatial sensitivity of these infrasound predictions. The results illustrate that convective precipitation events demonstrate potentially observable effects on local infrasound propagation due to strong, heterogeneous gradients in temperature and wind associated with the convective events themselves. Therefore, to accurately predict infrasound propagation on local scales, it may be necessary to use convection-permitting meteorological models with a horizontal resolution ≤4 km at locations and times that support mesoscale convective activity.
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Gangopadhyay, Avijit, Alex Warn-Varnas, Daniel N. Fox e Frank L. Bub. Integrating Feature-Oriented High-Resolution Synoptic Observations for MODAS. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, setembro de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada630168.

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Sparrow, Kent, e Sandra LeGrand. Establishing a series of dust event case studies for North Africa. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), fevereiro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/46445.

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Dust aerosols often create hazardous air quality conditions that affect human health, visibility, agriculture, and communication in various parts of the world. While substantial progress has been made in dust-event simulation and hazard mitigation over the last several decades, accurately forecasting the spatial and temporal variability of dust emissions continues to be a challenge. This report documents an analysis of atmospheric conditions for a series of dust events in North Africa. The researchers highlight four analyzed events that occurred between January 2016 to present in the following locations: (1) the western Sahara Desert; (2) East Algeria and the Iberian Peninsula; (3) Chad-Bodélé Depression; (4) Algeria and Morocco. For each event, the researchers developed an overview of the general synoptic, mesoscale, and local environmental forcing conditions that controlled the event evolution and used a combination of available lidar data, surface weather observations, upper-air soundings, aerosol optical depth, and satellite imagery to characterize the dust conditions. These assessments will support downstream forecast model evaluation and sensitivity testing; however, the researchers also encourage broader use of these assessments as reference case studies for dust transport, air quality modeling, remote sensing, soil erosion, and land management research applications.
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Gummow. L52106 Cathodic Protection Gap Analysis. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), setembro de 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0011098.

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This report contains the results of a review of the cathodic protection research literature on pipelines, published over the last 20 years, with the primary objective to identify areas of cathodic protection technology that require further research efforts. Over 100 research reports and papers were examined, most of which were PRCI sponsored projects. The summary, conclusions, and recommendations of the research reports are included in key word searchable form. A synopsis of the more significant projects is included along with reasoned recommendations for additional research on 15 topics summarized in typical PRCI request-for-proposal format. The recommended research projects, some of which overlap, cover the following areas of interest: development of CP design models, CP design fundamentals such as criteria, current distribution, and current requirements, pipeline potential measurement techniques, stray current interference, and cathodic disbondment/shielding of protective coatings.
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Perkey, David W., Anthony M. Priestas, Jeffrey M. Corbino, Gary L. Brown, Michael A. Hartman, Danielle R. N. Tarpley e Loung Phu V. Sediment Provenance Studies of the Calcasieu Ship Channel, Louisiana : A Synopsis Report. U.S. Army Engineer Research and Development Center, julho de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/44905.

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To maintain the navigability of the Calcasieu Ship Channel (CSC), the US Army Corps of Engineers annually dredges millions of cubic yards of sediment from the inland channel. To assess sources of channel shoaling, a previous study examined river and bankline erosion as inputs. Results from that study accounted for approximately 20% of dredged volumes. Through the support of the Regional Sediment Management Program, a follow-up investigation reviewed prior sediment budgets, identified potential missing sediment sources, modeled potential sediment pathways, and utilized geochemical fingerprinting to discern primary shoaling sources to the channel. The missing sediment sources from the original budget include coastally derived sediment from the Gulf of Mexico and terrestrially derived sediment from Lake Calcasieu and surrounding wetlands. Results from geochemical fingerprinting of various potential sediment sources indicate the Calcasieu River and the Gulf of Mexico are primary contributors of sediment to the CSC, and sediments sourced from bankline erosion, Lake Calcasieu bed, and interior wetlands are secondary in nature. These results suggest that engineering solutions to control shoaling in the CSC should be focused on sources originating from the Gulf of Mexico and river headwaters as opposed to Lake Calcasieu, channel banklines, and surrounding wetlands.
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Karstensen, Johannes, Alexandra Andrae, Ludwig Bitzan, Jakob Deutloff, Christiane Lösel, Paul J. Witting, Nils O. Niebaum et al. Student cruise: Observing techniques for Physical Oceanographers Cruise No. AL529. GEOMAR, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/cr_al529.

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Oct. 07 2019 – Oct. 10, 2019 Kiel (Germany) – Kiel (Germany) MNF-Pher-110The main purpose of the ALKOR cruise AL529 was the training of students in observational techniques applied by physical oceanographers. The students who participated in the trip attend the module "Measurement Methods of Oceanography" which is offered in the Bachelor program "Physics of the Earth System" at CAU Kiel. During the AL529 the students were instructed in instrument calibration and in the interpretation of measurement data at sea. In addition, the students had the opportunity to learn about working and living at sea and to explore and study the impact of physical processes in the western Baltic Sea, the sea at their doorstep. The observations show a quasi-synoptic picture of the hydrography and currents in the western Baltic Sea. Twice-repeated hydrographic and current sections across the Fehmarn Belt show well the short time scales where significant changes occur. A zonal section along the deepest topography, from about 10°40'E to 014°21'E, shows very nicely the two-layer system of outflowing low salinity and inflowing North Sea water. A bottom shield anchorage shows the currents in the water column and the near-bottom temperature and salinity variations in the Fehmarnbelt area.
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Peter, J. M., e M. G. Gadd. Introduction to the volcanic- and sediment-hosted base-metal ore systems synthesis volume, with a summary of findings. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/328015.

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This volume presents results of research conducted during phase 5 of the Volcanic- and Sedimentary-hosted Base Metals Ore Systems project of the Geological Survey of Canada's Targeted Geoscience Initiative (TGI) program. The papers in this volume include syntheses and primary scientific reports. We present here a synopsis of the findings during this TGI project. Research activities have addressed several mineral deposit types hosted in sedimentary rocks: polymetallic hyper-enriched black shale, sedimentary exhalative Pb-Zn, carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn (Mississippi Valley-type; MVT), and fracture-controlled replacement Zn-Pb. Other carbonate-hosted deposits studied include a magnesite deposit at Mount Brussilof and a rare-earth element-F-Ba deposit at Rock Canyon Creek, both of which lack base metals but are spatially associated with the MVT deposits in the southern Rocky Mountains. Volcanogenic massive-sulfide deposits hosted in volcanic and mixed volcanic-sedimentary host rock settings were also examined. Through field geology, geochemical (lithogeochemistry, stable and radiogenic isotopes, fluid inclusions, and mineral chemistry), and geophysical (rock properties, magnetotelluric, and seismic) tools, the TGI research contributions have advanced genetic and exploration models for volcanic- and sedimentary-hosted base-metal deposits and developed new laboratory, geophysical, and field techniques to support exploration.
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